B T LNH THNG TIN LIN LC TRUNG TM K THUT THNG TIN CNG NGH CAO

Thng 5 - 2003

C bn v lung 2 Mbit/s

C BN V LUNG 2 Mbit/s

MC LC

Trang 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Cc h thng thng tin PCM Tn hiu PCM Bo hiu M pht hin sai Bo cnh M ng dy Khuyn ngh G.703 ca ITU-T Jitter Cc ch lm vic ca lung E1 Ph lc Cc cu hi thng gp v G.703 Ch tt Cc khuyn ngh chnh v E1 ca ITU-T Ti liu tham kho chnh 6 6 12 14 18 19 22 23 23 14 27 29 30 31

Gii thiu
10-3-1876: Mr Watson, come here. I want you! y l cu ni u tin ca Alexander Graham Bell khi s dng chic my in thoi t sng ch ca ng. Vo cui nm y, cuc lin lc in thoi ng di hai chiu u tin c thc hin. Nm sau , 1877, bt u xut hin my in thoi cho thu. H thng in thoi hnh thnh v pht trin nhanh chng. Ngy nay, thng tin in thoi vn l mt thnh phn ch yu trong lu lng vin thng. Mc tiu ca cc h thng thng tin l truyn ngy cng nhiu thng tin hn trn mt ng dy duy nht. iu bao gm vic ghp nhiu ngun tin li vi nhau, truyn chng cng nhau, ri sau ti u thu chng c tch ra phn phi n cc ni nhn tin ring r. Mt trong cc phng php ghp cc ngun tin l ghp theo tn s (FDM). Theo phng php ny, mt tp cc knh thoi c iu ch vi cc sng mang khc nhau a cc tn hiu vo cc di tn khc nhau. Trong cc h thng analog (tng t), cc knh c phn chia theo tn s. Do nhu cu ngy cng cao v tc cng nh cht lng truyn dn, trong khi yu cu chi ph ngy cng thp, h thng FDM c thay th bng mt h thng mi. Vo nhng nm 1960, cc h thng digital (s) xut hin. T , cc knh thoi c phn chia theo thi gian bng phng php iu ch m xung (PCM). Vo cui nhng nm 1980, xut hin h thng Phn cp s ng b (SDH). H thng ny to ra cc mng c th d dng p ng c nhu cu ngy cc tng ca cc dch v v ng dng cn bng thng ln. Mc ch ca cun sch nh ny l cung cp cc thng tin c bn v lung 2 Mbit/s (E1), mt thnh phn thng gp nht trong cc qu trnh khai thc, x l bo m TTLL. Cho d h thng truyn dn l PDH hay SDH, E1 cng l thnh phn t bo to nn cc h thng thng tin s hin i.

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1. CC H THNG THNG TIN PCM Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) c hai tiu chun thng tin chnh, l h thng T1 c tc 1.544 kbit/s theo khuyn ngh ca Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa k (ANSI), v h thng E1 c tc 2.048 kbit/s theo khuyn ngh ca Lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T. H thng T1 c s dng ch yu M, Canada v Nht. Chu u v mt s nc khc s dng h thng E1. Bng 1. Cc c trng ca h thng thng tin E1 v T1 a b c d e Cc c tnh chung Tn s ly mu S mu cho mt tn hiu thoi Khong thi gian mt khung PCM S bit ng vi mt t m Tc bit ca knh thoi Cc c tnh khc nhau M ho/gii m S on trn c tuyn nn S khe thi gian trong mt khung PCM S bit trong mt khung PCM (* c t mt bit b sung) Khong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian 8 bit E1 v T1 8 kHz 8000/s 1/b = 1/8000/s = 125 s 8 b x d = 8000/s x 8 bit = 64 kbit/s

f g h i

E1 T1 Lut A Lut 13 15 32 24 d x g = 8 x 32 = d x g +1* = 8 x 24 256 bit +1* = 193 bit (c x d)/h (c x d)/h = (125 s x = (125 s x 8)/193 8)/256 5,2 s 3,9 s Tc bit ca tn hiu ghp knh theo b x h bxh thi gian 8000/s x 256 bit 8000/s x 193 bit 2.048 kbit/s 1.544 kbit/s Cc c tnh c th v cc c tuyn ca h thng E1 s c trnh by cc phn

sau. 2. TN HIU PCM thc hin iu ch m xung (PCM) cho mt tn hiu analog, ngi ta thc hin theo 3 bc sau: 1. Trc ht, tn hiu analog (tn hiu thoi) t my in thoi c chuyn thnh tn hiu iu bin xung (PAM) thng qua qu trnh ly mu (samling). 2. Sau khi ly mu tn hiu analog c tn hiu PAM, tn hiu PAM s c lng t ho theo mc (quantisation). 3. M ho tn hiu c lng t ho chuyn tn hiu PAM lng t thnh tn hiu s PCM (encoding). Thc t trong cc thit b, qu trnh lng t ho v m ho din ra ng thi. 2-1. Ly mu (Sampling) Ly mu l vic o nh k cc gi tr ca tn hiu analog. 7

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Theo l thuyt ly mu Shannon, mt tn hiu sau khi ly mu s cha y cc thng tin nu nh tn s ly mu khng ln hn hai ln tn s ln nht ca tn hiu c ly mu. Do tn hiu analog trong thng tin thoi b hn ch trong di tn t 300Hz n 3.400Hz, nn tn s ly mu c hiu qu s l 8.000Hz, tc l cc mu cch nhau 125 s (Hnh 1).

Tn hiu analog T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 t

Tn hiu PAM T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 t

Hnh 1. Min tn s v thi gian ca cc tn hiu analog v PAM 2-2. Lng t v m ho (Quantisation and Encoding) Trong h thng E1, cc tn hiu PAM c lng t theo c tuyn nn 13 on, gi l lut A, tun theo biu thc sau: y = (1 + lnAx) / (1 + lnA) Trong : x = in p vo b nn y = in p ra b nn. A = 87,6 c tuyn ny c to bi 7 on khc nhau trn mi hai na to dng v m, vi hai on gn gc to (im 0) to nn mt ng thng duy nht. Mi on c chia thnh cc bc tuyn tnh, vi on gn gc to c 32 bc, trong khi cc on cn li ch c 16 bc. Cch thc hin lng t nh trn to thnh mt c tuyn lng t phi tuyn, nhm lm tng t s tn hiu i vi tp m lng t (t s S/Q). Do hu ht thng tin trong ging ni ngi c bin nh nn gim tp m lng t i vi bin nh, ngi ta chn on gn to 0 s bao trm 1/64 bin tn hiu vo v c chia thnh 32 bc. Trong khi, phn na trn cng ca di ng tn hiu vo s c trm bi on 16 bc cui cng ca c tuyn (Hnh 2). Vi 128 bc cho mi na dng v m ca bin tn hiu nh trn s to thnh 256 bc, do cn c 8 bit m ho (28). Bit c trng s ln nht gi l bit k hiu v

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c gi tr l 1 nu bin l dng. 3 bit tip theo s dng cho cc on, cn 4 bit cui cng biu din cho 16 bc trong mi on. iu cho thy t s S/Q ci thin trc tip trn on tuyn tnh u tin ca c tuyn nn, sau tri u gi tr 37 n 38 dB n cc gi tr cn li ca di ng. Trn thc t vi cch lng t ho nh vy, ta s c t s S/Q khng i trn di bin bnh thng ca tn hiu thoi t gi tr xung quanh 33 dBm0 cho n 5 dBm0, lm cho tn hiu thoi s trung thc hn khi truyn theo phng php ny (Hnh 3).

