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N THI A CHT CNG TRNH

1. Nu khi nim v khong vt, cc tnh cht vt l v ngha vic nghin cu KV trong xy
dng?
- Khong vt l mt nguyn t hay mt hp cht ha hc thng thng kt tinh v c to ra nh
l kt qu ca cc qu trnh a cht.
- Cc c im vt l ca khong vt bao gm: cu to tinh th, kch thc v ht ca tinh th,
song tinh, ct khai, nh, mu bn ngoi ca khong vt (mu gi sc), v mu ca bt khong vt
khi mi ra (mu thc ca khong vt), cng v trng lng ring v.v.
- ngha ca vic nghin cu KV: KV la nhng cu thnh to nn , quyt nh tnh cht xy
dng ca , v vy nghin cu thnh phn KV ca s gip ta hiu bit c ngun gc v
iu kin hnh thnh ca dn n nhn xt, nh gi c kh nng s dng ca chng trong
xy dng cng trnh.
2. Nu khi qut cc loi Macma, trm tch v bin cht v iu kin to thnh v tnh
nng xy dng?
l t hp c quy lut ca cc loi khong vt, c th l mt th a cht c lch s hnh thnh
ring bit. Cc loi c phn loi theo thnh phn khong vt, ngun gc thnh to. Theo ngun
gc thnh to c th phn ra: macma, trm tch v bin cht.
macma (magma): c hnh thnh t kt qu ngui lnh, ng cng ca dung dch silicat
nng chy (dung dch macma)v c chia (theo ngun gc thnh to) lm hai loi macma
chnh: macma xm nhp v macma phun tro - macma phn xut.
- Macma xm nhp: l loi do macma xm nhp vo cc tng v tri t (cch ly kh
quyn) su hn trong v tri t, chu p lc v nhit cao, ngui dn m thnh. Cc tinh
th kt tinh r rng, cc loi ny thng c cu to c st.. V d: granit (20-
40%khong thch anh, 40-60%trng thch, 5-15%mica, 5-20 khong vt sm mu), diorit,
gabro.
c im: do ngui rt chm, c p lc ca cc lp t bn trn. Nn c tnh cht l c
chc, R cao, t ht nc (Hp <1%), mu p (v khng b phn ha, t chu nh hng ca
thi tit). S dng cho cc cng trnh chu lc nh mng, b mng, dng lm trang tr nh
p lt
- Macma phn xut: l loi do macma phun ra trn mt t, tip xc vi khng kh, iu
kin p sut v nhit thp, ngui lnh nhanh m sinh ra. Cc macma phn xut thng
c cu to rng xp.
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Trn mt t, do ngui lnh nhanh, macma khng kp kt tinh, hoc ch kt tinh c mt b
phn vi kch thc tinh th rt nh, cha hon chnh, cn i b phn tn ti dng v nh
hnh, trong c ln nhiu bt kh (do ang si v b ngui lnh nhanh): l dng macma
phn xut cht ch. V d: diabaz, bazan, andezit. C tnh cht rng nh, cng v rt
gin. S dng lm ct liu cho b tng nh, dng lm ph gia hot tnh cho b tng v xi
mng
Khi macma ang si bt, gp lnh ng li nn rt xp v nh, hoc phn macma b phun ln
cao, bay xa, ngui nhanh, hi nc, kh thot ra nhiu nn c kt cu rng vn, ?o nh: l
dng macma phn xut ri rc. V d Tro, tp ni la, tp dung nham. Tnh cht nh. Dng
lm ph gia tr cho b tng v xi mng..
trm tch: c to ra t s lng ng ca cc mnh vn hoc cc cht hu c, hay cc cht
kt ta ha hc (cc cht cn li sau qu trnh bay hi), c ni tip bng s kt c ca cc
cht c th v qu trnh xi mng ha. Qu trnh xi mng ha c th din ra ti hoc gn b mt
Tri t, c bit l i vi cc loi trm tch giu cacbonat. Da vo ngun gc hnh thnh c 3
loi:
- Trm tch c hc: do sn phm vn nt sinh ra trong qu trnh phong ha cc loi c trc
tch t li m thnh. C loi ri rc nh si, ct, t st; loi ri rc b gn kt nhau nh dm
kt, cui kt, sa thch.
- Trm tch ha hc: to thnh do cc khong cht ha tan trong nc lng ng, kt ta li,
nh vi dolomit. thch cao, anhydrit, tup vi
- Trm tch hu c: to thnh do s tch t xc ng vt, thc vt nh vi, vi v s,
phn, diatomit, trepen
Hin nay c nhiu dng cng nghip s dng cc phi liu t trm tch m thnh
phn ch yu l thch cao; to hnh c nhiu dng m phng th bin cht t nhin;
thch hp cho khng gian bn trong m gi thnh li r hn rt nhiu so vi t nhin
bin cht: L cc loi mcma, trm tch, v bin cht c trc b bin cht (bin tnh)
khi gp p sut v nhit cao. Gm cc loi:
- Bin cht khu vc: khi mt vng t no b ln xung, nhng lp hnh thnh trc b
ln su hn, bn trn l nhng lp trm tch mi tch t dn, lu ngy to nn mt p lc ln
p ln nhng lp di lm chng b bin cht. Loi ny c tnh phn phin (lp mng) nn
tnh cht c hc km hn mcma. V d gnai (do granit ti kt tinh), phin st (do
s bin cht ca t st di p lc cao).
- Bin cht tip xc: To thnh t trm tch b bin cht do tc dng ca nhit cao. Khi gp
macma xm nhp, trm tch tip xc vi macma b nung nng v thay i tnh cht. Loi
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ny thng rn hn trm tch. V d hoa (do ti kt tinh vi v lmit di tc
dng ca nhit v p sut cao m thnh), thch anh (bin cht t ct)
- Bin cht trao i
Loi ny thng c mu vng hong th ln vi mu nu v mu ca t st, cu to
a cht xp lp. c x theo dng ming khong 3cm, rt nhiu hnh dng do v ra mt
cch rt t nhin. Thng c dng lt li i, bc cu thang trong cc thit k ngoi tht
sn vn v cng c th lm im nhn trong khng gian ni tht din tch ln.
3. Phn loi t trong a cht cng trnh?
- Theo khi lng th tch v cng : ( trng thi kh)
Loi nh: < 1800 kg/m3, c mc tng ng 5, 10, 15, 75, 100, 150 kG/cm2, dng xy tng
cho nh cn cch nhit.
Loi nng: > 1800 kg/m3, c mc tng ng 100, 150, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 kG/cm2,
dng trong cc cng trnh chu lc, cng trnh thy cng xy mng, tng chn, lp ph
b k, p lt
- Theo h s mm
Chia thnh 4 cp: 0.6; 0.6 - 0.75; 0.75 - 0.9; v 0.9.
- Theo yu cu s dng v mc gia cng
