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N TT NGHIP

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LI NI U

Trong cc ngnh cng nghip, ng c in khng ng b c s


dng ph bin bi tnh cht n gin v tin cy trong thit k ch to v s
dng. Tuy nhin khi s dng ng c khng ng b trong sn xut c bit
vi cc ng c c cng sut ln ta cn ch ti qu trnh khi ng ng c
do khi khi ng roto trng thi ngn mch, dn n dng in khi ng
v momen khi ng ln, nu khng c bin php khi ng thch hp c th
khng khi ng c ng c hoc gy nguy him cho cc thit b khc
trong h thng in. Vn khi ng ng c in khng ng b d c
nghin cu t lu vi cc bin php kh hon thin gim dng in cng
v momen khi ng. Trong , bin php c dng ph bin nht l bin
php gim in p t vo ng c trong qu trnh khi ng. Ngy nay, cng
ngh bn dn ngy cng pht trin, cc thit b bn dn cng sut ln ngy
cng c s dng rng ri, vi tin cy ngy cng cao, c kh nng iu
khin tt. Vic gim in p t vo ng c trong qu trnh khi ng hon
ton c th c thc hin mt cch d dng bng vic iu khin gc m ca
van bn dn. iu chnh in p nh vy lm cho in p tng ln mt cch
t t khng gy nhy cp in p, v vy n c gi l b khi ng mm
cho ng c.
Vi ti tt nghip: THIT K, CH TO B KHI NG MM
IU KHIN S, chng em d nghin cu, s dng vi iu khin tnh
ton pht xung iu khin t ng iu chnh gc m ca van bn dn nhm
thay i in p trn ti.
Trong ba thng lm n, chng em d n lc c gng hon thnh cc
nhim v ca n v ch to thnh cng mch th nghim ca b khi ng
mm iu khin s.
NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

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Chng em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio


hng dn H XUN HA cng cc thy c trong b mn Thit b in
in t, gip chng em hon thnh n ny.
Do thi gian gp gp cng vi kinh nghim cn non nt, chc chn
n ca chng em khng th trnh khi c sai st. Chng em rt mong nhn
c s ch bo, gp t cc thy c v cc bn b ng nghip.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n !
Sinh vin

NGUYN TH H THU

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

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Chng 1
CC PHNG PHP
KHI NG NG C KHNG NG B

1.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b


Khi cho dng in xoay chiu ba pha vo cun dy stator. Trong li st
stato ca my in khng ng sinh mt t trng quay vi tc ng b
n1 = 60f1/p, trong f1 l tn s dng in li a vo, p l s i cc ca
my, th t trng ny qut qua dy qun nhiu pha t ngn mch t trn li
st rotor v cm ng trong dy qun sut in ng e2 v v dy qun rotor
c ni ngn mch do e2 s sinh ra dng in i2. Chiu sut in ng v
chiu dng in c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi. T thng do dng
in i2 sinh ra hp vi t thng ca stator to thnh t thng tng o khe h
khng kh. Dng in i2 trong dy qun rotor tc dng vi t thng tng o
sinh ra lc in t trn dy qun rotor v mmen quay lm cho rotor quay vi
tc n. Tc rotor n lun khc vi tc ng b n1 hay c s chuyn
ng tng i gia stato v rotor. Do gi l ng c khng ng b.
ch phm vi tc ca my, thng ngi ta dng h s trt s.

s% =
NGUYN TH H THU

n1 n
.100%
n1
3

(1.1)
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N TT NGHIP

1.2. Cc phng trnh c bn ca ng c khng ng b

- My in khng ng b lm vic khi rotor ng yn


U = E + I Z
1
1
1
1

0 = E 2 + I 2 Z2

E
E
=
2
1

I 1 + I 2 = I 0

E 1 = I 0 Z m

(1.2)

- My in khng ng b lm khi rotor quay

U = E + I (r + j.x )
1
1 1
1
1

2 2 + j.x 2
0
E
I
=

2
s

E
E
=
2
1

I
I
I
+
=
1
2
0

E 1 = I 0 Z m

(1.3)

Trong :

U1

: in p t vo stato ng c.

I1 , E 1

I 2 , E 2

I0

: Dng in v sut in ng ca stato.


: Dng in v sut in ng ca rotor qui i v stator.
: Dng in t ha ca ng c

Z1, x1, r1 : Tng tr, in tr v in khng tn ca dy qun stator.