Cc mc lng t

Bin

K hiu

Cc on t 1 n 7

Cc bc t 1 n 16

Hnh 2. c tuyn nn 13 on theo Khuyn ngh G.711 ca ITU-T

Cc on
a - Tn hiu b - Tp m Tn hiu Cc on ca c tuyn nn Gii hn di ng 16 bc nn Mc vo

Hnh 3. c tuyn t s tn hiu/tp m lngt (S/Q)

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2-3. To khung PCM 2-3-1. Nguyn l ghp knh Ngun tin sau khi c ly mu, lng t ho v m ho s l cc t m 8 bit cch nhau 125 s (tc l c tn s 8 kHz) ng vi mi knh thoi s 64 kb/s s c truyn i. s dng hiu qu ng truyn, cc tn hiu ny ca cc knh c ghp vi nhau theo thi gian, theo cc t m c truyn xen k trong mt khung iu ch m xung PCM, tc l ti mt thi im ch c mt knh c truyn i. Hnh 4 biu din nguyn l c bn ghp knh theo thi gian cho 4 knh s t S1 n S4.
S hiu khung S hiu tn hiu T m 8 bit Ghp knh (Multiplexing) Phn knh (Demultiplexing)

ng truyn

Khung

1 khe thi gian

Hnh 4. Nguyn l ghp knh theo thi gian 2-3-2. Khung s cp Khung s cp c 32 t m 8 bit (gi l 32 khe thi gian) v c nh s t 0 n 31. Mt khung PCM31 s c 31 khe thi gian truyn lu lng v mt khe thi gian dng ng b. Khi lung 2 Mb/s khng truyn thoi, s khng cn phi nh v tng khe thi gian cng nh khng cn truyn tn hiu bo hiu, nn khe 1 n 31 c th dng truyn s liu vi tc 2.048 kb/s 64 kb/s (khe s 0) = 1.984 kb/s (tuy nhin, lung Fractional E1 khng s dng vi loi lung PCM31 ny v cn phi xc nh chnh xc cc khe thi gian).
32 khe thi gian 0 Cc khe thi gian 1 n 31 Cc knh t 1 n 31 ng b khung

Trong h thng PCM30, khung gm 30 khe thi gian truyn lu lng v 2 khe thi gian (2 t m) dng cho mc ch ng b v bo hiu. Trng hp ny lung 2M thng dng truyn thoi (G.704).

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32 khe thi gian 0 Cc khe 1-31 Cc knh 1-31 ng b khung Bo hiu 16 Cc khe 17-32 Cc knh 17-32

ng b khung Cc pha pht v thu c ng b vi khung PCM bng Tn hiu ng b khung FAS (Frame Alignment Signal), FAS c pht trong khe thi gian 0 mi khung chn. Tn hiu Khng cha ng b khung NFAS (Not Frame Alignment Signal) c pht trong khe thi gian 0 ca cc khung l.
0 Khe 1-15 16 Khe 17-31

8 bit Tn hiu ng b khung FAS Tn hiu khng cha ng b khung NFAS X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS trong cc khung chn X 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8

NFAS trong cc khung l

Hnh 5. Cc tn hiu FAS v NFAS Tn hiu ng b khung (FAS)

Bit s Gi tr nh phn 1 Si(C) 2 0 3 0 4 1 5 1 6 0 7 1 8 1

- bit 1: Si d tr s dng quc t, trong PCM30 hoc PCM31 hoc C c s dng truyn m pht hin sai CRC trong PCM30C hoc PCM31C - bit 2-8: FAS u thu ca h thng PCM s da vo vic thu cc tn hiu ng b khung FAS xc nh chnh xc cc khe thi gian (v tr cc knh) nhm phn phi tn hiu ng cho tng knh. Tn hiu FAS c pht trong khe thi gian 0 ca mi khung PCM chn, tc l cc khung PCM th 2, 4, 6... N lun lun l mt t m 7 bit c dng nh phn l 001101 bt u t bit th 2.

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Bit 1 trong khe thi gian 0 gi l bit S i c dng d tr cho s dng quc t, n lun l 1 tr khi h thng s dng m pht hin sai CRC. CRC l kt qu d ca php chia khi so snh gia tn hiu thu c u thu vi tn hiu pht i u pht khi dng bit ny. Tn hiu khng cha ng b khung (NFAS) NFAS c s dng mang thng tin v trng thi ca ng truyn v cung cp cc tn hiu iu khin cho cc b ghp knh khung s cp.
Bit s Gi tr nh phn 1 Si(M) 2 1 3 A 4 Sa4 5 Sa5 6 Sa6 7 Sa7 8 Sa8

- bit 1: Si d tr s dng quc t, trong PCM30 hoc PCM31 hoc M c s dng truyn tn hiu ng b a khung CRC trong PCM30C hoc PCM31C; - bit 2: t v 1 phng ln vi FAS nh trnh by trn (bit 2 ca FAS lun l mc 0). - bit 3: dng ch th bo cnh t xa. - bit 4 n bit 8: Sa4 n Sa8 l cc bit d phng b sung, c th s dng nh sau: Cc bit Sa Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho php cc bit Sa4 n Sa8 c s dng trong cc ng dng im - im (v d cho thit b bin i m transcoder) trong phm vi quc gia. Khi cc bit ny khng s dng v trn cc tuyn ct qua mt bin gii quc t, chng c t v 1. Bit Sa4 c th c s dng nh mt s liu dng bn tin cho cng tc khai thc, bo qun v gim st hiu nng. Knh ny xut pht im ti khung c pht i v kt cui ni khung b phn chia. 2-3-3. ng b khung
A 1 LR B 1

30

PCMX30

LTE

LTE

PCMX30

30

PCMX30 = B ghp knh s cp cho 30 knh thoi/s liu LTE = Thit b ng dy. LR = B lp ng dy.

