TRNG I HC M THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC

BO CO

NGHIN CU V SN XUT RU
VANG T TRI IU

GVHD: ThS. NH XUN THIN

CHN

SV thc hin:
Nguyn Cng Bng
30760679
Ng Minh Ngc
Trn Trung hi
Nguyn Thnh Linh
H Vit Cng

Nhm 5

30700326
30760729
30700240
30700046

Thnh ph H Ch Minh thng 10-2010

MC LC

Chng I: Gii thiu

......................................................................................................................................................

Chng II: Tng quan ti liu

......................................................................................................................................................

5
1. Nguyn liu:
..............................................................................................................................
5
1.1 c im thc vt hc:
......................................................................................................................................................
5
1.2 c im phn loi:
......................................................................................................................................................
7
1.3 Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng
......................................................................................................................................................
7

2. Nm mem:
..............................................................................................................................
8
2.1 Phn loi:
......................................................................................................................................................
8
2.2 Hnh dng v kch thc:
......................................................................................................................................................
9
2.3 Cu to:
......................................................................................................................................................
10

2.4 Sinh sn:

......................................................................................................................................................
10
2.5 Cc qu trnh sinh l ca t bo nm men:
......................................................................................................................................................
11
2.6 Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men:
......................................................................................................................................................
13
2.7. Mt s loi nm men thng gp trong sn xut ru vang:
13
2.7.1.

Saccharomyces

cerevisiae:

Saccharomyces

uvarum:

Saccharomyces

chevalieri:

Saccharomyces

oviformics:

13
2.7.2.
14
2.7.3.
14
2.7.4.
14
2.7.5.

Hanseniaspora

apiculate

chn

nm

Kloeckera

apiculata:

15
2.8

Yu

cu

vi

men

thun

chng:

15

3. Ru vang:
..............................................................................................................................
16
3.1 Gii thiu chung v ru vang:
......................................................................................................................................................
16
3.2 Phn loi ru vang:
......................................................................................................................................................
16
3.2.1Phn loi theo ngt:
......................................................................................................................................................
16
3

3.2.2Phn loi theo mu:

......................................................................................................................................................
17
3.2.3 Phn loi theo vng:
......................................................................................................................................................
17
3.3 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ru vang trn th gii:
......................................................................................................................................................
17
3.4 Mt s sn phm ru vang Lt ca cng ty Lt Beco:
......................................................................................................................................................
18
3.4.1
Vang
lt

Export:
......................................................................................................................................................
18
3.4.2
Vang
lt
trng
Export:
......................................................................................................................................................
18
3.4.3 Vang lt Premium
......................................................................................................................................................
19
3.4.4
Vang
lt

Demisec:
......................................................................................................................................................
19
3.4.5
Vang
lt
:
......................................................................................................................................................
19
3.4.6
Vang
lt
trng:
......................................................................................................................................................
20

4. Quy trnh sn xut ru vang

..............................................................................................................................
20
4.1

ch

ca

qu

trnh

ln

men:

20
4.2 S quy trnh sn xut ru vang iu:
......................................................................................................................................................
22
4.3 Thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut ru vang iu:

......................................................................................................................................................
24
4.3.1
Nguyn
liu:
......................................................................................................................................................
24
4.3.2
Thu
nhn
v
phn
loi
nguyn
liu:
......................................................................................................................................................
24
4.3.3 Ra loi cung:
24
4.3.4
Lm

dp,

nghin

x:

25
4.3.5.
Sulfit
ha:
......................................................................................................................................................
25
4.3.6.
p:
......................................................................................................................................................
25
4.3.7
Ta
tanin:
......................................................................................................................................................
25
4.3.8
Lc
ta
tanin:
......................................................................................................................................................
26
4.3.9
phi
ch
ng
v
nc:
......................................................................................................................................................
26
4.3.
10
Ln
men
:
......................................................................................................................................................
26
4.3.11 Lc th v lc tinh:
......................................................................................................................................................
27
4.3.12 Rt chai, ng nt:
......................................................................................................................................................
27
4.4 Cc dng h hng ca vang v cch x l:
......................................................................................................................................................
27
4.4.1

hng

ru

vang

do

tc
5

ng

ca

vi

sinh

vt:

......................................................................................................................................................
27
4.4.2
H
hng
ru
vang
do
tc
ng
l
ha:
......................................................................................................................................................
27
4.4.3 H hng ru vang do tc ng sinh ha:
......................................................................................................................................................
28

5. Cc yu t nh hng ti nm men trong ln men ru vang:

..............................................................................................................................
28
5.1.
Oxy:
......................................................................................................................................................
28
5.2.
Nhit
:
......................................................................................................................................................
28
5.3.
Hm
lng
ng:
......................................................................................................................................................
28
5.4.
pH
ca
mi
trng:
......................................................................................................................................................
29
5.5
ngun
nit:
......................................................................................................................................................
29
5.6
Nc:
......................................................................................................................................................
29
5.7.
Cc
cht
ph
gia
khc:
......................................................................................................................................................
29
CHNG III PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
1.
Phng
tin
th
nghim:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
1.1.
a
im
th
nghim:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
1.2.

Thit

dng

c:

......................................................................................................................................................
30
1.3.
Ha
cht
s
dng:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
2.
phng
php
th
nghim:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
2.1
S

th
nghim:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
2.2
phng
php
ha
hc:
......................................................................................................................................................
30
2.2.1X lync m u o i(oivitrai):
..............................................................
30
2.2.2SdungH 2SO40,2N(oivitrai)
..............................................................
30
2.2.3. S dung gelatin(oi vi dch ep):
31
2.2.4 S dung Ca(OH)2

(oi

vi dch ep):

31
2.2.5 Phng phap ket hp muoi 2% va glegatin:
..............................................................
31
2.2.7Khaosatanhhngcuatonghamlngchat
khohoatanenqua
trnh
31

phng

2.3

len
php

men

nh

gi

ru:

cm

quan

31
2.2.6KhaosatanhhngcuapHenquatrnhlenmen
ru:

31
phng

2.3

php

nh

gi

cm

quan:

32
Bng ch tiu nh gi cm quan cho tng mu
......................................................................................................................................................
33

BNG NH GI CM QUAN

.........................................................................................................................................
33

NH GI V VI SINH VT
..............................................................................................................................
34
NH GI L HA

..............................................................................................................................
34

KT LUN
..................................................................................................
34
NH GI CA GIO VIN
..............................................................................................................................
35

 ti: NGHIM CU V CH BIN RU

VANG T TRI IU
Chng I: GII THIU
Cy iu bt u c bit n nh mt loi cy trng c gi tr kinh t nc
ta. Tuy nhin khi ni n qu iu ngi ta thng ch ngh ti mt vi sn phm ca n
nh: ht iu, du iu... cn tht qu iu b b i sau thu hoch ly ht, ch mt s
lng rt t khng ng k c s dng lm thc n gia sc, nc mm chay...
Trung bnh c 1 tn ht iu th c thu hoch th c n 8-10 tn tht qu iu
b ngi nng dn b i gy lng ph v lm nhim mi trng nghim trng, trong khi
tht qu iu li cha nhiu cht dinh dng nh: hm lng ng kh cao (54,7%),
cha nhiu vitamin B1, B2, c bit l hm lng vitamin C cao gp 5 ln so vi qu cam,
8 ln so vi qu qut, v mt lng nh cc mui v c: canxi, photpho, st...
Ru vang l mt loi ru nh c ln men t dch p tri cy, l mt thc ung
c gi tr dinh dng cao, hng v thm ngon v c li cho sc khe con ngi khi dng
mt cch iu .
Trn th gii, nht l cc nc Chu u, ru vang c t lu i v c
dng rt ph bin. Nhng nc ta, sn phm ru vang vn cha c quan tm
nhiu, qui m sn xut ch yu di dng th cng, ln men t nhin cha c c s khoa
hc cng nh phng php hp l dn n nng sut cng nh cht lng sn phm
cha cao
Thc trang ru vang nc ta rt t a s l phi nhp khu t nc ngoi vi gi thnh
cao. Ru vang trong nc chng ta ch bit n vi cc sn phm vang alat nh vang
du, vang nho... nhng chng ta cha tng thy v bit n vang iu. Chnh v nhng gi
tr dinh dng t tri iu m ngi nng dn b ph v mt s iu kin nu trn m
nhm chng ti quyt nh lm ti ch bin ru vang t qu iu.

