Chuyn

i s t hp.

ni dung
1: Hon v, chnh hp, t hp v ng dng .
L thuyt: * Qui tc cng, qui tc nhn.
* Hon v, chnh hp; t hp.
Cc dng ton ng dng.
1.1. Dng 1: Rt gn biu thc i s t hp.
1.2. Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc; bt ng thc i s t hp.
1.3. Dng 3: Gii phng trnh; bt phng trnh i s t hp.
1.4. Dng 4: Cc bi ton m s phng n.
2: Nh thc Newtn v ng dng.
L thuyt: Nh thc Newtn.
Cc dng ton ng dng.
2.1. Dng 1: Tnh tng t hp.
2.2. Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc; bt ng thc i s t hp.
2.3. Dng 3: Xc nh h s ca s hng trong khai trin nh thc Newtn.

1: hon v, chnh hp, t hp v ng dng.
L thuyt:
I. Qui tc cng, qui tc nhn.
1. Quy tc cng: Nu c m
1
cch chn i tng x
1
, c m
2
cch chn i tng x
2
,... m
n
cch chn i
tng x
n
v nu cch chn i tng x
i
khng trng vi i tng x
j
no( i khc j; i, j = 1,2,....,n) th c
m
1
+ m
2
+....+ m
n
cch chn mt trong cc i tng cho.
2. Quy tc nhn: Nu mt php chn c thc hin qua n bc lin tip, bc 1 c m
1
cch, bc 2 c
m
2
cch,.... bc n c m
n
cch, th php chn c thc hin theo m
1
.m
2
...m
n
cch khc nhau.
II. Hon v, chnh hp; t hp.
1. Hon v: * N: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t ( n

1). Mi cch sp th t n phn t ca tp hp A
c gi l mt hon v ca n phn t .
* S hon v ca n phn t :
P
n
= n! = 1.2.3.4.5.n
( ; n 1) n N
; Qui c 0! 1 .
2. Chnh hp: * N: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi b gm k (1 k n) phn t sp th t ca tp
hp A c gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t ca A.
* S chnh hp chp k ca n phn t :

) 1 )...( 1 ( + k n n n
A
k
n

(1

n)

!

( )!
n
k
A
n
n k

(1 k n)
3. T hp: * N: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi tp con gm k (0 k n) phn t ca A c gi l
mt t hp chp k ca n phn t cho.
* S t hp chp k ca n phn t :

)! ( !
!
k n k
n
C
k
n

(0 k n)
Cc dng ton thng gp:
1.1. Dng 1: Rt gn biu thc i s t hp.
1.2. Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc; bt ng thc i s t hp.
1.3. Dng 3: Gii phng trnh; bt phng trnh i s t hp.
1.4. Dng 4: Cc bi ton m s phng n.

1- Dng 1: rt gn biu thc i s t hp.
1. Phng php:
S dng cc cng thc sau rt gn biu thc i s t hp:
* !
n
P n (
*
n N
)
*
!

( )!
n
k
A
n
n k

(1 k n)
*
!
!( )!
n
k
C
n
k n k

(0 k n)
2. Mt s v d:
Rt gn biu thc:
1

!
2
n
k
A
n
k
k

Bi gii
Ta c nhn xt:
( )
1 1 1
! 1 ! !
k
k k k

Suy ra
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1
! 1! 2! 2! 3! 1 ! ! !
2
n
k
A
n
k n n n
k

+ + +

Rt gn biu thc:
6 5
4
A A
n n
A
A
n
+

Bi gii
Ta c
2
) 4 ( ) 5 )( 4 ( 4
) 3 )...( 1 (
) 4 )...( 1 ( ) 5 )...( 1 (
+

+
n n n n
n n n
n n n n n n
A

Rt gn biu thc:
1
...
1
2
2
1

+ + +
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C A

Bi gii:
Ta ln lt c:
1
n
C n
V d 1
V d 2
V d 3

!
2
2!.( 2)!
2 2. 1
1 !
1!.( 1)!
n
C
n
n
n
n
C
n
n

...
1
1
1 !
1!.( 1)!
n
C
n
n
n n
C
n
n

( 1)
suy ra : 1 ... 2 1 .
2
nn
A n n
+
++++
3. Bi tp t luyn:
<1> Rt gn biu thc:
1
1

( 1)
n
n
k
C
k k

<2>Rt gn biu thc:

5! ( 1)!
.
( 1) 3!( 1)!
m
A
m m m
+

+
<3> Rt gn biu thc:
12 11 10 9
49 49 17 17
10 8
49 17
-
A A A A
B
A A
+ +

2-Dng 2: chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc
i s t hp.
1. Phng php: Thc hin cc bc sau:
S dng cc cng thc:
* !
n
P n (
*
n N
)
*
!

( )!
n
k
A
n
n k

(1 k n)
*
!
!( )!
k
n
n
C
k n k

(0 k n)
*
-1
(0 )
-1 -1
k k k
C C C k n
n
n n
+ < <
a ng thc, bt ng thc i s t hp thnh ng thc, bt ng thc i
s thng thng.
Chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc i s thng thng suy ra pcm.
2. Mt s v d:
CMR vi k, n N, 3 k n ta c:

n
k n
A k
n
k n
A
n
k n
A
+

+
+
+
+
+
2 1 2
Bi gii

( )! ( )! ( )! 1
2 1
1
( 2)! ( 1)! ( 2)! 1
2 2
( )! ( )! ( )!
2

( 1)( 2)! ( 1).( 2)! !
n k n k n k
n n
VT A A
n k n k
k k k k
k n k k n k k n k
n
k A VP
n k
k k k k k k
+ + +
| `
+ +
+ + +

+ +

. ,
+ + +

+


Chng minh rng:
1
2 2
( !) ( ) ( , 2)
2
n
n n
n n n Z n
+
< < > (1)
V d 1
V d 2
Bi gii
Bin i BT (1) v dng:

1
2 2
(1.2.3.... ) ( )
2
n
n n
n n
+
< <

2
1
2
[(1. )2.( 1)].3.( 2)..... ( 1)] ( )
2
n
n n
n n n n k n k
+
< + < (2)
a.Ta c nh gi:
( 1) (*) ( , 1) k n k n k n k + < >
do
(*) ( 1) ( 1) 0 ( )( 1) 0 n k k k n k k >
ng , 1 k n k < >
p dng BT (*) vi k = 2,, n -1 ta c

1.
2.( 1)
....
( 1)
...
.1
n n
n n
k n k n
n n

>

'
+ >

n
bt ng thc.
Suy ra
2
[(1. )2.( 1)].3.( 2)..... ( 1)...( 1).2( .1)] a)
n
n n n k n k n n n + >
b. S dng BT Csi tac :

1 1
2 2
( 1) ( ) ( )
2 2
k n k n
k n k
+ + +
+ (**) 0, k n k
p dng BT (**) vi k =1,2,, n ta c

2
2
2
1
1.
2
2
1
2( 1)
2
........
1
( 1) BDT
2
........
1
( 1)2
2
2
1
1.
2
n
n
n
n
n
k n k n
n
n
n
n

+ ]

]
]

+ ]

]
]

+ ]
+
'
]
]

+ ]

]
]

+
]

]
]

Suy ra
2
1
(1. )[2.( 1)].3.( 2)..... ( 1)...( 1)2( .1)
2
n
n
n n n k n k n n
+
]
+ <
]
]
b)
T a) v b) suy ra (2) c chng minh , suy ra (1) c chng minh..
CMR
a.
1 2 3
3 3
3
k k k k k
C C C C C
n n n n
n

+ + +
+
b.
-1 -2
2 (2 )
2
k k k k
C C C C k n
n n n
n
+ +
+
c.
1 2 3 3 2
2 5 4
3 2
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n
n n
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
Bi gii
a. Ta c :
V d

1 1 2 2 3
( ) 2( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2
2 ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2 3
k k k k k k
VT C C C C C C
n n n n n n
k k k k k k k
C C C C C C C
n n n n n n n
k k k
C C C VP
n n n

+ + + + +

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +

+
+ + +
b. Ta c:
-1 -2
2 (2 )
2
k k k k
C C C C k n
n n n
n
+ +
+
Nn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
-1 -1 - 2 -1
1 1 2
k k k k k k k
VP C C C C C C C VT
n n n n n n n
+ + + +
+ + +
c.
( )
1 1 2 3 1
2 3( ( ) )
k k k k
n n n n
k k
VT C C
n n
C C C C
+ + + + +
+ + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
2 3
1 1 1
k k k
C C C
n n n
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 3
2
1 1 1 1
2 3
2
2 2
2 2 3 2 3
2 2 3 2 2

k k k k
C C C C
n n n n
k k
C C
n n
k k k k k
C C C C C VP
n n n n n
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +

CMR:
2
. ( ) (0 ) (1)
2 2 2 -
n n n
C C C k n
n n k n k

+
Bi gii
Ta c:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2
. ( ) (0 ) (1)
2 2 2 -
2
2 ! 2 ! 2 !
2
. ( 1)...( ) ( 1)...( ) ( 1)...( )
!. ! !. ! !. !
2
( 1)( 2)...( ) ( 1)( 2)...( ) ( 1)...( )
( 1
n n n
C C C k n
n n k n k
n k n k n
n k n k n n k n k n n n n
n k n n k n n n
n k n k n k n n k n k n k n n n n
n k

+
+ | `
+ + + + + + + +

+
. ,
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2
)( 1) ... ( )( ) ( 1)...( ) (*) n k n k n n k n n n n + + + + + +

Theo BT Cauchy ta c
( )
2
( )( ) 0 k n; n k i n k i n i + + + +
i = 1...n
Cho n i , 1 ta c BT (*)
Vy BT (*) ng (1) c chng minh.
3. Bi tp tng t
Bi 1:
1
. ( 1) ( , )
n m
n C m C m n Z
m n m n
+ +
+
+ +
Bi 2:
2 2
( 2, )
1
C C n n n Z
n
n
+
+
+
Bi 3:
-
. . ( , , , , )
-
r k k r k
C C C C r k n N r n k r
n r n n r

Bi 4:
1
2 -1 1
( )
2 2 2 2
2
n n
C C C n Z
n n n
+ +
+
+
Bi 5:
-1
-1
n
r r
C C
n
n
r
Bi 6
*
:
( )
2 3
1
1
2. 3 ... ....
1 2 -1 -1
2
p n
C C C C
n n
n n n n
C p n
n
p n
C C C
C
n n n
n
+
+ + + + + +
V d 4
Bi 7: , 2 n N n ta c
( )
1
1 1 1
...
2 2 2
2 3
n
n
A A A
n

+ + +
Bi 8: CMR:
-2
( -1) ( 1)
-2
k k
k k C n n C
n
n

Bi 9: CMR:
-1
(0 )
-1 -1
k k k
C C C k n
n
n n
+ < < Bi 10: CMR:
2
. ( ) 0 )(1)
2 2 2 -
n n n
C C C k n
n n k n k

+
Bi 11: CMR:
1

1 1
k k k
A A kA
n
n n

+

Bi 12: CMR:
1 2 3 1
2 3 ... 1
n n
P P P nP P
+
+ + + +
Bi 13: CMR:
3
3
2
2
3 2
4
1
5 2
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
k
m
C
k
m
C
k
n
C
k
n
C
k
n
C
k
n
C
Bi 14: CMR: ) , 2 (
2
2 1
2 n k
k
n
C
k
n
C
k
n
C
k
n
C
+

+
Bi 15: CMR:
. . . ( , ; , , )
r k k n k
a C C C C r n k r n r k Z
n r n
r k

+ +...+
1
. ( )
1
1 2 1
. ( )
1 2 1
n
r
r r
b C C r n
n r
r r r r
c C C C C r n
n n n r

<

<


Bi 16: CMR:

0 1 1 2 2 5 5
1) . . . ... .
5 5 5 5 5
1 2 1
2) ....
1 2 1
1 2 3 4
3) 4. 6. 4.
4
3 1 2
4) 3. 3
3
k k k k k
C C C C C C C C C
n n n n
n
r r r r
C C C C
n
n n r
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n n
n
k k k k k
C C C C C
n n n n
n