Hnh 6. H thng truyn dn 2.048 kb/s Trong s Hnh 6 trn: B ghp knh PCM u cui B s c ng b vi lung bit t b ghp knh PCM A truyn sang khi thon mn nhng iu kin sau: 1. Tn hiu ng b khung FAS ng, Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 nhn c khe thi gian 0. 2. Bit 2 trong khe thi gian 0 ca khung tip theo (NFAS) phi l 1, tc l phi nhn c t m Si 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8 trong khe thi gian 0 ca khung l.

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3. Nhn c t m Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 trong khe thi gian 0 ca khung tip theo. Ghi nh: B ghp knh c gi l ng b ch khi tt c 3 iu kin trn c tho mn. Vic ng b l kim tra xem cc bit thu c nh x ng vo cc knh hay khng. Khng nn nhm c ch ng b ny vi ng b xung nhp v y l hai hot ng khc nhau, khng ph thuc nhau, Vic khi phc xung nhp t c da trn hnh dng tn hiu. 3. BO HIU Trong cc h thng PCM30 v PCM30C, khe thi gian th 16 c dng cho bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS). Cc thng tin cn thit chuyn mch v nh tuyn cho ton b 30 knh thoi (cc m bo hiu v m trng thi) s c chn vo v pht i trn khe thi gian ny. Vic chuyn i bo hiu gia cc b ghp knh trong knh hng thun v ngc thng qua cc tn hiu xung gm 4 bit (a, b, c v d) bng b ghp knh bo hiu t cc tn hiu gc trong tng i. Mt v d v phng php bo hiu l bo hiu E&M (Exchange and Multiplex) nh biu din trn Hnh 7.

Tng i tng t

H thng truyn dn PCM

Tng i tng t

Relay Unit
MU E&M MUX X a, b, c, d MU X E&M MUX

Relay Unit

Hnh 7. Bo hiu E & M 3-1. Bo hiu E&M Theo phng php ny, cc khi r le (relay unit) c s dng phi hp cc tn hiu n t tng i vi thit b E&M. Khi b ghp E&M (E&M Mux) pht hin thy tn hiu bo hiu, n chuyn i chng thnh cc tn hiu 4 bit (a, b, c, d) ri truyn sang thit b ghp knh PCM (Mux) chn vo khe thi gian th 16 ca khung PCM s cp.
Bo hiu hng thun

Bo hiu hng ngc

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Hnh 8. Bo hiu knh kt hp 3-2. Bo hiu knh kt hp Vic chuyn i bo hiu cho hng thun v hng ngc c hon tt bng cch s dng cc bit trong ch thay i trng thi chm. Do , n c th truyn cc bit bo hiu tng i tnh ny tc 2 kb/s cho mi thu bao. Kt qu l dung lng 64 kb/s ca khe thi gian 16 c phn phi cho 30 knh thu bao v 2 knh ph (cho ng b v bo hiu). Mt bo hiu a khung c to nn trong cha 16 khung PCM thng thng. Mi khe bo hiu ca a khung c kh nng truyn 4 kb/s (64 kb/s chia cho 16 khung). Tng khe thi gian ny li c chia nh cho 2 knh thu bao, trong tc ca mi knh l 2 kb/s.
64 kb/s: 16 khe thi gian cho bo hiu = 4 kb/s cho mi khe thi gian Khe thi gian bo hiu 4 kb/s Thu bao th n 2 kb/s Thu bao th n+15 2 kb/s

3-3. Bo hiu a khung

Cc khe thi gian 8 bit ca khung PCM 2.048 kb/s

Khung 0

Khung 8

Khung 15

Bo hiu a khung, 2ms

Cc khe bo hiu

Tn hiu ng b a khung

Tn hiu khng c ng b a khung

Khe 8

Khe 24

Khe 15

Khe 31

T m bo hiu a, b, c, d cc bit bo hiu trong t m bo hiu

T m bo hiu

Hnh 9. Bo hiu a khung Bn bit u tin trong khe th 16 ca khung th nht (khung 0) ca bo hiu a khung c dng truyn tn hiu ng b a khung (MFAS) = 0 0 0 0. Bn bit tip theo l tn hiu khng c ng b a khung (NMFAS) X Y X X. Cu trc bo hiu a khung c biu din trn Bng 2 nh sau: Bng 2. Gn cc bit trong khe th 16 ca bo hiu a khung trong bo hiu knh kt hp
S khung 0 1 2 a 0 Cc bit trong khe thi gian th 16 b c d a b c d 0 0 0 X Y X X Knh thoi 1 Knh thoi 16 Knh thoi 2 Knh thoi 17

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Cc bit trong khe thi gian th 16 b c d a b c d Knh thoi 3 Knh thoi 18 Knh thoi 4 Knh thoi 19 Knh thoi 5 Knh thoi 20 Knh thoi 6 Knh thoi 21 Knh thoi 7 Knh thoi 22 Knh thoi 8 Knh thoi 23 Knh thoi 9 Knh thoi 24 Knh thoi 10 Knh thoi 25 Knh thoi 11 Knh thoi 26 Knh thoi 12 Knh thoi 27 Knh thoi 13 Knh thoi 28 Knh thoi 14 Knh thoi 29 Knh thoi 15 Knh thoi 30

S khung 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 0 0 0 = Tn hiu ng b a khung X = bit d phng, bnh thng nhn gi tr 1; Y = bit bo cnh a khung t xa.

Xung quay s V ch c khe th 16 l dng cho bo hiu CAS v 16 khung PCM c kt hp vi nhau to thnh bo hiu a khung, iu cho thy a khung ny s chim mt khong thi gian l 16 x 125 s = 2 ms. iu c ngha l thng tin bo hiu cho ton b 30 thu bao c truyn theo mt chu k 2 ms v thng tin bo hiu cho mi thu bao s c cp nht sau mi 2 ms. Khong thi gian ny cp nht thng tin bo hiu v cc xung bo hiu ngn nht l xung quay s c chiu di vi t s gia khong dng v xung l 40 v 60 ms, tc l di hn so vi khong ly mu 2 ms.
Xung quay s

Khong ly mu 2 ms 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Hnh 10. Cp nht thng tin bo hiu sau mi khong 2 ms 4. M PHT HIN SAI (CRC) Trong cc mng s tch hp a dch v ISDN, cc thu bao c cung cp cc knh 64 kb/s trong sut truyn thoi v s liu. S trong sut, v bn cht, c ngha l tn hiu nh phn ca cc thu bao c truyn trn ton b tuyn m khng c s bin i s/tng t no, vi trnh t cc bit hon ton c gi nguyn. C s nguy him khi truyn thng tin s liu kiu ny, khi thu bao c th v tnh hay hu truyn mu nh phn 10011011, y chnh l t m ca tn hiu ng b