Chng II: TNG QUAN TI LIU

1. Nguyn liu: Tri iu chn
1.1 c im thc vt hc:
L loi cy nhit i thch nghi rng trn nhiu loi t khc nhau t t st,
tht, ct, t bc mu n t c nhiu si , do iu c tim nng pht trin
trn nhiu vng trng khc nhau cc tnh pha Nam. L cy vng nhit i, cy lu
9

nm c chiu cao trong iu kin t nhin khong 12 m, tn rng n 25 m. Thch

ng rng trong iu kin khc nhit khc nhau, cy c th pht trin nhit
cao v hn ch nhit thp, vng nhit i c th trng trn vng cao nguyn,
tuy nhin khng nn trng khi cao tnh t mt bin hn 500 m. Do b r pht
trin nn cy c th chng chu kh hn tt, cy c th pht trin tt trn vng c
lng ma hng nm t 800 3.200 mm. hoc t ai bc mu, t ct, t c
nhiu si . Cy c th cho tri sau 4 -5 nm nu trng t ht v 3 nm trng t
cy ghp.

R: H thng r gm r ci v r ngang pht trin rt mnh lan rng v n

su gip cy c th ly c nc v dinh dng tng t su. Tuy nhin kh
nng pht trin ca r iu cn l thuc vo c cu t v mc nc ngm trong
t.

L: Thuc loi l n, khi l mi n cn non c mu xanh nht hoc hng sau

chuyn dn sang xanh thm khi gi, l c quan quang hp to cht d tr cho
cy, quyt nh nng sut t c, s lng l kho mnh trn cy nhiu l yu
t cn thit.
Hoa: Thuc loi hoa chm, pht trin u cnh, pht hoa iu c mu hng nht,
hoa iu nh gm 2 loi hoa c v hoa lng tnh, t l hoa c v lng tnh thay
i nhiu ph thuc vo mi trng v ging. Hoa iu tr vo ma ma thng 11,
thi gian ra hoa ko di 2-3 thng

Tri: Thuc loi tri nhn cng (ht iu), l phn pht trin t bu non
sau khi th phn s pht trin nhanh v t kch thc trung bnh di 2,6 3,1 cm;
ngang 2 2,3 cm, cn phn tri gi pht trin sau t hoa. Thi gian tri pht trin
ko di t 2-3 thng.

10

Phn s dng ln men vang

1.2 c im phn loi: Tri iu chia lm 2 loi
iu tri : l tri iu khi chn c mu ging mu ca tri mn
iu tri vng: l khi chn tri iu c mu vng ti

Tri iu

Tri iu vng

1.3 Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng

iu v iu vng c thnh phn gi tr dinh dng khc nhau c th l:

m (%)

Tri iu Vit Nam

Tri iu
85.92
11

Tri iu vng
86.38

Cc cht bo (gam)
0.30
0.27
Protein (gam)
0.88
0.52
Cbohydrat (gam)
0.86
0.98
ng kh (gam)
7.74
7.26
Cellulose (gam)
3.56
3.34
Tro (gam)
0.44
0.51
Ascorbic acid (vit. C) mg
0.02
0.12
Tanim (gam)
0.42
0.48
Bng 1: thnh phn ca tri iu trong 100g tht qu iu
(Nguon: tkachenko 1949, indian cashew journal 1967,lopes 1972)

2. Nm mem
Nm men l tn chung ch nhm nm men c cu to v sinh sn bng cch ny chi
v phn ct. Chng phn b rng ri khp ni. c bit chng c mt nhiu t ni
trng hoa qu. Ngoi ra thy chng c mt trn tri cy chn, trong nhy hoa, trong khng
kh v c ni sn xut ru vang. Nhiu loi nm men c kh nng ln men ru vang,
bia...
Nm men dng trong sn xut vang thng l cc chng thuc ging Saccharomyces,
chng c kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng trong mi trng nc dch hoa qu nh
cc loi ng ho tan, cc hp cht nit (cc acid amin, peptit), vitamin v cc nguyn t
vi lngqua mng t bo. Sau , hng lot cc phn ng sinh ha m c trng l qu
trnh trao i cht chuyn ho cc cht ny thnh nhng dng cn thit cho qu trnh
pht trin v ln men ca nm men c tin hnh.
Trong sn xut ru vang th vai tr ca nm men l rt quan trng n quyt nh
nhiu ti thnh cng ca ln men vang, cht lng ca vang, hiu qu ca qu trnh ln
men, bi vy chng ta phi tm hiu tht k v nm men trc khi tin hnh qu trnh
trc khi tin hnh lm quy trnh ln men vang, nh vy th hiu qu mi cao, lm gim
nh c chi ph do li dng c th mnh ca men. S tm hiu v nm men vang
c th hinc hi tit nh sau
2.1 Phn loi: Chia lm hai li nm men chm v nm men ni
Nm men chm: Trong qu trnh ln men chng lng xung y thit b khi kt thc ln
men chnh. Hu ht cc t bo khi quan st th ny chi ng ring l hoc cp i. Hnh
dng ch yu l hnh cu. V chia ra lm 2 loi tu thuc kh nng kt lng ca n l
nm men bi v nm men kt bng. Nm men bi l loi nm men phn ly mn trong dch
ln men v lng t t khi kt thc ln men chnh. Nm men kt bng l loi nm men c
th kt dnh vi nhau trong thi gian ngn khi kt thc ln men chnh v to thnh khi
12

kt bng ln nn lng nhanh xung y thit b. Cn loi nm men ni khng c kh nng

ny. Trong Nm men chm kt bng rt c ngha quan trng trong thc t sn xut
bia, lm cho bia nhanh trong nhng kh nng ln men ht ng khng bng nm men bi
v nm men ni
Nm men ni: Trong qu trnh ln men chng ni ln b mt dch trong v cui qu
trnh ln men chnh.T bo nm men m v con sau ny chi thng dnh li vi nhau to
thnh nh chui cc t bo nm men cn hnh dng ch yu hnh cu hoc ovan vi kch
thc 7 10 m. Micromet.

2.2 Hnh dng v kch thc.

Hnh dng:
Nm men thng c hnh dng khc nhau, thng c hnh cu, hnh elip, hnh trng,
hnh bu dc v c hnh que. Mt s loi nm men c t bo hnh di ni vi nhau thnh
nhng dng si gi l khun ty (Mycelium) hay khun ty gi (Pseudo mycelium). Tuy
nhin hnh dng ca chng khng n nh, ph thuc vo tui ca nm men v iu kin
nui cy.

