C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

CC DNG TON LIN QUAN N

KHO ST HM S
Dng 1: CC BI TON V TIP XC
Cho hm s y

f x , th l (C). C ba loi phng trnh tip tuyn nh sau:

Loi 1: Tip tuyn ca hm s ti im M x0 ; y0

C .

Tnh o hm v gi tr f ' x0 .
Phng trnh tip tuyn c dng: y

f ' x0

Ch : Tip tuyn ti im M x0 ; y0

C c h s gc k

Loi 2: Bit h s gc ca tip tuyn l k .

Gii phng trnh: f ' x k , tm nghim x0
Phng trnh tip tuyn dng: y k x
Ch : Cho ng thng
Nu d //

x0

f ' x0 .

y0 .

y0 .

: Ax By C 0 , khi :

d : y ax b

Nu d

y0 .

x0

d : y ax b

h s gc k = a.
1
.
a

h s gc k

Loi 3: Tip tuyn ca (C) i qua im A xA ; yA

C .

Gi d l ng thng qua A v c h s gc l k, khi d : y

k x xA

iu kin tip xc ca d v C l h phng trnh sau phi c nghim:

Tng qut: Cho hai ng cong C : y

nhau l h sau c nghim.

f x

g x

f' x

g' x

f x v C ' : y

yA
f x

k x

f' x

xA

yA

g x . iu kin hai ng cong tip xc vi

1.

Cho hm s y x4 2 x 2
a. kho st v v th (C) ca hm s.
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C):
2.
i. Ti im c honh x
ii. Ti im c tung y = 3.
iii. Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng: d1 : 24 x y 2009 0 .
iv. Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng: d2 : x 24 y 2009 0 .

2.

Cho hm s y

3.

Cho hm s y

x2 x 3
c th l (C).
x 1
a. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s trn.
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C):
i. Ti giao im ca (C) vi trc tung.
ii. Ti giao im ca (C) vi trng honh.
iii. Bit tip tuyn i qua im A(1; 1).
iv. Bit h s gc ca tip tuyn k = 13.
x2

x 1
c th (C).
x 1

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

a. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s trn.

b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im x = 0.
c. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c tung y = 0.
d. Tm tt c cc im trn trc tung m t k c hai tip tuyn n (C).
x 2 3x 3
4. Cho hm s y
c th (C).
x 1
a. Kho st v v th hm s (C).
b. Chng minh rng qua im M( 3;1) k c hai tip tuyn ti th (C) sao cho hai tip tuyn
vung gc vi nhau.
x2
5. Cho hm s: y
c th (C).
x 1

a. Kho st v v th hm s.
b. Tm M (C) sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti M vung gc vi ng thng i qua M v tm
i xng ca (C).

6. Cho hm s y = x3 + mx2 + 1 c th (Cm ). Tm m (Cm ) ct d: y = x + 1 ti ba im phn bit A(0;1),

B, C sao cho cc tip tuyn ca (Cm ) ti B v C vung gc vi nhau.
Li gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca d v (Cm ) l: x3 + mx2 + 1 = x + 1
x(x2 + mx + 1) = 0
(*)
2
t g(x) = x + mx + 1 . d ct (Cm ) ti ba im phn bit
g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 0.
m2

g
g 0

4 0

1 0

V xB , xC l nghim ca g(x) = 0

xB

xB xC

xC

m
1

Tip tuyn ca (Cm ) ti B v C vung gc vi nhau nn ta c: f xC f xB

xB xC 3xB
1 9 6m

7.

2m 3xC

2m

4m 2

Cho hm s y

x2

1
x

xB xC 9 xB xC

2m 2

10

6 m xB

xC

4m

(nhn so vi iu kin)

. Tm tp hp cc im trn mt phng ta t c th k n (C) hai tip

tuyn vung gc.