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khung FAS1. iu ny dn n b ghp knh PCM s ng b li theo FAS thc t ny v lm cho ton b cc knh PCM s b phn knh nhm. trnh sai st trn cho h thng, Khuyn ngh G.704 ca ITU-T quy nh s dng m pht hin sai CRC-4 kim tra cho cc h thng 2.048 kb/s. H thng PCM c s dng m CRC-4 gi l PCM30C v PCM31C.
Khung n Khung n+1 Khung n+2

Mt .b

Tn hiu thu bao ISDN 10011011 ng b sai ti im ny trong khung Khung n+1 Tn hiu TS31 FAS nhm

Khung n

Mt .b

ng b sai ti im ny trong khung

Hnh 11. V d v ng b sai do nhm tn hiu ng b khung FAS 4-1. Phng php CRC-4 u pht ca b ghp knh PCM to ra mt khi kim tra CRC (khi n) t 8 khung PCM lin tip. Khi ny c 2.048 bit (8 x 256 bit). Khi kim tra c nhn vi x4 ri sau c chia cho a thc sinh x4 + x + 1. V d v tnh CRC-4: Khi s liu n S nhn x4 a thc sinh x4 + x + 1 1011

10101000 1011 11100 10011 11110 10011 1 1 0 1 phn d

Phn d ca php chia cn c gi l k hiu h thng (system signature), c 4 bit. Bn bit ny s c ghi vo bit th nht trong cc tn hiu ng b khung ca khi s liu lin k sau (n+1), gi l cc bit C1, C2, C3 v C4.

Xem phn ng b khung

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Khi s liu n Phn d C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4 Phn d C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4

Khi s liu n Phn d C1 C2 C3 C4

Khi s liu * x4 a thc sinh

Khi s liu * x4 a thc sinh

So snh phn d

C1 C2 C3 C4

Khi s liu n+1

Khi s liu n+1 Phn d C1 C2 C3 C4

Khi s liu * x4 a thc sinh

Khi s liu * x4 a thc sinh

So snh phn d

C1 C2 C3 C4

Khi s liu n+1

Khi s liu n+1

Hnh 12. S khi CRC-4 Sau , khi s liu n c pht sang u thu v cng c nhn v chia vi x4 v a thc sinh nh bn pht c phn d 4 bit. Khi khi s liu n+1 c pht n, phn d t khi s liu b chia n pha pht cng c truyn n u thu. Ti n c so snh vi phn d t khi s liu n u thu. Nu hai phn d ny ging nhau th c ngha l khng c li trong qu trnh truyn dn. Nu hai phn d ny khc nhau th c ngha l cht lng tn hiu b suy gim v c mt hoc nhiu bit b li trong qu trnh truyn dn.

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4-2. CRC a khung

1 khung = 32 x 8 bit = 256 bit trong 125 s

FAS = tn hiu ng b khung 0011011 NFAS = tn hiu mt ng b khung C1 n C4 = m pht hin sai CRC 4 bit E = cc bit ch th li CRC-4 A = ch th bo cnh t xa Sa4 n Sa8 = cc bit d phng

Hnh 13. CRC-4 a khung Truyn s d cn c mt dung lng trong nhn c bng cch s dng bit kim tra trong FAS (bit u tin) ca tng khung chn. nh v 4 bit kim tra C 1, C2, C3 v C4 ca s d, ngi ta thc hin CRC cho a khung. CRC-4 a khung gm16 khung PCM ging nh bo hiu a khung, v do vy cng c chu k l 2 ms. a khung ny c chia thnh 2 a khung nh I v II (sub-multiframe), mi a khung nh c 8 khung. Mt tn hiu CRC ng b a khung (CRC MFAS) c dng ng b u thu vi a khung ny. CRC MFAS l mt tn hiu 6 bit c dng 001011, c ghp xen bit vo bit u tin ca cc khung l NFAS, tc l cc khung 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 v 11 trong a khung. Ring cc bit u tin ca cc khung l cn li 13 v 15, gi l cc bit ch th li E, dng ch th cc khi s liu b li bit cho u pht. Nu nh bit E trong khung 13 c gi tr 0 c ngha l c li CRC trong s liu ca a khung nh I; nu nh nh bit E trong khung 15 c gi tr 0 th c ngha l c li CRC trong s liu ca a khung nh II. Cc li bit E ny cn c gi l cc li CRC t xa. V tng a khung nh c 8 khung PCM thng thng, do n s c chu k l 8 x 125 s = 1 ms, tc l h thng s thc hin so snh 1000 CRC trong mt giy. So vi s gim st ca FAS thc hin trong cc h thng khng c CRC th h thng c CRC c u im v pht hin li ln hn nhiu, v ton b cc s liu truyn u c kim tra. H thng khng c CRC ch gim st mt phn nh tn hiu, l 7 bit cho mi 505 bit. Tuy nhin, phng php CRC li khng nh vy, n pht hin tt c cc li c th. 18

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Khi c nhiu li trong mt khi CRC c th vn dn n s d ng, cho d trong c khi vn c li. V s d CRC l mt t 4 bit nn xc sut pht hin li khng ng s chim 1/16 hay 6,25% cho d s d vn ng ca khi d liu c li. Ni cch khc, khi c li xc sut pht hin chc chn s ch chim 93,75%. Trong thng tin s liu, th tc thng thng sa li l pht li khi li b sai. Tuy nhin th tc ny khng p dng c trong truyn dn PCM do s liu khng c nh li bt k im no. Phng php CRC khng th xc nh chnh xc tng li v n khng th ni c bao nhiu li lm cho phn d b sai trong php kim tra tng (check sum). Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng hiu qu m bo cht lng truyn dn v n gim st lin tc d liu truyn. 4-3. ng b khung (vi CRC-4) H thng truyn dn s dng CRC-4 thc hin 1000 php so snh CRC trong mt giy. Nu s lng so snh thy sai vt qu ngng 914 trong tng s 1000 php so snh trn (tc l t l sai chim 91,4%) th h thng s mt ng b. Vic ti ng b s c thc hin theo cc iu kin sau: 1. ng b ca h thng PCM thng thng: a) Nhn c tn hiu ng b khung ng b) Bit th hai trong NFAS phi l 1. c) FAS ca khung tip theo cng phi ng 2. ng b a khung CRC: Bit v tr 1 ca NFAS trong cc khung ca a khung CRC c kim tra theo tn hiu ng b khung CRC l 001011 Vic ng b a khung CRC s t c khi thu c t nht 2 CRC MFAS ng trong mi khong 8 ms (4 CRC a khung nh). Gia hai CRC MFAS ng ny phi l 2 ms hay bi s ms ca n. Ch khi tho mn iu kin 1 v 2 trn th h thng mi coi nh c ng b v mi tnh ton CRC. 5. BO CNH 5-1. Bo cnh t xa Cc b ghp knh c kt ni vi nhau sao cho truyn tn hiu PCM c thc hin theo c hai hng, theo cc tn hiu cnh bo cng c truyn theo c hai hng.
MUX A
FAS NFAS