Kloeckera apiculata

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

13

Saccharomyces uvarum

Saccharomyces ellipsoideus

Kch thc:
T bo nm men thng c kch thc rt ln gp t 5 10 ln t bo vi khun. Kch
thc cng thay i, khng ng u cc loi khc nhau, cc la tui khc nhau v
iu kin nui cy khc nhau v kch thc trung bnh l.
Chiu di : 9 10m
Chiu rng : 2 7m
2.3 Cu to
T bo nm men cng nh nhiu loi t bo khc c cu to ch yu t cc phn
c bn nh sau:
Thnh t bo: cu to t nhiu thnh phn khc nhau. Trong ch yu l: glucan v
manan chim ti 90%, protein, lipid v mt s thnh phn nh khc nh kitin, volutin,
thnh t bo c tc dng gia hnh dng ca t bo, duy tr p sut thm thu gp phn
iu ha qu trnh dnh dng. Tc hp thu v ng ha cc cht dinh dng cn ph
thuc vo hot tnh cc enzyme trong t bo
V d: men ivectase sc tc qu trnh phn gii saccarose thnh glucose v fructose.
Mng nguyn sinh cht: gm cc hp cht phc tp nh protein, phospholipit enzyme
permeaza
Mng t bo cht: chc nng quan trng l ch ng iu ha vic hp thu cc cht
dinh dng v thi cc sn phm trao i cht. Trong mng t bo cht cha men
permease ch ng vn chuyn thc n nh vi khun.
T bo cht: keo bn lng trong t bo cht c mt nhn thc th, khng bo ln,
riboxom 80S , ty th, th golgi, h thng li ni m, v cc ht d tr.
Nhn t bo
14

Nhng thnh phn c quan con khc: khng bo, ty lp th, riboxom,
2.4 Sinh sn
Nm men c mt s hnh thc sinh sn sau:
- Sinh sn bng cch ny chi. Trn mt phi hay hai pha ca t bo m s ny ra
chi nh. Mt phn nhn v t bo cht t t bo m c a v t bo con. Chi ln
dn ln sau tch khi t bo m pht trin thnh t bo trng thnh.
- Sinh sn bng cch phn i. Khi hp th v ng ha cht dinh dng, t bo tng
kch thc v n n s phn chia, giai on ny mng sinh cht gp np, mng DNA
s ly cc np gp ny lm im ta nhn i ng thi thnh t bo hnh thnh tht
gia to hai t bo mi
- Sinh sn bng bo t v s hnh thnh bo t. Mi t bo nm men c kh nng to
t hai bo t tr ln ty theo ging. Bo t nm trong t bo, t bo mang bo t gi l
nang. Bo t c th hnh thnh do s phn chia trc tip ca nhn hay do s tip hp ca 2
t bo nm men. Bo tuer trong t bo nm men lun l mt s chn.
+ Tip hp ng giao
+ Tip hp d giao
+ Sinh sn n tnh
2.5 Cc qu trnh sinh l ca t bo nm men
* Sinh dng ca nm men
Cu to ca t bo nm men thay i khc nhau ty theo loi, tui v mi trng
sng, nhng nhn chung bao gm:
- Nc: 75 85%
- Cht kh: 15 25% . Trong cht khong chim 2 14% hm lng cht kh.
Cc cht

Thnh phn (% cht

kh)

Cacbon

49,8

CaO

12,4

Nitro

6,7

Hydro

3,54

P2O5

2,34

K2O

0,04

SO3

0,42

MgO

0,38

Fe2O3

0,035
15

SiO

0,09
Bng 2: hm lng % cht kh trong vang
(Ngun: Lng, Nguyn c, 1996)

Nm men cng nh cc sinh vt sng khc cn oxy, hydro, cacbon, nit, phospho,
kali, magi,
- Dinh dng Cacbon
Ngun Cacbon cung cp l cc loi ng khc nhau: saccarose, maltose, lactose,
glucose
H hp hiu kh:
C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O + 674 cal

H hp k kh
C6H12O6

2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 33 cal

- Dinh dng oxy, hydro: c cung cp cho t bo t nc ca mi trng nui

cy hay dch.
- Dinh dng Nit:
Nm men khng c men ngoi bo phn gii protid, nn khng th phn ct
albumin ca mi trng m phi cung cp nit dng ha tan, c th l m hu c hoc
v c. Dng hu c thng dng l acid amin, pepton, amid, ur. m v c l cc mui
amon kh nitrat, sulfat
- Cc vitamin v cht khong:
Cht khong c nh hng to ln n hot ng sng ca nm men
+ Phospho: c trong thnh phn nucleoprotein, polyphosphat ca nhiu enzyme ca sn
phm trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ru, chng to ra lin kt c nng lng ln.
+ Lu hunh: tham gia vo thnh phn mt s acid amin, albumin, vitamin v
enzyme.
+ Magi: tham gia vo nhiu phn ng trung gian ca s ln men.
+ St: tham gia vo cc thnh phn enzyme, s h hp v cc qu trnh khc.
+ Kali: cha nhiu trong nm men, n thc y s pht trin ca nm men, tham gia
vo s ln men ru, to iu kin phc hi phosphorin ha ca acid pyruvic.
+ Mangan: ng vai tr tng t nh magi.
* C ch vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng vo trong t bo nm men
Nm men hon ton khng c c quan dinh dng ring bit, cc cht dinh dng m
n s dng ch yu c vn chuyn qua thnh t bo theo hai con ng c bn
- Thm thu b ng: trn thnh t bo nm men c nhng l nh, nhng l ny c tc
dng lm cho cht dinh dng vn chuyn vo trong t bo t mi trng bn ngoi nh

16

p sut thm thu, ngc li cht thi trong qu trnh trao i cng c thi ra theo con
ng ny.
- Hp thu ch ng: cc thnh phn dinh dng khng c kh nng xm nhp vo t
bo theo con ng th nht th lp tc c h permeaza hot ha. Permeaza l mt protid
hot ng, chng lin kt vi cht dinh dng to thnh hp cht v hp cht ny chui
qua thnh t bo trong, ti y chng li tch ra v permeaza li tip tc vn chuyn tip.
* Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin
- S sinh trng
Trong qu trnh nui cy, trong iu kin dinh dng y , t bo nm men tng
nhanh v kch thc v ng thi sinh khi c tch ly nhiu.
- S pht trin
Cc nm men sinh sn bng phng php nhn i thng cho lng sinh khi rt ln
sau mt thi gian ngn. Trong trng hp sinh sn theo phng php ny th trong dch
nui cy s khng c t bo gi. V rng t bo c phn chia thnh hai c nh vy t
bo lc no cng trng thi ang pht trin. T bo ch gi khi mi trng thiu cht
dinh dng v t bo khng c kh nng sinh sn na.
Tuy nhin a s nm men sinh sn bng phng php ny chi nn hin tng pht
hin t bo gi rt r. Khi chi non tch khi t bo m sng c lp th ni tch
trn t bo m to thnh mt vt so. Vt so ny s khng c kh nng to ra chi mi.
C nh vy t bo m s chuyn thnh t bo gi theo thi gian.
xc nh s lng t bo nm men pht trin theo thi gian hin nay ngi ta dng
nhiu phng php khc nhau nh:
+ Xc nh s lng t bo bng phng php m trc tip trn knh hin vi hay gin
tip trn mt thch.
+ o c ca t bo trong dung dch nui cy trn c s xy dng mt th chun
ca mt t bo
2.6 Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men
Giai on tim pht: giai on ny t bo lm quen vi mi trng, sinh khi
cha tng nhiu.
Giai on logarit: y l giai on pht trin rt nhanh, sinh khi tng o t, km theo
s thay i mnh m ca dch ln men.
Giai on chm dn: tc sinh trng nm men gim dn, thnh phn dch ln men
cn li t, cc sn phm ln men c tch t nhiu.
17