hc: gia cng theo phng php n mn. Dng xy mng nh, tng chn, tr cu,
o th, va, k ty theo yu cu s dng ca cng trnh.
kiu: c chn lc k, cht lng cao, dng trang tr cho cc cng trnh.
phin: p lt, trang tr.
dm: lm ct liu trn b tng.
- Theo hm lng oxit silic
acid: SiO2 > 65%.
trung tnh: SiO2 = 65 - 55%.
baz: SiO2 = 55 - 45%.
siu baz: SiO2 < 45%.
- Theo ngun gc: Cn c vo cu trc, ngun gc v iu kin hnh thnh ca phn
loi. Chia thnh 3 nhm sau: mcma, trm tch, bin cht.
4. Thy tnh ca t ?
5. ng t l g? nh hng ca ng t n xy dng cng trnh?
- ng t hay a chn l mt s rung chuyn hay chuyn ng lung lay ca mt t. ng
t thng l kt qu ca s chuyn ng ca cc phay (geologic fault) hay nhng b phn
t gy trn v ca Tri t hay cc hnh tinh cu to ch yu t cht rn nh t . Tuy
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rt chm, mt t vn lun chuyn ng v ng t xy ra khi ng sut cao hn sc chu
ng ca th cht tri t. Hu ht mi s kin ng t xy ra ti cc ng ranh gii ca
cc mng kin to l cc phn ca thch quyn ca tri t (cc nh khoa hc thng dng
d kin v v tr cc trn ng t tm ra nhng ranh gii ny). Nhng trn ng t xy
ra ti ranh gii c gi l ng t xuyn a v nhng trn ng t xy ra trong mt a
(him hn) c gi l ng t trong a. Nguyn nhn:
Ni sinh: lin quan n vn ng phun tro ni la, vn ng kin to cc i ht chm,
cc hot ng t gy.
Ngoi sinh: Thin thch va chm vo Tri t, cc v trt l t vi khi lng ln.
Nhn sinh: Hot ng lm thay i ng sut gn b mt hoc p sut cht lng, c bit l
cc v th ht nhn di lng t.
Ngoi ra cn phi k n hot ng m hc, c bit l k thut m thanh a chn.
- nh hng ca ng t n xy dng cng trnh: ng t xy ra hng ngy trn tri t,
nhng hu ht khng ng ch v khng gy ra thit hi. ng t ln c th gy thit hi
trm trng v gy t vong bng nhiu cch. ng t c th gy ra t l, t nt, sng
thn, nc triu gi, v, v ha hon. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc trn ng t, s
chuyn ng ca mt t gy ra nhiu thit hi nht. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, c rt nhiu
trn ng t nh hn xy ra trc hay sau ln ng t chnh; nhng trn ny c gi
l d chn. Nhiu trn ng t, c bit l nhng trn xy ra di y bin, c th gy ra
sng thn, hoc c th v y bin b bin dng hay v t l di y bin.
6. Phong ha l g? Phn loi, cc gii php phng chng phong ha trong xy dng?
Phong ha l qu trnh ph hy , t v cc khong vt cha trong khi tip xc trc tip
vi mi trng khng kh. Phong ha c chia thnh hai loi chnh.
- Phong ha c hc: l qu trnh phong ha trong cc tc nhn vt l l tc nhn gy phong
ha. Phong ha c hc ph v cc gc thnh nhng mnh vn m khng lm thay i
thnh phn ha hc ca . Bng, nc, nc khe nt l cc tc nhn gy phong ha c hc
chnh do gy ra mt lc tc ng lm n ra, m rng cc khe nt trong khin v ra
thnh cc mnh vn. Gin n v nhit cng gy nn tc ng gin cng v co li di s nh
hng ca vic nhit tng ln hay gim i cng gip cho qu trnh phong ha c hc din
ra nhanh hn. Phong ha c hc gip lm tng din tip xc b mt ca khin cho qu
trnh phong ha ha hc di s tc ng ca c yu t ha hc din ra nhanh hn.
- Phng ha ha hc: c s tham gia ca cc cht trong mi trng khng kh tc ng ln i
tng phong ha. Phong ha ha hc ph hy bng cc phn ng ha hc. y l qu
trnh cc khong vt trong thay i tr thnh cc ht nh hn v d b ra tri hn. Khng
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kh v nc u tham gia trong cc phn ng phc tp ca qu trnh phong ha ha hc. Cc
khong vt trong gc khng bn vng trong iu kin khng kh s dn dn bin i thnh
nhng dng bn vng hn. Cc khong vt no c thnh to trong iu kin nhit cng
cao th cng d b thay i. Cc mcma thng b cc tc nhn gy hi nh nc tn cng
nht l nc c dng dch axt hay kim(v mui axit), v tt c cc khong vt to ca
mcma tr thch anh u bin i thnh cc khong vt st hay cc cc cht ha hc tn ti
dng dung dch.
- Ngoi ra, cn c thm phong ha sinh hc cng l qu trnh phong ha ha hc nhng cc
tc nhn gy phong ha l cc cht c ngun gc sinh hc.
Gii php phng chng phong ha trong xy dng: Bc b tng phong ha, che ph bng vt
liu chng phong ha, ci to (x l) tng phong ha bng pht va.
7. St l b sng: nguyn nhn v cch phng chng?
Nguyn nhn: Cc yu t tham gia vo qu trnh st l b sng rt a dng. ch yu l qu
trnh xm thc ngang, ph thuc rt nhiu vo ch dng chy v t cu to nn hai
bn b.
- Cc yu t t nhin:
c im a hnh, a mo. Ch dng chy ca sng. Cu to a cht v cc tnh cht c
l t hai bn b sng.
t cu to nn hai b l cc loi t yu rt d b tan r, xi l. Do , b sng s mt n
nh di tc ng ca dng nc lu thng.
- Cc yu t nhn sinh:
Hot ng trao i, bun bn hng ha gia cc vng, min thng qua phng tin l
ghe, tu. Cc phng tin ny c tc ln, lu thng thng xuyn, lin tc gy nn sng,
to dng chy ri.
Cch phng chng:
- S dng cng trnh k bo v, chng li p lc ph hoi b do ng nng dng chy.
- Hnh thnh hng ro sinh hc bng h thng cy hoang di ph hp, trng thnh mt qun
th c c cu.
- Gi bo, th rong ro, cnh cy buc li vi nhau..., cng c th dng v, phn tre, phn c
trm chn st mi b c tc dng gim bt tc ng ca sng do ghe, thuyn gy ra.
8. Nu nguyn tc cch tin hnh biu th thnh phn ha hc ca mu nc di t theo
phng php Kurlov ? (ch nu tm tt cch vit cng thc tng qut, gi tn nc, cho 1 vd)
- Cng thc tng qut Kurlov:
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pH T.
C
A
M K.