MUX B

NFAS X 0: Bnh thng 1 A Sa4 Sa5 Sa6 Sa7 Sa8

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1: Nu FAS BER > 1 x 10-3

Hnh 14. Thng bo bo cnh 5-2. Ch th bo cnh t xa (RAI) NFAS c s dng truyn thng tin dch v. Bit th 3 (bit A) trong NFAS ch th bo cnh t xa: Nu bit 3 = 0 c ngha l h thng lm vic bnh thng v khng c bo cnh; Nu bit 3 = 1 ngha l c mt trong cc trng thi sau xy ra: - Hng ngun; - Hng codec; - Khng c tn hu 2.048 kb/s vo; - Khng ng b khung; - T l li bit ca tn hiu ng b khung > 1 x 10-3. B ghp knh u B (Hnh 14) s gim st lin tc li bit FAS vo. FAS c thu trong khe thi gian 0 ca cc khung xen k nhau sau mi khong thi gian 250 s (hay 4000 ln/s). Nu kt qu gim st li bit FAS 1 x 10-3 th vic truyn dn l bnh thng. NFAS s truyn v pha u A c dng Si 1 0 1 1 1 1 1. Khi t l li bit FAS t mc ln hn 1 x 10 -3, s lm vic ng ca tuyn truyn dn s khng cn v b ghp knh thu s khng th ng b c na. iu ny c ch th bng cch t bit A trong NFAS ln mc 1, tc l c bo cnh, gi l Ch th bo cnh t xa (RAI). Khi ny t m khe thi gian 0 ca NFAS truyn v u A c dng Si 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 5-3. Tn hiu ch th bo cnh (AIS) B ghp knh u A s ghi li bo cnh ny, sau dng pht thoi hoc s liu thay vo l truyn mt dy bit 1 lin tc. iu ny lm cho b ghp knh u B a ra bo cnh AIS. Tn hiu ton 1 ny nhm duy tr c cu khi phc tn hiu ng h trn cc trm lp sao cho vic ti ng b c th thc hin cng nhanh cng tt, khi t l li bit FAS c khi phc v bng hoc nh hn 1 x 10-3. ITU nh ngha AIS l mt khi 512 bit, trong phi c hn 509 bit 1, tc l khng qu 3 bit 0 trong 2 khung lin tip. Mt tn hiu c tt c cc bit trng thi 1 (tr FAS, 001101 = 3 bit 0) khng phi l mt AIS hp l v cn c hiu l mt ng b khung. 5-4. Mt ng b khung Mt ng b khung c a ra trong khung PCM30 (PCM31) nu thu c 3 t m FAS sai lin tip, hoc trong khung PCM30C (PCM31C) c nhiu hn 914 li CRC trong 1 s. 5-5. Mt ng b a khung Nu mt bo hiu MFAS th s c bo cnh mt ng b a khung. 5-6. Bo cnh a khung t xa Nu c bo cnh mt ng b a khung theo mt hng th bit Y trong NMFAS (bit 2) trong hng ngc li s chuyn ln mc 1 pht bo cnh a khung t xa.

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6. CC M NG DY M ng dy nhm lm cho tn hiu u ra thit b pht ph hp vi cc c tnh ca ng dy. M ng dy c hai chc nng chnh: Phi bo m c thng tin nh thi trong tn hiu thu. Phi chng hin tng tri (droop).

Cc b lp hoc b phn knh s ly mu tn hiu ng h t tn hiu thu ri nh gi tn hiu ny kch thch ng h tu theo s ln chuyn i ca tn hiu vo. Droop l mt hiu ng c th xy ra khi truyn s liu trn mt mch c phn ng vi thnh phn mt chiu 0. Cc mc in p mt chiu danh nh c th b dch ln hoc dch xung do s phng np ca in dung ng truyn. Droop dn n hin tng tri cc mc tn hiu v gi l tri ranh gii.
in p

t Droop

Hnh 15. Dng sng droop Bt k cc dng sng 2 cc c gi tr trung bnh 0 no m c xu bit 0 hoc 1 di u dn n hin tng droop mc in p truyn nh ch ra trn Hnh 15. Cc yu cu c bn khi xy dng m ng dy l: V ph tn: c tnh ph ca tn hiu phi ph hp vi c tnh ca knh truyn (nh rng bng tn, tp m...). Nhn chung ph ca tn hiu cng nh cng tt v nn tp trung pha tn s thp ca di tn knh, sao cho tiu hao trong knh mc ti thiu, ng thi khng cha thnh phn mt chiu v cng t thnh phn tn s thp cng tt, sao cho c th s dng c bin p trn ng truyn tn hiu. V khi phc xung nhp: Cc thng tin v thi gian phi trong tn hiu nhm lm cho b lp hoc my thu c th d dng tch ra xung ng b. iu ny c th d dng t c bng cch lm cho tn hiu c nhiu chuyn i tn s nhp. Bo m c t s tn/tp gim li. C kh nng pht hin li.

xy dng m ng dy, ngi ta phi bin i tn hiu nh phn thnh cc loi tn hiu khc theo nhiu quy lut khc nhau, v d nh m AMI, HDBn, CMI, BnZS, ... 6-1. M AMI
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Nh phn V+ AMI (50% chu k cng tc)

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Hnh 16. Nguyn l m AMI M o du lun phin (AMI) l mt loi m ng dy c th phng chng c hin tng tri. Vi loi m ny, cc tnh ca tn hiu lun thay i sau mi xung 1 ca tn hiu truyn. Nu nh tn hiu nh phn c mt lng ln cc xung 1, khi my thu s d dng khi phc tn hiu ng h theo tc s liu. Nu c mt xu ln cc bit 0 th my thu khng th khi phc ng h v s dn n hin tng mt ng b so vi tn hiu vo. 6-2. M HDB3 HDB l vit tt ca ch High Density Bipolar m mt cao, l mt trng hp ring ca m HDBn (n=3) v l mt bin dng ca m AMI nhm khc phc nhc im mt ng b khi c dy s 0 qu di (do khi khng c s chuyn i mc). Kt qu ca vic tnh ton cc s liu thng k khi phn tch cc dy bit nh phn sau khi m ho ca tt c cc dng tn hiu trong mng s cho thy n = 3 l thch hp nht cho m phi ghp ng dy cc tc 2.048, 8.448 v 34.368 kb/s. Trong HDB3, khng cho php truyn 4 s 0 lin tip, nu truyn mt dy 4 s 0 lin tip th phi thay th theo quy tc sau: Cc tnh ca xung ng trc + V 1 0 1 0 0 0 S xung (+,-) k t ln thay trc L Chn 000+00+ 000+ -000 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 t