Giai on n nh: s lng t bo nm men khng tng na, tc sinh sn bng tc

cht.
Giai on cht: tc cht tng nhanh, tc sinh sn rt t do s lng t bo
nm men gim dn.
Cc hnh thc h hp ca nm men
nm men h hp l qu trnh h hp kh phc tp, n xy ra theo hai chiu hng
khc nhau. V th ngi ta phn thnh 2 loi h hp : h hp hiu kh v h hp ym kh.
2.7. Mt s loi nm men thng gp trong sn xut ru vang:
Sau y l mt s loi nm men thng gp trong nc qu c vai tr quan trng trong
ngh lm ru vang.
2.7.1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
y l tn hin nay dng ph bin, trc y ngi ta gi l Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Meyer hay l S. ellipsoideus theo Lodder l Saccharomyces vini.
Nm men ny ph bin trong qu trnh ln men nc qu chim ti 80% trong tng s
Saccharomyces c trong nc qu khi ln men. Kh nng kt lng ca n ph thuc vo
tng ni: cc t bo dng bi hoc dng bng. Ngun dinh dng cacbon ca loi ny l
ng, cn v acid hu c, nhng tc nhn sinh trng l acid pantotinic, biotin,
mezoinozit, thiamin v piridoxin.
a s cc t bo ca loi ny hnh ovan c kch thc (3 8) x (5 12) m, sinh sn
theo li ny chi v to thnh bo t. Saccharomyces cerevisiae sinh ra enzyme invectara
c kh nng kh ng sacaroza thnh fructoza v glucoza, v vy trong ln men ta c th
b sung loi ng ny vo dung dch qu v hm lng ru c to thnh bnh
thng i vi nhiu ni ca men ny ch t c 8 10% so vi th tch.
giai on cui ln men Saccharomyces cerevisiae kt lng nhanh v lm trong dch
ru.
ni ca ging ny c c tnh ring v kh nng to cn, chu sunfit, tng hp cc
cu t bay hi v cc sn phm th cp to ra cho vang c mi v c trng ring bit.
Giai on cui cng ca qu trnh ln men cc t bo Saccharomyces cerevisiae thng
b gi, khng tip tc chuyn ng thnh cn v b cht rt nhanh.
2.7.2. Saccharomyces uvarum:

18

Men ny c tch t nc nho, ru len men t nhin. V hnh thi n khng khc
vi cc loi khc. Kh nng sinh bo t kh mnh trn mi trng thch malt. Cc ni
ca loi ny c th ln men 12 130 cn trong dung dch nc nho. Mt vi ni c dng
trong sn xut ru vang.
2.7.3. Saccharomyces chevalieri:
Theo Lodder l Saccharomyces chevalieri Guilliermond. Nm men ny c tch t
nc nho ln men t nhin, t ru vang non c gy men nc da hoc nc c.
Saccharomyces chevalieri thun chng ln men nc nho c th to 160 cn. N thng
ln vi Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
2.7.4. Saccharomyces oviformics:
Theo Lodder l Sac. Beuanes saccardo. c tch ra t nc nho t ln men, nhng
loi nm men ny t hn so vi Sacch. vini. Ging thun chng pht trin tt trong nc
nho v cc loi nc qu khc, c kh nng chu c ng cao, cn cao, ln men kit
ng v to thnh ti 180 cn.
Cc yu t sinh trng ca loi ny ging nh Sacch. vini v c kh nng chu c
cn cao. Dng cc ni thun chng ca ging ny ln men dch qu c hm lng ng
cao ch vang kh cho kt qu tt.
C hnh dng ging nh Saccharomyces cerevisiae v c th to thnh 18% ru trong
qu trnh ln men, ging ny to thnh mng trn dch qu. S. oviformis ln men c
glucose, fructose, mantose, saccarose, maltose v 1/3 rafinose, khng ln men c lactose,
pentose. iu khc nhau c bn ca S. oviformis vi S. vini l: S. oviformis khng ln men
c galactose v men ni ln b mt dch ln men to thnh mng.
Hai ging sn xut ru vang ny (S. vini v S. oviformis) c nhiu ni c dng
trong sn xut.
2.7.5. Hanseniaspora apiculate Kloeckera apiculata:
Kloeckera apiculata: kch thc tng i nh, c hnh ovan elip hoc hnh qu
chanh, t bo c mt u nh ngi ta thng gi l men hnh chy. Sinh sn bng ny
chi, rt ph bin v qu v nhim vo nc qu chim n 90% tng s men khi bt
u ln men. N c th ln men to thnh 6 70 cn, nhng to ra mt lot cc acid bay
hi cng nh cc este ca chng lm cho dch c mi tp v n cn km hm cc loi nm
men chnh trong ln men, K. apiculata nhy cm vi SO2.

19

Trong ngh lm ru vang ngi ta khng mong mun loi men ny pht trin, nu c
th ch cn c trong giai on u to c 3 40 cn.
2.8 Yu cu i vi chn nm men thun chng:

ln men vang tt th s dng cc ging nm men thun chng s hiu qu cao v

cc loi nm men thun khit dng nhiu trong sn xut ru vang thuc ging
Saccharomyces cerevisiae v Saccharomyces oviformis.
Cc chng nm men thun khit ny, c s khc nhau v tc sinh trng, khong
nhit thch hp ln men, kh nng to cn v chu cn, kh nng chu c pH thp
cng nh kh nng kt lng (to thnh dng bng hoc dng bi). Sau y l mt s tiu
ch nh gii v ging men thun chng Saccharomyces cerevisiae v Saccharomyces
oviformis.

+ C hot lc ln men cao i vi nc qu

+ S dng ng cho ln men gn nh hon ton
+ Kt lng tt
+ Lm trong dch ru nhanh
+ Chu c ru cao v acid ca mi trng cng nh cc cht st trng
+ To cho ru hng v thm ngon tinh khit

3. Ru vang
3.1 Gii thiu chung v ru vang:
Ru vang l mt loi ru nh c ln men t dch p tri cy khng qua chng
ct. Nng ru dao ng t 10 150
L mt thc ung c gi tr dinh dng cao, hng v thm ngon v c li cho sc khe
con ngi, c bit mi ngy ung u n mt vi ly ru vang s c tc dng tt cho
sc khe nht l tim mch, huyt p v gim m mu v trong ru vang c cha
resveratrol c kh nng bo v tim mch, chng ung th v cng nh bo v chc nng
gan. Resveratrol c th lm tng tui th nhiu loi sinh vt khc nhau vi c ch ging
nh tc dng ca vic n king. Resveratrol cn c kh nng gim thiu c cc bnh
lin quan n bo ph.
20

Trn th gii, nht l cc nc Chu u, ru vang c t lu i v c dng rt

ph bin. Nhng nc ta, sn phm ru vang vn cha c quan tm nhiu, qui m
sn xut ch yu di dng th cng, ln men t nhin cha c c s khoa hc cng nh
phng php hp l dn n nng sut cng nh cht lng sn phm cha cao.