+ + + +
+

+ + +


+ + + +
+

+ + +
+

1 1 1
5) 2
2
m m m
n n n
m
C C C C
n
+ +
+ +
+

3 1 2
6) 3 3
3
1 2 3 2 3
7)2 5. 4.
2 3
k k k k k
C C C C C
n n n n
n
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n
n n

+ + +
+
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
Bi 17: CMR:
1000
(0 k 2000)
2001 2001 2001 2001
1 1001 k k
C C C C + +
+
( HQGHN A 99- 00 )
Bi 18: CMR:
2 10
100
2
50
100
2 10
100
2
< <C
3- Dng 3: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s t hp.
* nh ngha:
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s t hp l phng trnh, bt phng trnh c cha n di cc k hiu:
! n
,
n
P ,
k
n
A
,
k
n
C
.
* Cch gii:
Bc 1: t iu kin ca n. Nh rng:
-
! n
c ngha n
N
-
n
P c ngha n
N
*
-
k
n
A
c ngha n k, N;
1 k n
-
k
n
C
c ngha n k, N; n k 0
Bc 2: Chuyn phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s t hp sang phng
trnh, bt phng trnh i s thng thng nh cc cng thc t hp:
- 1.2.3...n ! n vi mi 1 , n N n (nh: 0! = 1)
- ! n P
n
vi mi
n
N
*
-
)! (
!
) 1 )....( 2 )( 1 (
k n
n
k n n n n A
k
n

+
vi mi

'

n k
N n k
0
,

-
!
!( - )!
k
n
n
C
k n k

vi mi n k, N; n k 0
-
1
1 1
k k k
n n n
c c c

+
( n k, N; n k 0 )
-
k n k
n n
c c

( n k, N; n k 0 )
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s thng thng tm n.
Bc 4: i chiu vi tp xc nh, kt lun.
* Mt s v d
Gii phng trnh sau:
1
1
1
.
72
y
x x y
x
A P
P
+
+

Li gii
+ iu kin ca x; y:
, ; x 2; y x-1 x y N
(*)
+ Bin i phng trnh v dng:
2
( 1)!
( )!
( )!
72 ( 1) 72
( 1)!
8
72 0
9
x
x y
x y
x x
x
x
x x
x
+

i chiu vi iu kin ( * ) suy ra nghim ca phng trnh l 8 x .

1 7 y
.
( HBK 2000- 2001 ): Gii bt phng trnh sau:

2 2 3
2
1 6
10
2
x x x
A A C
x
+
Li gii
+ iu kin ca x: 3 x N
+ Bin i bt phng trnh v dng:

1 (2 )! ! 6 !
10
2 (2 2)! ( 2)! 3!( 3)!
1 6 ( 2)( 1)
(2 1)2 ( 1) 10
2 3!
(2 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) 10 3 12 0 4
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x x x x x x x
+


+
+
+ Kt hp vi iu kin (*) 3; 4 x x
+ Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l 3; 4 x x
( HVBCVT- 98- + TNTHPT 02- 03):
Gii h: 2 : 5 : 6 : :
1 1
1

+
+
y
x
y
x
y
x
C C
C

V d 1
V d 2
V d 3
+ iu kin ca x, y
;
;
0 1
1
0 1
1
0 1
x y N
x y N
y x
y
y x
x y
y x

+


' '
+

+

+ Ta c:
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1

6 5
: : 6: 5: 2
6 5 2

5 2
y y
x x
y y y
y y y x x x
x x x
y y
x x
C C
C C C
C C C
C C
+
+
+
+ +
+
+

'

1 ( 1)! 1 ( )!
6 !( 1 )! 5 ( 1)!( 1)!
1 ( )! 1 ( )!
5 ( 1)!( 1)! 2 ( 1)!( 1)!
x x
y x y y x y
x x
y x y y x y
+

+ +

'

+ +

5( 1)( 1) 6( )( 1)
2( )( 1) 5 ( 1)
x y x y x y
x y x y y y
+ + +

'
+ +

5( 1)( 1) 3.5 ( 1)
2( )( 1) 5 ( 1)
x y y y
x y x y y y
+ + +

'
+ +

1 3
2( )( 1) 5 ( 1)
x y
x y x y y y
+

'
+ +

3 1
2(3 1 )(3 1 1) 5 ( 1)
x y
y y y y y y

'
+ +

2
3 1
3 9
x y
y y

'

3 1 8
3 3
x y x
y y



' '


Vy nghim ca h l x = 8; y = 3
* Bi tp tng t:
<1> Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau:
1. 79
2 1
+ +
x
x
x
x
o
x
C C C 6. x C A
x
x x
14
2 3
+

(TNTHPT - 98 - 99)
2.
3 3
8 6
5
x
x x
C A
+
+ +
7. x x C C C
x x x
14 9 6 6
2 3 2 1
+ + (HNN - 99- 00)
3.
2
7
3 2 1
x
C C C
x x x
+ + 8. x A A
x x
21 5
2 3
+ (HQGHN - 98- 99)
4. 10
6
2
1
3 2 2
2
+
x x x
C
x
A A 9.
3
1
4
1 3
1
14
n
n
n
C
A P

+
<
( HHH 1999 )
5.
1
4
2
1
1
6
7 1 1
+ +

x x x
C C C
10.
4
1
3
1
14
n
n
n
n
A
P
C
+

<
15.
2 5
3
60
( )!
k n
n
P
A
n k
+ +
+

(TNTHPT 03 04 ) 16.
1 2
2 2
5
2
n n
n n n
C C A

+
+ > (TNTHPT 04 05 )
<2> Tm cc s m trong dy s
1 2 3
; ; ,...,
n
x x x x vi
4
4
2
143
4
n
n
n n
A
x
P P
+
+

, n = 1,2,3,,n.
<3 > Gii cc h phng trnh sau: a.

'

1
1 2
3 5
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
C C
C C
b.
2 5 90
5 2 80
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C
+

'

c.
1 1 1
1 1
( ) : : 10: 2:1
y y y y
x x x x
A yA A C


+
< 4 > Cho khai trin nh thc:
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
(2 2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) ... (2 )(2 ) (2 )
x x x x x x x x
n n n n n n n
n n n n
C C C C


+ + + + +
( n l s nguyn dng ). Bit trong khai trin
3 1
5
n n
C C
v s hng th t bng 20n, tm n v x.
( HC -A- 2002 )
< 5 > Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho:

1 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2.2 3.2 4.2 ... (2 1)2 2005
n n
n n n n n
C C C C n C
+
+ + + + +
+ + + +
( HC -A- 2005 )
< 5 > Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
4 3
1
3
( 1)!
n n
A A
M
n
+
+

+

bit rng
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
2 2 149
n n n n
C C C C
+ + + +
+ + + ( HC -D- 2005 )
4- Dng 4: Bi ton m s phng n
1. Ghi nh : 1. i vi loi ton m s phng n, ta cn ch
- c k u bi, phn tch cu vn cn k, nm chc bn cht ca hnh ng, i tng thy c cc
kh nng c th.
- S dng php m hnh ho cng cc quy tc m c bn.
- Trong mt s bi ton, c th ta phi s dng n phn b.
Nguyn l b tr: Khi hai cng vic c th c lm ng thi, chng ta khng th dng quy tc cng tnh
s cch thc hin nhim v gm c hai vic. Cng s cch lm mi vic s dn n s trng lp, v nhng cch
lm c 2 vic s c tnh 2 ln. tnh ng s cch thc hin nhim v ny ta cng s cch lm mi mt trong
2 vic ri tr i s cch lm ng thi c 2 vic. l nguyn l b tr.
2. S dng qui tc nhn thc hin bi ton m s phng n:
Thc hin cc bc:
Bc 1: Phn tch cng vic H thnh k cng vic nh lin tip:

1 2
, ,...,
k
H H H
Bc 2: Nu ta c:
-
1
n cch khc nhau thc hin
1
H
.
- ng vi mi cch thc hin xong
1
H ,ta c
2
n cch thc hin
2
H

- ng vi mi cch thc hin xong

1 2 1
, , ...,
k
H H H

, ta c
k
n
cch thc hin
k
H
Bc 3: Khi ta c tt c
1 2
. ....
k
n n n
cch thc hin hnh ng H
3. S dng quy tc cng thc hin bi ton m s phng n:
Ta thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Phn tch cc phng n thnh k nhm c lp vi nhau:

1 2
, , ...,
k
H H H
Bc 2: Nu ta c:
-
1
n cch khc nhau thc hin
1
H
.
-
2
n cch khc nhau thc hin
2
H