Xung V

Xung B

Xung V

Hnh 17. Lung s liu sau khi m ho HDB3 Nu truyn mt dy 4 s 0 th xung 0 cui cng c thay bng xung V (Violation pulse) c cng cc tnh vi bit trc , gi l xung vi phm. Pha u thu, xung V ny rt d nhn bit v n vi phm quy lut o du lun phin ca m AMI. Tuy nhin, vic thm vo xung V lm cho dy xung xut hin thnh phn mt chiu (m AMI khng c thnh phn mt chiu) nn ngi ta phi b sung thm mt xung B (Balancing pulse) c cc tnh ngc vi bit trc thay vo xung 0 u tin ca dy 4 xung 0 nhm khc phc nhc im trn, ng thi cng trnh 2 xung V lin tip cng du, xung B gi l xung cn bng. 22

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Hai phng n 000V hay B00V c s dng sao cho cc ca cc xung V lin tip phi thay i. Cc xung V c vai tr quan trng trong vic tch xung ng b u thu, thm ch c vi xu bit 0 di nhm t c yu cu k thut ra trn. M HDB3 c ph kh hp, tp trung v khng c thnh phn 1 chiu do c th truyn trn cc mch cn bng, cc mch ghp bin p; ng thi cho php truyn mt dy 0 di m vn duy tr c ng b nn c s dng kh rng ri v c ly lm tiu chun trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho 3 cp truyn dn h chu u 2048, 8448 v 34368 kb/s.
M giao din HDB3 1 M ng dy HDB3

30

PCMX 30

LTE

Hnh 18. M giao din v m ng dy s dng cho truyn dn 2.048 kb/s 7. KHUYN NGH G.703 CA ITU-T
Ghi ch: V tng ng vi gi tr nh danh nh

Jitter nh-nh Xung danh nh

Tn s jitter Gii hn pha thp ca sai s ti a jitter, khuyn ngh G.823 ca ITU-T

Hnh 19. Mt n xung ti giao din 2.048 kb/s Cht lng ca xung E1 l mt yu t rt quan trng m bo cht lng lung 2M. Khuyn ngh G.703 ca ITU-T xc nh cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu trong mt n xung ti giao din 2M (Hnh 19). Mt xung 2M c gi l tho mn cc ch tiu k thut phi nm trn trong mt n ny.

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Bng 3 a ra cc tham s ca xung ti giao din 2M. Do lung 2M l lung c s to nn cc lung s cp cao trong phn cp s PCM, nn cc ch tiu k thut yu cu rt kht khe bo m cht lng kt ni lin mng cng nh bo m tng thch gia cc chun khc nhau nh G.703, G.704... Tn hiu ti u ra cc thit b phn t mng nh cc b ghp knh (mux), tng i s, cc b lp... phi tho mn cc ch tiu k thut. Mch vo ca cc phn t mng phi c kh nng b c tiu hao hoc mo ca ng truyn. Khi mi c th xc nh chnh xc cc xung 0 v 1, ni cch khc l mi c th tho mn t l li bit. Thng thng lp vt l, cc tham s nh gi cht lng truyn dn l tc bit, rung pha (jitter), tri pha (wander), mc nhiu, m li v mo dng xung. Thit b o ch yu trong vng ny l kim tra dng xung ca tn hiu tun theo khuyn ngh G.703 ca ITU-T nh ch ra trn Hnh 19. Bng 3. Cc tham s ti giao din 2.048 kb/s
Dng xung (hnh ch nht danh nh) S i cho mi hng Tr khng ti o in p nh danh nh ca xung 1 in p nh danh nh ca xung 0 rng xung danh nh T l bin dng v m tnh im gia ca xung T l v rng ca xung dng v m tnh 1/2 bin danh nh trt (jitter) nh-nh ti a ti cng ra Tt c cc xung 1 ca tn hiu hp l u phi ng vi mt n (xem hnh 15/G.703) vi bt k tn hiu no. Gi tr V l tng ng vi gi tr nh danh nh Mt i cp ng trc Mt i cp xon 75 thun tr 120 thun tr 2,37V 3V 0 0,237V 0 0,3V 244ns 0,95 n 1,05 0,95 n 1,05 Tun theo phn 2 ca khuyn ngh G.823

8. JITTER Jitter gi l trt hay rung pha cao tn, v d khi ghp cc tn hiu PDH vo cc mng SDH v c khi phn knh tn hiu sau phn thu. C cc loi jitter sau: Jitter u ra/jitter trong Sai s jitter Chc nng chuyn jitter Bin jitter c u ra tng phn t mng Cc phn t mng phi c kh nng chu c mt bin jitter xc nh ti u vo m khng xy ra bt k li no, xem phn bn phi Hnh 19. H s ny ch ra mc trong jitter c khuch i hoc tiu hao mi phn t mng.

9. CC CH LM VIC CA LUNG E1 C mt s ch cng tc ca lung E1 nh sau: Unframed (UNF): L lung bit c tc 2.048kb/s. Khng c bt k knh no c phn cho bt k nhm bit no; khng s dng bt k c cu ng b no nh trnh by trn. Ch ny thng c s dng trn cc thit b truyn dn, khng dng trn cc thit b chuyn mch. Framed (FR): Ton b 31 khe thi gian c dng truyn s liu (1.984kb/s), vic ng b khung c thc hin khe thi gian 0, ch t chc khung m khng t chc a khung.

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Multiframe (MF): L lung bit s liu c tc 1.920kb/s (30TS), c t chc khung v a khung, trong khe thi gian 16 (TS16) ca khung 0 c dng ng b cho cc a khung v cc khe thi gian 16 cn li truyn bo hiu knh kt hp CAS. Ton b cc knh cn li khng thay i. Ch cng tc ny thng dng cho lung E1 ca cc tng i v khng c gim st li. MF + CRC: Nh MF nhng c gim st li CRC-4 thng qua cc bit S i trong cc FAS. 10. PH LC 10-1. Cc giao din s liu

Trong cc mng s liu, cc tn hiu s c truyn tc 64 kb/s. Cc tn hiu ny c th c ghp vi nhau thnh lung s 2.048 kb/s. Thit b ghp knh c s dng cho mc ch ny. C th ghp knh theo thi gian ln n 30 knh s 64 kb/s thnh lung 2.048 kb/s u pht bng thit b ghp knh (gi l mux), v lung s ny c a vo b phn knh (gi l demux) u thu tch cc knh ra ring r. Giao din c s dng gia thit b u cui s liu (DTE) v thit b thng tin s liu (DCE) ph thuc vo phng php ng b gia tn hiu 64 kb/s vi lung 2.048 kb/s. Nu DTE v thit b mux c ng b t mt ngun ng h ngoi, n cn s dng giao tip gi l giao tip ng hng (co-directional interface). Thut ton ng b t c bng cch truyn tn hiu s liu v tn hiu nh thi kt hp t thit b u cui n b ghp knh. 10-1-1. Giao tip ng hng (co-directional interface) Thut ng Giao tip ng hng dng m t thng tin v tn hiu nh thi kt hp c truyn theo cng mt hng. Khi qut: Tc bit danh nh: 64 kb/s. Sai s ti a ca cc tn hiu truyn qua giao tip: 100 ppm.
Thit b Thit b