Li gii:
Gi M(x0 ;y0 ). Phng trnh ng thng d qua M c h s gc k l y = k(x x0 ) + y0 .
x2 1
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d:
k x x0
y0 , kx 0
x
1 k x2
y0 kx0 x 1 0 *
k 1

k 1

d tip xc vi (C):

y0

kx0

41 k

x02 k 2
y0

2 2

x0 y0 k

y02

4 0

kx0

T M v hai tip tuyn n (C) vung gc vi nhau khi (1) c hai nghim phn bit tha mn:
x0

y02

x02
y0

x0

x0

x02

y02

y0

x0

k1 , k 2

k1k 2

4.

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

Vy tp hp cc im tha mn yu cu bi ton l mt ng trn: x2 y 2 4 loi b bn giao im ca

ng trn vi hai ng tim cn.
2x
8. Cho hm s y
.
(H Khi D 2007)
x 1
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho.
b. Tm ta im M thuc (C), bit tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct Ox, Oy ti A, B v din tch tam gic
1
OAB bng
4
1
; 2 v M 1;1 .
S: M
2
9.

x2

x 1
.
(H Khi B 2006)
x 2
a Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi tim cn xin.

Cho hm s y

S: b. y

x 2 2 5.

1 3 m 2 1
(*)
(m l tham s).
(H Khi D 2005)
x
x
3
2
3
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (*) khi m=2.
b. Gi M l im thuc (Cm ) c honh bng 1. Tm m tip tuyn ca (Cm ) ti M song song vi
ng thng 5x y 0
S: m=4.
11. Cho hm s y x3 3mx 2 x 3m Cm . nh m Cm tip xc vi trc honh.

10. Gi (Cm ) l th ca hm s: y

x4

12. Cho hm s y

x3

13. Cho th hm s C : y

m 1 x2

x m Cm . nh m Cm tip xc vi trc honh.

x2 4
. Tm tp hp cc im trn trc honh sao cho t k c mt tip
x 1

tuyn n (C).
14. Cho th hm s C : y x3 3x 2 4 . Tm tp hp cc im trn trc honh sao cho t c th k
c 3 tip tuyn vi (C).
15. Cho th hm s C : y x 4 2 x 2 1 . Tm cc im M nm trn Oy sao cho t M k c 3 tip tuyn
n (C).
16. Cho th hm s C : y x3 3x 2 . Tm cc im trn ng thng y = 4 sao cho t c th k
c 3 tip tuyn vi (C).
17. Cho hm s y = 4x3 6x2 + 1 (1)
(H Khi B 2008)
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1).
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit rng tip tuyn i qua im M(1;9).
Li gii:
y
f(x)=4x^3-6x^2+1
a. D=R, y = 12x2 12x; y = 0
x = 0 hay x = 1.
2

BBT :
x
y'
y

0
0
1
C

1
0
-7

+
+
-6

CT
1

-5

x
-4

-3

-2

-1

b. Tip tuyn qua M( 1; 9) c dng y = k(x + 1) 9.

-2
Phng trnh honh tip im qua M c dng :
4x3 6x2 + 1 = (12x2 12x)(x + 1) 9.
4x3 6x2 + 10 = (12x2 12x)(x + 1)
2x3 3x2 + 5 = 6(x2 x)(x + 1).
2
2
-4
x = 1 hay 2x 5x + 5 = 6x 6x
x = 1 hay 4x2 x 5 = 0.

-6

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

x = 1 hay x =

5
5
; y( 1) = 24; y '
4
4

15
.
4

Vy phng trnh cc tip tuyn qua M l: y = 24x + 15 hay y =

15
21
x
.
4
4

Dng 2: CC BI TON V CC TR
Cho hm s y

f x , th l (C). Cc vn v cc tr cn nh:

Nghim ca phng trnh f ' x

Nu

Nu

f ' x0

f '' x0

f ' x0

f '' x0

0 l honh ca im cc tr.

th hm s t cc i ti x

x0 .

th hm s t cc tiu ti x

x0 .