-
k
n cch khc nhau thc hin
k
H
Bc 3: Khi ta c tt c n
1
+ n
2
+ ... + n
k
cch thc hin hnh ng H
4. S dng hon v thc hin bi ton m:
nhn dng mt bi ton m c s dng hon v ca n phn t, chng ta thng da trn du hiu c
trng sau:
Tt c n phn t u c mt.
Mi phn t ch xut hin mt ln.
C s phn bit th t gia cc phn t.
Gi P
n
l s hon v ca n phn t, ta c P
n
= n!
5. S dng chnh hp gii bi ton m:
nhn dng bi ton m c s dng chnh hp chp k ca n phn t, chng ta thng da trn cc du
hiu c trng sau:
a) Phi chn k phn t t n phn t cho trc
b) C s phn bit th t gia k phn t c chn
c) Gi A
n
k
l s phn t chp k ca n phn t, ta c ( 1)...( 1)
k
n
A n n n k + .
6. S dng t hp gii bi ton m:
nhn dng 1 bi ton m c s dng t hp chp k ca n phn t, chng ta thng da trn du hiu
c trng sau:
Phi chn k phn t t n phn t cho trc
Khng phn bit th t gia k phn t c chn
Bi tp: (Ba bi ton chn c bn)
A/ Bi ton m s phng n lin quan n kin thc thc t
B/ Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n hnh hc.
C/ Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n s t nhin.
Bi tp
Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n thc t.
< 1 > T 5 bng hng vng, 3 bng hng trng v 4 bng hng ( cc bng hoa xem nh i mt khc nhau ),
ta chn ra mt b gm 7 bng.
a. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c ng mt bng hng ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c t nht 3 bng hng vng v 3 bng hng ?
< 2 > ( HVKTQS 2000 ): Mt lp c 20 em h/s trong c 14 nam v 6 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp mt i
gm 4 h/s trong :
a. S nam n bng nhau.
b. C t nht 1 n.
< 3 > (HYHN - 2000): C 5 nh ton hc nam, 3 nh ton hc n v 4 nh vt l
nam. Lp mt on cng tc 3 ngi cn c c nam v n, cn c c nh ton hc v nh vt l. Hi c bao
nhiu cch?
< 4 > (HN - 2000): Mt t c 5 h/s nam v 5 h/s n xp thnh mt hng dc
a. C bao nhiu cch xp khc nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho khng c h/s cng gii ng cnh nhau ?
< 5 > (HHu - 2000): Mt lp c 30 h/s nam v 15 h/s n. C 6 h/s c chn ra lp mt tp ca. Hi c bao
nhiu cch lp khc nhau :
a. Nu phi c t nht 1 n ?
b. Nu chn tu ?
< 6 > (HThi Nguyn 2000 ): Mt i vn ngh c 20 ngi, trong c 10 nam v 10 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch chn 5 ngi sao cho:
a. C ng 2 nam trong 5 ngi .
b. C t nht 2 nam v t nht 1n trong 5 ngi .
< 7 > (HVKTQS - 2000) Mt n cnh st khu vc c 9 ngi. Trong ngy cn c 3 ngi lm nhim v a
im A, 2 ngi lm nhim v a im B, 4 ngi li trc n. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng?
< 8 > (HGTVT 2000): Mt lp hc c 20 hc sinh, trong c 2 cn b lp. Hi c bao nhiu cch c 3
ngi i d hi ngh sinh vin ca trng sao cho trong3 ngi c t nht mt cn b lp?
< 9 > (HVCTQGHCM 01 - 02): Mt i vn ngh c 10 ngi trong c 6 n v 4 nam.
a. C bao nhiu cch chia i vn ngh thnh 2 nhm c s ngi bng nhau v mi nhm c s n nh
nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ra 5 ngi m trong c khng qu 1 nam ?
< 10
*
> (HCn Th - 01 - 02): Mt nhm gm 10 h/s trong c 7 nam v 3 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch xp 10
h/s trn thnh mt hng dc sao cho 7 h/s nam phi ng lin nhau ?
a. C bao nhiu cch xp khc nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho khng c h/s cng gii ng cnh nhau ?
< 11 > > (HHHHCM 99- 2000): C bao nhiu cch xp 5 h/s A, B, C, D, E vo mt ci gh di sao cho:
a. Bn C ngi chnh gia ?
b. Hai bn A, E ngi 2 u gh ?
< 12 > (HHu 99- 2000): Mt hp ng 4 vin bi , 5 vin bi trng v 6 vin bi vng. Ngi ta chn ra 4
vin bi t hp . Hi c bao nhiu cch chn trong s bi ly ra khng c 3 mu ?
< 13 > (HVQY 99- 2000): Xp 3 bi c bn knh khc nhau v 3 bi xanh ging nhau vo mt dy 7 trng.
a. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp khc nhau?
b. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp khc nhau sao cho 3 bi xp cnh nhau v 3 bi xanh xp cnh
nhau?
< 14 > (HCn Th D - 99 - 00): Mt nhm h/s gm 10 nam v 5 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn trong mi
trng hp sau:
a. C 3 h/s trong nhm ?
b. C 3 h/s trong nhm trong c 2 nam v 1 n ?
< 15 > (HCn Th A - 99 - 00): Trong mt phng c 2 bn di, mi bn c 5 gh. Ngi ta mun xp ch ngi
cho 10 h/s gm 5 nam v 5 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch xp nu:
a. Cc h/s ngi tu ?
b. Cc h/s nam ngi 1 bn v cc h/s n ngi 1 bn ?
< 16 > (Hlut HN - 99 - 00): Mt on tu c 3 toa ch khch: toa I, toa II, toa III. Trn sn ga c 4 hnh khch
chun b i tu. Bit mi toa c t nht 4 ch trng. Hi:
a. C bao nhiu cch sp xp cho 4 hnh khch ln 3 toa tu ?
c. C bao nhiu cch sp xp cho 4 hnh khch ln tu c 1 toa c 3 trong 4 hnh khch trn ?
< 17 > (HSPHN 2 B- 99 - 00): Mt trng tiu hc c 50 h/s t danh hiu chu ngoan Bc H, trong c 4
cp anh em sinh i. Cn chn 1 nhm 3 h/s trong s 50 h/s trn i d i hi chu ngoan Bc
H sao cho trong nhm khng c cp anh em sinh i no . Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
< 18 > (HSPV G- 99 - 00):Mt t sinh vin c 20 em trong c 8 em ch bit ting Anh, 7 em ch bit ting
Php, v 5 em ch bit ting c. Cn lp 1 nhm i thc t gm 3 em bit ting Anh, 4 em bit
ting Php, 2 em bit ting c. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
< 19 > (HKT- 98 - 99): Mt i xy dng gm 10 cng nhn, 3 k s. lp mt t cng tc cn chn 1 k s
lm t trng, 1 cng nhn lm t ph v 5 cng nhn lm t vin. Hi c bao nhiu cch
thnh lp t cng tc ?
< 20 > lp h s thi tuyn vo i hc, mi th sinh cn thc hin 2 vic:
- Chn trng thi c tt c 33 trng
- Chn khi thi, mi trng c 4 khi thi l A, B, C, D.
Hi c bao nhiu cch lp h s ?
< 21 > C 5 con ng ni 2 thnh ph X v Y, c 4 con ng ni 2 thnh
ph Y v Z. Mun i t X n Z phi qua Y.
d) Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ng i t X n Z ?
e) C bao nhiu cch chn ng i v v t X n Z ri v li X bng nhng con ng khc nhau?
< 22 > Vit Nam, mi hc sinh tt nghip THPT u c quyn d thi
vo mt trng i hc( c 35 trng ) hoc mt trng cao ng ( c 25 trng) hoc mt trng trung hc
chuyn nghip
( c21 trng ). Hi mi hc sinh tt nghip THPT c bao nhiu cch
chn trng thi ?
< 23 > Mi ngi s dng h thng my tnh u c mt khu di t 6 n 8 k t, trong mi k t l mt
ch hoa hay ch s. Mi mt khu phi cha t nht mt ch s. Hi mi ngi c th c bao nhiu mt khu?
Bit rng c 26 ch in hoa, 10 ch s.
< 24 > Xp 3 quyn sch ton, 4 quyn sch L, 2 quyn sch Ho v 5 quyn sch Sinh vo mt k sch theo
tng mn. Tt c cc quyn sch u khc nhau. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp?
< 25 > C bao nhiu cch chn bn cu th khc nhau trong mi cu th ca i bng qun
vt chi bn trn u n, cc trn u l c th t ?
< 26 > (HQG TPHCM KA - 2000) Mt thy gio c 12 cun sch i mt khc
nhau trong c 5 cun sch vn hc, 4 cun sch m nhc v 3 cun sch hi ha. ng mun
ly ra 6 cun v em tng 6 em hc sinh A, B, C, D, E, F mi
em mt cun.
f) Gi s thy gio ch mun tng cho cc em hc sinh trn nhng cun sch thuc 2 th loi vn hc v
m nhc. Hi tt c c bao nhiu cch chn sch tng?
1. Gi s thy gio mun rng sau khi tng sch xong, mi mt trong 3 loi vn hc, m nhc,
hi ho u cn li t nht mt cun. Hi tt c c bao nhiu cch chn?
< 27 > Mt lp hc c 40 h/s gm 25 nam v 15 n. C bao nhiu cch lp ban cn s lp gm:
a. 3 hc sinh
b. 3 hc sinh gm 1 nam v 2 n
c. 3 hc sinh trong c t nht 1 nam.
< 28 > (H, C 2005): Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15 ngi, gm 12 nam v 3 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch phn cng i thanh nin tnh nguyn v gip 3 tnh min ni, sao cho mi tnh c 4 nam v 1 n ?
< 29 > ( thi C 2005 Khi D)
Mt b hng gm 10 bng hng bch v 10 bng hng nhung. Bn Hoa mun chn ra 5 bng cm
bnh, trong phi c t nht 2 bng hng bch v 2 bng hng nhung. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn?
< 30 > (H 2004 KB) Trong mt mn hc, thy gio c 30 cu hi khc nhau gm 5 cu hi kh, 10 cu hi
trung bnh, 15 cu hi d. T 30 cu hi c th lp c bao nhiu kim tra, mi gm 5 cu hi khc
nhau, sao cho trong mi nht thit phi c 3 loi cu hi (kh, trung bnh, d) v s cu hi d khng t
hn 2 ?
Li gii
Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n thc t
< 20 > Ta thy c 33 cch lp trng thi v ng vi mi cch chn trng , c 4
cch chn khi thi.
Do , c tt c: 33. 4 =132 cch lp h s.
< 21 > a. Ta c: 5 cch chn ng i t X n Y, ng vi mi cch chn ng c 4 cch chn ng i t
Y n Z.
Do , c tt c: 5. 4 = 20 cch chn ng i t X n Z qua Y
b. Theo a) c 20 cch chn ng i t X n Z qua Y
Khi tr v ng vi mi cch chn ng , t Z n Y c3 con ng chn, do c 3 cch.
ng vi mi cch chn ng , t Y v X ch cn li 4 cch chn.
Do , c tt c 3. 4 = 12 cch chn ng i v t Z n X qua Y. Vy c tt c: 20. 12 = 240 cch chn ng
i v trn tuyn X Z qua thnh ph Y bng nhng con ng khc nhau
< 22 > Ta thy:
- c 35 cch chn trng i hc
- C 25 cch chn trng cao ng
- C 21 cch chn trng trung hc chuyn nghip
Khi chn thi trng i hc th khng chn trng thi l cao ng v chuyn nghip, tng t vi cao
ng v trung hc chuyn nghip, do c tt c:
35 + 25 + 21 = 81 cch chn trng thi.
Nhn xt: Nhiu bi ton m phc tp khng th gii c nu ch s dng hoc quy tc nhn hoc quy
tc cng. Nhng chng ta c th gii c nu s dng c 2 quy tc ny.
< 23 > Gi P l tng s mt khu c th v
6 7 8
, , P P Ptng ng l s mt khu di 6, 7, 8 k t. Theo quy tc
cng ta c: + +
6 7 8
P P P P
Ta s tnh
6 7 8
, , P P P :
- Tnh
6
P :
S xu di 6 k t l ch in hoa hoc ch s l:
6
36
. V mi v tr c 36 cch chn.
S xu di 6 k t l ch in hoa v khng cha ch s no l:
6
26
.Vy:
6 6
6
36 26 P
- Tng t:
7 7
7
36 26 P

8 8
8
36 26 P
Vy, ta c: + +
6 7 8
P P P P = 2684483063360
< 24 > C 4 loi sch, do c 4! Cch sp xp theo mn.
mi loi sch c: 3! Cch sp xp sch ton.
4! Cch sp xp sch l
2! Cch sp xp sch ho
5! Cch sp xp sch sinh
Vy c tt c: 4!. 3!. 4!. 2!. 5! = 829440 cch sp xp.
< 25 > Mi cch chn bn cu th ca i bng l chnh hp chp 4 ca 10 phn t.
Ta c:
4
10
5040 A cch chn
< 26 > S cch tng sch l s cch chn 6 cun sch t 9 cun c k th t. Vy s cch tng l:
6
9
60480 A
1. Ta nhn xt rng: khng th chn sao cho cng ht 2 loi sch.
+ S cch chn 6 sch t 12 sch l:
6
12
665280 A
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch vn:
5 1
6 7
. 5040 A A
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch nhc:
4 2
6 8
. 20160 A A
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch hi ho:
3 3
6 9
. 60480 A A
+ S cch chn cn tm l: 665280 85680 = 579600
< 27 > Ban cn s lp gm 3 ngi trong lp khng c s sp xp
a. Mi mt ban cn s 3 ngi l mt tp con 3 phn t ca tp hp 40 hc sinh ca lp. Vy c:

3
40
9880 C cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi.
b. C
1
25
C cch chn 1 hc sinh nam v
2
15
C
cch chn 2 hc sinh nam.
Do c
1 2
25 15
. 2625 C C cch lp mt ban cn s lp gm 1 nam v 2 n
c. C
3
15
455 C cch chn 3 n sinh nn c 455 cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi ton n.
D c: 9880 455 = 9425 cch lp ban cn s 3 ngi ma trong c t nht mt nam
< 28 > Nhn xt: Vic phn cng vo 1 tnh khng c s sp xp
C
1 4
3 12
. C C cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th nht. Vi mi cch phn cng cc
thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th nht th c
1 4
2 8
. C C cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th 2.
Vi mi cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th 1 v tnh th 2 th c
1 4
1 4
. C C cch phn cng cc
thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th 3.
S cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v 3 tnh tho mn yu cu bi ton l:

1 4 1 4 1 4
3 12 2 8 1 4
. . . . . 207900 C C C C C C
< 29 > Bn Hoa c 2 cch chn bng cm bnh nh sau:
Cch 1: Chn 2 bng hng bch v 3 bng hng nhung
+ S cch chn 2 bng hng bch trong 10 bng:
2
10
C
+ Vi mi cch chn 2 bng hng bch li c
3
10
C
cch chn 3 bng hng nhung trong 10 bng.
Vy cch 1 c
2
10
C
.
3
10
C
cch chn bng.
Cch 2: Chn 3 bng hng bch v 2 bng hng nhung. Lp lun tng t nh trn, ta cng c
2
10
C
.
3
10
C
cch chn bng.
Vy bn Hoa c s cch chn bng l:
3 2
10 10
2 10800 C C cch chn
< 30 > Nhn xt: Ni dung khng ph thuc vo vic sp xp th t cu hi.
Mi kim tra phi c s cu d l 2 hoc 3, nn c cc trng hp sau:
- c 2 cu d, 2 cu trung bnh, 1 cu kh, th s cch chn l:
2 2 1
15 10 5
. . 23625 C C C
- c 2 cu d, 1 cu trung bnh, 2 cu kh, th s cch chn l:
2 1 2
15 10 5
. . 10500 C C C
- c 3 cu d, 1 cu trung bnh, 1 cu kh, th s cch chn l:
3 1 1
15 10 5
. . 22750 C C C
V cc cch chn trn i mt khc nhau, nn s kim tra c th lp c l:
23625 + 10500 + 22750 = 56875
B/ Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n hnh hc.
< 1 > Cho 7 im trn mt phng sao cho khng c 3 im no thng hng
a. C bao nhiu ng thng m mi ng thng i qua 2 trong 7 im ni trn?
b. C bao nhiu tam gic vi cc nh l 3 trong 7 im ni trn ?
< 2 > Tm s giao im ti a ca :
a. 10 ng thng phn bit?
b. 6 ng trn phn bit?
c. 10 ng thng v 6 ng trn trn?
< 3 > a. C bao nhiu ng cho trong mt a gic li n cnh?
b. C bao nhiu tam gic c nh l nh ca a gic n cnh? Trong c bao nhiu tam gic c cnh
khng phi l cnh ca a gic n cnh ?
< 4 > (H, C Khi B 2003)
V d 7
V d 7
Cho a gic u