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

Z2, x2, r2: Tng tr, in tr v in khng tn ca dy qun rotor


qui i v stato.
s

: H s trt ca ng c

- Mmem in t ca my in khng ng b

Pdt
m1 .U12 .p.r2, / s
M=
=
1 2f1 (r1 + C1r2, / s )2 + (x 1 + C1 x ,2 )2

(1.4)

Trong :
C1 = 1 +

Z1
2f1
v 1 =
Zm
p

f1, p : Tn s ca li in v s i cc ca ng c.
I

I1
I 2

I1
I 2

M=f(s)

1,2 1 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,2


hm
ng c in

-0,2 -0,4 -0,6 -0,8 -1 -1,2


My pht in

Hnh 1:ng biu din mmen in t v dng in theo h s trt

1.3. Qu trnh m my ca ng c in khng ng b

Trong qu trnh m my ng c in, mmen m my l c tnh ch


yu nht trong nhng c tnh m my ca ng c in. Mun cho my quay
c th mmen m my ca ng c in phi ln hn mmen ti tnh v
mmen ma st tnh. Trong qu trnh tng tc, phng trnh cn bng ng v
mmen:
NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

M MC = MJ = J

d
dt

(1.5)

Trong :
M, Mc v Mj l mmem in t ca ng c, mmen cn v mmen
qun tnh.

GD 2
l hng s qun tnh.
J=
4g
g = 9,81 m/s2 l gia tc trng trng.
G v D l trng lng v ng knh rotor.
l tc gc ca rotor.

Khi bit c tnh c ca ng c in M = f1(n) v ca ti MC = f2(n)


th t cng thc (1.5) ta tm c quan h gia tc v thi gian n = f(t)
trong qu trnh m my.
qu trnh m my m bo tng tc thun li ta phi gi

d
> 0 hay
dt

M > MC. Nh vy M MC cng ln th tc tng cng nhanh.


Khi bt u m my th rotor ang ng yn, h s s = 1 nn tr s dng
m my c th tnh c tnh theo mch in thay th:
IK =

(r

U1

) + (x

, 2
1 2

+ C .r

+ C1 .x

(1.6)

, 2
2

Do khi m my mch t tn bo ha rt nhanh, in khng gim xung


nn dng in m my cn ln hn so vi tr s tnh theo cng thc (1.6).
in p nh mc, thng dng in m my bng 4 7 ln dng in nh
mc. Dng in qu ln khng nhng lm cho bn thn my b nng m cn
lm cho in p li gim st nhiu, nht l vi nhng li in cng sut
nh.
1.4. Cc phng php m my ng c khng ng b

Theo yu cu ca sm xut, ng c in khng ng b lc lm vic


thng phi m my v ngng my nhiu ln. Ty theo tnh cht ca ti v
tnh hnh ca li in m yu cu v m my i vi ng c in cng
NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

khc nhau. C khi yu cu mmen m my ln, c khi cn hn ch dng in


m my v c khi cn c hai. Nhng yu cu trn i hi ng c in phi
c tnh nng m my thch ng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, do phng php m my hay do chn ng c
in c tnh ng m my khng thch ng nn thng hng my.V d nh
ng c khng ng b rotor lng sc cng sut ln nu ta m my trc tip
s lm nt rotor. Dn n khi ng khng ti th c nhng khi ng ti
vo th my li khng chy.
Ni chung khi m my mt ng c cn xt n nhng yu cu c bn
sau:
1. Phi c mmen m my ln thch ng vi c tnh c bn ca
ti.
2. Dng in m my cng nh cng tt.
3. Phng php m my v thit b cn dng n gin, r tin, chc
chn.
4. Tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh m my cng thp cng tt.
Nhng yu c trn thng mu thun vi nhau nh khi i hi mmen
m my ln th dng in m my cng ln hoc thit b m my t tin. V
vy phi cn c vo iu kin lm vic c th m chn phng php m my
thch hp.
1.4.1. M my trc tip ng c in rotor lng sc

y l phng php m my n gin nht,

UL

ch vic ng trc tip ng c in vo li


in l c.
u im:
- y l phng php n gin.

ATM

- Nu ngun in tng i ln th c

th dng phng php ny m my v

RLN

m my nhanh v n gin.
Nhc im:
NGUYN TH H THU

Thit b in- in t 3 k49


Hnh 3: S ng trc tip
ng c vo li in

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N TT NGHIP
- Dng in m my tng i ln.

- Nu qun tnh ca ti tng i ln, thi gian m my qu di th

c th lm cho my nng v nh hng n in p ca li .


1.4.2. H in p m my

Mc ch ca phng php ny l gim dng in m my nhng ng


thi mmen m my cng gim xung. Do i vi nhng ti yu cu c
mmen m my ln th phng php ny khng dng c. Tuy vy, i vi
nhng thit b yu cu mmen m my nh th phng php ny rt thch
hp. V d: ti qut gi,bm,..
M

U1
U1 > U2
U 2 > U3

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

Hnh 3: ng c tnh M = f(s) cc mc in p khc nhau

1. Ni in khng ni tip vo mch in stato

S ni dy nh hnh 4. Khi m my

UL

trong mch in stato t ni tip mt in


UL

khng. Sau khi m my xong bng cch ng


tip im K1 ca cng tc t th in khng

ATM

ny b ni ngn mch. iu chnh tr s ca


in khng th c th c c dng in m
my cn thit.
Do c in p ging trn in khng nn

K1

Cun
khng
U k

I k

RLN

din p m my trn u cc ng c UK s
nh hn in p li. Gi dng in m my
NGUYN TH H THU

Hnh 4: H in p m my bng

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N TT NGHIP

v mmen khi m my trc tip l IK v MK. Nu cho rng khi h in p m


my, tham s ca my in vn gi khng i th sau khi thm in khng
vo:
: IK = k.IK

Dng in m my cn li l

in p u cc ng c in l : UK = k.UK
: MK = k2.MK

Mmen m my l
Trong : k < 1.
u im:
- Thit b khi ng n gin

- Dng in m my c th iu chnh c cho ph hp vi yu cu


- Phng php ny c dng cho ng c cng sut h p v cao

p.
Nhc im:
- Khi gim dng in khi ng xung th mmen m my gim i

bnh phng ln.