Mt s dng bi tp v cc tr thng gp
hm s y

a 0

f x c 2 cc tr

y'

hm s y

f x c hai cc tr nm v 2 pha i vi trc honh

yC . yCT

0.

hm s y

f x c hai cc tr nm v 2 pha i vi trc tung

xC .xCT

0.

hm s y

f x c hai cc tr nm pha trn trc honh

hm s y

f x c hai cc tr nm pha di trc honh

hm s y

f x c cc tr tip xc vi trc honh

yC

yCT

yC . yCT
yC

0
0

yCT

yC . yCT
yC . yCT

0
0

.
.

0.

Cch vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr.

Dng 1: hm s y ax3 bx 2 cx d
Ly y chia cho y, c thng l q(x) v d l r(x). Khi y = r(x) l ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr.
ax 2 bx c
Dng 2: Hm s y
dx e
ax 2 bx c ' 2a
b
x
ng thng qua hai im cc tr c dng y
dx e '
d
d
x2

m m2

1. Chng minh rng hm s y =

1 x

m4

lun c c cc tr vi mi m. Tm m sao cho hai

cc tr nm trn ng thng y=2x.

1 3
x mx 2
m 2 x 1 . nh m :
2. Cho hm s y
3
a. Hm s lun c cc tr.
b. C cc tr trong khong 0;
.
c. C hai cc tr trong khong 0;
3. nh m hm s y
3

x3

3mx2

m2 1 x 2 b 2

4ac t cc i ti x = 2.

4. Cho hm s y = x 3x +3mx+3m+4.
4

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

a. Kho st hm s khi m = 0.
b. nh m hm s khng c cc tr.
c. nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu.
5. Cho hm s y x3 3mx2 9 x 3m 5 . nh m th hm s c cc i cc tiu, vit phng trnh
ng thng i qua hai im cc tr y.
x2 m 1 x m 1
6. Cho hm s y
. Chng minh rng th hm s lun c cc i, cc tiu vi mi
x m
m. Hy nh m hai cc tr nm v hai pha i vi trc honh.
7. Cho hm s y x3 1 2m x 2 2 m x m 2 . nh m th hm s c hai cc tr ng thi
honh ca im cc tiu nh hn 1.
x2

8. Cho hm s y

2mx 1 3m2
. nh m th hm s c hai cc tr nm v hai pha i vi trc
x m

tung.
1 3
x mx 2 2m 1 x m 2 Cm . nh m hm s c hai im cc tr cng dng.
3
x 2 2 m 1 x m 2 4m
10. Cho hm s y
(1).
(H Khi A nm 2007)
x 2
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca th hm (1) s khi m= 1.
b. Tm m hm s (1) c cc i v cc tiu, ng thi cc im cc tr ca th cng vi gc ta
O to thnh tam gic vung ti O.

9. Cho hm s y

S: m

2 6.
x3

11. Cho hm s y

3x 2

3 m2

1 x 3m 2

1 (1), m l tham s.

(H Khi B nm 2007)

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca th hm (1) s khi m=1.

b. Tm m hm s (1) c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc tr ca th hm s (1) cch u gc ta
.
1
.
2
12. Cho hm s y

S : b m

mx 4

m2

9 x2

10

(1) (m l tham s).

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca th hm s khi m=1.

b. Tm m th hm s (1) c ba im cc tr.
10

(H Khi B nm 2002)

x
-10

-5

-5

b. S :

a.

13. Gi (Cm ) l th ca hm s y

x2

m
3
0 m 3

m 1 x

m 1

(*) (m l tham s)
x 1
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca th hm s khi m=1.
-10

-15

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

b. Chng minh rng vi m bt k, th (Cm ) lun c hai im cc i, cc tiu v khong cch gia
hai im bng

20 .

y
4

x
-6

-4

-2

-2

b. C( 2;m 3), CT(0;m+1)

a.

