Sng dng - Sng m

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Sng dng - Sng m

I. SNG DNG 1. Khi nim sng phn x Sng phn x l sng khi lan truyn th gp mt vt cn c nh. 2. c im ca sng phn x - Sng phn x c cng bin , tn s vi sng ti - Sng phn x c du ngc vi sng ti (ngc pha vi sng ti) 3. Khi nim v sng dng - Nng dng l sng c cc bng v nt sng c nh - Bng sng l nhng im c bin dao ng cc i - Nt sng l nhng im c bin dao ng cc tiu 4. Thit lp phng trnh sng dng Gi s c mt ngun m t ti A to thnh sng dng. Xt dao ng ca mt phn t M t cch u B c nh mt khong d Gi s vo thi im t, sng n B c phng trnh , khi phng trnh sng ti ti M l

Phng trnh sng phn x ti B c phng trnh trnh sng phn x ti M l

, khi phng

Ti M nhn c sng ti v sng phn x, cc sng ny tha mn iu kin giao thoa nn phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M l:

T phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M ta c bin dao ng tng hp l:

Bin dao ng t cc i (hay ti M l bng sng) khi:

Khi khong cch gia hai bng sng lin tip l: Vy khong cch gn nht gia hai bng sng l: Bin dao ng t cc tiu (hay ti M l nt sng) khi:

Khi khong cch gia hai bng sng lin tip l: Vy khong cch gn nht gia hai nt sng l: * Nhn xt : - Do cc bng v nt sng cch u nhau nn khong cch gn nht gia mt bng sng v mt nt sng l: - Nu M l nt sng th v tr ca cc nt sng c tnh thng qua biu thc vi k l s bng sng c trn on MB - Nu M vi k l s bng sng c

l bng sng th v tr ca cc bng sng c tnh thng qua biu thc trn on MB, khng tnh na bng ti M. 5. iu kin c sng dng Khi hai u u l nt sng th chiu di dy phi tha mn

, vi k l s bng sng c trn dy , vi k l s bng

Khi mt u l nt sng, mt u l bng sng th chiu di dy phi tha mn

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Sng dng - Sng m

sng c trn dy * Ch : - Khi hai u l nt sng th s nt sng = s bng sng +1 - Khi mt u l nt sng, mt u l bng sng th s nt sng = s bng sng - nu mt u dy c gn vi m thoa to sng dng th u dy lun l nt sng, vic xc nh tnh cht ca hai u dy ch yu l xc nh c u cn li l nt hay bng. Nu bi cho u cn li c nh th n l bng, cn nu u cn li l lng th l bng sng. 6. ng dng ca sng dng - Sng dng c ng dng o tc truyn sng. 7. Cc v d in hnh V d 1: Mt si dy AB di = 120cm, u A c mc vo mt nhnh m thoa dao ng vi tn s f = 40 Hz, u B c nh. Cho m thoa dao ng th trn y c sng dng vi 4 b sng. Tnh tc truyn sng trn dy. * Hng dn gii: u A l mt nt, B cng l nt nn ta c iu kin Thay s ta c: Vy tc truyn sng trn dy l v = 24 (m/s) V d 2: Sng dng trn dy AB vi chiu di 0,16 m , u B c nh, u A dao ng vi tn s 50 Hz. Bit tc truyn sng trn dy l 4 m/s. a. Tnh s bng sng v s nt sng. b. Biu thc xc nh v tr cc nt sng v bng sng. * Hng dn gii: a. Bc sng: Hai u A, B c nh nn c iu kin: Vy trn dy c 4 bng sng v 5 nt sng. b. Chn B lm gc ta , do khong cch gia hai nt sng lin tip l thc Gia hai nt v bng lin nhau hn nhau nn v tr cc bng sng xc nh t biu thc: nn v tr cc nt sng xc nh t biu , vi k = 4.

II. SNG M 1. Khi nim v c im a. Khi nim Sng m l s lan truyn cc dao ng m trong cc mi trng rn, lng, kh. b. c im: - Tai con ngi ch c th cm nhn c (nghe c) cc m c tn s t 16 Hz n 20000Hz - Cc sng m c tn s nh hn 16 Hz c gi l h m - Cc sng m c tn s ln hn 20000 Hz c gi l siu m - Tc truyn m gim trong cc mi trng theo th t : rn, lng, kh. Tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh cht mi trng, nhit ca mi trng v khi lng ring ca mi trng. Khi nhit tng th tc truyn m cng tng. 2. Cc c trng sinh l ca m m c 3 c trng sinh l l : cao, to v m sc. Cc c trng ca m ni chung ph thuc vo cm th m ca tai con ngi a. cao - c trng cho tnh trm hay bng ca m, ph thuc vo tn s m - m c tn s ln gi l m bng v m c tn s nh gi l m trm b. to L i lng c trng cho tnh to hay nh ca m, ph thuc vo tn s m v mc cng m Cng m : L nng lng m sng m truyn trong mt n v thi gian qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng truyn m. Cng thc tnh , trong P l cng sut ca ngun m, S l din tch min truyn m

