Nghch l Russell

Nghch l Russell (Russell's paradox) c m t qua mt cu chuyn vui v ng th co nh sau: C ng th co, vn l c dn ca lng wikipedia, tuyn b: "Ti ch co ru cho nhng ngi n ng no ca lng wikipedia m khng t co ru". Nh th cc ng nam nhi ca lng wikipedia chia lm 2 nhm: nhm t co ru v nhm khng t co ru. Vy th ng th co thuc nhm no y? Nu thuc nhm 1 tc l nhm t co ru nn ng khng co cho nhng ngi t co ru, tc l ng khng co cho ng. Nhng nu nh vy th ng thuc nhm hai. Nu nhm 2 th ng s co ru cho ng v ng co ru cho nhng ngi thuc nhm 2. Lc ho ra ng li t cao ru cho mnh. T ra ng ny thuc loi i rc ri, xp vo nhm no cng gp mu thun c! Tht ra mu thun ny gp phi khi ta xt tp hp "E l tp hp ca tt c cc tp hp" ri gp phi tnh hung: Tp E l mt phn t ca chnh n hay khng phi l phn t ca n u gp chuyn ngc i. Sau sa sai, ngi ta khng dng "tp hp ca tt c cc tp hp" m xut mt khi nim mi, tng qut hn l "lp". Trong cng vic ca cc nh ton hc c th, ngi ta ch cn khoanh vng mt tp hp bao gm nhiu cc tp hp no (nhng khng phi l tt c) lm vic th s khng phi gp mu thun na. Tp ny c gi l mt "v tr" ca ngi lm ton ng vi mt ngnh ton no . Mt phn ca nghch l, c khm ph bi Bertrand Russell vo nm 1901. Gi s tp M l "tp hp tt c cc tp hp khng cha chnh n". Mt cch hnh thc : A l mt phn t ca tp M nu v ch nu A khng l phn t ca chnh A.

Nu M cha chnh n th theo nh ngha ca M,tp M khng phi l mt phn t ca M . Nu M khng cha chnh n th cng do nh ngha ca M chnh M li l mt phn t ca M. Cc mnh "M l mt phn t ca M" v "M khng l phn t ca M" c hai khng th ng, chnh l mu thun. Nghch l ny thc y Russell pht trin l thuyt kiu v Ernst Zermelo pht trin l thuyt tp hp tin ngy nay tr thnh l thuyt tp hp ZermeloFraenkel.