Tn hiu thng tin Tn hiu nh thi

Hnh 20. Giao tip ng hng Cc quy lut chuyn i m:

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S bit S liu 64 kb/s Bc 1-3 Bc 4

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Bc 1: khong thi gian mt bit 64 kb/s c chia thnh 4 khong n v. Bc 2: bit 1 nh phn c m ho thnh mt khi 4 bit sau: 1100 Bc 3: bt 0 nh phn c m ho thnh mt khi 4 bit sau: 1010 Bc 4: tn hiu nh phn c chuyn thnh tn hiu 3 mc bng cch thay i cc tnh sau mi khi. Xung vi phm Xung vi phm Bc 5: Vic o cc tnh ca mi khi b vi phm khi th 8. Khi vi phm c trng bng bit cui cng trong mt octet.

Bc 5

nh thi octa

Hnh 21. Cc quy lut chuyn i m

256k baud Ngun s liu DSMX 64kb/2M DSMX 64k/2M = B ghp knh s 64kb/s 2Mb/s

256k baud ch s liu

Kt ni cn bng Tn hiu kt hp 256k baud

Hnh 22. V d v giao tip ng hng Cc tn hiu nh thi 64kHz v 8kHz c truyn cng hng vi tn hiu thng tin. Mi hng s dng mt i dy cn bng, nn s dng bin p. Tn hiu kt hp c tc truyn 256k baud v cha cc tn hiu xen nh sau: Tn hiu s liu 64 kbit/s Tn hiu ng h 64 kbit/s (tn hiu nh thi phn t) Tn hiu ng h 8 kbit/s (tn hiu nh thi byte) 10-1-2. Giao tip ngc hng (contradirectional interface) Thut ng giao tip ngc hng c s dng m t mt giao tip trong cc tn hiu nh thi lin kt vi c hai hng truyn dn l u hng v thit b cp thp.
Thit b cp thp Thit b iu khin

Tn hiu thng tin Tn26 nh thi hiu

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Hnh 23. Giao tip ngc hng Khi qut: Tc bit: 64 kb/s. Sai s ti a ca cc tn hiu truyn qua giao tip: 100 ppm Giao tip ny cn c hai i dy cn bng cho mi hng truyn, mt i mang tn hiu s liu, cn i kia mang tn hiu nh thi kt hp (64kHz v 8kHz). Nn s dng bin p. Cc quy lut chuyn i m:
S bit S liu nh thi

Vi phm im u octa

Vi phm im u octa

Hnh 24. Cc quy lut chuyn i m Cc tn hiu s liu l m AMI c chu k cng tc l 100%. Cc tn hiu nh thi kt hp mang tn hiu 64kHz v thng tin nh thi (bit) phn t s dng m AMI c chu k cng tc 50%. Thng tin nh thi byte 8kHz c mang bng cc vi phm quy lut m.

Hnh 25. V d v giao tip ngc hng Khi s dng giao tip ngc hng, cc kt ni t u cui n u cui cho cc tn hiu s liu 64 kb/s c th khng s dng ng b ngoi. Cc b ghp knh hot ng bng ng h ni ca n. ng h 64kHz c ly t tn hiu ny c thit b ghp knh s dng nhn s liu t thit b u cui. 10-2. Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) Cc knh thoi c ghp li thnh mt tn hiu t hp tng hiu qu ca h thng vin thng. Cc tn hiu truyn c ghp theo cc tng v c th c chuyn mch v nh hng li mt tng bt k trong qu trnh ghp knh, tc l cp bt k trong phn cp ghp knh. Thc t ny c thc hin trong cu trc phn cp da trn h thng PCM30.

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Hnh 26. Cu trc phn cp v phng tin truyn dn ca cc h thng thng tin s 10-3. Phn cp s ng b (SDH) H thng SDH c gii thiu vo u nhng nm 1980 nhm khc phc cc nhc im c hu ca PDH. SDH mang li cho cc nh cung cp mng cc u im sau: Tc truyn dn cao: tc truyn dn trong cc h thng SDH hin i c th t n 10Gb/s. Do , SDH hu nh thch hp cho cc h thng ng trc m cc mng vin thng hin nay thng gi l cc siu xa l. Chc nng xen/r n gin: so vi h thng PDH, h thng SDH thc hin rt d dng trong vic xen cc lung cp thp vo lung cp cao hay r cc lung cp thp t lung cp cao. sn sng v s ph hp dung lng cao: vi SDH, cc nh cung cp mng c th p ng d dng v nhanh chng cc yu cu ca khch hng. V d, cc ng cho thu ch mt mt vi pht. tin cy: cc mng SDH hin i gm mt lot cc c cu sa cha v d phng t ng i ph vi cc h hng ca h thng. Nn tng tng lai cho cc dch v mi: SDH l nn tng l thng cho mt phm vi rng cc dch v, t POST, ISDN v thng tin di ng n thng tin s liu (LAN, WAN...) v n th x l cc dch v mi nht nh video theo nhu cu v qung b video s thng qua ATM m cc dch v ny ngy cng ph bin. Kh nng kt ni: SDH d dng thit lp cc gateway gia cc nh cung cp mng khc nhau v cc h thng SONET. Cc giao tip SDH c chun ho ton cu nn c kh nng kt ni cc phn t mng t cc nh ch to khc nhau trong mng. 11. MT S CU HI THNG GP V G.703 Hi: G.703 v E1 c g khc nhau? Tr li: Cu hi ny cng ging nh cu hi IEEE 802.3 c ging Ethernet khng? Thut ng u l tn gi v k thut, l khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v c tnh ca giao din