K: Cht kh cha trong nc (g/l)
M: Tng khong ha ca nc (g/l)
A: Anion hm lng >10%
C: Cation hm lng > 10%
T: Nhit nc
pH: pH ca nc
- Gi tn: Trn Anion, Cation hm lng > 25%.
- VD: cng thc Kurlov ca mt mu nc khong:

7
0
32
17 72
3
16
4
29
1,05
2
0,02
pH T
Mg Ca
HCO SO
M CO
Tn gi: Sunfat Canxi
9. Hin tng Karst l g ? Xy dng cng trnh trong vng c Karst ?
Karst: l hin tng phong ha c trng ca nhng min ni vi b nc chy xi mn. S xi
mn khng phi do c ch lc c hc, m ch yu l do kh ixt cacbon (CO2) trong khng kh
ha tan vo nc, cng vi cc ion dng ca hyr (H+) to thnh axt cacbonic. Axt cacbonic l
th phm chnh trong qu trnh n mn vi. Sn phm t nhin ca qu trnh phong ha karst l
cc hang ng vi cc nh , mng , sng sui ngm,... Cc sn phm t nhin ni ting ti Vit
Nam l: vnh H Long, ng Phong Nha (Qung Bnh), h Thang Hen (Cao Bng), ng Hng
Tch (cha Hng H Ty)...
Xy dng cng trnh trong vng c Karst:
- San gt to mt bng khu vc, lm rnh thot nc, iu chnh dng mt.
- Khoan to l phc di di xi mng, tng lin kt, bn, hn ch tnh thm.
- C th dng cc lm tr cng trnh khi tng kast khng dy.
- H thp nc ngm bng h thng cc ging khoan.
- Cn thit phi s dng nhiu bin php kt hp.
10. Hin tng trt l l g? Cc bin php phng chng trt l?
Trt l: l hin tng mt n nh v dch chuyn sn dc, mi dc, gy mt n nh cng trnh,
vi lp ngi v ti sn, ph hoi din tch canh tc v mi trng sng, c th dn ti nhng thm
ho ln cho con ngi v x hi. Cc loi hnh trt l thng gp nht bao gm: trt l, st l, st
l, l .
- Trt l t: Xy ra nhiu cc sn i ni dc, ng giao thng, h thng p, cc
b m khai thc khong sn, cc h o xy dng cng trnh...
- St l t: thng xy ra ti cc thung lng v trin sng, dc cc b bin b xi l. Trong
qu trnh st l, c s an xen gia hin tng dch chuyn trt, hin tng sp . Hin
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tng st l thng c bo trc bng cc vt nt st n su vo t lin v ko di theo
b sng, b bin. Din bin ph hoi ca st l nhanh v t ngt.
- St l t: hay xy ra cc tuyn ng giao thng, cc tuyn. St l t cc trin i ni
thng lm mt mt phn mt ng hoc c on ng i ni ph hoi c mt tuyn
ng.
- L : L hin tng cc tng , mt gn kt vi c khi, sp v ln xung vng thp.
l thng xy ra trn cc tuyn ng giao thng min ni, trn cc sn dc v ln cn
mt s khu dn c.
Cc bin php phng chng trt l:
- Bin php gim ti: San gt bt mt phn cc khi trt, gim gc dc sn, chia sn dc
qu cao thnh nhiu bc.
- S dng hp l khong cch an ton: Hin nay gii php ph bin nhm chng trt l l
xy dng k chn mi dc. Ci to t , lm tng s lin kt, gim tnh thm ca t
bng cch pht va xi mng, thu tinh lng.
- Hn ch tc hi ca nc ma, nc mt: i vi cc sn dc, vch ng ang c nguy
c trt l, cn c bin php chng tc ng ph hoi ca nc ma ,nc mt bng cch
xy dng h thng rnh thot nc, cc rnh nghing phn bc trn sn dc, nhm hn ch
qu trnh thm nc, trng c Vetiver chng xi mn t gi n nh cho sn.
- i vi cc m khai thc xy dng: chn th t khai thc, thit k sn dc hp l,
khng o bi, ct xn su vo chn sn dc; xy dng h thng thot nc cc sn
dc; san gt bt cc khi trt; n mn to bin trc chng sp tng cc b ca b m l
cng, na cng; s dng cc bin php gia c nh lm tng chn, ngn, v bao ph b
mt bng li.
11. Hin tng ct chy l g? Cc bin php phng chng ct chy?
Ct chy: L hin tng t mm ri bo ho nc chy vo cng trnh o ct qua n nh mt
dch th do nht. Trong thnh phn ca t ct chy c nhiu cht hu c, ht keo v ht phn tn
nh. Nguyn nhn xy ra hin tng ny l do p lc thu tnh v thu ng ca dng nc - V d
v kh nng y ni ca nc C 02 loi ct chy:
- Ct chy tht:
Cn gi l chy xc bin, c ln cht hu c, ht keo v ht phn tn nh (tt h, m
ly,..)
Khi ngng bm nc th ct dn chy, nc chy vo cng trnh l c
Chy ta dch th do nht, sau khi nc tch ra, hnh dng nh ci bnh a (hnh)
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Khi b hong kh, to thnh t dnh kh cng, sng mu hn ban u, to cc tm dn
d v
- Ct chy gi:
Rt d thot nc
Nc thot ra l trong
Ngng bm nc th ct khng chy vo cng trnh
Nt chn in trn ct b xo
Nc thot ra, n ct c dng hnh nn.
Cc bin php phng chng ct chy gi:
- H thp mc nc ngm, gim gradien thu lc dng thm
- Li dng thm sang hng khc v tho kh tng ct chy
Cc bin php phng chng ct chy tht:
- Phng php c kt ho hc SiO
2
, CaCl
2
lin kt ht t.
- PP chn ng: tnh xc bin ca ct chy tht, nh tc dng ca chn ng, khi ct t trng
thi ng nht c mt ht tng, nc trong khi ct b y ln, thu nc
- PP thi cng h mng bng ging chm khi tng ct chy c chiu dy ln