Khi m truyn trong khng gian th n v : P(W), S(m ), I(W/m ). Mc cng m : L i lng c tnh bi cng thc: Trong I l cng m ti im cn tnh, I0 l cng m chun (m ng vi tn s f = 1000 Hz) c gi tr l: Trong thc t th ngi ta thng s dng n v nh hn Ben tnh mc cng m, l dexiBen (dB)
2 2

c. m sc

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Sng dng - Sng m

L i lng c trng cho sc thi ring ca m, gip ta c th phn bit c hai m c cng cao, cng to. m sc ph thuc vo dng th dao ng ca m (hay tn s v bin m) 3. Nhc m v tp m - Nhc m l nhng m c tn s xc nh v th dao ng l ng cong hnh sin - Tp m l nhng m c tn s khng xc nh v th dao ng l nhng ng cong phc tp. 4. Ha m Mt m khi pht ra c tng hp t mt m c bn v cc m khc gi l ha m m c bn c tn s f1 cn cc ha m c tn s bng bi s tng ng vi m c bn. Ha m bc hai c tn s f2 = 2f1 Ha m bc ba c tn s f3 = 3f1 Ha m bc n c tn s fn = n.f1 => Cc ha m lp thnh mt cp s cng vi cng sai d = f 1 5. Ngng nghe, ngng au, min nghe c Ngng nghe : l gi tr nh nht ca mc cng m m tai con ngi c th nghe c Ngng au : l gi tr ln nht ca mc cng m m tai con ngi c th chu ng c Min nghe c : l gi tr ca mc cng m trong khong gia ngng nghe v ngng au. 6. B sung kin thc Logarith a. Khi nim v Logarith Logarith c s a ca mt s x > 0 c k hiu l y v vit dng V d : Tnh gi tr cc biu thc logarith sau: * Gii: * Ch : Khi a = 10 th ta gi l logarith c s thp phn, k hiu l lgx hoc logx Khi a = e, (vi e 2,712818) c gi l logarith c s t nhin, hay logarith Nepe, k hiu l lnx, (c l len-x) b. Cc tnh cht c bn ca Logarith Biu thc logarith tn ti khi c s a > 0 v a 1, biu thc di du logarith l x > 0. c. Cc cng thc tnh ca Logarith Cng thc 1: ,(1)

Chng minh: Theo nh ngha th hin nhin ta c V d : Cng thc 2: Chng minh: t V d : Cng thc 3: Chng minh: p dng cng thc (2) ta c: , (3) , , (2) , (2)

p dng cng thc (1) ta c: V d :

Cng thc 4: Chng minh: p dng cng thc (2) ta c:

, (4)

p dng cng thc (1) ta c: V d : Cng thc 5: , (5)

Chng minh: Theo cng thc (2) ta c: Khi : V d: Cng thc 6: , (6)

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Sng dng - Sng m

Chng minh: t Ly log c s a c hai v ta c: , hay V d :

H qu : T cc cng thc (5) v (6) ta c: V d:

Cng thc 7: (Cng thc i c s) Chng minh: Theo cng thc (2) ta c:

, (7)

* Nhn xt : - cho d nh th i khi (7) cn c gi l cng thc chng c s vit theo dng d nhn bit nh sau:

- Khi cho b = c th (7) c dng: Cng thc 8: , (8)

Chng minh: Theo cng thc (7):

V d : 7. Cc v d in hnh V d 1: Hai ha m lin tip do mt dy n pht ra c tn s hn km nhau 56 Hz, ha m th ba v ha m th nm c tn s bng bao nhiu? * Hng dn gii: Hai ha m lin tip hn km nhau 56 Hz nn ta c: T ta c tn s ca ha m th ba v th nm l:

V d 2: Mt nhc c pht ra m c bn c tn s f1 = 420 Hz. Mt ngi ch nghe c m cao nht c tn s l 18000 Hz, tm tn s ln nht m nhc c ny c th pht ra ngi nghe c. * Hng dn gii: Gi fn l m m ngi nghe c, ta c: Theo bi , (1)

T gi tr ln nht ca m m ngi nghe c ng vi gi tr nguyn ln nht tha mn (1) l n = 42 Vy tn s m ln nht m ngi nghe c l 420.42 = 17640 (Hz) V d 3: Mc cng m ti mt im cch mt ngun pht m 1 m c gi tr l 50 dB. Mt ngi xut pht t ngun m, i ra xa ngun m thm 100 m th khng cn nghe c m do ngun pht ra. Ly cng m chun l , sng m pht ra l sng cu th ngng nghe ca tai ngi ny l bao nhiu? * Hng dn gii: Cng m c tnh bi Do m pht ra dng sng cu nn:

Do Mc cng m gy ra ti im cch ngun m 100 m l:

Vy ngng nghe ca tai ngi ny l 10 (dB). V d 4: Hai m c mc cng m chnh lch nhau 20 dB. T s ca cng m ca chng l bao nhiu? * Hng dn gii: p dng cng thc tnh mc cng m ta c:

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Sng dng - Sng m

Vy t s cng m ca hai m l 100 ln. V d 5: Mt ngi ng cch ngun m mt khong d th cng m l I. Khi ngi tin ra xa ngun m mt on 40m th cng m gim ch cn * Hng dn gii: . Tnh khong cch d.

Ta c:

BI TP LUYN TP Bi 1: Mt si dy AB di = 20cm, u B c nh, u A dao ng vi phng trnh u = acos40t (cm). Bit tc truyn sng l v = 100 cm/s. Tnh s bng v s nt sng c trn dy. Bi 2: Mt si dy AB di = 21cm , u B t do, u A dao ng vi phng trnh u = acos200t (cm). bit khong cch t B n nt th 3 l 5 cm. Tnh s bng v s nt sng c trn dy. Bi 3: Mt ngi ng cch ngun m mt khong d th cng m l I. Khi ngi tin ra xa ngun m mt on 30 m th cng m gim ch cn . Tnh khong cch d.

Bin son Thy ng Vit Hng - BK H Ni

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