3.2 Phn loi ru vang:

C nhiu cch phn loi ru vang v thng ngi ta chia ru vang theo cc
nhm sau:
3.2.1Phn loi theo ngt
Ru vang kh (dry wine): l loi ru vang m khi ln men th ton b hay gn nh ton
b lng ng c trong nguyn liu u c nm men ln men thnh ru ht vi
cn khong 12 - 130. Ngha l trong vang lng ng khng c hay c mt lng khng
ng k
- Ru vang bn ngt (semi-dry wine): l loi vang m trong c cha mt hm lng
ng kh cao.
- Ru vang ngt (sweet wine): l vang cha hm lng ng rt cao. C loi vang
hm lng ng ln ti 100g/l.
Phn loi theo qu trnh ln men
- Ru vang t nhin (Natural wine)
- Ru vang cao (Fortified wine)
Phn loi theo lng CO2
- Ru vang khng c gas (table wine).
- Ru vang c gas (sparkling wine): 2 loi
+ Ru vang c gas t nhin: Champagne.
+ Ru vang c gas nhn to: Carbonated wine
3.2.2Phn loi theo mu
- Ru vang trng (White wine): l loi vang c mu trong v th c th pha vi bt c
lo vang mu no nhm to ra mi v ring c bit: Chablis, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc,
Rhine wine, Riesling.
Chablis
y l loi ru vang kh nht trong loi ru Vang vi ging nho pha. Vang
Chablis c nh gi l loi vang hp nht dng vi cc mn n. Phn ln cc nh
sn xut c gng to ra hng v nho cho loi vang ny cn mt s nh sn xut khc li
tng thm v g thng qua qu trnh ru trong thng g si.
21

Vang trng dng cho ba chnh (White table Wines)

Thng cc loi vang ny c t tn theo hng v c trng m cc nh sn xut
to ra nh Vang Chablis. Nhiu nh sn xut dng tn ring t tn cho loi ru
vang m h lm ra.
- Ru vang hng (Rose wine): Rose, Vonorosso.
- Ru vang (Red wine): Barbera, Cabernet Sauvignon, Claret, Carnelian, Gamay,
George.
Phn loi theo ni sn xut
- Phn loi theo quc gia:
+ Ru vang Php
+ Ru vang c
+ Ru vang Ty Ban Nha. . .
3.2.3 Phn loi theo vng:
+ Bordeaux
+ Burgandy
+ California
+ Chablis. . .
3.3 Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ru vang trn th gii
Sn lng ru vang c sn xut tng theo tng nm, vi nhng li ch ca
ru vang vi sc khe th sc tiu th cng tng v lang rng trn khp th gii. ru
vang Php c cht lng v yu thch trn ton th gii, nhng thng hiu ni ting:
Bordeaux, Champagne chu , Trung Quc nc sn xut ru vang nhiu nht
nhng tiu th nhiu nht l Hng Kng

t nc

Sn lng
1 France
5,329,449
2 Italy
5,056,648
3 Spain
3,934,140
4 United States of America
2,232,000
5 Argentina
1,564,000
6 China
1,300,000
7 Australia
1,274,000
8 South Africa
1,157,895
9 Germany
1,014,700
10 Chile
788,551
Bng 3: Sn lng sn xut ru trn th gii

22

3.4 Mt s sn phm ru vang Lt ca cng ty Lt Beco:

3.4.1 Vang lt - Export:
Mu sm (m
hn Vang alat
o).
Mi thm m ca hoa qu ln men quyn
ln mi ru . V hi chua quyn ln v cht m tinh t

3.4.2 Vang lt trng - Export:

Dung dch trong mu vng rm, mi thm du c trng cu tri cy ln men, v hi
chua hu cht du m.

3.4.3 Vang lt Premium:

Mu ru bi. m hng v ca hoa qu gi nh mi ca cc loi qu mng, du
rng, l en thong cht mi gia v, mi khong cht va mnh m va ...

3.4.4 Vang lt Demisec:

Mu sm. Mi thm nh ca tri nho ln men. V hi chua cht ha quyn vi v
ngt

23

3.4.5 Vang lt :
Mu sm mi thm nh ca hoa qu ln men (thong mi qu anh o, mi qu
chua) V hi chua, cht hi ho. Nguyn liu chnh l ging nho Cardinal

3.4.6 Vang lt trng:

Vang lt trng c ln men chnh thng t dch p nc qu nho bng cng ngh
v thit b hin i, to nn mt hng v tuyt vi

4. Quy trnh sn xut ru vang

Sn xut ru vang iu l qu trnh ln men dch nc qu iu du tc dng
ca cc nm men ln men ru vang sinh ra cc enzyme ng thnh ethanol v CO2. Ty
theo sn phm tch t sau qu trnh ln men m ngi ta chia lm nhiu kiu ln men khc
nhau. Tuy nhin c hai hnh thc ln men chnh l ln men ym kh v ln men hiu kh.
Ln men ru l qu trnh ln men ym kh vi s c mt ca nm men, chng s
chuyn ha ng ln men thnh ethanol v CO2.
Qu trnh ln men ru chia lm hai thi k chnh:
- Thi k pht trin sinh khi: giai on ny vi s c mt ca oxy, t bo nm
men pht trin sinh khi.

24

- Thi k ln men chuyn ng thnh ru v CO2: giai on ny nm men hp

th cc cht dinh dng v s dng cc enzyme sn c ca mnh thc hin xc tc sinh
hc trong qu trnh trao i cht duy tr s sng, to thnh ru v CO2.
4.1 C ch ca qu trnh ln men:
Glucose
Hexokinaza
Glucose 6 phosphat
Photphoglucoza isomeraza
Fructose 6 phosphat
PhosphoFructokinaza
Fructose 1,6 diphosphat
Aldolaza
Triophosphat izomeraza
Glyceraldehyd 3 phosphat

Dihydro aceton phosphat

Glyceraldehyd phosphatdehydrogenaza
Acid 1,3 diphosphoglyceric
Phosphoglyceratkinaza
Acid 3 phosphoglyceric
Phosphoglycerat-mutaza
Acid 2 phosphoglyceric
Enoiaza
Acid phosphoenolpyruvic
Pyruvat kinaza
Acid enol pyruvic

Acid pyruvic
Pyruvate decarboxylaza
Ethanal
25

Aldodeshydrogenaza
Ethanol

4.2 S quy trnh sn xut ru vang iu

Tri iu
chn

Nc

Ra sch, loi cung

Cun

Lm dp

NaHSO3

Sulfite ha

p ly dich nc

Nc
26

p
B
Sulfite ha

Dch lc

Kt ta tanin

S.
Cerevisiae
Phi ch ng
nc
Nhn ging

ng,
vitamin

Cy nm men

Lnmen nhanh

Gn cn

Cn

Ln men chm

27

Cn

Lc th

Lc tinh
V chai,
nt chai

Nhn,
thng

Nm men st

Rt chai, ng nt

Rn nhn, ng thng

Vang
iu
4.3 Thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut ru vang iu
Ru vang thng c ln men t nhin t cc nc p tri cy nguyn cht c cha
ng c nh hn mn men. V tri iu chn c cha mt hm lng ng c kh
nng ln men ru vang c v vy tri qua mt quy chnh ch bin s tr thnh ru
vang. C th ca qu trnh ch bin nh sau:
4.3.1 Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu s dng l qu iu sau khi ly i ht iu.
4.3.2 Thu nhn v phn loi nguyn liu:
Thu nhn v chn la l rt quan trng, n nh hng ti cht lng ru. Nguyn
liu quyt nh ti gn 60% v cng ngh chim 40% ca cht lng ru vang.
Qu iu chn trn cy sau khi thu hoch ly ht th chng thuc nhng mc chn khc
nhau, bi vy cn la chn nhng qu chn v loi b nhng qu cn qu xanh v iu
xanh th hm lng ng trong tri l rt thp ng thi hm lng tanin li rt cao.
28

Nu nhng qu xanh ny em i ch bin ru vang th hiu qu kn men rt thp v

ngoi ra cn tn nhiu cng sc ta tanin na. Nhng qu chn l nhng qu c phn
gi qu chuyn t mu xanh sangmauf vang ( i vi iu vng) hay sang mu ( i
vi iu ). Sau khi thu nhn tri iu cn em chng i phn loi la hn nhng qu
nguyn vn, v lng bng, mu sc ti c trng, mi thm nng c trung, khng b
cn trng, chim lm h hi, khng b nt v, tt nht l c hi trc tip trn cy.
4.3.3 Ra loi cung
Qu trnh ra c th c tin hnh trc hoc sau khi phn loi nguyn liu. Tuy
nhin chng ta nn tin hnh sau khi phn loi s tit kim c nc v cng sc. Loi
b cung nhm loi b cc tp cht c th nh hng ti cht lng ca vang.