1 2 2
... ( 2, )
n
A A A n n Z
ni tip ng trn (O). Bit rng s tam gic c nh l 3
trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A nhiu gp 20 ln s hnh ch nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A , tm n.
< 5 > (HCSND - 1999 - 2000):Cho tam gic ABC, xt tp hp 4 ng thng song song vi AB, 5 ng
thng song song vi BC v 6 ng thng song song vi AC. Hi cc ng thng ny to c:
a. Bao nhiu tam gic ?
b. Bao nhiu hnh thang ( Khng k hnh bnh hnh ) ?
c. Bao nhiu hnh bnh hnh ?
< 6 > ( CSP -A- d b - 02 02 ): Cho a gic li n cnh. Xc nh n a gic c s ng cho gp i s
cnh ?
< 7 > ( HNT- 01 02 ):Trong mt phng cho thp gic li
1 2 10
... A A A . Xt tt c cc tam gic m 3 nh ca
n l nh ca thp gic. Hi trong s cc tam gic c bao nhiu tam gic m 3 cnh ca n u khng phi l
cnh ca thp gic ?
< 8 > ( HVNH- D- 2000 ):Trong mt phng cho a gic u (H) c 20 cnh. Xt cc tam gic m 3 nh ca n
ly t cc nh ca (H).
1. C tt c bao nhiu tam gic nh vy ? C bao nhiu tam gic c ng 2 cnh l cnh ca (H) ?
2. C bao nhiu tam gic c ng 1 cnh l cnh ca (H) ?
3. C bao nhiu tam gic khng c cnh no l cnh ca (H) ?
< 9 > Cho 2 ng thng song song.Trn ng th nht c 10 im. Trn ng th hai c 20 im. C bao
nhiu tam gic to bi cc im cho ?
< 10 > (HC - B - 2002):Cho a gic u
1 2 2
...
n
A A A ( 2 n , n nguyn ) ni tip ng trn ( 0). Bit
rng s tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A nhiu gp 20 ln s hnh ch nht c cc nh
l 4 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A , tm n.
Li gii:
Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n hnh hc
< 1 > a. Mi cp im khng k th t, trong 7 im cho xc nh mt ng thng v ngc li. Vy, s
ng thng i qua 2 trong 7 im ni trn bng:

( )

2
7
7! 6.7
21
2! 7 2 ! 1.2
c
ng thng.
b. Mi b 3 im khng k th t, trong 7 im cho xc nh mt tam gic v ngc li. Vy s tam
gic c nh l 3 trong 7 im ni trn bng:
< 2 > a. Hai ng thng phn bit c ti a 1 giao im. S giao im ti a ca 10 ng thng phn bit l
s t hp chp 2 ca 10, do bng:
( )

2
10
10!
45
2! 10 2 !
C
im
b. Hai ng trn phn bit c ti a 2 giao im. S giao im ti a ca 6 ng trn phn bit gp 2
ln s t hp chp 2 ca 6, do bng:

2
6
2. 2.15 30 C im.
c. Mt ng thng ct mt ng trn ti a ti 2 im. Do s giao im ti a ca 10 ng thng
phn bit vi 6 ng trn phn bit bng:
10.6.2
=120 im
Khi , s cc giao im bng: 45 + 30 +120 = 195 im
< 3 > a. Ta c: * Mi a gic li n cnh th c n nh.
*Mi on thng ni 2 nh bt k, khng k th t, th hoc l 1 cnh, hoc l mt ng cho
ca a gic .
Vy s ng cho ca a gic n cnh bng:
2
n
C n
b. S tam gic c nh l nh ca a gic n cnh l s t hp n chp 3:
( )

3
! ( 1)( 2)
3! 3 ! 6
n
n n n n
C
n
S tam gic c t nht 1 cnh l cnh ca a gic gm 2 loi:
* S tam gic ch c 1 cnh bng
1
4 n
C


* S tam gic 2 cnh bng
1
n
C

Suy ra, s tam gic c 1 hoc 2 cnh ca a gic l:

+ +
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 3 3
. ( 4) ( 3) . .
n n n n n n
C C C n n n n n n C C C
Vy, s tam gic c cnh khng phi l a gic l:

+

2
3 1 1
3
( 2)( 1) ( 2)( 1) 6 ( 3) ( 9 20)
. ( 3)
6 6 6
n n n
n n n n n n n n n n n
C C C n n
< 4 > S tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n m
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A l
3
2n
C
Gi ng cho ca a gic u
1 2 2
... ( 2, )
n
A A A n n Z i qua tm ng trn (O) l ng cho
ln th a gic cho c n ng cho ln.
Mi hnh ch nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A c cc ng cho l 2 ng cho
ln. Ngc li, vi mi cp ng cho ln ta c cc u mt ca chng l 4 nh ca 1 hnh ch nht. Vy s
hnh ch nht ni trn bng s cp ng cho ln ca a gic
1 2 2
...
n
AA A , tc
2
n
C .
Theo gi thit th:
( ) ( )



3 2
2
(2 )! ! 2 (2 1)(2 2) ( 1)
20 20 20
3! 2 3 ! 2! 2 ! 6 2
n n
n n n n n n n
C C
n n
2 1 15 8 n n .
C/ Bi ton m s phng n lin quan n s t nhin
Ghi nh:
Khi gii bi ton m lin quan n s t nhin ta cn lu :
Nm vng qui tc cng nhn.
Ta thng gi s t nhin cn tm l
1 2 3
...
n
n a a a a sau cn c vo u bi i chn
tng ch s mt.S no yu cu cao th chn trc.
Khi chn cc ch s cn phn tch cu vn u bi cn k, nm chc bn cht ca tng i
tng t tm tp xc nh v cc kh nng c th.
Cn thn khi c s 0.
Phi lun lun ngh ti phn b, nu phn b n gin hn ta tm phn b trc.
Bi tp:
< 1 > ( HQG HCM - 99) Vi cc s 1,2,5,7,8 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 3
ch s phn bit tho mn iu kin:
a. L 1 s chn. b. L 1 s nh hn hoc bng 278.
c. L 1 s chn v nh hn hoc bng 278.
< 2 > Xt mt dy s gm 7 ch s ( Mi ch s c chn t cc s 0, 1 ,2, 3, 4,9 ) tho mn tnh cht:
- Ch s v tr th 3 chn.
- Ch s v tr cui cng chia ht cho 5.
- Cc ch s v tr th 4, 5, 6 i mt khc nhau. Hi c tt c bao nhiu dy s nh vy ?
< 3 > ( HCSND 99- 99):vi 10 ch s t 1-->9 c th lp c thnh bao nhiu ch s gm 5 ch s khc
nhau?
<4> ( H Lt D): c 10 ch s khc nhau
a. Lp bao nhiu ch c 5 ch ci ?
b. Lp bao nhiu ch c 5 ch ci khc nhau?
<5> (HSPV28-99-00): Cho 8 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. T 8 ch s trn c th lp c bao nhiu s, mi
s gm 4 ch s, i mt khc nhau v chia ht cho 10.
<6> (HSPV - B - 99- 00): C 5 s t nhin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . Hi c bao nhiu s c 3 ch s i mt khc nhau to
thnh t 5 s cho?
<7> ( HYHN 99 00)
C th lp c bao nhiu s chn c nm ch s khc nhau ly t cc s 0, 2, 3, 6, 9,
<8> ( CSPHN - 36)
C 5 ming ba, trn mi ming c ghi 1 trong 5 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Ly 3 ming t 5 ming ba ny t ln lt
cnh nhau t tri qua phi c cc s gm 3 ch s. Hi lp c bao nhiu s c ngi gm 3 ch s v trong
c bao nhiu s chn.
Ch : cc ch s i mt khc nhau do mi s ch ch c mt ming ba.
<9> (HQGHCM - 3 00 01)
1. C bao nhiu s chn gm 6 ch s khc nhau i mt trong ch s u tin l ch s l?
2. C bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s khc nhau i mt trong c ng 3 ch s l v 3 ch s chn.
<10>( HSPHN2 - 8):
C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s t ctrong cc ch s 1 v 6 u c mt 2 ln cc ch s
khc c mt mt ln.
<11> Vi cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ,5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s trong s 1 c mt 3 ln mi s
khc c mt 1 ln
<12> ( HHu 00 01 - 26) Cho cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 t cc ch s cho lp c:
1. Bao nhiu ch s chn c 4 ch s v 4 ch s khc nhau i mt?
2. Bao nhiu ch s chia ht cho 5, c 3 ch s v 3 ch s khc nhau i mt.
3. Bao nhiu ch s chia ht cho 9, c 3 ch s v 3 ch s khc nhau i mt.
.
<13> Ngi ta vit cc s c 6 ch s bng cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 nh sau: Trong mi s c vit c mt ch s
xut hin 2 ln cn cc ch s cn li xut hin 1 ln. Hi c bao nhiu s nh vy.
<14> C bao nhiu s t nhin c 7 ch s c vit bi duy nht 3 ch s 1, 2, 3, trong ch s 2 xut hin 2
ln.
T luyn:
< 15 > C bao nhiu s t nhin c 3 ch s ?
< 16 > Cho A = {1,3,5,6,8}.
C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s ly t cc ch s trong tp A ?
< 17 > Cho A = {0,1,2,3,5,7,9}.
T tp A c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s i 1 khc nhau.
< 18 > Vi tp E = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch
s phn bit v:
a. Trong c ch s 7.
b. Trong c ch s 7 v ch s hng ngn lun l ch s 1.
<19 > Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau:
a. Khng bt u t ch s 1
b. Khng bt u t 123.
< 20 > Cho E = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau ly t E trong
mi trng hp sau:
a. L s chn.
b. Mt trong 3 s u tin bng 1.
V d 3
< 21 > T cc s 0,1,2,...,9 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s khc nhau sao Cho trong cc s c
mt ch s 0 v 1.
< 22 > Vi cc ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s khc nhau sao cho trong cc s
phi c mt ch s 5.
< 23 > Cho cc ch s 0,2,4,5,6,8,9. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu s:
a. C 3 ch s m trong mi s cc ch s khc nhau.
b. C 4 ch s khc nhau v c ch s 5.
< 24 > Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn bit v tho mn:
a. Mi s nh hn 40000.
b. Mi s nh hn 45000.
< 25 > Cho cc s 0,1,2,...,9 c bao nhiu s l gm 6 ch s khc nhau nh hn
60000 xy dng t 10 ch s .
<26 > T cc s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c :
a. Bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
b. Bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
< 27 > C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s khc nhau c th lp c t cc ch s 0,2,4,6,8.
< 28 > T cc s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c :
a. Bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s 6,7.
b.Tm cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s ly t 7 s trn sao cho:
1. Ch s u tin l 3.
2. Cc ch s u khc nhau.
3. Khng tn cng bng ch s 4.
< 29 > Vi cc ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 ta c th thnh lp c bao nhiu s chn mi s gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
< 30 > Cho tp A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. T tp A:
a. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin l gm 3 ch s.
b. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s l.
c. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 4 ch s i 1 khc nhau.
d. C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau v chia ht cho 5
e. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s i 1 khc nhau sao cho ch s ng cui chia ht
cho 4.
< 31 > Vi 4 ch s 1,2,3,4 c th lp c bao nhiu s c cc ch s phn bit.
< 32 > Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4 ,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn bit v l
a. S l.
b. S chn.
< 33 > T 7 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c bao nhiu s chn c 5 ch s khc nhau.
(HAN - 97 )
< 34 >T 6 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc nhau trong c bao nhiu s
chia ht cho 5.
< 35 > T 8 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5,7,8 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc nhau v khng chia ht cho
5.
< 36 > T 8 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc nhau v s khng chia
ht cho 10.

