Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Chng 9
MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT

(Power Amplifier)
Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch ti. Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut lm vic vi bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng ng tn hiu nh kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng php th. Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch i cng sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau: - Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360o ca tn hiu ng vo (Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo). - Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng hn mt na chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo). - Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti VBE=0 (vng ngng). Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. - Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng ch mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch ny thng c dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v trong cc ng dng c bit. Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

9.1 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A:

Mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 9.2 l m hnh ca mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A n gin.
Error!

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

. Kho st phn cc:

. Kho st xoay chiu: Khi a tn hiu vi vo ng vo (hnh 9.2), dng IC v in th VCE (tn hiu ra) s thay i quanh im iu hnh Q. Vi tn hiu ng vo nh (hnh 9.4), v dng in cc nn thay i rt t nn dng in IC v in th VCE ng ra cng thay i t quanh im iu hnh. Khi tn hiu ng vo ln, ng ra s thay i rt ln quanh im tnh iu hnh. Dng IC s thay i quanh gii hn 0mA v VCC/RC. in th VCE thay i gia hai gii hn 0v v ngun VCC (hnh 9.5).

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

. Kho st cng sut: - Cng sut cung cp c nh ngha: Pi(dc) = VCC . ICQ (9.1) - Cng sut ng ra ly trn ti, trong trng hp ny l RC, c nh ngha:

* Nu tnh theo in th nh v dng in nh:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

* Nu tnh theo in th v dng in nh i nh:

. Hiu sut ti a: Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, VCE c th thay i ti a: VCE(p-p) max = VCC Dng IC thay i ti a: IC(p-p) max = VCC/RC Cng sut ra ti a:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

9.2 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A DNG BIN TH:

Mch c bn c dng nh hnh 9.6

Bin th s lm tng hoc gim in th hay dng in (tn hiu xoay chiu) ty vo s vng qun ca cun s cp v th cp. y ta xem bin th nh l tng ngha l truyn 100% cng sut. Nu gi N1, N2, v1, v2, I1, I2 ln lt l s vng qun, in th tn hiu xoay chiu, dng in tn hiu xoay chiu ca cun s cp v th cp. Ta c:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Nh vy c th xem nh in tr ti phn chiu qua cun s cp l:

. ng thng ly in: Nu ta xem bin th l tng, ngha l ni tr bng 0. Nh vy khng c in th mt chiu gim qua cun s cp nn VCEQ = VCC. . Do ng thng ly in tnh l ng thng song song vi trc tung IC v ct trc honh VCE ti im c tr s bng VCC. Giao im ca ng thng ly in tnh v c tuyn ra IB tng ng l im iu hnh Q.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

ch xoay chiu, in tr ti nhn t cun s cp l RL nn ng thng ly in ng by gi

Do : PL=I2L(rms).RL . Hiu sut: Cng sut cung cp l:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Pi(dc) = VCC . ICQ Cng sut tiu tn trong bin th v transistor cng sut l: PQ = Pi(dc) - Po(ac) Hiu sut ca mch c nh ngha:

9.3 KHO ST MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI B

Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc vi VB =0V nn bnh thng transistor khng dn in v ch dn in khi c tn hiu ln a vo. Do phn cc nh th nn transistor ch dn in c mt bn k ca tn hiu (bn k dng hay m ty thuc vo transistor NPN hay PNP). Do mun nhn c c chu k ca tn hiu ng ra ngi ta phi dng 2 transistor, mi transistor dn in mt na chu k ca tn hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng sut y ko (push-pull).
B

Cng sut cung cp: (cng sut vo) Ta c: Pi(dc) = VCC . IDC Trong IDC l dng in trung bnh cung cp cho mch. Do dng ti c c hai bn k nn nu gi IP l dng nh qua ti ta c:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

. Cng sut ra: Cng sut ra ly trn ti RL c th c tnh:

. Cng sut tiu tn trong transistor cng sut: Tiu tn trong 2 transistor:
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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

P2Q = Pi(dc) - Po(ac) Vy cng sut tiu tn trong mi transistor cng sut:

Cng sut tiu tn ti a ca 2 transistor cng sut khng xy ra khi cng sut ng vo ti a hay cng sut ng ra ti a. Cng sut tiu tn s ti a khi in th hai u ti l:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

9.4 DNG MCH CNG SUT LOI B:

Trong phn ny ta kho st mt s dng mch cng sut loi B thng dng. Tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin s cung cp cho 2 tng cng sut khc nhau. Nu tn hiu vo l hai tn hiu sin ngc pha, 2 tng cng sut ging ht nhau c dng, mi tng hot ng mt bn k ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu vo ch c mt tn hiu sin, phi dng 2 transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN hot ng bn k dng v mt PNP hot ng bn k m. to c 2 tn hiu ngc pha ng vo (nhng cng bin ), ngi ta c th dng bin th c im gia (bin th o pha), hoc dng transistor mc thnh mch khuch i c li in th bng 1 hoc dng op-amp mc theo kiu voltage-follower nh din t bng cc s sau:

9.4.1 Mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull lin lc bng bin th:
Dng mch c bn nh sau:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

- Trong bn k dng ca tn hiu, Q1 dn. Dng i1 chy qua bin th ng ra to cm ng cp cho ti. Lc ny pha ca tn hiu a vo Q2 l m nn Q2 ngng dn. - n bn k k tip, tn hiu a vo Q2 c pha dng nn Q2 dn. Dng i2 qua bin th ng ra to cm ng cung cp cho ti. Trong lc pha tn hiu a vo Q1 l m nn Q1 ngng dn. Ch l i1 v i2 chy ngc chiu nhau trong bin th ng ra nn in th cm ng bn cun th cp to ra bi Q1 v Q2 cng ngc pha nhau, chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh c chu k ca tn hiu.

Thc t, tn hiu ng ra ly c trn ti khng c trn vn nh trn m b bin dng. L do l khi bt u mt bn k, transistor khng dn in ngay m phi ch khi bin vt qua in th ngng VBE. S bin dng ny gi l s bin dng xuyn tm (crossover). khc phc, ngi ta phn cc VB dng mt cht (th d transistor NPN) transistor c th dn in tt ngay khi c tn hiu p vo chn B. Cch phn cc ny gi l phn cc loi AB. Ch l trong cch phn cc ny dn in ca transistor cng sut khng ng k khi cha c tn hiu
B

Ngoi ra, do hot ng vi dng IC ln, transistor cng sut d b nng ln. Khi nhit tng, in th ngng VBE gim (transistor d dn in hn) lm dng IC cng ln hn, hin tng ny chng cht dn n h hng transistor. khc phc, ngoi vic phi gii nhit y cho transistor, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr nh (thng l vi ) hai chn E ca transistor cng sut xung mass. Khi transistor chy mnh, nhit tng, IC tng tc IE lm VE tng dn n VBE gim. Kt qu l transistor dn yu tr li.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Ngoi ra, ngi ta thng mc thm mt in tr nhit c h s nhit m (thermistor) song song vi R2 gim bt in th phn cc VB b tr khi nhit tng.

9.4.2 Mch cng sut kiu i xng - b tc:

Mch ch c mt tn hiu ng vo nn phi dng hai transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN v mt PNP. Khi tn hiu p vo cc nn ca hai transistor, bn k dng lm cho transistor NPN dn in, bn k m lm cho transistor PNP dn in. Tn hiu nhn c trn ti l c chu k.