4.3.4 Lm dp, nghin x:

Qu trnh lm dp, nghin x cho php ly cc phn p khc nhau theo quy nh nghim
ngt ca quy trnh cng ngh.
Trong giai on ny, tht qu b x tch phn dch v phn b, tng hiu sut c th
lm lnh tht qu iu.
Qu trnh loi cung , ht iu v x dp phi c thc hin nhanh nht c th sau
khi iu c vn chuyn n ni sn xut. Trong sut qu trnh thu hoch tri iu
khng trnh khi b dp, tit dch. V th to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca cc
loi nm men v vi khun c th oxy ha cc hp cht nh hng xu n mu ca sn
phm sau ny. Ngoi ra sau khi thu hoch, trong qu iu din ra qu trnh h hp, lm
tng nhit cng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin.
4.3.5. Sulfit ha:
Sau khi lm nt nguyn liu , ngi ta khng tin hnh un si dung dch ln men.
tiu dit vi sinh vt ngi ta thng dng SO2. Lng SO2 trong dch ln men khng c
qu nhiu v s gy c ch s pht trin v hot ng chuyn ha ng thnh ru,
lng s dng khong 30 120 mg/l.
Cc nc sn xut ru vang thng dng SO2 v c tc dng nhiu mt: chng oxy
ha, lm gim hoc tiu dit nhiu loi vi khun c hi. Tuy nhin, nu dng SO2 khng
ng liu lng c th lm cho ru vang c mi kh chu, tiu dit mt s vi khun c
li, ng thi cng l tc nhn gy ng c trong ru vang.
4.3.6. p:
29

 nhm thu dich nc tri iu, tng lng dch iu chng ti ng lnh qu
iu. Sau khi p thu dich nc qu thu b t trong b ny vn cn mt lng dch qu
na do chng ta s thm v mt lng nh nc sch tin hnh p ln th hai
nhm thu hi ti a lng dch qu. Sau thu b kh em i x l rc thi theo quy nh
t tiu chun bo v mi trng.
4.3.7ta tanin
Trong dch qu iu c cha tanin gy ra v cht, kh chu v nu khng loi b c
th n s nh hng n cht lng ca ru, c th dng lng trng trng hoc gelatin,
hoc Ca(OH)2... loi tch tanin . Nu tch tanin bng protein (lng trng trng hay
gelatin) cn gia nhit hn hp protein bin tnh, d dng loi b kt ta khi lc, phn
ng kt ta tanin trong dch qu c thc hin nhit phng, tin hnh lc dung
dch kt ta tanin. (hiu sut tch tannin ca gelatin t 77,9%, ca Ca(OH)2 t
88,4%). Gia nhit qu trnh ta d dng hn.
Tuy nhin nu mun sn xut vang cht th ta c th khng ta ht lng tanin m giu li
mt lng nh to cht c trng ca vang cht.
4.3.8 Lc ta tanin
Tanin kt ta laoij b chng chng ta c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau,
tuy nhin c hai cch chnh sau l lc bng mng lc hay tanin kt ta nng xung y
thit b ri chit ly dch hoc c th thc hin kt hp c hai cch trn s to hiu qu
cao hn nhng s tn thi gian hn

4.3.9 phi ch ng v nc
Trc khi tin hnh ln men ta em dch qu i phn tch hm lng ng, nu lng
ng c th cho ln men tt th tin hnh ln men ngay. Nu hm lng ng thiu
ta c th b sung thm mt lng nh ng ma ri i ln men.
4.3. 10 Ln men - :
Trc khi ln men ta cn c c ging thun khit. Sau thun ha c c
ging thch hp cho tng loi tri cy. Cc loi nm men ny c nui cy gi ging,
bo qun trong phng th nghim. Trc khi a vo sn xut nm men phi c nhn
ging qua hai giai on:
+ nhn ging trong phng th nghim theo t l 1:10
+ nhn ging cc phn xng sn xut, thng s dng cc thng g
cha mi trng nhn ging, c trang b h thng truyn nhit bn trong thanh trng
nc qu bng hi nc.
Canh trng nm men a vo sn xut phi t yu cu:
30

+ lng t bo ny chi 40 - 60%

+ lng t bo cht khng qu 2%
+ s t bo trong dch nhn ging khong 120 140 triu t bo
+ khng tp nhim cc vi sinh vt khc.
Ln men ru vang thng chia thnh cc giai on: ln men chnh nhit t 20
30oC khong 10 ngy hoc di hn. cui giai on ln men chnh dch ln men trong dn
v protein v pectin lng xung. Ln men ph nhit t 15 18oC.
ru t c s hi ha v n nh ca mi v v cht lng th ru phi c
nhm lm cho kh xi tc ng tht chm.
Ru vang trong bn thp ln s phi lu hn ru vang trong cc bn hoc
trong cc thng bng g.
nhit 4 10oC ru vang hon thin hng v c trng. Thi gian c th
l vi thng, vi nm, thm ch hng chc hoc hng trm nm.
4.3.11 Lc th v lc tinh

Sau khi c c dch ln men ta tin hnh lc th v lc tinh nhm loi b cn l

cc bo t nm men, t bo nm men v cc cht cn b nh khc.
4.3.12 Rt chai, ng nt
Sau khi lc b cn v men cn st th ta chit rt vo chai, ng nt v dn nhn sn
phm.
Thng ngi ta dng g si ng nt v ng thng lu tr. V cht phenol trong
g si khi tc dng vi ru vang s to ra mi vanilla v v ngt cht ca tr hay v ngt
ca hoa qu. G si cng tc ng ln mu sc ca ru
4.4 Cc dng h hng ca vang v cch x l
4.4.1 H hng ru vang do tc ng ca vi sinh vt
Candida mycoderma: to mng trng xm trn mt ru, oxy ha cn v cc acid
hu c, lm gim cn trong ru.
Cch x l: hn ch s tip xc ca ru vi khng kh.
- Acetobacter: to mng xm trn mt ru, sau dy ln v chuyn thnh mu
hng, hnh thnh mt khi nht trong ru, oxy ha cn thnh acid acetic lm gim
cn, tng lng acid bay hi, lm gim mu, ru vang khng cn gi c mu c
trng na m b c i v ru c v chua.
Cch x l: dng c thit b phi tht sch, dng SO2 vi liu lng thch hp
tiu dit vi khun, trnh khng cho ru tip xc vi khng kh.