Li gii
B/ Bi ton m s phng n lin quan n s t nhin
<1> Cch 1 : t E = {1,2,5,7,8 }.
Gi s t nhin gm 3 ch s l
n
3 2 1
a a a ( 0
1
a )
a. Do
n
chn nn a
3

{2,8}

a
3
c 2 cch chn
a
1

E \ {a
3
}

a
1
c 4 cch chn
a
2

E \ {a
1
,a
3
}

a
2
c 3 cch chn
Vy: c 2.3.4 = 24 cch chn hay c 24 s.
Cch 2: a. Do
n
chn nn a
3

{2,8}

a
3
c 2 cch chn
a
1
, a
2
l 1 b phn bit th t c chen t E\{a
3
} do n l mt chnh hp chp 2

2
4
A cch chn.
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc s chn gm 3 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E bng 2.
2
4
A = 24 (s).
b. Do
n
nh hn 278 nn a
1

{1;2}.
Trng hp 1: Nu a
1
= 1 th a
2

E\{a
1
}

a
2
c 4 cch chn
a
3

E \ {a
1
,a
2
}

a
3
c 3 cch chn

c 1.4.3 = 12 cch chn .

Trng hp 2: nu a
1
= 2 th a
2

E\{2,8}

a
2
c 3 cch chn
a
3

E \ {a
1
,a
2
}

a
3
c 3 cch chn

c 1.3.3 = 9 cch chn .

Vy: c 12 + 9 = 21 cch chn s c 3 ch s phn bit v nh hn 278. Tc l c 21 s tho mn ycbt.
c. Do
n
chn nn a
3

{2,8} v s cn tm nh hn 278 nn a
1
2.
Trng hp 1: nu a
1
= 2

a
1
c 1 cch chn
a
3

{2,8}

a
3
c 2 cch chn
a
2

E \ {a
1
,a
3
}

a
2
c 3 cch chn

c 1.2.3 = 6 cch chn .

Trng hp 2: nu a
1
= 2

a
1
c 1 cch chn
a
3

{2,8}\{a
1
}

a
3
c 1 cch chn
a
2

E \ {a
1
,a
3
}

a
2
c 3 cch chn

c 1.1.3 = 3 cch chn .

Vy: c 6 + 3 = 9 cch chn s t nhin chn gm cc ch s khc nhau v nh hn hoc bng 278. Tc l c 9
s tho mn ycbt.
< 15 > Cc s t nhin l: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Gi s t nhin c 3 ch s cn tm l :
3 2 1
a a a ( 0
1
a )
Do a
1

{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} nn a
1
c 9 cch chn.
Do a
2

{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} nn a
2
c 10 cch chn.
Do a
3

{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} nn a
3
c 10 cch chn.
Vy: c 9.10.10 = 900 cch chn hay c 900 s tho mn ycbt.
< 16 > Gi s t nhin c 4 ch s cn tm l
4 3 2 1
a a a a ( 0
1
a )
Ta thy: a
1
c 5 cch chn.
a
2
c 5 cch chn.
a
3
c 5 cch chn.
a
4
c 5 cch chn.
Do theo qui tc nhn c: 5.5.5.5 = 625 cch chn hay c 625 s tho mn.
< 17 > Gi s t nhin gm 4 ch s i 1 khc nhau l:
4 3 2 1
a a a a ( 0
1
a )
Do a
1
khc 0 nn a
1
c 6 cch chn.
Sau khi chn a
1
cn 6 s t nhin nn a
2
c 6 cch chn.
Tng t, a
3
c 5 cch chn.
a
4
c 4 cch chn.
Vy: c 6.6.5.4 = 720 cch chn hay c 720 s tho mn ycbt.
<18> Gi s cn tm l
5 4 3 2 1
a a a a a ( 0
1
a )
Gi s a
1
= 7 khi s cn tm c dng:
5 4 3 2
7 a a a a ....
V a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
l 1 b phn phn bit th t c chn t E\{7}
nn c
4
6
6!
360
21
A
s.
Do s 7 v tr bt k nn ta c th i ch ca cc v tr a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
.
Vy c
4
6
5. A
= 1800 cch chn hay c 1800 s tho mn ycbt.
b. Gi s cn tm l
5 4 3 2 1
a a a a a ( 0
1
a )
Do ch s hng nghn bng 1 nn a
2
= 1
Chn 1 v tr trong 4 v tr cn li l ch s 7 nn c 4 cch chn.
Ba v tr cn li l b phn phn bit th t c chn t E \ {1,7}
nn c
3
5
A
cch chn.
Vy: s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E trong c ch s 7 v ch s hng ngn lun l ch
s 1 bng 1.4.
3
5
A
= 240 s
< 19 > t E = {1,2,3,4,5}
a. * Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau l:
5 4 3 2 1
a a a a a ( 0
1
a )
a
1
c 5 cch chn.
a
2
c 4 cch chn.
a
3
c 3 cch chn.
a
4
c 2 cch chn.
a
5
c 1 cch chn.
Vy c : 5.4.3.2.1 = 120 s.
* Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau, bt u bng ch s 1 l:
abcd 1
th : a c 4 cch
chn ( v a

E \ {1})
b c 3 cch chn ( v b

E \ {1, a})
c c 2 cch chn ( v c

E \ {1, a, b})
d c 1 cch chn ( v d

E \ {1, a, b, c})
suy ra c: 4.3.2.1 s bt u t ch s 1 .
Vy: s cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau, khng bt u bng ch s 1 l: 120 - 24 = 96 s.
b. Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s bt u bng ch s 123 l:
xy 123
gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
x c 2 cch chn ( v x

E \ {1,2,3})
y c 1 cch chn ( v y

E \ {1,2,3,x})

c 2.1 = 2 s.
Vy: cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau, khng bt u bng ch s123 gm c 120 - 2 = 118 s.
< 20 >
2: Nh thc Newtn v ng dng
L thuyt: Nh thc Niu tn
1. Cng thc nh thc Newtn:
( )
0 1 1 1
.... ...
0
n
n
n n k n k k n n k n k k
a b C a C a b C a b C b C a b
n n n n
n
k

+ + + + + +

(1)
*
n N
2. Cc nhn xt v cng thc khai trin: ( )
n
a b +
C n + 1 s hng.
Cc h s ca s hng ln lt l:
0 1 2 3
; ; ; ; '...; .
n
n n n n n
C C C C C
Khai trin bt u bng
0 n
n
C a kt thc bng
n n
n
C b , sau khng k n h s, s m ca a
cc s hng lin sau gim i 1 n v v s m ca b cc s hng lin sau tng ln 1 n v.
Tng cc s m ca a v b bng n.
Cc h s ca cc s hng cch u hai s hng u cui bng nhau.
Cng thc ca s hng tng qut: S hng th k+1:
1
( 0 k n )
k n k k
k n
T C a b

+

3. Mt s dng c bit:
* Thay a = 1; b = x ta c:

( )
0 1 2 2 3 3
1 .... ...
n
k k n n
x C C x C x C x C x C x
n n n n n n
+ + + + + + + + (2)
* Thay a = 1; b = - x ta c:

( )
0 1 2 2 3 3
1 .... ( 1) ... ( 1)
k n
n
k k n n
x C C x C x C x C x C x
n n n n n n
+ + + + + (3)
* Trong (2) ; (3) cho x = 1 ta c:

( )
0 1 2 3
2 1 1 .... ...
n
n k n
C C C C C C
n n n n n n
+ + + + + + + +
(4)

( )
0 1 2 3
0 1 1 .... ( 1) ... ( 1)
n
k k n n
C C C C C C
n n n n n n
+ + + + +
(5)
Cc dng ton ng dng nh thc NewTn
Cc dng ton thng gp l:
1- Dng 1: Tnh tng t hp
2- Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc t hp
3 - Dng 3: Tm Gi tr ca h s trong khai trin
nh thc NewTn:
n
b a ) ( +

. 1- Dng 1: Tnh tng t hp
1. Phng php:
S dng khai trin Newtn, kt hp vi vic:
La chn gi tr thc ph hp.
Cc php bin i i s.
Php tnh o hm v tch phn.
2. Mt s v d:
1 Khai trin
15
15
...
2
2 1 0
5
3 2
1 x a x a x a a x x x + + + + + + +

,
`

.
|
Tnh: a. H s
10
a
b. Tng T =
15 2 1 0
.... a a a a + + + + S =
15 2 1 0
.... a a a a + P =
15 2 1 0
.... a a a a
Li gii:
Bin f(x) thnh tch: f(x) =
( ) ( ) ( )
5
2
5
5
3 2
1 . 1 1 x x x x x + + + + +
a. H s
10
a l h s ca
10
x
+ Trong khai trin
(1 )
n
x +
s hng tng qut ( s hng th
1 k +
) l:
1
k k
k n
T C x
+

(
0 k n
)
V d
V:
( )
5
1 x +
=
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
C C x C x C x C x C x + + + + +
+ Ta c:
( )
5
2
1 x +
=
0 1 2 2 4 3 6 4 8 5 10
5 5 5 5 5 5
C C x C x C x C x C x + + + + +
Suy ra h s ca s hng
10
x
ca f(x) l:

0 5 2 4 3 4
5 5 5 5 5 5
C C C C C C + +
( do
10 10 0 8 2 6 4
x x x x x x x + +
) = 1.1 + 50 + 50 = 101
b. T =
1 5 2 1 0
. .. . a a a a + + + +
= f(1) =
5
4
c. S =
15 2 1 0
.... a a a a +
= f(-1)= (1- 1+ 1- 1)
5
= 0
P =
15 2 1 0
.... a a a a =
0 0 1 15
2 ( .... ) a a a a + + +
= 2f(0) - f(1) =
5 5
2.1 4 2 4
Khai trin:
( )
100
2 x ( )
100
0 1 100
.... a a x a x f x + + +
a. Tnh h s
97
a b. T =
0 1 100
.... a a a + + +
c. S =
1 2 3 100
2 3 .... 100 a a a a + + + +
Li gii:
a. Ta c
97
a l h s ca
97
x
Cng thc SHTQ ca khai trin
( )
100
2 x
l
( )
100
1 100
2
k
k k
k
T C x

+

1 k
T
+
cha
97
x

100 - k = 97

k = 3

H s ca
97
x
l :
( )
3
3 3
100 100
2 8. C C
=-1293600
b. Ta c
0 1 100
.... T a a a + + + =
( ) ( )
100
1 1 2 1 f
c. Ta c :
( )
100
2 x ( )
100
0 1 100
.... a a x a x f x + + +
( )
/
f x
( )
99
100 2 x
2 99
1 2 3 100
2 3 ... 100 a a x a x a x + + + +

( )
/
1 f

1 2 3 100
2 3 .... 100 S a a a a + + + + =
( )
99
100 1 2 100
Khai trin:
( )
10
2
1 2 3 x x + +
20
0 1 20
.... a a x a x + + +
Tnh: a. H s
4
a
b. Tnh
0 1 20
.... S a a a + + +
Li gii:
a/ C:
( )
10
2
1 2 3 x x + + ( )
10
2
3 1 2 x x
]
+ +
]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 10
10 9 8
0 1 2 2 2 10 2
10 10 10 10
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 ...... 3 C x C x x C x x C x + + + + + + +
V d
V d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4 10
0 0 1 2 3 4 10
2 2 2 2 ..... 2
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 0 1 2 2 9 9 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 8 8
3 2 (2 ) ... (2 ) (3 ) 2 (2 ) ... (2 )
10 9 9 9 9 10 8 8 8 8
10 2 10
... (3 )
10
C C C x C x C x C x C x
C x C C x C x C x C x C C x C x C x
C x
+ + + + + + +
+ + ++ + + + ++
++
]
]
]
] ]
] ]
0 4 4 1 2 2 2 0
4 2 .3.2 . .9. 16.1.210 3.4.1.36 9.1.45 8085
10 10 10 9 10 8
a C C C C C C + + + +

b/ S
0 1 20
.... a a a + + + = f(1) = (1 + 2 + 3)
10

=6
10
Ch : TQ: Khai trin ( x + 2x + 3x
2
)
n
= a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
2n
x
2n