2. Dng bin p t ngu h in p m my

S ni dy nh hnh 5. Bn cao p ni vi
UL

li in, bn h p ni vi ng c in. Sau khi


m my xong th ct my bin p t ngu (bng
cch ng tip im K2 vo v m K1 ra)

ATM
I1

Gi t s bin i in p ca bin p t ngu


l kT (kT < 1) th:

- in p u cc ng c : U k = kT.U1
- Dng in m my
- Mmen m my

I k

: I K = kT.IK

K2

2
T

: M K = k .MK

K1

RLN
U k

Nu gi dng in ly t li vo l I1 (dng
in bn s cp my bin p t ngu) th dng in
Hnh 5: H p m my bng
bin p t ngu

I1 = kT.IK = k T2 .IK

Nh vy ta thy dng in m my ly t li gim hn k T2 ln.


NGUYN TH H THU

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

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N TT NGHIP

u im:
- Dng in m my c th iu chnh c cho ph hp vi yu

cu.
- Vi dng in m my bng dng in m my ca phng php

dng cun khng th ta c mmen my ln hn.


- Phng php ny dng c cho c ng c h p,cao p.

Nhc im;
- Mmen m my gim
- Phi u t thm mt my bin p t ngu
3. M my bng phng php i ni Y -

UL

Phng php m my Y - thch ng vi


nhng my khi lm vic bnh thng u tam

ATM

gic. Khi m my ta i thnh Y, nh vy in


p a vo hai u mi pha ch c U1/ 3 . Sau
khi chy ri, i li thnh cch u . S
cch u dy nh hnh 6. Khi m my th ng
ATM, tip im KY ng, cn tip im K m,

RLN
K

nh vy my u Y. Khi my chy ri th
ng tip im K, my u

KY

Theo phng php Y - th khi dy qun Hnh 6: M my bng cch i


ni Y -

u Y th ta c:

- in p pha trn dy qun l : Ukf =

1
U1
3

- Dng in pha khi m my l : I 'kf =

1
I kf
3

NGUYN TH H THU

10

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N TT NGHIP

1
: M 'k = M k
3

- Mmen khi m my l

Khi m my trc tip my u khi y


- in p pha trn dy qun l : Ukf = U1
- Dng in pha khi m my l : I k = 3.I kf
Nh vy khi m my u Y th:
- Dng in pha khi m my l : I1 = I 'kf =

1
1
I kf = I k
3
3

1
- Mmen khi m my l: M 'k = M k
3
Trng hp ny tng t nh dng mt my bin p t ngu m my
m t s bin i in p kT =

1
.
3

u im:
- Phng php ny n gin, c p dng rng ri vi nhng ng
c in khi lm vic u tam gic.
- Phng php ny dng cho ng c h p.
Nhc im:
- Khng dng cho ng c Y/ = 220/380.
- Khng iu chnh c dng in khi ng theo yu cu.
4. M my dng b khi ng mm (b iu p xoay chiu)
Thyristor
RLN

UL

ATM

Hnh 7: M my h in p bng b iu p xoay chiu

NGUYN TH H THU

11

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

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N TT NGHIP

Dng ba cp thyristor u song song ngc nh hnh 7. ng vi cc gc


m khc nhau ca cc cp thyristor, in p trung bnh t vo ng c
gim nh khc nhau
u im:
- M my ng c d dng bng cch iu khin gc m ln
hn ch dng in m my.
- p dng cho tt c cc loi ng c cc cp in p khc nhau.
Nhc im:
- B khi ng dng thm ba cp thyristor cho nn gi thnh tng.
5. M my dng bin tn

u im:
- Phng php m my dng bin tn c th gim dng khi ng

m mmen khi ng ln.