31

- Vi khun lactic: thng xm nhp vo thit b ln men ru, dng cc thnh phn
trong ru ln men lactic, lm gim cht lng ru, ng thi lm cho ru b nht.
Cch x l: sau khi ln men b sung SO2 nhm mc ch tit trng.
Ngoi ra, cc loi vi khun lactic khc cn chuyn ha ng kh thnh ng
manitol v cc acid bay hi, lm cho ru c mi chua kh chu; vi khun lactic cn phn
hy glycerin, acid tartric lm cho ru b c, sinh nhiu CO2, ru chuyn sang mu nu,
c v nht.
Cch x l: thanh trng nhit cao v bo qun nhit thp.
4.4.2 H hng ru vang do tc ng l ha
- c huyn ph: do cc loi protein, cc cht mu polyphenol kt bng li, l lng
trong ru.
Cch x l: un nng n 700C ngui, ri lc qua pentonit.
- c do kim loi nng: ch yu l Cu, Fe, S. Do trong ru c sn cc hp cht
phosphate, khi ru tip xc vi khng kh, cc kim loi s b oxy ha thnh cc phc cht
c mu xanh hoc en.
Cch x l: ra sch nguyn liu, khng cho ru tip xc vi dng c cha st,
ng.
4.4.3 H hng ru vang do tc ng sinh ha
Do hot ng ca enzym oxy ha gy nn:
- oxy ha mnh cc cht mu, bin i phc mu ny thnh sn phm khng tan
trong nc.
- oxy ha polyphenol thnh quinone lm bin i mu sc v mi v ca vang.
Cch x l: tng hm lng SO2, thanh trng Pasteur bin tnh enzym hoc thm
bentonit kt ta protein ca enzyme v lm lng xung cc cht mu di dng
colloide.

5. Cc yu t nh hng ti nm men trong ln men ru vang

5.1. Oxy
Hu ht cc chng nm men trong ln men ru vang thuc ging Saccharomyces.
Chng l nhm vi sinh vt k kh ty tin. Khi trong mi trng lng oxy nm men
phn hy ng dng lm ngun nng lng v cu to t bo tng sinh khi.
Trng hp thiu oxy (k kh) nm men s dng phn oxy ha tan trong mi
trng sinh trng v ch yu l ln men.

32

Trong qu trnh ln men giai on u yu cu oxy cao nht nm men sinh sn,
pht trin tng sinh khi. Nu c giai on nhn ging th cng cn phi cung cp oxy
bng cch lc hoc sc kh.
5.2. Nhit
Nhit ln men c nh hng n i sng ca nm men, n qu trnh ln men
v cht lng ca sn phm.
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v sn xut ru vang xc nh c khong
nhit ln men ru vang trng thch hp l 15 300C, nu ln men nhng thang
thp hn th cng tt. Cn ln men ru vang (nc qu ln vi xc qu) phi chit
xut cc cht thm v polyphenol t v qu nn cn thang cao hn, thng l 250C.
Nhit ln men cao, thi gian ca qu trnh ln men ngn, cn c th thp, ng st
cn nhiu v hng v ca sn phm c khi khng tt.
5.3. Hm lng ng
Trong nc qu thng c hm lng ng khng u do vy ngi ta thng
b sung thm ng saccaroza. a s cc loi nm men hot ng bnh thng trong mi
trng ng di 20%. C mt s chng hot ng mi trng c ng cao hn.
Khi nhn ging thng dng mi trng c ng thp di 10%.
5.4. pH ca mi trng
Trong thc t ln men nhng dch qu chua thng c ru vang ngon. i vi dch
qu thng c pH t 2.8 3.8. Khong pH ny nm men vn hot ng c. Vng
pH ti thch ca nm men l 4 6.
Trong sn xut ru vang ngi ta thng chun b mi trng nc qu c pH bng
3.0 3.5.
5.5 ngun nit
a s trong nc qu c cc hp cht nit cung cp cho nm men. Tuy nhin cng c
trng hp khng ngun nit do cn b sung thm ngun nit. Trong trng hp
ny ngi ta thng dng amon sulphat (NH4)2SO4. Cng c th dng men t phn cho
thm vo mi trng. Nu dch qu qu chua dng tartrat amon-kali hay amon hydroxy
trung ha bt acid.
i vi dch nhn ging hoc hot ha ging th hn hp cc ngun nit v cc cht sinh
trng rt c ngha.
Trong nc qu thng c cc cht khong i vi nhu cu ca nm men. V vy,
khng cn phi b sung thm cht khong. Tuy nhin trong nghin cu cng nh trong
nhn ging c th thm ngun phospho kali dng mui phosphat v magi dng mui
sulfat.
33

Ngoi ra chng oxy ha nc qu, ngi ta c th thm ha cht vo nc qu sau khi

p v trc khi ln men. Cht dng rng ri l SO2 (anhydrit sunphur). SO2 l ha cht
c cho php dng trong sn xut ru vang hu ht trn th gii v c tc dng
nhiu mt: chng oxy ha, lm gim hoc tiu dit vi khun c hi. Ngun SO2 ph bin
trong ru vang l natri sunfit Na2SO3. Khng nn dng qu liu lng cho php s lm
cho ru vang c mi kh chu v dit mt s vi khun c ch.
5.6 Nc:
Hm lng cht kh trong mi trng trc lc ln men thng vo khong 20% (theo
trng lng). Nh vy trong ru vang thnh phm, nc chim mt t l kh ln
(khong 80%) v iu ny cng chng t nc l mt trong nhng nguyn liu sn xut
ru vang.
5.7. Cc cht ph gia khc:
SO2 hoc NaHSO3: thng c b sung trc khi ln men vi liu lng 50
200ppm. Mc ch l c ch, tiu dit cc vi khun c hi.
Bentonit, tanin v t st trng l cc cht tr lng, gip cho qu trnh lng trong sn
phm c tt hn.
Enzyme Pectinase: c b sung vo nhm mc ch lm trong v lm gim nht
cho sn phm.

Chng III: PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

1. Phng tin th nghim
1.1. a im th nghim

Th nghim c tin hnh ti phng th nghim B mn Cng Ngh Thc Phm,

khoa cng ngh sinh hc, trng i Hc M TP. H Ch Minh.
1.2. Thit b v dng c

Cc thit b v dng c cn thit cho cc th nghim nh:

- T cy v trng
- Knh hin vi
- Lam m
- Ni thanh trng
- My o pH
- Chit quang k
- Dng c phn lp nm men: a petri, ng nghim, n cn
34

- Cc dng c khc: thng, my p, my lc

1.3. Ha cht s dng

- Cc ha cht thanh trng: NaHSO3 ,cn 70

- Mi trng nui cy
- Nguyn liu: qa iu, ng, nc
2. phng php th nghim
2.1 s th nghim
2.2 phng php nghin cu
Nghien cu khao sat kh tanin tren trai ieu
2. 2 . 1 X l y nc muoi ( oi vi trai ):
Trai ieu c em i tran vi dung dch nc muoi cac
nong o 1; 2; 3 nhiet o 900C trong 5 phut. Sau o ep lay
dch qua va em i loc bang giay loc.
Dch ep sau khi loc c em i kh tanin.
2. 2. 2 S du ng H2SO 40,2N(oivitrai)
Trai ieu c nung nong vi nc len 700C , lan lt cho H2SO4
0,2N vi
cac nong o 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% so vi the tch nc. Gi
nhiet o trong 5
phut roi lam nguoi nhanh bang cach cho trai ieu ngam vao
nc cat. Ra trai
ieu that ky roi mang i ep lay dch. Dch ep sau khi loc c
em i kh tanin.
2. 2. 3. S du ng gel ati n( oi vi dch ep) :
Dch qua ieu sau khi ep c nung len 60oC , thay oi lng
gelatin s dung
lan lt la 1; 1. 5; 2; 2, 5. Khuay ieu trong 5 phut. Sau o e
yen dung dch trong
60 phut roi loc. Lay dch a loc em i phan tch ham lng
tanin.
2. 2. 4