Tm tng T = a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
+a
3
+ + a
2n

(CCNHN- 03- 04) Cho a thc P(x) = (16x - 15)
2003
. Khai trin a thc thnh dng :
P(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
+ a
4
x
4
+ + a
2003
x
2003

Tnh tng S = a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ + a
2003

Li gii:
C ngay S = a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
+a
3
+ a
4
+ + a
2003
= P(1) = (16 - 15)
2003
= 1 = P(1)


(HVKTQS 1997)
Vit li P(x) = (1 + x) + 2(1 + x)
2
+ + 20(1 + x)
20
di dng
P(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+a
3
x
3
+ a
4
x
4
+ + a
20
x
20
Tm
15
a .
Li gii:
Ta c
+ +

+ + + + +
20
20
...
15
15
i
i
x
i
C
i
i
x
i
C 15
2
x) 2(1 x) (1 P(x)

Do h s
15
15 15
a 15 ... 20 400995
15 20
C C + +
Khai trin (1+ x + x
2
)
1996
= a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
3992
x
3992
.Tnh:
a/ Tnh:
1 0 1 2 3992
... S a a a a + + + +
b/ Tnh:
2 0 1 2 3 3992
... S a a a a a + +
c/ CMR
3
S = a
0
+ 2a
1
+ 2
2
a
2
+ + 2
3992
a
3992
chia ht cho 2401
Li gii:
t f(x) = (1 + x + x
2
)
1996

a/ Ta c
1 0 1 2 3992
... S a a a a + + + + = f(1) = (1+ 1 + 1
2
)
1996
= (3)
1996
b/ Ta c
2 0 1 2 3 3992
... S a a a a a + + = f(-1) = (1- 1+1
2
)
1996
= (1)
1996
=1
c/

Ta c
3
S = a
0
+ 2a
1
+ 2
2
a
2
+ + 2
3992
a
3992
= f(2) = (1 + 2 + 4)
1996
=
= (7)
1996
=(7)
1992
.7
4
= 2401. (7)
1992

Vy

S
3
chia ht cho 2401.
3. Bi tp tng t
< 1 > Cho n Z
+
, Tnh
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C S
1
1
...
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
+
+ + + + ( HSPHCM 2000 - D E )
< 2 > Tnh tng
1 2 3 1
2 3 ... ( 1) . , , 3
n n
S C C C nC n N n
n n n n

+ + +
( HBK- A- 99-2000 )
V d
V d
V d
< 3 > 1/ Tnh I =
) (
1
0
19
) 1 ( N n dx x x

2/ Rt gn
0 1 2 19
19 19 19 19
1 1 1 1
...
2 3 4 21
S C C C C + ( HNN- I- 99 00)
< 4 > Tnh tng
10
10
10
) 3 ( ...
2
10
2
3
1
10
3
0
10
C C C C P + + ( CSPKT Vinh- D- 03- 04)
< 5 > Tnh tng
1
...
2
3
1
1
2
1
0
+
+ + + +
n
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
C S
Bit n Z
+
Tho mn iu kin : 79
2 1 0

+
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C ( CGT- 02- 03)
< 6 > Cho n l s

nguyn dng. Tnh tng:

n
n
C
n
n
n
C
n
C
n
C S
1
1
1
2
...
2
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
+

+
+ +

+
( HC- B- 03 - 04)
< 7 > Vit khai trin Niu tn ca biu thc : (3x - 1)
16
T

CMR:
16
2
16
16
...
2
16
14
3
1
16
15
3
0
16
16
3 + + C C C C ( HBKHN- 98-99-)
< 8 >Tnh Gi tr ca biu thc :
n
n
C
n
C
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
S
n
n
C
n
C
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
S
C C C C C C S
C C C C C C C S
+ +

+ +

+
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
...
5 5
2
3 3
2
1 1
2
4
...
4 4
2
2 2
2
0
2
3
5
5
5
2
4
5
4
2
3
5
3
2
2
5
2
2
1
5
2
0
5 2
6
6
5
6
4
6
3
6
2
6
1
6
0
6 1
< 9 >Tnh tng
0
1
.
2001
2002
...
2001
2002
.
2002
...
2001
2001
.
1
2002
2001
2002
.
0
2002
C C
k
k
C
k
C C C C C S + +

+ + +
< 10 >Tnh cc tng sau

11
11
10
11
9
11
8
11
7
11
6
11 2
/
17
17
.
17
4 ...
3
17
14
3 .
3
4
2
17
15
3 .
2
4
1
17
16
3 .
1
4
0
17
17
3
1
/
C C C C C C S b
C C C C C S a
+ + + + +
+

10
10
9
10
8
10
7
10
6
10 4
/
2
10
1 2
2
.
1 2
10 ...
5
2
.
3
10
3
2
.
2
10
1
2
10 1
3
/
C C C C C S d
n n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C S c
+ + + +
+

+ +

0 1 2 2000
/ 2 3 ... 2001.
5 2000 2000 2000 2000
0 1 1
/ ...
6
0! 1! !
e S C C C C
n
A A A
n n n
f S
n
+ + + +
+ + +


0 1 2 2 3 3
/ . 3 3 3 ... 3
7
n n
h S C C C C C
n n n n n
+ + + + +


2 4 6 2 2
/ .......
8 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 3
/ 1 2 2 2 ...( 2)
9
n
i S C C C C C
n n n n n
n n
k S C C C C
n n n n
+ + + + +
+
< 11 > Tnh
)
) 3 (
1
...
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
0
( 3 .
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
S

+ + +
< 12 > Tnh
a.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 2
...
1 2 2 2 2
n
S C C C C
n n n n
+ +
S:
( )
S 1
1 2
n
n
C
n

b.
0 2 4 2
...
2 2 2 2 2
n
S C C C C
n n n n
+ + + +
. S
2 1
S 2
2
n

c,
0 1 2 2 3 3
6 6 6 ... 6
3
n n
S C C C C C
n n n n n
+ + + + +
S
3
S 7
n

d.
1 1 2 2
4
.3 2 .3 ...
n n n
n n n
S C C nC

+ + +
S
1
4
S .4
n
n

e.
17 0 1 16 1 2 15 2 17 17
3 . 4 .3 . 4 3 . ...4 .
5 17 17 17 17
S C C C C + + +
S
17
S 7
5

g.
( )
0 1
6
1
1 1
...
2 4 2 2
n
n
n n n
S C C C
n

+ +
+
S :
( )
6
1
S
2 1 n

+
h.
1 2 2
1 2 2 ... 2 n z
7
n n
S C C C
n n n
+ + + +
+
S :
S 3
7
n

i.
1 1 1 2 3 3
2 2 3.2 ..
8
n n n n
S C C C nC
n n n n

+ + + +
S :
1
S .3
8
n
n

+
k.
( )
1
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 ... 1
9
n
n
S C C C C nC
n n n n n

+ + +
S : S 0
9

m.
( )
1 1 1 1
0 1 2
...
10
3 6 9 3 1
n
S C C C C
n n n n
n
+ + + +
+
S :
( )
1
2 1
S
10
3 1
n
n
+

+
n.
0 1 3 2000
2 3 ... 2001
11 2000 2000 2000 2000
S C C C C + + + +
S:
11
=
2000
S 1001.2
Li gii BT phn tnh tng
< 1 > Cho n Z
+
Tnh
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C S
1
1
...
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
+
+ + + + ( HSPHCM 2000 D E )
Gii
Ta c : ( )
n
x
n
n
C
n
x
n
n
C x
n
C x
n
C
o
n
C
n
x +

+ + + + +
1 1
...
2 2 1
1
S
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
dx
n
x
n
n
C dx x
n
C dx x
n
C dx dx
n
x

+
+ + + +

+ +

+
1
1
...
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
) ( ...
1
0
2
) (
2
1
0
) (
1
1
0
1
0
) 1 (
Mt khc ) 1
1
2 (
1
1
1
0
|
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
0
) 1 (
+
+

+
+
+

+
n
n
n
x
n
dx
n
x Vy
1
1
(2 1)
1
n
s
n
+

+
< 2 > Tnh tng
1 2 3 1
2 3 ... ( 1) . , , 3
n n
S C C C nC n N n
n n n n

+ + +
(HBK A 99-2000)
Gii
Ta c ( )
n
x
n
n
C
n
x
n
n
C x
n
C x
n
C
o
n
C
n
x +

+ + + + +
1 1
...
2 2 1
1
chn x = -1 c
n
n
C
n
(-1)
k
n
C
k
(-1)
2
n
C
1
n
C -
0
n
C 0 + + + +
Vy S = 0
< 3 > 1/ Tnh I =
) (
1
0
19
) 1 ( N n dx x x

2/ Rt gn
( )
19
19
20
2
19
1
19
0
19
21
1
...
4
1
3
1
2
1
C C C C S

+ +
Gii
1/
) (
1
0
19
) 1 ( N n dx x x I

t t = 1- x dt = - dx
x = 0 t = 1
x = 1 t = 0
420
1
21
21
20
20
0
1
) 1 (
19
1
0
19
) 1 (

t t
dt t t dx x x I
2/ Ta c: )
19 19
19
...
2 2
19
1
19
0
19
(
19
) 1 ( x C x C x C C x x x +

( )
420
1
.
19
19
20
21
1
...
2
19
4
1
1
19
3
1
0
19
2
1
1
0
20 19
19
1
0
...
2 1
19
1
0
1
0
0
19
19
) 1 (
)
20 19
19
...
3 2
19
2 1
19
0
19
(

+ +

+


+
S C C C C
dx x C dx x C dx x C dx x x
x C x C x C x C
< 4 > Tnh tng
10
10
10
) 3 ( ...
2
10
2
3
1
10
3
0
10
C C C C P + +
Gii
Ta c:
10
) (
10
10
10
) 3 ( ...
2
) (
2
10
2
3 ) (
1
10
3
0
10
10
) 3 (
10
10
...
2
) 3 (
2
10
) 3 (
1
10
0
10
10
) 3 1 (
x C x C x C C
x C x C x C C x
+ +
+ + + +
Cho x = 1 ta c:
1024
10
) 2 ( ) 2 (
10
10
10
3 ...
2
10
2
3
1
10
3
0
10
10
) 3 1 ( + + P C C C C
< 5 > Tnh tng
1
...
2
3
1
1
2
1
0
+
+ + + +
n
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
C S
Bit n Z
+
T/m iu kin : 79
2 1 0

+
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
Gii
Bit ( )
n
x
n
n
C
n
x
n
n
C x
n
C x
n
C
o
n
C
n
x +

+ + + + +
1 1
...
2 2 1
1

dx
n
x
n
n
C dx x
n
C dx x
n
C dx dx
n
x

+ +

+
1
0
) ( ...
1
0
2
) (
2
1
0
) (
1
1
0
1
0
) 1 (

1
0
|
1
1
...
1
0
|
2
2
2 1
0
|
1 1
0
|
1
1
) 1 (
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
n
n
x
n
n
C
x
n
C x
n
C
n
n
x

S
n
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
n

+
+ + +
+

+
1
1
...
2
1
2 0
1
1
1
) 2 (
M 79
2 1 0

+
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C gii ra n=12
Vy
13
1
13
2
s
< 6 > Cho n l s

nguyn dng. Tnh tng:
n
n
C
n
n
n
C
n
C
n
C S
1
1
1
2
...
2
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
+

+
+ +

+
Gii
Ta c ( )
n
x
n
n
C
n
x
n
n
C x
n
C x
n
C
o
n
C
n
x +

+ + + + +
1 1
...
2 2 1
1

dx
n
x
n
n
C dx x
n
C dx x
n
C dx dx
n
x

+ +

+
2
1
) ( ...
2
1
2
) (
2
2
1
) (
1
2
1
2
1
) 1 (

1
2 1
(1 )
2 1 2 2 2 2
| | | ... |
1 1 1 1
2 1
1
n
n
x x x
n
C x C C
n n n
n
n

+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
1 1 2 3 1
(3) (2) 2 1 2 1 2 1
0 1 2
...
1 2 3 1
n n n
n
C C C C S
n n n n
n n