MN

20

-4

Dng 3: CC BI TON V NG BIN NGHCH BIN

Cho hm s y

f x c
-6 tp xc nh l min D.

f(x) ng bin trn D

f' x

0, x

D.

f ' x 0, x D .
f(x) nghch bin trn D
(ch xt trng hp f(x)-8
= 0 ti mt s hu hn im trn min D)
Thng dng cc kin thc v xt du tam thc bc hai: f x

ax 2

bx

c.

-10

1. Nu
2. Nu
3. Nu
du vi a.

0 th f(x) lun cng du vi a.

b
b
v f(x) lun cng du vi a khi x
.
0 th f(x) c nghim x
2a
2a
0 th f(x) c hai nghim, trong khong 2 nghim f(x) tri du vi a, ngoi khong 2 nghim f(x) cng

So snh nghim ca tam thc vi s 0

0
P 0
* x1 x2 0
* 0 x1
S 0

x2

0
P 0
S 0

* x1

x2

P 0

1. Cho hm s y x3 3 m 1 x 2 3 m 1 x 1 . nh m :
a. Hm s lun ng bin trn R.
b. Hm s lun ng bin trn khong 2;
.
2. Xc nh m hm s y
a. ng bin trn R.
b. ng bin trn 1;
3. Cho hm s y

x3
3

mx 2
2

2x 1 .

3 2m 1 x 2

12m 5 x

2.

a. nh m hm s ng bin trn khong 2;

b. nh m hm s nghch bin trn khong
4. Cho hm s y

mx 2

.
; 1 .

6x 2
. nh m hm s nghch bin trn 1;
x 2

.
6

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

Dng 4: CC BI TON V GIAO IM CA 2 NG CONG

Quan h gia s nghim v s giao im
Cho hai hm s y=f(x) c th (C1 ) v y=g(x) c th (C2 ). Kho st s tng giao gia hai th
(C1 ) v (C2 ) tng ng vi kho st s nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) = g(x) (1). S giao im ca (C1 ) v
(C2 ) ng bng s nghim ca phng trnh honh giao im (1).
(1) v nghim

(C1 ) v (C2 ) khng c im chung.

(1) c n nghim

(C1 ) v (C2 ) c n im chung.

(1) c nghim n x1

(C1 ) v (C2 ) ct nhau ti N(x1 ;y1 ).

(1) c nghim kp x0

(C1 ) tip xc (C2 ) ti M(x0 ;y0 ).

x 1

c th l (C).
x 1
a. Kho st v v th ca hm s.

1. Cho hm s y

b. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh x 2

2

2 x

m 1 0.

2. Cho hm s y x 1 x 1 c th l (C).
a. Kho st v v th hm s trn.
b. Dng th (C) bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh x 2 1

2m 1 0 .

3. Cho hm s y x3 kx2 4 .
a. Kho st hm s trn khi k = 3.
b. Tm cc gi tr ca k phng trnh x3 kx 2 4 0 c nghim duy nht.
4. Cho hm s y x3 3x 2 .
(H Khi D 2006)
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
b. Gi d l ng thng i qua im A(3;20) c h s gc m. Tm m ng thng d ct th (C) ti
ba im phn bit.
15
S: b. m
, m 24 .
4
x 2 3x 3
5. Cho hm s y
(1)
(H Khi A 2004)
2 x 1
a. Kho st hm s (1).
b. Tm m ng thng y=m ct th hm s (1) ti hai im A, B sao cho AB=1.
1
5
S: b. m
.
2
mx 2 x m
6. Cho hm s y
(*) (m l tham s)
(H Khi A 2003)
x 1
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca th hm s khi m= 1.
b. Tm m th hm s (1) ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit v hai im c honh dng.
1
m 0.
S: b.
2
x2 2 x 4
7. a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s y
(1).
(H Khi D 2003)
x 2
b. Tm m ng thng d m : y mx 2 2m ct th hm s (1) ti hai im phn bit.
S: m>1.
8. Cho hm s y = x3 + 3mx2 + 3(1 m2 )x + m3 m2 (1) (m l tham s)
(H Khi A 2002)
7