- in p ra hnh sin, hiu sut cao

Nhc im:
- S dng nhiu thyristor khin mch iu khin phc tp v t.
1.4.3. M my bng cch thm in tr ph vo rotor
U
M

AT
RL

K1

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

R
K2
R

Hnh 8: S ni dy v c tnh mmen

K3

khi thm in tr vo

R
K4

NGUYN TH H THU

12

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

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N TT NGHIP

Phng php ny ch thch hp vi nhng ng c in rotor dy qun


v c trng ca loi ng c in ny l c th thm in tr vo cun dy
rotor. Khi in tr rotor thay i th ta c ng c tnh M = f(s) nh hnh 8.
Khi iu chnh in tr mch in rotor thch ng th s c trng thi m
my l tng (ng 4). Sau khi my quay duy tr mt mmen in t
nht nh trong qu trnh m my ta ct dn in tr thm vo rotor lm cho
qu trnh tng tc ca ng c in thay i t ng 4 sang ng 1 v sau
khi ct ton b in tr th s theo ng 1 tng tc n im lm vic.
u im:
- Dng cho ng c rotor dy qun c th t c mmen m my
ln.
- Dng in m my nh nn nhng ni no m my kh khn th
dng ng c in loi ny.
Nhc im:
- Rotor dy qun l rotor ch to phc tp hn rotor lng sc nn t
hn. Bo qun kh hn, hiu sut thp ca my thp hn.
- Phng php ny ch p dng c cho ng c khng ng b
rotor dy qun.
- Bo qun kh hn, hiu sut thp hn.
- Tn tht cng sut trn in tr ph lp vo rotor.

NGUYN TH H THU

13

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

Chng 2
B IU P XOAY CHIU
B iu chnh in p xoay chiu gi tt l iu p xoay chiu thc hin
bin i in p xoay chiu v ln v dng sng nhng tn s khng thay
i. iu p xoay chiu thng c ng dng trong iu khin chiu sng
v t nng, trong khi ng mm v iu chnh tc qut gi hoc my
bm...
2.1. B iu p xoay chiu mt pha
2.1.1. Cc s
T1

U1

T2

U1

1)

2)
D1

D1

T1

D2
T

U1

D2

T2

U1

D3

D4

4)

3)

Hnh 9: S iu p xoay chiu mt pha bng van bn dn


1) Hai Thyristor mc song song ngc. 2) Triac
3) Hai Thyristor v hai Diode. 4) Bn Diode v mt Thyristor

NGUYN TH H THU

14

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
1. S hai Thyristor song song ngc

C th iu khin c vi mi cng sut ti. Hin nay Thyristor c


ch to c dng in n 700A th vic iu khin xoay chiu n hng chc
nghn ampe hon ton p ng c.
Vic iu khin hai Thyristor song song ngc i khi c cht lng
iu khin khng tt lm, c bit l khi cn iu khin i xng in p
(chng hn nh bin p hay ng c xoay chiu). Kh nng mt i xng in
p khi iu khin l do mch iu khin Thyristor gy nn sai s (gc m
chu k in p dng v m khc nhau). Tuy vy i vi dng in ti ln th
y l s ti u hn c cho vic la chn.
2. S dng Triac

Khc phc c nhc im mt i xng in p ca s hai


Thyristor mc song song ngc.
S ny c u im l khi lp rp v in p ra gn nh mong mun.
S ny thng hay dng trong cng nghip. Tuy nhin Triac hin nay
c ch to vi dng in khng ln (I < 400A), nn vi nhng dng in
ti ln cn phi ghp song song cc Triac. Nhng ti trn 400A th s ny
t dng.
3. S c hai Thyristor v hai Diode

S ny c th c dng ch ni cc cc iu khin n gin v


khi in p ngun cp ln (cn phn b in p trn cc van nh vic mc ni
tip cc van).
4. S bn Diode v mt Thyristor

S ny trc y thng c dng khi cn iu khin i xng in


p trn ti, v y ch c mt Thyristor, mt mch iu khin nn vic iu
khin i xng in p d dng hn. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin theo s
ny dn n tn hao trn van bn dn ln lm cho h thng lm mt kh khn
hn.

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP
5. S dng mt Thyristor v mt Diode

Khi ti khng c nhu cu cao v iu khin i xng nht l khi iu


khin cc in tr l sy hay n si t ngi ta c th s dng s ny
iu khin. Tuy nhin nu cng sut ti ln s gy mt i xng ngun cp
lm xu cht lng ngun.
2.1.2. iu p xoay chiu mt pha ti thun tr
U

Hnh 10: Dng ng cong in p.

Ti cc thi im t1, t2 c xung iu khin T1 v T2, cc Thyristor ny s


dn. Nu b qua s st p trn cc van bn dn th th dng in p ti c
dng nh hnh v. Dng in ti ng dng vi in p ti.
Gi tr hiu dng ca in p ti:

2
1 2 2
1 2
Ud =
u 1 d =
2U1 sin d

2 0
2 0

Ud =

2U1 sin d = U1 1

sin 2
+

(2.1)

Gi tr hiu dng dng in ti:


Id =

U1
sin 2
1 +
R

(2.2)

Trong :
= t
u1

: gi tr tc thi ca in p li.

Ud, Id : gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in ti.

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

: Gi tr in tr ca ti.

: gc m ca Thyristor.

2.1.3. iu p xoay chiu mt pha khi ti mang tnh tr cm

Khi ti mang tnh tr cm th dng dng in v in p trn ti s khc


nhau.
Gi gc lch pha ca ti = arctg

L
R

a) Khi > th dng in ti s b gin on


U

Hnh 11: S ng cong in p khi ti


l ti in cm, vi gc m > .