+ + +

+ + + +
+ +
< 7 > Vit khai trin Niu tn ca biu thc : (3x - 1)
16
T

CMR:
16
2
16
16
...
2
16
14
3
1
16
15
3
0
16
16
3 + + C C C C
Gii
16
) (
16
16
16
) 3 ( ...
2
) (
2
16
2
3 ) (
1
16
3
0
16
16
) 3 (
16
16
...
14
) 1 (
2
) 3 (
2
16
15
) 1 )( 3 (
1
16
0
16
16
) 3 1 (
x C x C x C C
x C x C x C C x
+ +
+ + + + +
Cho x =1 ta c
16
16
16
3 ...
2
16
2
3
1
16
3
0
16
16
) 2 ( C C C C + +
< 8 >Tnh Gi tr ca biu thc :
n
n
C
n
C
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
S
n
n
C
n
C
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
S
C C C C C C S
C C C C C C C S
+ +

+ +

+
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
...
5 5
2
3 3
2
1 1
2
4
...
4 4
2
2 2
2
0
2
3
5
5
5
2
4
5
4
2
3
5
3
2
2
5
2
2
1
5
2
0
5 2
6
6
5
6
4
6
3
6
2
6
1
6
0
6 1
Gii
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6
/ 2 64
1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5
5
/ (1 ) (1)
2
0
a S C C C C C C C
i i
b S x C x
n
i
+ + + + + +
+

2 (1)
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5
2 2 2 2 2 3 243
2 5 5 5 5 5 5
Thay x
S C C C C C C

+ + + + +
vo ta d c :
tnh tng ca c,d ta tnh
(2 1) 2 3
3
0
(2 1) 2 ( 1) 1
4
0
n
n i n i n
T C
n
i
n
n i n i i
T C
n
i

Suy ra
3 1
3 4
/
3
2
3 1
3 4
/
4
2
2
2
n
T T
c S
n
T T
d S
+ +




< 9 >Tnh tng
0
1
.
2001
2002
...
2001
2002
.
2002
...
2001
2001
.
1
2002
2001
2002
.
0
2002
C C
k
k
C
k
C C C C C S + +

+ + +
Gii
Ta c:

2002! (2002 )! 2002! 2002.2001!
2001
. . . 2002.
2002 2001
2002
!(2002 )! (2001 )! !(2001 )! !(2001 )!
d
0 1 2001 2001 2002
2002( ... ) 2002.(1 1) 1001.2
2001 2001 2001
k
k k k
C C C
k
k k k k k k k
S
S C C C

+ + + +
c vit li d i dng:
< 10 >Tnh cc tng sau
11
11
10
11
9
11
8
11
7
11
6
11 2
/
17
17
.
17
4 ...
3
17
14
3 .
3
4
2
17
15
3 .
2
4
1
17
16
3 .
1
4
0
17
17
3
1
/
C C C C C C S b
C C C C C S a
+ + + + +
+
10
10
9
10
8
10
7
10
6
10 4
/
2
10
1 2
2
.
1 2
10 ...
5
2
.
3
10
3
2
.
2
10
1
2
10 1
3
/
C C C C C S d
n n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C S c
+ + + +
+

+ +
0 1 2 2000
/ 2 3 ... 2001.
5 2000 2000 2000 2000
0 1 1
/ ...
6
0! 1! !
e S C C C C
n
A A A
n n n
f S
n
+ + + +
+ + +
0 1 2 2 3 3
/ . 3 3 3 ... 3
7
2 4 6 2 2
/ .......
8 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 3
/ . 1 2 2 2 ...( 2)
9
n n
h S C C C C C
n n n n n
n
i S C C C C C
n n n n n
n n
k S C C C C
n n n n
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+
< 11 > Tnh
)
) 3 (
1
...
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
0
( 3 .
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
S

+ + +
Gii :
Mi x, n ta c:
( )
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
n
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n
n
x
n
n
C
n
x
n
n
C x
n
C x
n
C
o
n
C
n
x
) 3 (
1
...
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
0
3
2
) 3 (
1
...
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
0
1 :
) (
1
) (
1
...
2
) (
2 1
1

+ + +

+ + +
+

+ + +

,
`

.
|
3
1
3
1
x Thay
n
S Hay
n
n
C
n
n
C
n
C
n
C
n n
2
)
) 3 (
1
...
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
0
3 2 (

+ + +
< 12 > Tnh
a.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 2
...
1 2 2 2 2
n
S C C C C
n n n n
+ +
S:
( )
S 1
1 2
n
n
C
n

b.
( )
2
0 2 4 2
...
2 2 2 2 2
n
S C C C C
n n n n
+ + + +
. S
2 1
S 2
2
n

c,
0 1 2 2 3 3
6 6 6 ... 6
3
n n
S C C C C C
n n n n n
+ + + + +
S
3
S 7
n

d.
1 1 21 2
4
.3 2 .3 ...
n n n
n n n
S C C nC

+ + +
S
1
4
S .4
n
n

e.
17 0 1 16 1 2 15 2 17 17
3 . 4 .3 . 4 3 . ...4 .
5 17 17 17 17
S C C C C + + +
S
17
S 7
5

g.
( )
0 1
6
1
1 1
...
2 4 2 2
n
n
n n n
S C C C
n

+ +
+
S :
( )
6
1
S
2 1 n

+
h.
1 2 2
1 2 2 ... 2 n z
7
n n
S C C C
n n n
+ + + +
+
S :
S 3
7
n

i.
1 1 1 2 3 3
2 2 3.2 ..
8
n n n n
S C C C nC
n n n n

+ + + +
S :
1
S .3
8
n
n

+
k.
( )
1
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 ... 1
9
n
n
S C C C C nC
n n n n n

+ + +
S : S 0
9

m.
( )
1 1 1 1
0 1 2
...
10
3 6 9 3 1
n
S C C C C
n n n n
n
+ + + +
+
S :
( )
1
2 1
S
10
3 1
n
n
+

+
n.
0 1 3 2000
2 3 ... 2001
11 2000 2000 2000 2000
S C C C C + + + +
S:
11
=
2000
S 1001.2

2- Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc t hp .
1. Phng php gii:
S dng khai trin Newtn, kt hp vi vic:
La chn gi tr thc ph hp.
Cc php bin i i s.
Php tnh o hm v tch phn.
Php nh gi cho bt ng thc cng vi cc phng php chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc
n.

2. Mt s v d:
CMR: C
o
n
- C
1
n
+ C
2
n
- C
3
n
+ .(-1)
k
C
k
n
+ .(-1)
n
C
n
n
= 0.
Li gii:
* Xt khai trin: (1 - x )
n
= C
o
n
- C
1
n
x + C
2
n
x + +(-1)
k
C
k
n
x
k
+ +(-1)
n
C
n
n
x
n
* Thay x = 1 ta c: 0 = C
0
n
- C
1
n
+ C
2
n
+ (-1)
k
C
k
n
+ +(-1)
n
C
n
n

( pcm )
CMR:
2 4 2 1 3 5 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
... ...
o n n
n n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C C

+ + + + + + + +
Li gii:
* Xt khai trin:
( )
2
1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ... ...
n
o k k k k n n
n n n n n n
x C C x C x C x C x C x
+ +
+ + + +
* Thay x = 1 ta c
1 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 ... ...
o k k n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
+
+ + + +

2 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
... ...
o k n n k n
n n n n n n n n
C C C C x C C C C
+
+ + + + + + + +
( pcm )
CMR
( ) ( )
2 3 4 2
2.1 3.2. 4.3. ... 1 1 .2
n n
n n n n
C C C n n C n n

+ + + +
Li gii:
* Xt khai trin:
( )
n n
n
n n
n n n
o
n
n
x C x C x C x C C x + + + + + +
1 1 2 2 1
... 1
* Ly o hm hai v ta c:
( )
1 1 2 3 2 4 3 1 2 1
(1 ) 2.1. .2. .3. 4 ... 1
n n n n n
n n n n n n
n x C C x C x C x n C x nC x

+ + + + + + +
V d
V d
V d
* Ly o hm hai v mt ln na, ta c:

( )
2
1
3 1
4 ) 1 )( 2 ( ...
2 4
. 3 . 4
3
. 2 . 3
2
1 . 2
2
) 1 )( 1 (

+

+ + + +

+
n
x
n
n
C n n
n
x
n
n
C n n x
n
C x
n
C
n
C
n
x n n
* Thay x =1 ta c:

( )
2 2 3 4 1
( 1)2 2.1 3.2. 4.3. ... 1 ( 2) ( 1)
n n n
n n n n n
n n C C C n n C n n C

+ + + + + ( pcm )

CMR :

0 2 4 2 2 2 1 3 5 2 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
... ... 2
p p p p p
p p p p p p p p p p
C C C C C C C C C C

+ + + + + + + + + +
Li gii
* Ta c:
( )
2
2 0 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 ... (1)
p
p p p
p p p p p
C C C C C

+ + + + + +

( )
2
0 1 2 3 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 1 ... ( 2)
p
p p
p p p p p p
C C C C C C

+ + +
* Cng (1), (2) ta c:

( )
2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 ... ... 2 (3)
p p p p
p p p p p p
C C C C C C

+ + + + + +
* Tr (1), (2) ta c:

1 3 2 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
... 2 (4)
p p p
p p p p
C C C C

+ + + +
* T (3) v (4) suy ra iu phi chng minh.
CMR:
0 2 4 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
... 2 (4)
n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + +


3. Bi tp tng t:
<1> CMR:
19 19
20
17
20
5
20
3
20
1
20
2 ... + + + + + C C C C C
( CSP bn tre A- 02 03 )
Hd: khai trin: ( 1+ x)
20
cho x =1, x = -1
<2> CMR:
1 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
3 . . .... 2 . 4 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 2

+ + + + +
n n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n C n C C C C
Hd: + Dng khai trin:
(1 )
n
x +
,Ly o hm hai v + Cho x = 1/2
<3> CMR:
1 2 3 1
2. 3. .... .2
n n
n n n n
C C C nC n

+ + + +
Hd: + Dng khai trin:
(1 )
n
x +
+ Cho x = 1.
<4> CMR:
17 17
17
17 2
17
15 2 1
17
16 1
17
0
17
17
7 4 ... . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 + + + + C C C C
Hd: Khai trin: ( 3x + 4)
17
, cho x =1
<5> CMR:
0 1 2 2 3 3
6 6 6 ... 6 7
n n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + + +
Hd: Khai trin: ( 1 + x)
n
, cho x =6
<6> CMR:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
n n
n n n n
C C C C C
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
0
2
1 .... +
<7
*
> CMR:
k
n m
m k m
m
k
n m
k
n m
k
n m
C C C C C C C C C
+

+ + + ...
2 2 1 1 0
<8> CMR:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
n
n n n n
C C C C C
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
0
... + + + +
<9> Tnh I =
1
2
0
(1 ) ( )
n
x x dx n N

T chng minh:

( )
( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
1
1 1 1 1 1
...
2 4 6 8 2 1 2 1
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C
n n

+ + +
+ +
( HCSND A- 00- 01)
V d
V d
<10> Tnh: I =
1
0
(1 ) ( )
n
x dx n N +

T chng minh:
1
1 2
1
1
...
3
1
2
1
1
1
2 1
+

+
+ + + +
+
n
C
n
C C
n
n
n n n
<11> Tnh:
1
0
(1 ) ( )
n
n
I x dx n N +

Suy ra rng:
0 1 2
( 1) . 1 1 2.4.....2
...
3 5 2 1 3.5....(2 1)
n n
n
n n n
C n
C C C
n n

+ + +
+ +

3 -Dng 3: Tm Gi tr ca h s trong khai trin
nh thc NewTn:
n
b a ) ( +

* Ch : Cu hi thng gp: Trong khai trin
n
b a ) ( +
, tm:
- S hng khng cha bin.
- S hng chnh gia.
- S hng th n
0
(n
0

n)
- S hng c h s ln nht.
- S hng h t, s hng nguyn
* Phng php gii:
* Vit cng thc ca s hng tng qut:
S hng th k + 1 trong khai trin ( )
n
a b + l:
k n k k
k 1 n
T C .a .b

+
( n k 0 ) trong bi cn
xc nh ng a,b h s ca s hng th k +1 l
k n k
k 1 n
a C .a

+

* T ga thit s hng cn tm l s hng khng cha bin, hoc l s hng th n
0
hay s hng chnh gia k.
* Thay k ta c s hng( hoc h s) phi tm.
* Mt s v d:
Tm cc hng t ng gia trong khai trin:
3 15
( ) x xy