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi m = 1.

b. Tm k phng trnh x3 + 3x2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
c. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca th hm s (1).
1 k 3
S: b.
, c. y 2 x m2 m .
k 0 k 2
Dng 5: CC BI TON V KHONG CCH
Cc cng thc v khong cch:
xB x A
Khong cch gia hai im ( di on thng): AB
Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng: Cho ng thng
Ax0 By0 C
M(x0 ;y0 ) khi d M ,.
.
A2 B 2

yB

yA

: Ax By C 0 v im

1. Cho hm s y x3 3mx 2 3x 3m 2 Cm . nh m Cm c cc i cc tiu ng thi khong

cch gia chng l b nht.
2x 2
2. Cho hm s C : y
. Tm ta cc im M nm trn (C) c tng khong cch n hai tim cn l
x 1
nh nht.
x2 x 1
3. Cho hm s C : y
. Tm cc im M thuc (C) c tng khong cch n 2 tim cn l nh
x 1
nht.
2x 2
4. Cho hm s C : y
. Tm hai im M, N thuc hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C) sao cho on MN
x 1
nh nht.
x2 x 1
5. Cho hm s C : y
. Tm hai im M, N thuc 2 nhnh khc nhau ca (C) sao cho on MN
x 1
nh nht.
x2 2x 1
6. Cho hm s C : y
.
x 1
a. Tm cc im thuc th (C) c tng khong cch n hai trc ta l nh nht.
b. Tm hai im M, N thuc hai nhnh khc nhau ca (C) sao cho on MN nh nht.
1
7. Gi (Cm ) l th ca hm s: y mx
(*) (m l tham s)
(H Khi A 2005)
x
1
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (*) khi m = .
4
b. Tm m th hm s (*) c cc tr v khong cch t im cc tiu ca (Cm ) n tim cn xin
1
bng
.
S: m=1.
2
Dng 6: CC IM C NH
Phng php:
T hm s y

f x, m ta a v dng F x, y

nghim ca h phng trnh

1. Cho hm s y
khi m thay i.

x3

F x, y

G x, y

3 m 1 x2

mG x, y . Khi ta im c nh nu c l

3mx

2 Cm . Chng minh rng Cm

lun i qua hai im c nh

8

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

2 x2

2. Cho hm s Cm : y

6 m x
mx

khi m thay i.
3. Cho hm s Cm : y

1 2m x 4

. Chng minh rng th Cm

m 1 . Tm cc im c nh ca h th trn.

3mx 2

4. Chng minh rng th ca hm s y

im c nh.

lun i qua mt im c nh

m 3 x3

3 m 3 x2

6m 1 x

lun i qua ba

m 1 Cm

Dng 7: TH CHA DU GI TR TUYT I

y = f(x) c th (C)

f x c th (C)

f x

c th (C )

y f x 0, x D . Do ta phi
y f x c f x
f x ,
gi nguyn phn pha trn trc Ox v ly
x D nn y l hm s chn do
i xng phn pha di trc Ox ln trn. c th i xng qua trc tung
Oy.
y

f(x)=abs(x^3-2x^2-0.5)

f(x)=abs(x)^3-2x^2-0.5

f(x)=x^3-2x^2-0.5

f(x)=x^3-2x^2-0.5

(C')

(C)

(C'')

Ch : i vi hm hu t
x2 x
.
2x 2
a. Kho st hm s.

1. Cho hm s C : y

b. nh k phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit.