- Gi tr hiu dng ca in p ti l:

Ud =

2
1 2 2
1 2
u
d

=
2U1 sin d
1

2 0
2 0

Ud =

U d = U1

2U1 sin d +

2U1 sin d

+ sin 2 sin 2

(2.3)

- Nghim dng in i c biu thc:


R

t
U
U
i = icb + itd = 1m sin(t ) 1m sin( )e L
Z
Z

(2.4)

Trong :
Z=

R 2 + (L )

NGUYN TH H THU

17

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

b) Khi <
U
Ud

a)

U
Ud

b)

Hnh 12: S ng cong in p khi ti l ti in cm, vi gc m <


a) khi xung m hp. b) khi xung m rng

Nu xung mi hp v nhn.Thyristor T1 dn khi nhn c xung iu


khin. Phng trnh dng in theo cng thc (2.4). Dng in trit tiu khi
t > + , do ln hn + . Xung iu khin a ti T2 trc khi anod
ca T2 chuyn sang dng do T2 khng dn. Vic khng dn ca T2 l do
ti thi im mi xung cun dy vn ang cn x nng lng, do UAk < 0.
Nu xung mi c rng ln th xung iu khin a ti T2 trc khi
UAK > 0 nhng xung iu khin c rng ln nn khi dng in T1 trit
tiu, T2 vn cn xung iu khin nn n c dn khi UAK > 0.
in p trn ti s khng thay i v dng in ti s lin tc khi xung
iu khin c rng ln.
Nhn xt:
Kh nng iu chnh in p ch c th xy ra khi gc m Thyristor
nm trong khong .

NGUYN TH H THU

18

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
2.2. B iu p xoay chiu ba pha
2.2.1. Cc s

Mch iu p xoay chiu ba pha hin nay trong thc t thng gp c 3


s sau:

A
T3

T5

T3

T1

T6

T5
T6

T2
Z

T1

T4

T2

T4

2)

1)

Hnh 13: S iu p xoay chiu ba pha bng cp Thyristor mc song song ngc
1) Ti u sao c trung tnh. 2) Ti khng c dy trung tnh

A
T2

T1
Z

T3
Z

T2

T1
Z

T3
Z

T2

T1
Z

C
T3

Z
Z

Hnh 14: S iu p xoay chiu ba pha bng Triac.

1. Ti u sao c trung tnh

u im: S ging ht ba mch iu p mt pha iu khin dch pha


theo in p li. Do in p trn cc van bn dn nh hn, v in p t
vo van bn dn l in p pha.
Nhc im: S ny l trn dy trung tnh c tn ti dng in iu
ha bc cao, khi gc m cc van khc 0 c dng ti gin on v loi s
ni ny ch thch hp vi ti ba pha c bn u dy ra.
NGUYN TH H THU

19

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
2. Ti khng c dy trung tnh

Dng in chy gia cc pha vi nhau, nn ng thi cp xung iu


khin cho hai Thyristor ca hai pha mt lc. Vic cp xung iu khin nh
th i khi gp kh khn trong mch iu khin v vic i th t pha ngun
li c th lm nh hng ti hot ng ca s . m bo lng sng
hi ti thiu, cc gc m ca Thyristor phi bng nhau, do mi van c
m cch nhau 60
Vi nhng ti c cng sut trung bnh cc s iu p ba pha bng cc
cp Thyristor c thay bng cc s Triac.
Trong thc t thng gp s iu p ba pha to nn t ba nhm, mi
nhm gm hai Thyristor ni song song ngc v ti ni sao khng dy trung
tnh.
Mun o chiu ng c khng ng b cn phi i th t pha. S
iu khin c o chiu quay ca ng c khng ng b nh hnh 15. Khi
chiu quay thun cp xung iu khin cho T1, T2, T7, T8, T9, T10. Cc pha li
A1, B1, C1 c ni tng ng vi cc cun A, B, C ca ng c. Khi chiu
quay ngc ta cp xung iu khin cho T3, T4, T5, T6, T9, T10. Cc pha li
A1, B1, C1 c ni tng ng vi cc cun B, A, C ca ng c.
A1

B1

T7

T3
T1

C1

T8

T4 T5
T2

T6

T9

T10

Hnh 15: S iu p ba pha c i th t pha

NGUYN TH H THU

20

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
2.2.2. B iu p xoay chiu ba pha bng cp Thyristor mc song
song ngc, ti u sao khng c dy trung tnh.
1. Nguyn tc xy dng ng cong in p trn ti

- Khi c ba Thyristor ca ba pha u dn in th in p trn ti s trng


vi in p pha ca li ( UfT = Ua, UfT = Ub, UfT = Ub ).
- Khi ch c hai Thyristor dn in th in p trn ti s bng mt na
in p dy ca hai pha m c hai Thyristor dn in ( UfT =

1
Udy ).
2

- Trn pha ang xt khng c van dn th UfT = 0.