- S dng bin php ng cc, c vn, tm thp lm tng vy
- Dng pp ng lnh, nhit -20oC
- Lm lp m thot nc di mng cng trnh t trn nn ct chy
12. Trnh by khi qut nh ngha, c im ng thi v ngha cc loi nc di t. Cc
loi ng thi ca nc di t?
ND: l ch loi nc chy trong mch kn di t do cc kin to a cht to nn, c th l cc
ti nc lin thng nhau hoc l mch nc chy st vi tng m. c to tnh ch yu do nc
kh quyn (nc ma, tuyt, hi nc), nc mt (nc ao h, i dng, sng) ngm vo t
qua cc l rng v khe nt ca t .
ngha ca ND:
- L ngun cung cp nc c lu lng n nh, v sinh c bit vi cc vng su, vng xa
cc vng cha cp nc c tp trung. Nhng vng thiu hoc khng c nc mt nh:
vng sa mc, vng ni, vng t ct.
- Nc b xung m cho t trng, lm cho thc vt v vi sinh vt pht trin, t ai thm
mu m.
- L ngun nc khong, nc nng c tc dng cha bnh, an dng du lch
ngha v ng thi ca mt s loi ND:
- Nc th nhng:
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Ngun cung cp: ch yu l nc ma, mao dn i ln v ngng t hi m trong l rng ca
t .
Cht lng: c nhiu tp cht hu c v vi sinh vt nn thng nhim bn v c tnh n mn
mnh c bit i vi kim loi v b tng.
ng thi: Khng n nh, ph thuc vo iu kin kh tng (dao ng theo nhit trong
ngy, lu lng v tr lng th thay i theo lng ma). Nc th nhng ch tn ti vo
ma ma.
Nc thng tng: l tng cha nc nm gn mt t, di tng th nhng v pha trn
khng c tng cch nc, y cch nc khng lin tc (dng thu knh).
Ngun cung cp: ch yu l nc ma, nc mt ngm xung.
ngha: d nhim bn, tru lng nh. Trong xy dng tng nc ny thng gy ngp h
mng, hin tng xi ngm, t chy.
ng thi: Km n nh, lun thay i theo iu kin kh tng thy vn
Nc ngm (khng p): l tng cha nc thng xuyn th nht k t mt t, trn n
khng b che ph bi cc tng t cch nc.
Ngun cung cp: ch yu l nc ma, nc mt, nc p lc t di (thm xuyn). Lu :
nc ngm c min cung cp v min phn b trng nhau.
ngha: l tng nc nng c khong ha thng l nh nn nc ngm thng c s
dng trong ti tiu. Trong xy dng, nc ngm thng gy kh khn trong thi cng, n
mn b tng. Pht sinh: xi ngm v trt l mi dc.
ng thi: Khng n nh do gn mt t, c lin h trc tip vi sng bin.
- Nc c p (Actezi): l tng nc kp gia hai tng cch nc, do a hnh m tng actezi
to ra p lc.
Ngun cung cp: ch yu l nc ma, nc p lc t di ln.c im: min cung cp v
min phn b khng trng nhau.
ngha: do c tng cch nc pha bn trn nn tng actezi thng t b nhim bn, Q ln
v n nh, quan trng trong cp nc tp trung. Tuy nhin nc actezi c th gy p lc
nc lm bc y h mng.
ng thi: Kh n nh (E, Q, tnh phn ha hc)
- Nc khe nt (i cha nc): l tng cha nc hnh thnh trong cng, nt n hoc c
cc hang hc ln. Nc khe nt c th c p hoc khng p v c tnh dng chy hn l
dng thm.
- Ngun cung cp: c th l nc ma, nc mt hoc cc tng cha nc tng trn, hoc
bn di.
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- ngha: d nhim bn v phn b khng u nn t c gi tr s dng trong sinh hot. Trong
xy dng, nc khe nt gy tr ngi trong thi cng v mt nc trong cng trnh thy cng,
cng trnh ngm
ng thi:Bin ng rt ln bin dao ng c th t ti vi mt hay hng chc mt trn
ngy.
13. Nu tm tt ni dung v yu cu ca mt bo co a k thut?
Bo co kt qu kho st a k thut l bn tng hp cc kt qu kho st a k thut ti hin
trng v trong phng ti a im xy dng, tham kho cc ti liu a k thut khu vc ln cn.
Bo co kho st a k thut gm cc phn sau:
M u:
- Nu mc ch yu cu v nhim v ca cng tc kho st;
- Khi qut iu kin mt bng, c trng kt cu, ti trng, s tng nh v cc yu cu c
bit khc.
I. Phng n kho st
- Khi lng, tin cng vic kho st, th nghim;
- B tr cc im thm d;
- Cc phng php kho st: nu r tiu chun hoc c s p dng thc hin cc phng
php kho st v th nghim.
II. iu kin a k thut ca t nn:
- Phn bit, phn chia v m t t, theo th t a tng trong cp n c din phn
b, th nm qua kt qu kho st;
- Nc di t v cc vn lin quan n thi cng v n mn, xm thc n vt liu nn
mng v cng trnh;
- Tng hp tnh cht c l cc lp t theo cc loi th nghim v la chn gi tr i din
phc v tnh ton thit k nn mng.
- Kt qu quan trc a k thut (nu c);
III. nh gi iu kin a k thut phc v xy dng cng trnh
- Trnh by r a tng, tnh cht c l ca t nn, nh gi nh tnh v nh lng mc
ng u ca cc lp t, c trng bn v tnh bin dng ca t nn;
- Ch r cc hin tng a cht bt li ang hoc c th c, phn tch s n nh ca t nn
di tc dng ca ti trng;
- nh gi nh hng ca iu kin a cht thu vn i vi cng tc thi cng nn mng,
nh gi s n nh ca mi dc, n mn ca nc i vi b tng v b tng ct thp,
ng thi a ra phng n d phng;
Don Ngc XB10
11