Li gii
* S hng tng qut trong khai trin ( x
3
- xy)
15
l:

3 15
1 15
( ) ( )
k k k
k
T C x xy

+


* Trong khai trin trn c n = 15 do c 16 s hng nn ss hng ng gia l s hng th 8 v th 9:

7 3 15 7 7 31 7
8 7 1 15
( ) ( ) 6435 T T C x xy x y

+


8 3 15 8 8 29 8
9 8 1 15
( ) ( ) 6435 T T C x xy x y

+

Trong khai trin nh thc: +
3 10
2
1
(2x )
x
hy tm s hng khng ph thuc x.
Li gii
* S hng tng qut trong khai trin +
1
3 10
(2x )
2
x
l:
V d 1
V d

1
3 10 10 30 5
(2 ) ( ) 2
10 10 1
2
k k k k k k
T C x C x
k
x


+

*
1 k
T
+
khng ph thuc thuc x
30 5 0 6 k k
.
* Vy s hng khng ph thuc x l s hng th 7 ng vi k = 6:
4 6
2
7 10
T C
Tm s hng hu t ca khai trin
6
( 3 15)
Li gii
* S hng th k + 1 trong khai trin
6
( 3 15)
l:
6 3
2
( 3) ( 15) ( 1) 3 .5
6 6 1
k
k k k k k
T C C
k


+
( 0 6 k )
*
1 k
T
+
l s hng hu t
2
k
l mt s t nhin k chia ht cho 2
{
0; 2; 4; 6 k ( v 0 6 k )
* Vy trong khai trin
6
( 3 15)
cc s hng hu t x l s hng th 1; 3; 5; 7:

6
0
0 0 3
2
( 1) 3 .5 27
1
T C

6
2
2 2 3
2
( 1) 3 .5 2025
3
T C

6
4
4 4 3
2
( 1) 3 .5 10.125
5
T C

7 6
6
6 6 3
2
( 1) 3 .5 3375 T C
Trong khai trin a thc
12
( ) (1 2 ) P x x +
thnh dng:

1 2 12
...
0 1 2 12
a a x a x a x + + + +
Tm h s (0 k 12
k
a ) ln nht. ( Hc vin k thut QS A- 2000 2001 )
Li gii
* S hng th k + 1 trong khai trin
12
(1 2 ) x +
l:

12
(1) (2 ) 2
12 12 1
k k k k k k
T C x C x
k


+
( 0 12 k )
* H s ca s hng cha x
k
l
12
2
k k
k
a C
( 0 12 k )
* tm max
1 2 12
( ; ... ) a a a ta so snh
k
a v
1 k
a
+

+ Ta c
12
1 1
1 12
2 12! 12! 1
:
!(12 )! ( 1)!(12 1)!2 2(12 ) 2
k k
k
k k
k
a c k
a k k k k k c
+ +
+
+

+
Do :
k+1
1
1 23
a 1 1
2(12 ) 3
k
k
k
a k
a k
a k
+
+
< > > >

k+1
1
1 23
a 1 1
2(12 ) 3
k
k
k
a k
a k
a k
+
+
> < < <

Tc l khi k tng t 1 n 12 th:

V d
V d

k
a gim khi k tng v
23
3
k >

k
a tng khi k tng v
23
3
k <
* Vy
k
a t gi tr ln nht ti k = 8 v c gi tr bng:
8 8
12
2 126720 C

Tm h s ca s hng cha
8
x
trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
2 8
[1 (1 )] x x +

( i hc cao ng A- 2003 2004 )
Li gii
* Ta c:
2 8
[1 (1 )] x x +
=
0 1 2 2 4 2 3 6 3 4 8 4
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
8 8 8 8 8
C C x x C x x C x x C x x + + + + +

5 10 5 6 12 6 7 14 7 8 16 8
(1 ) + (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
8 8 8 8
C x x C x x C x x C x x + + +
* Khai trin trn c 9 s hng nhng ch c s hng th 4 v th 5 l cha
8
x
:

3 6 3 3 6 0 1 2 2 3 3
(1 ) ( )
4 8 8 3 3 3 3
T C x x C x C C x C x C x +

3 0 6 3 1 7 3 2 8 3 3 9
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3
C C x C C x C C x C C x +

4 8 4 4 8 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
(1 ) ( )
5 8 8 4 4 4 4 4
T C x x C x C C x C x C x C x + +

4 0 8 4 1 9 4 2 10 4 3 11 4 4 12
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
C C x C C x C C x C C x C C x + +
Suy h s s hng cha
8
x
trong
4
T l
3 2
8 3
C C ; trong
5
T l
4 0
8 4
C C
* Vy h s s hng cha
8
x
trong khai trin
2 8
[1 (1 )] x x +
l
3 2
8 3
C C
+
4 0
8 4
C C


Bi tp tng t:
<1> Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin nh thc Niu Tn:
1.
12
1
( x)
x
+
(TNTH - 00 01)
2.
3 21
3
1
(x )
x
+ 3.
12
1
(x )
x
+
<2> Trong khai trin nh thc:
28
3
25
( )
n
x x x

+
hy tm s hng khng ph thuc thuc x bit rng:
1 2
79
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ +
( HSPHN 2000 2001 )
<3> Tm cc hng t ng gia trong khai trin:
1. (
)
1
3
5
x
x
+
10
3. (
x
x 3
3
)
12
2. ( x
3
- xy)
15
4. (a
3
+ ab)
31
<4> Cho bit h s th 3 trong khai trin

n
1
(x )
3
bng 5. Tm s hng t ng gia trong khai trin trn.
V d
<5> 1. Trong khai trin
12
3
( )
3
x
x
, tm h s ca s hng cha
2
x
.
2. Trong khai trin +
3 15
(x xy) , tm h s ca
25 10
x y
.
( i hc Lt 99 2000 )
3. Tm h s ca s hng cha x
31
trong khai trin
40
2
1
( ) ( ) f x x
x
+
( i hc nng nghip I A - 2000 2001 )
4. Tm h s ca s hng cha x
8
trong khai trin nh thc NiuTn ca
5
3
1
( )
n
x
x
+ ,
bit rng
1
4 3
7( 3)
n n
n n
C C n
+
+ +
+
(n l s nguyn dng, x > 0 )
( HC - A - 2002 2003 )
5. Vi n l s nguyn dng, gi
3 3 n
a

l h s ca
3 3 n
x

trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
2
( 1) ( 2)
n n
x x + +
. Tm n
3 3
26
n
a n

( HC - D - 2002 2003 )
<6 > 1. Trong khai trin
12 13 17
( 1) ( 1) ... ( 1) x x x + + + + + +
theo nh thc
Newtn. Tm h s ca s hng cha
8
x
.
2. Tm h s ca s hng cha
8
x
trong khai trin nh thc Niu Tn ca:
5
3
1
( )
n
x
x
+ bit
1
4 3
7( 3)
n n
n n
C C n
+
+ +
+
( i hc C- d b A- 2003 2004 )
<7> 1. Trong khai trin
10
1 2
( )
3 3
x + thnh a thc:
1 2 10
0 1 2 10
... a a x a x a x + + + +
Tm max
1 2 10
( , ,..., ) a a a .
2. Trong khai trin P(x) =
8
(1 3 ) x +
thnh a thc:
P(x) =
1 2 8
0 1 2 8
... a a x a x a x + + + +
. Tm max
1 2 8
( , ,..., ) a a a .
<8> 1. Trong khai trin sau y c bao nhiu s hng hu t
124
4
( 3 5)
( Hc vin k thut QS A- 2000 2001 )
2. Tm hng t ca khai trin
9 3
( 3 2)
l mt s nguyn.
n tp ch 3: i s t hp.
Dng 1: Gii phng trnh; bt phng trnh i s t hp. .
<1> Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau:
1.
79
2 1
+ +
x
x
x
x
o
x
C C C
6.
x C A
x
x x
14
2 3
+

(TNTHPT - 98 - 99)
2.
3 3
8 6
5
x
x x
C A
+
+ +
7.
x x C C C
x x x
14 9 6 6
2 3 2 1
+ +
(HNN - 99- 00)
3.
2
7
3 2 1
x
C C C
x x x
+ + 8. x A A
x x
21 5
2 3
+ (HQGHN - 98- 99)
4. 10
6
2
1
3 2 2
2
+
x x x
C
x
A A 9.
3
1
4
1 3
1
14
n
n
n
C
A P

+
<
( HHH 1999 )
5.
1
4
2
1
1
6
7 1 1
+ +

x x x
C C C
10.
4
1
3
1
14
n
n
n
n
A
P
C
+

<
11.
2 5
3
60
( )!
k n
n
P
A
n k
+ +
+

(TNTHPT 03 04 )
12.
1 2
2 2
5
2
n n
n n n
C C A

+
+ > (TNTHPT 04 05 )
<2 > Gii cc h phng trnh sau: a.

'

1
1 2
3 5
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
C C
C C

b.
2 5 90
5 2 80
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C

'

(HBK HN A/ 2001 )
c.
1 1 1
1 1
( ) : : 10: 2:1
y y y y
x x x x
A yA A C


+

Dng 2: Bi ton m s phng n
< 1 > T 5 bng hng vng, 3 bng hng trng v 4 bng hng ( cc bng hoa xem nh i mt khc nhau ),
ta chn ra mt b gm 7 bng.
a. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c ng mt bng hng ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c t nht 3 bng hng vng v 3 bng hng ?
< 2 > ( HVKTQS 2000 ): Mt lp c 20 em h/s trong c 14 nam v 6 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp mt i
gm 4 h/s trong :
a. S nam n bng nhau.
b. C t nht 1 n.
< 3 > (HYHN - 2000): C 5 nh ton hc nam, 3 nh ton hc n v 4 nh vt l
nam. Lp mt on cng tc 3 ngi cn c c nam v n, cn c c nh ton hc v nh vt l. Hi c bao
nhiu cch?
< 4 > (HN - 2000): Mt t c 5 h/s nam v 5 h/s n xp thnh mt hng dc
a. C bao nhiu cch xp khc nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho khng c h/s cng gii ng cnh nhau ?
< 5 >(HVKTQS - 2000) Mt n cnh st khu vc c 9 ngi. Trong ngy cn c 3 ngi lm nhim v a
im A, 2 ngi lm nhim v a im B, 4 ngi li trc n. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng?
Dng 3: Xc nh h s ca s hng trong khai trin nh thc Newtn.
<1> Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin nh thc Niu Tn:
1.
12
1
( x)
x
+
(TNTH - 00 01)
2.
3 21
3
1
(x )
x
+ 3.
12
1
(x )
x
+
<2> Trong khai trin nh thc:
28
3
25
( )
n
x x x

+
hy tm s hng khng ph thuc thuc x bit rng:
1 2
79
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ +
( HSPHN 2000 2001 )
<3> Tm cc hng t ng gia trong khai trin:
5. (
)
1
3
5
x
x
+
10
3. (
x
x 3
3
)
12
6. ( x
3
- xy)
15
4. (a
3
+ ab)
31
<4> Cho bit h s th 3 trong khai trin

n
1
(x )
3
bng 5. Tm s hng t ng gia trong khai trin trn.
<5> 1. Trong khai trin
12
3
( )
3
x
x
, tm h s ca s hng cha
2
x
.
5. Trong khai trin +
3 15
(x xy) , tm h s ca
25 10
x y
.
( i hc Lt 99 2000 )
6. Tm h s ca s hng cha x
31
trong khai trin
40
2
1
( ) ( ) f x x
x
+
( i hc nng nghip I A - 2000 2001 )
7. Tm h s ca s hng cha x
8
trong khai trin nh thc NiuTn ca
5
3
1
( )
n
x
x
+ ,
bit rng
1
4 3
7( 3)
n n
n n
C C n
+
+ +
+
( n l s nguyn dng, x > 0 )
( HC - A - 2002 2003 )
5. Vi n l s nguyn dng, gi
3 3 n
a

l h s ca
3 3 n
x

trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
2
( 1) ( 2)
n n
x x + +
. Tm n
3 3
26
n
a n

( HC - D - 2002 2003 )