6

f(x)=(x^2+x)/(2x-2)

x2

2x

k.
y

x(t)=1 , y(t)=t
f(x)=x/2+1

f(x)=(x^2+abs(x))/(2abs(x)-2)
4
f(x)=-x/2+1

x
-8

-6

-4

-14 -2

-12

-10 2

-8

-6

-4

-2

-2

-2

x2

3x 3
.
x 1
-4
a. Kho st v v th hm s.

2. Cho hm s C : y

b. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:

-6

-4

x2

3x 3
x 1

m.

-6

9
-8

-8

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

f(x)=(x^2+3x+3)/(x+1)

x(t)=-1 , y(t)=t
f(x)=x+2

f(x)=(x^2+3x+3)/abs(x+1)
f(x)=-x-2

x
-10

-8

-6 -16

-4 -14

-2 -12

-10

2 -8

-6

-4

-2

-2

-2

4 x x 2 -4
.
x 1
a. Kho st hm s.
-6
b. nh m phng trnh x 2

-4

3. Cho hm s C : y

f(x)=(4x-x^2)/(x-1)

x(t)=1 , y(t)=t

m 4 x

-6

0 c bn nghim phn bit.

-8

y
-8

f(x)=(4abs(x)-x^2)/(abs(x)-1)
f(x)=-x+3

-10

-10

x
-8

-6

-4 -14

-2 -12

-10

2 -8

-6

-4

-2

-2

4. Cho hm s C : y
1.
2.

-2

x2

x 1
.
-4
x 2

-4

Kho st hm s.
nh m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit: x 2
-6

5. a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y 2 x3

1 m x

9x2

b. Tm m phng trnh sau c su nghim phn bit: 2 x

f(x)=2abs(x)^3-9x^2+12abs(x)

12 x 4 .
3

2m 1

9 x2 12 x

y-8

0.

-6

m.

-86

(H Khi A 2006)

-10

-10

x
-6

-16

-4

-14

-2

-12

a.

-10

-2

-8

x
-6

-4

Dng 8: CC CP IM I XNG

-4

im I x0 ; y0 l tm i xng ca th C : y
thuc (C) tha:

x ' 2 x0

x-6
' 2 x0

f x

-2

f x'

2 y0

-8 xng ca (C)
Vy I x0 ; y0 l tm i

f x

f x

-2

S: b. 4<m<5.

-4

Tn ti hai im M(x;y) v M(x;y)

f x

-6

f 2x 0 x

2 y0

2 y0

f 2 x0

x .

-8

10

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

2 x2

2x 2 m
c th Cm .
2x 3
Tm gi tr ca m Cm c hai im phn bit i xng nhau qua gc ta O.

1. Cho hm s y

2. Cho hm s Cm : y
nh m Cm

x2

2m2 x m2
.
x 1
c hai im phn bit i xng nhau qua gc ta O.

3. Cho hm s y x3 3x 2 m 1 (m l tham s).

a. Tm m th hm s (1) c hai im phn bit i xng vi nhau qua gc ta .
b. Kho st v v th hm s (1) khi m=2.
(H Khi B 2003)
S: a. f x0
f x0 , x0 0 m>0.
x3
3

4. Cho hm s y
tung.
5. Cho hm s y

x2

x3

3x

11
c th C . Tm trn (C) hai im M, N i xng nhau qua trc
3

bx c 1 . Xc nh a, b, c th hm s (1) c tm i xng l I(0;1) v i

ax 2

qua im M(1; 1).