2. Khi ti mang tnh thun tr
U

Ua

Uab/2

Uc

Ub

UdA

Uac/2

t
= 30

Ua

Uab/2

Ub

Uc

a)

UdA

Uac/2

t
= 60

Ua

Uab/2

b)

Ub

Uc

Uac/2
UdA
t
= 120

c)

Hnh 16: S dng ng cong in p, khi ti thun tr


v vi cc gi tr gc m ca pha A l = 30, 60, 120.

NGUYN TH H THU

21

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti:


U dA

1 2 2
=
u dA d =
2 0
2
2
t3
t5
t6
t4

1 t2 2
u ab
u ac
2
=

+
u
d
d
u
d
d
u a2 d

a
c

t1
t2 2
t3
t4 2
t5

Trong :
ua

: Gi tr tc thi ca in p pha.

uab, uac : Gi tr tc thi ca in p dy.

u ab = 3U m sin +
6

u ac = 3U m sin
6

Thay cc gi tr ua, uab, uac ta tnh c gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha:


U dA = U m

1 3
sin 2

, 0 < < 60

2 4
2

U dA = U m

3 3
3
cos 2 , 60 < < 90
+ sin 2 +
4 3 4
4

U dA =

Um
2

1 5
3
3 3
cos 2 , 90 < < 150
3 + sin 2 +
2
4
4

3. Khi ti l ti in cm
U

Ua

Ub

Uc

UdA

a)

NGUYN TH H THU

22

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
U

Uab/2

Ua

Ub

Uc

UdA

Uac/2

= 60

b)

Uab/2

Ua

Ub

Uc

Uac/2
UdA
t
= 120

c)

Hnh 17: S ng cong in p, khi ti mang tnh tr khng


v cc gc m ca pha A l = 35, 60, 120.

a) Nu < , dng in ti v in p trn ti s l hnh sin v lc ny


cc van u dn in trong mt na chu k v bt k lc no cng c ba van
ca ba pha dn in.
: gc m ca pha A (gc m ca ba pha l 3pha = - 30).
L
= arctg
.
R
in p trn ti : udA = ua = Umsin
Dng in ti

: i da = u da = U m sin
Za
Za

NGUYN TH H THU

23

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

b) Nu < < gh, gh l gi tr m vn cn tn ti ch c ba van


thuc v ba pha vn dn in. Trong mi na chu k s c ba on udA = ua,
hai on cn li l u dA =

u ac
u
hoc u dA = ab v mt on udA = 0.
2
2

Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha:


U dA

1 2 2
=
u dA d =
2 0
2
2
t3
t5
t6
t2
t4
1 t1 2
u ab
u ab
2
2
=
d + u a d +
d
u a d + 0.d + u a d +
2
2
0


t1
t2
t3
t4
t5

Thay cc gi tr ua, uab, uac ta tnh c in p hiu dng ca in p


pha:
2
U dA

3
1
2
2
= (U m sin ) d + (U m sin ) d +
0

3
3

2
+
U m sin + d + (U m sin ) d +
2
6

+
+
3

+ U m sin d
6
2

+
3

2
+
3

U dA = U m

13
1
3
1
3
+ sin 2 + sin 2 +
cos 2
4
4
3 8
2
8

Gc gii hn:

2 3 tg 1
gh = arctg
+
e
2
3

NGUYN TH H THU

24

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

c) Khi gh < < 150. Trong mi na chu k s c hai van ca hai pha
dn in, mi na chu k s c hai on m U dA =

U AB
U
hoc U dA = AC .
2
2

Gc iu khin ln nht l max = 150.


2.3. S b iu p xoay chiu ng c khng ng b rotor lng sc

Do ti l ng c khng ng b ba pha u sao khng c dy trung tnh


cho nn trong thc t thng dng s sau:

T5

T3
T1

T6
T2

T4

Hnh 18: S b iu p xoay chiu ng c khng ng b

2.4. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch ng lc

Gi s cc cun dy ca ng c i xng. Xt ng con in p trn


pha A, khi gc m phaA = 60 (hnh 17a).
Ti thi im t1 (phaA= 60) pha A dng nht, pha B m nht pht
xung X1 iu khin T1, ng thi pht xung m X1-4 cho T4 (xung m th
hai ca T4), T1 v T4 cng dn, lc ny pha C ang dn do cun dy ang x
nng lng nn T5 dn cho n thi im t1. Do in p trn ti s trng
vi in p pha A (udA = ua). Ti t1, ch cn T1 v T4 dn n thi t2, in p
trn ti bng in p dy uab (udA = uab).
n thi im t2, pha A vn ang dng nht, pha C m nht, pht xung
m X1-6 cho T1 (xung m th hai ca T1) v xung chnh X6 m T6, pha B
ang dn do cun dy ang x nng lng nn T4 dn n thi im t2. in
NGUYN TH H THU