Cng ging nh mch dng bin th, mch cng sut khng dng bin th mc nh trn vp phi s bin dng cross-over do phn cc chn B bng 0v. khc phc, ngi ta cng phn cc mi cho cc chn B mt in th nh (dng i vi transistor NPN v m i vi transistor PNP). n nh nhit, 2 chn E cng c mc thm hai in tr nh.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Trong thc t, tng cng sut ca mch, ngi ta thng dng cc cp Darlington hay cp Darlington_cp hi tip nh c m t hnh 9.18 v hnh 9.19.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

9.4.3 Kho st vi dng mch thc t:

Trong phn ny, ta xem qua hai dng mch rt thng dng trong thc t: mch dng transistor v dng op-amp lm tng khuch i in th. 9.4.3.1 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l transistor: Mch c dng c bn nh hnh 9.20

cng sut.

Cc c im chnh: - Q1 l transistor khuch i in th v cung cp tn hiu cho 2 transistor

- D1 v D2 ngoi vic n nh in th phn cc cho 2 transistor cng sut (gi cho in th phn cc gia 2 chn B khng vt qu 1.4v) cn c nhim v lm ng lin lc cp tn hiu cho Q2 (D1 v D2 c phn cc thun). - Hai in tr 3.9( n nh hot ng ca 2 transistor cng sut v phng din nhit . - T 47F to hi tip dng cho Q2, mc ch nng bin ca tn hiu tn s thp (thng c gi l t Boostrap). - Vic phn cc Q1 quyt nh ch lm vic ca mch cng sut. 9.4.3.2 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l op-amp Mt mch cng sut dng AB vi op-amp c m t nh hnh 9.21: - Bin tr R2: dng chnh in th offset ng ra (chnh sao cho ng ra bng 0v khi khng c tn hiu vo). - D1 v D2 phn cc thun nn: VB1= 0.7v VB2= - 0.7v
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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

- in th VBE ca 2 transistor cng sut thng c thit k khong 0.6v, ngha l gim th qua in tr 10 l 0.1v. - Mt cch gn ng dng qua D1 v D2 l:

Nh vy ta thy khng c dng in phn cc chy qua ti. - Dng in cung cp tng cng: In = I1 + I + IC = 1.7 + 9.46 + 10 = 21.2 mA (khi cha c tn hiu, dng cung cp qua op-amp 741 l 1.7mA -nh sn xut cung cp). - Cng sut cung cp khi cha c tn hiu: Pin (standby) = 2VCC . In (standby) = (12v) . (21.2) = 254 mw - khuch i in th ca mch:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

- Dng in qua ti:

- in th nh qua ti: Vo(p) = 0.125 . 8 = 1v - Khi Q1 dn (bn k dng ca tn hiu), in th nh ti chn B ca Q1 l: VB1(p) = VE1(p) + 0.7v = 2.25 + 0.7 = 2.95v - in th ti ng ra ca op-amp: V1 = VB1 - VD1 = 2.95 - 0.7 = 2.25v - Tng t khi Q2 dn: VB2(p) = VE2(p) - 0.7v = -2.25 - 0.7 = -2.95v - in th ti ng ra op-amp: V1 = VB2(p) + VD2 = -2.95 + 0.7 = -2.25v - Khi Q1 ngng (Q2 dn) VB1 = V1 + VD1 = -2.25 + 0.7 = -1.55v - Tng t khi Q1 dn (Q2 ngng)

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

VB2 = V1 - VD2 = 2.25 - 0.7 = 1.55v - Dng bo ha qua mi transistor:

- in th Vo ti a: Vo(p) max = 333.3 * 8 =2.67v

9.4.3.3 Mch cng sut dng MOSFET: Phn ny gii thiu mt mch dng MOSFET cng sut vi tng u l mt mch khuch i vi sai. Cch tnh phn cc, v nguyn tc cng ging nh phn trn. Ta ch mt s im c bit: - Q1 v Q2 l mch khuch i vi sai. R2 to in th phn cc cho cc nn ca Q1. R1, C1 dng gii hn tn s cao cho mch (chng nhiu tn s cao). - Bin tr R5 to cn bng cho mch khuch i visai. - R13, R14, C3 l mch hi tip m, quyt nh li in th ca ton mch. - R15, C2 mch lc h thng c tc dng gim sng d trn ngun cp in ca tng khuch i vi sai. - Q4 dng nh mt tng o pha rp theo mch khuch i hng A. - Q3 hot ng nh mt mch n p n nh in th phn cc gia hai cc cng ca cp cng sut. - D1 dng gii hn bin vo cc cng Q5. R16 v D1 tc dng nh mt mch bo v. - R17 v C8 to thnh ti gi xoay chiu khi cha mc ti.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Hinh 9.23 Cong suat 30W dung MOSFET

9.5 IC CNG SUT:

Trong mch cng sut m tng u l op-amp, nu ta phn cc bng ngun n th mch c dng nh sau: - R1, R2 dng phn cc cho ng vo c in th bng VCC/2. - Mch hi tip m gm R7, R8 v C3 vi R8 << R7. t C3 to li in th mt chiu bng n v. Nh vy khi cha c tn hiu vo, hai ng vo + v ng vo - cng nh ng ra ca tng op-amp u c in th phn cc bng VCC/2, bng vi in th mt chiu ng ra ca mch cng sut.

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

- T C2 (t xut) ngn in th mt chiu qua ti v m bo in th phn cc ng ra bng VCC/2. - li in th ca ton mch: Av 1+R7/R8

Cc IC cng sut thng c ch to bn trong c cu trc gn tng t nh mch trn. Vi nhng IC cng sut ln, tng cui c th l cc cp darlington-cp hi tip. Ngoi ra nng cao cht lng, ngi ta cn ch to thm mt s mch c chc nng c bit nh bo v ni tt ng ra, b chnh tn s ... Th d ta xem Ic cng sut LM1877 (bn trong c 2 mch cng sut vi cng sut ra ti a l 1w/knh) c s chn nh sau:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Mch sau y cho thy cch rp thnh mch cng sut 1watt vi cc linh kin bn ngoi khi dng 1 knh.

Trong ch mt s c im: - R2, C7, R3, C4 quyt nh khuch i ca mch (mch hi tip m). - R4, C5 lm ti gi cho mch v iu ha tng tr loa tn s cao. - T C7 quyt nh p ng tn s cao. - R1 phn cc ng vo. R1 khng c qu nh s lm bin tn hiu vo. - khuch i ca mch tn s gia
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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

Trong trng hp rp 2 knh, mch in nh hnh sau:

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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

BI TP CUI CHNG IX
Bi 1: Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v hiu sut ca mch sau, bit rng khi c tn hiu ng vo dng IB s dao ng vi bin nh l 10mA.

Bi 2: Trong mch khuch i cng sut sau y: 1. Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v cng sut tiu ph trong mi transistor. 2. Tnh cng sut v hiu sut ca mch khi tn hiu vo c bin hiu dng l 12V(rms).

Bi 3: Mt mch cng sut loi A dng bin th vi t s vng 4:1. Dng ngun cp in VCC = 36V mch cho cng sut 2 watt trn ti 16. Tnh: a/. P(ac) trn cun s cp. b/. vL(ac). c/. v(ac) trn cun s cp. d/. Tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ti v trn cun s cp. Bi 4: Mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A nh hnh v. Xc nh: a/. li in th gn ng ca mch. b/. Cng sut vo Pi(dc). c/. Cng sut ra Po(ac).
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Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut

d/. Hiu sut ca mch. Cho bit dng tiu th ca LM324 khi cha c tn hiu l 0.8mA.

Bi 5: Trong mch cng sut hnh 9.23 cho bit VGS(th) ca IRF532 thay i t 2v n 4v v VGS(th) ca IRF9532 thay i t -2v n -4v. Mt cch gn ng, tnh in th ti a v ti thiu gia 2 cc cng ca cp cng sut.

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