6. Cho hm s y = x3 3x2 + 4 (1)
(H Khi D 2008)
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1).
b. Chng minh rng mi ng thng i qua im I(1;2) vi h s gc k (k > 3) u ct th ca
hm s (1) ti ba im phn bit I, A, B ng thi I l trung im ca on thng AB.
Li gii:
a. D = R.
y' = 3x2 6x = 3x(x
f(x)=x^3-3x^2+4
y" = 6x 6, y" = 0
x
y'
y"
y

2), y' = 0
x = 1.

x = 0, x = 2.
4

0
0

1
|
0 +

2
0

+
+
+

4
C

+
2
CT
O
U
0
-12 y = kx-10 k + 2. -8
-6
-4
-2
2. -16 d : y -14
2 = k(x 1)
3
2
3
2
Phng trnh honh giao im: x 3x + 4 = kx k + 2
x 3x kx + k + 2 = 0.
2
2
(x 1)(x 2x k 2) = 0
x = 1 g(x) = x 2x k 2 = 0.
-2
V ' > 0 v g(1) 0 (do k > 3) v x1 + x2 = 2xI nn c pcm!.

x
2

Dng 9: MT S BI TON LIN QUAN N TIM CN

f x = 1.7x
g x
1. nh ngha:
(d) l tim cn ca (C)h y

=0
= lim
0

M
M

MH

-4

(d)

-6
4

2. Cch xc nh tim cn
a. Tim cn ng: lim f x
x

(C)

d :x

x0 .

x0

b. Tim cn ngang: lim f x

y0

d :y

y0 .

-8
2

c. Tim cn xin: TCX c phng trnh: y= x+ trong :

f x
lim
;
lim f x
x .
x
x
x
-10 bit:
-5
Cc trng hp c

-10
x

11
-2

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

*Hm s bc nht trn bc nht (hm nht bin)

ax b
y
mx n
n
+TX: D= R\
m
n
+TC: lim y
d :x
n
m
x

* Hm s bc hai trn bc nht (hm hu t)

y

ax 2 bx c
mx n

a
m

+TCN: lim y

+TC: lim y

f(x)=x/2+1/2

+TCX: lim
x

A
mx n

TCX: y= x+

f(x)=x^2/(2(x-1))

n
m

d :x

n
m

a
m

d :y

n
m

+TX: D= R\

A
mx n

x(t)=1 , y(t)=t

T ?p h?p 1

x
-7

-6

-5

-4

-3
-14 -2-13 -1-12 -11 1-10 2 -9
-1

1. Cho hm s y

3 -8 4 -7 5 -6

x
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

-3

-3

3m2

-1

-2

-4 2
mx

2 x

-4

1 , vi m l tham s thc.

-5
x 3m
-5
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi m =1.
b. Tm cc gi tr -6
ca m gc gia hai ng tim cn ca th hm s-6(1) bng 450 .

Li gii:
a. Khi m =1: y
TX: D R
y

x2

6x 5
x 3

lim y

-7

-8x 2

x 2
x
3
-9

, lim y
x

4
.
x 3

-8
-9

-10

. y -110

Tim cn: lim y

x

(H Khi A 2008)

-7

-10

-11

tim cn ng: x = 3. lim

x

, lim y
x

4
x 3

tim cn xin: y = x 2.

, lim f(x)=(x^2+x-2)/(x+3)
y
.

Bng bin thin

th:

f(x)=x-2
x(t)=-3 , y(t)=t

x
-16

x
y'
y

-5
0
-9
C

-3

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

-2

-1
0
CT

-4

-1
-6

-8

b. y

mx 2

3m2

2 x

x 3m

mx

6m 2
x 3m

-10

-12

12

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

Gi (Cm ) l th hm s. (Cm ) c tim cn ng d1 : x 3m 0 v tim cn xin d 2 : mx

1
3

y 2 0

m 0 .
m

Theo gi thuyt ta c: cos 450

2. Cho hm s y

mx 2

f x

2
2

1
m2

1 x 1 m
x

qua gc ta .

m
2

m2 1

1 (nhn).