- Nn c phn tch, khuyn co s dng hp l mi trng a cht cho mc ch xy dng
cng trnh;
- nh gi s nh hng cng trnh xy dng vi cc cng trnh ln cn.
IV. Kt lun chung v kin ngh
IV. Phn ph lc
- Phn ph lc bo co gm cc bn , mt ct, bn v, bng tnh, biu . Cc ph lc cn
thit phi c:
- Mt bng b tr cc im thm d;
- Cc tr a tng h khoan;
- Mt ct a k thut: cc mt ct dc, ngang trn th hin th t tn gi lp, s hiu lp,
k hiu t, , nc di t, biu th nghim, gi tr c l i din...;
- Bng tng hp tnh cht c l theo lp;
- Cc biu th nghim hin trng v trong phng;
- Cc biu bng khc lin quan n kt qu kho st;
- Ti liu tham kho.
14. Nu tm tt ni dung v ngha cc iu kin a cht cng trnh?
Cc iu kin a cht cng trnh bao gm:
- c im a hnh, a mo.
- c im a cht: a tng, tui, th nm, quy lut phn b, kin to, ca cc thnh to t
trong phm vi khu vc kho st, v cc vng ln cn.
- c im a cht thy vn: nc mt, ND: cc tng cha nc, ng thi v tnh cht ca
tng cha nc lin quan n xy dng cng trnh.
- c im tnh cht c l ca t : th t t trn xung di cc lp (cc n nguyn
CCT) trong phm vi theo din v theo chiu su NC;
- c im cc qu trnh a cht ng lc: phong ha, t chy, xi ngm, ng t, tn kin
to
- Vt liu xy dng v khong sn c ch lin quan.
Da vo thng tin v cc iu kin a cht cng trnh chng ta c th:
- nh gi mc thch hp ca a im v mi trng i vi cc cng trnh d kin xy
dng.
- Thit k, la chn gii php mng cho cng trnh d kin xy dng mt cch hp l v tit
kim.
- xut bin php thi cng hu hiu nht, thy trc v d on c nhng kh khn, tr
ngi c th ny sinh trong thi gian xy dng.
Don Ngc XB10
12