S du ng Ca(OH)2(oividchep):

Dung Ca(OH)2 cho vao dch ieu e thay oi pH. a pH cua dch
lan lt

35

ve 4. 31 ( pH ban au) ; 4. 7; 5. 0; 5. 5; 6. 0. Khi o co nhieu ket

tua xay ra, dung
H3PO4 a ve pH ban au. e yen dung dch 60 phut roi loc. Lay
dch a loc
em i phan tch ham lng tanin.
2.2.5 Phng phap ket hp muoi 2% va glegatin:
Trai ieu se c tran vi nc nong 900C ket hp vi muoi
vi nong o s
dung lan lt la 1.5; 2; 2,5 trong vong 5 phut. Sau o ra ky
lai bang nc sach.
Tiep theo em trai i ep lay dch. Dch trai ieu sau khi ep
c nung len 60oC ,
cho gelatin vao vi nong o la 2% khuay ieu trong 5 phut.
Sau o e yen dung
dch trong 60 phut roi loc. Lay dch a loc em i phan tch
ham lng tanin.

Khao sat kha nang phat trien cua na m m e n

trong m o itrng ieu:

2.2.6Khao sat anh hng cua pH en qua trnh len

m e n ru:
Thc hien 5 th nghiem vi cac ieu kien giong nhau nhng
thay oi pH. Cach
bo tr th nghiem pH thay i 4;4.5;5;5.5;6.
2.2.7 Khao sat anh hng cua tong ham lng chat
kho hoa tan en qua trnh len men ru:
2.3 phng php nh gi cm quan
Phng phap anh gia cam quan san pham thc pham thc
hien theo tieu chuan Viet Nam TCVN 7045 2002 .Phng phap
nay c s dung e anh ga tong quat mc chat lng cua
mtt san pham so vi tieu chuan hoac so vi mot san pham
cung loai tren tat ca cac ch tieu cam quan, mau sac, mui
v, va trang thai. Tnh trang chat lng cua moi ch tieu c
anh gia bang iem. Gia tr iem tang theo mc tang cua
chat lng. Do cac ch tieu co vai tro oi vi chat lng
chung cua san pham mc khac nhau nen cac gia tr cho

36

c oi vi moi ch tieu c nhan them mot gia tr tng

ng goi la he so trong lng. Cac ch tieu co vai tro ln hn
th co he so trong lng ln hn. Viec xac nh cac he so
trong lng cho moi ch tieu la rat kho, cac he so nay c
xac nh theo kinh nghiem, phng phap ieu tra ket hp vi
phng phap chuyen gia tren c s thong ke. Khi anh gia
chat lng cam quan bang hoi ong th iem chat lng cua
ch tieu nao o la iem trung bnh cua moi thanh vien nhan
vi he so trong lng cua no.
Tong iem cua cac ch tieu la iem chat lng cua san
pham. iem nay quyet nh mc chat lng cua san pham
c anh gia.
Hoi ong phai gom t 5 12 ngi chuyen gia co hieu biet
ve san pham c anh gia. Hoi ong phai co chu tch va
th ky e lanh ao hoi ong trong qua trnh lam viec.
Khi anh gia cac thanh vien lam viec oc lap, cho iem vao
phieu va nop cho th ky sau gi lam viec.Th ky hoi ong
se tong ket iem cua cac thanh vien va t o tnh ra iem
chat lng cua san pham. Theo he iem 20, chat lng san
pham c chia ra lam 6 mc nh sau:
Mc
Tot
Kha
Trung bnh
Kem
Rat kem

iem
18.6 20
15.2 18.5
11.2 15.1
7.2 11.1
4.0 7.1

Bng ch tiu nh gi cm quan cho tng mu

Ch tiu nh gi

Mu sc

Mi

Tt
Kh
Trung bnh
Km
Rt km

37

cht

Phi eu cho i em:

Bang hng dan cho i em:
Cac ch tieu:
Mciem:
Cac tnh chat can anh gia:

BNG NH GI CM QUAN
H v tn............................................................................................
Tn sn phm....................................................................................
Ch tiu nh gi ...............................................................................
Ni dung:
..................................................................................... Nhn xt mc
khc bit
Rt t........................................................................................
Hi nhiu ..............................................................................
Nhiu ......................................................................................
Rt nhiu................................................................................
2. So snh cht lng
Mu tt nht...........................................................................
Mu km nht........................................................................
3. Nhng yu cu khc ..........................................................
..............................................................................................

NH GI V VI SINH VT
Bng 4: Ch tiu vi sinh vt trong ru vang iu
Thnh phn
Tng s VSV hiu kh
E.coli
Coliforms
Cl.perfringens
S.aureus
TS nm men/nm mc

n v
VK / ml sn phm
VK / ml sn phm
VK / ml sn phm
VK / ml sn phm
VK / ml sn phm
KL / ml sn phm

Gii hn ti a
102
0
10
0
0
10

NH GI L HA
Hm lng ethanol 200C.
Hm lng acid bay hi tnh theo acid acetic.
Hm lng CO2.
Gii hn hm lng kim loi nng: As, Cu, Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd.

38

Hm lng tro c trong nguyn liu.

Xc nh lng ng tng, ng kh bng phng php Ferricyanua.
Hm lng vitamin C.

KT LUN
Nhm chng ti sau khi c s tm hiu cc quy trnh sn xut ru vang nho, du,
nhn thy c nguyn liu lm vang l t dch ca tri cy chn chng c ln
men to vang mang li li ch, gi tr rt ln. ng thi thy c trong nng
nghip c nhng sn phm c coi l ph thi nng nghip nhng li c kh
nng to ra c cc sn phm mi c gi tr kinh t cao mang li nhiu li ch
trong thc tin in hnh nh tri iu chn. Chng ti nhn thy t tri iu c th
p dng cc quy trnh ln men ru vang to vang iu
T vic nghin cu v sn xut thnh cng ru vang t iu mang li nhiu
li

ch ln:

Gii quyt c vn tht qu iu b b ph, trong khi cc h dn trng cy

iu ch thu ly phn ht sn xut. m qu iu li c rt nhiu cht dinh
dng cn cho nhu cu ca con ngi.
Gim thiu nhim mi trng v hn ch cc vi sinh vt c mi trng pht trin
lm hi cy iu. V khi thu hoch iu ngi ta khng t hi tng tri iu m i
tri iu chn t dng xung t sau ch i thu nhn phn ht m b li phn
qu iu ti vn do chng khng c gi tr s dng, ch mt phn nh thu v lm
thc n gia sc. Phn qu iu s to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin v gy
nhim mi trng.
To ra sn phm mi c gi tr dinh dng v to s a dng cc sn phm ru
vang trn th trng ru vang.
Tng thu nhp cho ngi dn t vic bn tri iu
Tri iu c tannin to v cht cho vang m khng cn b sung cht to chat nh
mt s ru vang khc, t m ra hng sn xut mi nh kt hp sn xut
vang t iu vi cc tri cy khc nh: vang iu vi chui, iu vi bi, diu
vi xoi v.v

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NH GI CA GIO VIN
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