25

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

p trn ti s trng vi in p pha A (udA = ua). Ti thi im t2, cun dy


x ht nng lng nn T4 kha (pha B khng dn), in p trn ti bng
in p dy uac (udA = uac).
Ti thi im t3, pha B dng nht, pha C m nht. Pht xung chnh X3
m T3, ng thi pht xung m X6-3 cho T3 (xung m th hai ca T3), pha
A dn do cun dy ang x nng lng nn T1 dn n thi in t3. in p
trn ti trng vi in p pha A (udA = ua).
Tng t nh vy: ti thi im t4, pht xung chnh X2 m T2 v xung
m X3-2 cho T3. Ti thi im t5, pht xung chnh X5 m T5 v xung m
X2-5 cho T2. Ti thi im t6, pht xung chnh X4 cho T4 v xung m X5-4 cho
T5.
Nhn xt:
Khi gc m nh th xung m ch c ngha chu k u, ngay
sau khi ng in. Khi gc m ln, in p gin on nhiu th bt
buc phi c xung m mi hot ng c.
Do , b iu p xoay chiu ba pha phi c cc gc m bng
nhau (mi van ln lt m cch nhau 60) v rng xung m mi van
l 120 m bo lng sng hi ti thiu v m chc chn.
Kh nng iu chnh in p ch c th xy ra khi gc dn ca
Thyristor < 150.

NGUYN TH H THU

26

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

Chng 3
VI IU KHIN V
CCH LP TRNH CHO VI IU KHIN
3.1 Gii thiu chung v vi iu khin AVR ATmega16
3.1.1 Tng quan v vi iu khin AVR Atmega16

Ngy nay cng ngh s v ang c ng dng rng ri trong mi


ngnh ca khoa hc k thut. cc nc cng nghip, truyn ng in
ng dng rt thnh cng cng ngh ny vi nhng u vit hn so vi phng
php iu khin tng t truyn thng nh:
- Mm do trong vic thay i cu trc v tham s ca h thng t
ng.
- chnh xc cao.
- C kh nng chng nhiu tt.
- D dng t ng ha.
Vic ng dng cng ngh s, s dng vi iu khin trong vic thit k v
ch to b khi ng mm l hon ton ph hp vi iu kin thc t v xu
th chung. S dng cng ngh s trong thit k, ch to b khi ng mm c
th gip ta d dng to dng ng c tnh khi ng theo mun m bng
mch iu khin tng t lm c vic ny th s gp nhiu kh khn.
Vi iu khin ATmega16 l vi iu khin thuc h AVR ca hng
Atmel, l mt dng vi iu khin tch hp cao vi nhng chc nng c bn
nhng rt cn thit trong nhng ng dng c th.
Vi iu khin ATmega16 cung cp nhng tnh nng sau:
- 16K bytes b nh chng trnh dng flash c th Read-While-Write .
- 512 bytes EEPROM.
- 1K byte RAM tnh (SRAM).
NGUYN TH H THU

27

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

- 32 ng kt ni I/O mc ch chung.
- 32 thanh ghi lm vic mc ch chung c ni trc tip vi n v
x l s hc v logic (ALU).
- Mt giao din JATG cho qut ngoi vi.
- Lp trnh v h tr g ri trn chip.
- 3 Timer/Counter linh hot vi cc ch so snh.
- Cc ngt ngoi v ngt trong (21 nguyn nhn ngt).
- Chun truyn d liu ni tip USART c th lp trnh.
- Mt ADC 10 bit, 8 knh vi cc knh u vo ADC c th la chn
bng cch lp trnh.
- Mt Watchdog Timer c th lp trnh vi b to dao ng bn trong.
- Mt cng ni tip SPI ( serial peripheral interface).
- 6 ch tit kim nng lng c th la chn bng phn mm.
- La chn tn s hot ng bng phn mm.
- ng gi 40 chn kiu PDIP.
- Tn s ti a 16MHz.
- in th 4,5 5,5V
Vi iu khin ATmega16 c h tr lp trnh vi ngn ng lp trnh
bc cao nh ngn ng lp trnh C. iu ny gip cho ngi s dng rt tin
li trong vic lp trnh cho vi iu khin.

NGUYN TH H THU

28

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

Hnh 19: S chn Atmega 16

M t cc chn vi iu khin ATmega16


- VCC: chn cp ngun mt chiu
- GND: chn ni t
- Port A (PA7..PA0): Cng A c dng lm li vo analog ca b
chuyn i A/D. Cng A cng c dng nh mt cng I/O 8 bit hai chiu
trc tip nu b chuyn i A/D khng c s dng. Cc chn ca port c
cung cp in tr ko ln bn trong (c chn cho tng bit).
- Port B(PB7..PB0): Cng B l mt cng I/O 8 bit hai chiu trc tip c
cc in tr ko ln bn trong (c chn cho tng bit). Ngoi ra Port B cn
c s dng cho cc chc nng c bit khc:
Port Pin Alternate Functions