. Tm m sao cho th ca hm s f c tim cn xin i

ax 2

(2a 1).x a 3
a
1, a 0 c th (C). Chng minh rng th ca hm s
x 2
ny c tim cn xin lun i qua mt im c nh.
2 x 2 3x 2
4. Cho hm s y f ( x)
c th (C).
x 1
a. Chng minh rng tch khong cch t mt im M bt k trn (C) n hai ng ng tim cn l mt
s khng i.
b. Tm ta im N thuc (C) sao cho tng khong cch t N n hi tim cn nh nht.
2 x 2 mx 2
5. Cho hm s y f ( x )
c th (Cm ). Tm m ng tim cn xin ca th hm s to
x 1
vi hai trc ta mt tam gic c din tch bng 4.
x1 x2 5
x 1
6. Tm m th hm s y
c hai tim cn ng l x=x1 v x=x2 tha mn 3
.
2
x mx 1
x1 x23 35

3. Cho hm s y

x 1
c th (C).
x 1
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s.
b. Tm nhng im M thuc (C) sao cho tng khong cch t n n hai ng tim cn nh nht.
2x 1
8. Cho hm s y
c th (H).
2 x
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (H) ca hm s.
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) ti giao im vi trc tung.
c. Tm nhng im N (xN >1) thuc (H) sao cho khong cch t N n tip tuyn ngn nht.
HD cu b, c.
* Gi M kl giao im ca (C) vi trc tung M 0;1 . Phng trnh tip tuyn l y 3x 1 hay

7. Cho hm s y

3x

y 1 0

f(x)=(2x+1)/(1-x)

N x0 ; y 0
* Ly y=3x+1

N x0 ; 2

x(t)=1 , y(t)=t
f(x)=-2

3x0

Series 1

d N , f(x)=-(1/3)x-13/3
-14

d N,

min

3
1 x0

g x

* Kho st hm g x0
g ' x0

)
* Do x0

3
1 x0

-12
10
min

3
, x 0 1 . Khi
1 x0

. t g x0

-10

-8

3x0

3
3
.
-6 1 x0

x
-4

-2

.
3x0

, g ' x0

3
trn khong 0;
,
1 x0
x0 0
0
, (lp bng bin thin
x0 2

-4

N(2;-5)

2 thay vo N ta c

1 nn ta ch nhn nghim x0

N 2; 5 . Vy N 2; 5 th d N ,

-2

min

-6

6 10
.
5
-8

13
-10

C c dng ton lin quan n Kho st hm s

Dng 10: DIN TCH TH TCH

ng dng tch phn (Dng ny thng xut hin nhiu trong cc thi tt nghip)
a. Din tch
Cho hai hm s y=f(x) v y=g(x) c th (C1 ), (C2 ). Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (C1 ), (C2 ) v
hai ng thng x=a, x=b c tnh bi cng thc:
y
f(x)

f x

g x dx

g(x)

Ch :
Nu din tch thiu cc ng thng x=a, x=b
ta phi gii phng trnh f(x)=g(x) tm a, b.

(x)
O

c tnh bi cng thc: V

f x

f(x)

b. Th tch
Th tch do hnh phng gii hn bi
{(C):y=f(x),y=0,x=a,x=b} quay quanh Ox
2

xy

dx

x
O

Th tch do hnh phng gii hn bi {(C): x= (y), x=0, y=c, y=d} quay quanh Oy c tnh bi cng thc:
d

dy

Th tch trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi hai ng y=f(x), y=g(x) quay quanh Ox
b

(f(x) g(x), x [a;b]) c tnh bi cng thc: V

f x

g x

dx .

*
*
2m 1 x

(1)
(m l tham s).
(H Khi D 2002)
x 1
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1) ng vi m= 1.
b. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hm bi ng cong (C) v hai trc ta .
c. Tm m th hm s (1) tip xc vi ng thng y=x.
4
S: b. S
1 4 ln , c m 1 .
3
x2 x 2
2. Cho hm s y
.
x 3
a. Kho st v v th hm s trn.
b. Tnh phn din tch hnh phng c gii hn bi th ca hm s v trc honh.
1. Cho hm s y

Dng 10 ny s c trnh by c th hn trong chuyn Tch phn ng dng.

14