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in/vt l ca lung s PCM tc 2.048kb/s. Cn E1 ch l tn gi thng thng ca lung s 2.048kb/s. Hai tn gi, G.703 v E1, u ch mt bn cht vt l ca lung s PCM tc 2.048kb/s. Cng ging nh 802.3, khuyn ngh G.703 l mt chun c t cc c tnh k thut in v vt l ca giao din s. Trong chun G.703, n nu ra phng php tiu chun m ho xung nhp v s liu vo mt tn hiu duy nht. Cc nguyn l trong G.703 c th p dng cho cc giao din c tc s liu t 64kb/s n 2.048kb/s. Hi: Trong th trng vin thng, ai l ngi cung cp dch v G.703 v lm th no s dng n? Tr li: Nh cung cp dch v ng di s cung cp dch v G.703 t u cui n u cui cho bn vi ch unframe (hoc unstructured). iu c ngha l bn phi cung cp tn hiu nh thi cho n (dch v framed c gi l G.704). Bn c th s dng lung G.703 kt ni cc thit b thng tin s liu (nh cc b cu - bridge, cc b nh tuyn - router v cc b ghp knh - multiplexer) c tc 2.048kb/s. Hi: Nu thit b ca khch hng c tc truyn nh hn 2.048kb/s, khch hng phi thu c lung 2.048kb/s hay ch cn thu rng bng nh hn theo nhu cu? Tr li: Thng thng, vi dch v unframed th cu tr li l khng. iu ny ch c th c gii quyt khi lung thu s dng dch v G.704, loi dch v ny c th h tr cc tc t 64kb/s tr ln. Cc nh cung cp dch v ng di c th c nhng cng c th khng c dch v ny. Tuy nhin, c mt s thit b ca mt s nh cung cp th ba c th h tr gii quyt kt ni gia cc thit b c tc thp hn 2.048kb/s (nh 256kb/s, 512kb/s, hay 1024kb/s...) vo lung s 2.048kb/s theo chun G.703. Hi: V lung s G.703 yu cu ngi s dng phi cung cp tn hiu nh thi (ch khng phi do nh cung cp dch v ng dicung cp). Vy lm th no thc hin iu ? Tr li: Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit b ca ngi s dng mt u ng dy s c setup nh mt ng h ch (master), cn thit b u kia s setup nh mt ng h t (slave). iu ny c bit quan trng khi giao din DTE l X21 (khi ch c mt ng h duy nht), v c hai hng ca lung G.703 tn hiu phi s dng cng mt ngun nh thi. Hi: Thit b DTE c hai u cung cp nh thi nh th no? Tr li: Thc t, thng cm s dng ng h pht i t DTE. Do , tn hiu ng h phi c cung cp bi thit b u cui G.703 (DCE) m thit b ni n. Hi: Nu khch hng thu mt lung G.703, thng s dng loi ng dy no? Tr li: Tu theo v tr a l gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v G.703 m ng dy c th l loi cn bng (120 ohm) hoc khng cn bng (75 ohm). ng dy cn bng c th c kt cui bng u ni RJ-45 hoc DB-15. Kt cui ng dy khng cn bng s l mt i cp ng trc vi u cm BNC. Ni chung, kt cui 75 ohm thng dng Anh, H Lan. cc ni khc li thng dng 120 ohm. Hin nay, theo quy nh mi ca EEC, cc thit b kt cui lung G.703 u l 120 ohm cho d bt c u. Trn th trng c mt s b chuyn i 120 ohm/75 ohm v ngc li gii quyt vn kt ni lung G.703. Hi: S khc nhau gia dch v G.703 v G.704 l g? Tr li: Dch v G.704 (cng vi G.732) c t mt cu trc khung t ln tn hiu G.703. Tn hiu khng cu trc G.703 c 32 khe thi gian 64kb/s (32 x 64kb/s = 29

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2.048kb/s). Khe thi gian 0 (TS0) c dng cho ng b. V nh cung cp dch v ng di khng cung cp tn hiu nh thi nn ton b 32 khe thi gian (2.048kb/s) u c th dng cho DTE truyn s liu. Tuy nhin, G.704 li l dch v c cu trc, do nh cung cp dch v ly i 64kb/s ca TS0 nh thi nn ch cn 31 khe thi gian (1.984kb/s) dng cho DTE truyn s liu khi cung cp dch v G.704 ny. Hi: Ngi s dng nn chn dch v no, G.703 hay G.704? Tr li: Nh cung cp dch v ng di thng dnh cho ngi s dng s la chn ny tu theo h tng c th cung cp ca h. Nu h tng da trn cc kt ni cho, h s s dng dch v G.704. Cn nu h tng da trn thit b ghp knh th s dng G.703. 12. CH TT
A bit AIS AMI ATM CAS CRC-4 E1 E&M FAS G.703 Remote (or distant) alarm indication Alarm Indication Signal Alternate Mark Inversion Asynchrous Transfer Mode Channel Associated Signalling Cyclic Redundancy Check for 2048kbit/s systems 2048kbit/s PCM communication system mainly used in Europe Exchange and Multiplex signalling Frame Alignment Signal ITU-T Rec For Physical/Electrical Characteristics for Hierarchical Digital Interfaces High Density Bipolar code with a maximum of a 3 zeros Intergrated Services Digital Network International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardisation Section Multiframe Alignment Signal Not Frame Alignment Signal Not Multiframe Alignment Signal Pulse Amplitude Modulation Pulse Code Modulation 30 channels with CAS signalling in timeslot 16 30 channels with CAS signalling in timeslot 16 and CRC error checking 31 channels 31 channels with CRC error checking Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Signal-to-quantising noise Synchronous Optical Network 1544kb/s PCM communication system mainly used USA, Canada and Japan Distant multiframe alarm bit Ch th bo cnh t xa Tn hiu ch th bo cnh o du lun phin Phng thc truyn khng ng b Bo hiu knh kt hp Pht hin sai cho lung 2M Lung 2M s dng ch yu chu u Bo hiu gia tng i v Mux Tn hiu ng b khung Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v c tnh vt l/in cho cc giao din phn cp s. M mt cao c ti a 3 bit 0 Mng s tch hp dch v Lin minh vin thng quc t Phn tiu chun vin thng. Tn hiu ng b a khung Tn hiu mt ng b khung Tn hiu mt ng b a khung iu bin xung iu m xung 30 knh vi bo hiu knh kt hp trong khe thi gian 16 30 knh vi bo hiu knh kt hp trong khe thi gian 16 v c pht hin li bng CRC 31 knh 31 knh c pht hin li bng CRC Phn cp s cn ng b Phn cp s ng b T s tn hiu / tp m lng t Mng quang ng b H thng thng tin PCM 1544kb/s ch yu s dng M, Canada v Nht Bit bo cnh a khung t xa

HDB3 ISDN ITU-T MFAS NFAS NMFAS PAM PCM PCM30 PCM30C PCM31 PCM31C PDH SDH S/Q SONET T1 Y bit

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13. CC KHUYN NGH CHNH V E1 CA ITU-T G.703 G.704 G.706 G.711 G.732 Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v c tnh vt l/in cho cc giao din phn cp s. Cu trc ng b khung s dng cc tc 1544, 2048, 6312, 8488 v 44736 kbit/s Th tc ng b khung v pht hin sai bng CRC i vi cu trc khung c bn nh ngha trong G.704 iu ch m xung (PCM) cho tn hiu thoi Cc c tnh ca thit b ghp knh PCM s cp lm vic tc 2.048 kb/s

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TI LIU THAM KHO

E1 Pocket Guide to The World of E1. Publisher: Wavetek Wandel Goltermann. Feb 2000. Author: John Tibbs

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H Ni thng 5-2003 Nguyn Quang Hng

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