- Xc nh cc bin i ca mi trng a cht do hot ng kinh t cng trnh ca con
ngi, cng nh nh hng ca cc bin i i vi bn thn cng trnh v cng trnh ln
cn.
- nh gi mc an ton ca cc cng trnh ang tn ti, thit k ci to nng cp cng trnh
hin c v nghin cu nhng trng hp xy ra gy h hng cng trnh.
15. Cc giai on kho st a cht cng trnh (iu tra ban u, s b, chi tit)?
- Giai on iu tra ban u (S lc):
Mc ch: Tng ng giai on kho st phc v quy hoch tng th, xut s b gii
php mng v b tr cc cng trnh thch hp.
Tin hnh: Thu thp cc ti liu a cht cng trnh hin c trong vng v cc cng trnh ln
cn. Trong giai on ny ch kho st bng mt thng ti hin trng.
- Giai on kho st s b:
Mc ch: Phn vng, tm v tr cho cc cng trnh khc nhau trn khu vc, la chn v gii
php kt cu mng
Tin hnh: xc nh cc lp t theo din v chiu su, xc nh ch nc mt, nc
di t, kh nng chiu ti nn
Cc phng php kho st thng dng trong giai on ny: thm d a vt l (VL),
khoan CCT, xc nh, ng thi ND: cc phng php xuyn
- Giai on kho st chi tit:
- Mc ch: cung cp chi tit v tnh cht c l ca t ti v tr xy dng cng trnh.
- Tin hnh: k tha giai on kho st s b, nhng c nh hng v gii php mng, mng
su hay gia c nn
Cc phng php kho st thng c p dng trong giai on ny: khoan o CCT, th
nghim trong phng. Th nghim ngoi tri: xuyn (ng, tnh, tiu chun), nn ngang trong
h khoan, h o, th nghim nn tnh, th nghim ct cnh, th nghim thm
16. Nu mc ch, ngha phng php khoan thm d a cht cng trnh v ly mu nguyn
dng trong h khoan?
Mc ch: Phng php khoan, o thm d ( trc tip pp mang tnh nh lng): ti ra cc v
l a cht, gip cho vic quan st, ly cc loi mu trc tip, nghin cu cu trc nn di su (o
v khng lm c), tm hiu cu trc a cht di su. Gm cc loi h o, ging, hm thm d
v h khoan.
ngha: kho st bng phng php khoan, o cho kt qu tng i chnh xc v quan st, ly
c cc loi mu trc tip, nhn thy tn mt c cc loi t .. Cung cp mu th nghim trong
Don Ngc XB10
13

phng v l ni thc hin cc th nghim ngoi tri nh ct cnh, nn tnh, nn sp, nn ngang, th
nghim thm
17. Trnh t tin hnh v mc ch cng tc ly mu c l a cht cng trnh v th nghim xuyn
ng tiu chun (SPT)?
Mc ch cng tc ly mu c l a cht cng trnh: xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca t nh
cht, st, gc ma st trong, modun bin dng, sc khng xuyn v tnh ton sc chu ti cho
php (i vi mng nng, mng cc).
Trnh t tin hnh:
- Khoan ly mu cc h khoan kho st.
- Th nghim xuyn tiu chun (SPT) ti hin trng.
- Th nghim cc ch tiu c l ca t trong phng.
- Th nghim thnh phn ha hc ca mu nc ngm trong t.
- Lp bo co kho st a cht k thut, tng hp nh gi tnh cht ca t nn v xut
mt s vn lin quan, (cung cp cc s liu cn thit cho nh thit k tnh ton, la
chn gii php mng ph hp vi iu kin a cht cng trnh nhm bo m n nh cng
trnh v t hiu qu kinh t).
Th nghim xuyn ng tiu chun (SPT): l th nghim ngoi tri, xuyn ng ti cng trnh
c thit k cung cp thng tin v c tnh c l ca nn t (Phn chia a tng, pht hin cc
lp kp, cc thu knh t ht ri, xc nh mt s ch tiu c l ca t v tnh sc chu ti ca mt
s loi mng su). SPT c kh nng tin hnh su ln v ly c mu ln, iu khng c
xuyn tnh. u im ca SPT l gi thnh thp, thao tc n gin v kt qu th nghim phn nh
kh chnh xc trng thi ca t nn.
Trnh t tin hnh: Th nghim s dng mt ng mu thnh mng vi ng knh ngoi 50 mm,
ng knh trong 35 mm, v chiu di 650 mm. ng mu ny c a n y l khoan sau
dng ba trt c khi lng 63,5 kg cho ri t do t khong cch 760 mm. Vic ng ng mu
c chia lm ba nhp, mi nhp ng su 150 mm tng cng 450 mm, ngi ta s tnh s ba trong
mi nhp v ch ghi nhn tng s ba trong hai nhp cui v hay gi s ny l "gi tr N". Trong
trng hp sau 50 ba u m ng mu cha cm ht 150 mm th ngi ta ch ghi nhn 50 gi tr
ny. Tng cc nht ba yu cu xuyn 150mm ln th hai v ba c gi l "sc khng tiu
chun" hoc "gi tr N". (Ti Vit Nam gi tr ny c k hiu l N
30
). S ba phn nh cht ca
nn t v c dng tnh ton trong a k thut. Gi tr N
30
thu c t th nghim SPT thng
c s dng tnh ton sc chu ti ca mng cc.
18. Bi tp:
Don Ngc XB10
14

1. Vit cng thc v tnh ton nc chy vo h mng. Bit nc c p, khng p, bit h s
thm k, chiu su h mng, s ging khoan ti thiu cn thit, cho bit lu lng my bm.



S
o
: Chiu su mc nc ngm cn h thp
ti tm (m)
k: h s thm



t
F
r
o
=
r
o
: bn knh h mng, F: din tch h mng
- Tnh R
o
: bn knh nh hng:
- Khng p:
k H S
o
. 2 R
o
=
H: cao mc nc ngm (b dy tng cha nc)
- C p:
k S
o
10 R
o
=

- Tnh Q: tng lu lng nc cn tho kh
o
o
o
r
R
S k H
ln
. .
2 Q
tng
t =
( m
3
/ng)
- S ging cn thit k:
'
n
Q
Q
tng
=
Q

: nng sut bm 1 ging
2. Vit cng thc vn ng dng ngm ca ND khng p, (c p) khu vc ven hoc gia hai
sng. Bit h s thm K, chiu dy tng thm nc, chiu di ng vn ng ca nc
ngm, tnh lu lng dng thm, mc nc ti mt v tr.
- Tng nc khng p:




W: lng nc thm t trn xung

H
S
o

r
o
R
o

h
x

h
2

h
1

x
L
sng
y cch nc
Don Ngc XB10
15

- Lu lng ti mt ct x:
|
.
|

\
|

= + = x
L
W
L
h h
2
.
2
. k W.x q q
2
2
2
1
1 x
- Lu lng ti mt ct 1: x = 0

2
.
2
k. q
2
2
2
1
1
L W
L
h h

=

- Lu lng ti mt ct 1: x = L

2
.
2
k. q
2
2
2
1
2
L W
L
h h
+

=

- Mc nc ngm ti v tr x:

( ) x x L
k
W
x
L
h h
. . . h h
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
x
+

=

- Tng nc c p: tng cha nc khng i

2 1
2 1
k.m. q

=
L
H H
m: dy tng cha nc