PB7

SCK (SPI Bus serial Clock)

PB6

MISO (SPI Bus Master Input/Slave Output)

PB5

MOSI (SPI Bus Master Output/Slave Input)

PB4

SS (SPI Slave Select Input)

NGUYN TH H THU

29

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

PB3
PB2
PB1
PB0

AIN1 (Analog Comparator Negative Input)


OC0 (Timer/Counter) Output Compare Match Output)
AIN0 (Analog Comparator Positive Input)
INT2 (External Interrupt 2 Input)
T1 (Timer/Couter 1 External Counter Input)
T0 (Timer/Counter 0 External Counter Input)
XCK (USART External Clock Input/Output)

- Port C(PC7..PC0): Port C cng l mt cng I/O 8 bit hai chiu trc
tip vi cc in tr ko ln bn trong (c chn cho tng bit). Khi giao din
JTAG c php hot ng, cc in tr ko ln ca cc chn PC5(TDI),
PC3(TMS), v PC2(TCK) s vn hot ng c khi xy ra reset. Port C c
s dng cho giao din JTAG v cc chc nng c bit khc nh trong bng:

- Port D(PD7..PD0): l mt cng I/O 8 bit hai chiu trc tip c cc


in tr ko ln bn trong (c chn cho tng bit). Port D cng c dng
cho cc chc nng c bit khc ca ATmega16 nh trong bng:

NGUYN TH H THU

30

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

- RESET : L u vo reset. Mt tn hiu mc thp t vo chn ny


trong khong thi gian di hn di xung nh nht s pht ra mt reset,
ngay c khi xung nhp khng hot ng. Xung ngn hn th khng m bo
pht ra mt reset.
- XTAL1: u vo cho b khuch i o dao ng v u vo n
mch hot ng ng h xung nhp bn trong.
- XTAL2: u ra cho b khuch i o dao ng
- AVCC: l chn cp ngun p cho Port A v b chuyn i A/D. Chn
ny nn c ni vi VCC c khi ADC khng c s dng. nu ADC c
s dng, chn AVCC nn c ni vi VCC qua b lc thng thp.
- AREF: chn in p tham chiu ca b chuyn i A/D

Hnh 20: S cu trc vi iu khin Atmega16

NGUYN TH H THU

31

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
3.1.2 Cu trc b nh

tng ti a hiu sut v tnh tng thch, vi iu khin AVR s dng


kin trc Havard tc l b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh tch bit nhau
c v vng nh v ng bus.
B nh chng trnh ca AVR l b nh Flash c dung lng 128 Kb.
B nh chng trnh c rng bus l 16 bit. Nhng a ch u tin ca b
nh chng trnh c dng cho bng vecto ngt. B nh chng trnh Flash
c chia thnh 2 phn, phn chng trnh khi ng v phn chng trnh
ng dng. C hai phn u dnh nhng bit kha cho vic bo v ghi v
c/ghi. Lnh SPM dng ghi vo phn b nh chng trnh Flash ng dng
phi mt ni nht nh trong phn b nh chng trnh khi ng.
B nh d liu ca AVR chia lm 2 phn chnh l b nh SRAM v b
nh EEPROM. Tuy cng l b nh d liu nhng hai b nh ny li nm tch
bit nhau v c nh a ch ring.
Cc cu lnh trong b nh chng trnh c thc hin vi mt cp ng
dn ring. Khi mt lnh c thc hin th lnh tip theo c mang v sn t
b nh chng trnh. tng ny cho php mi lnh c thc hin trong ch
mt chu k xung nhp. B nh chng trnh trong h thng l b nh Flash c
th lp trnh li.
Truy cp nhanh tp thanh ghi cha 32 thanh ghi 8 bit lm vic mc ch
chung vi thi gian truy cp trong mt chu k xung nhp. iu ny cho php
n v x l s hc v logic (ALU) hot ng trong mt chu k n. Mt hot
ng in hnh ca ALU l hai ton hng c ly ra t tp thanh ghi, hot
ng thc hin tnh ton gia cc ton hng, sau kt qu li c lu vo
tp thanh ghi, tt c cc cng vic c thc hin trong mt chu k xung
nhp.
C 6 trong 32 thanh ghi c th c s dng nh 3 con tr thanh ghi a
ch gin tip 16 bit cho vic ghi a ch vng nh d liu, cho php c th tnh
ton a ch. Mt trong s nhng con tr a ch ny c th dc dng nh

NGUYN TH H THU

32

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

mt con tr a ch tra bng trong b nh chng trnh Flash. Cc thanh


ghi ny l cc thanh ghi 16 bit X, Y v Z.
ALU h tr cc php tnh s hc v logic gia cc thanh ghi hoc gia
hng s vi mt thanh ghi. Cc php tnh vi 1 thanh ghi ring l c th cng
c thc hin trong ALU. Sau mi php tnh s hc thanh ghi trng thi
c cp nht phn nh thng tin v kt qu ca php tnh.
Dng chng trnh c qui nh bi cc lnh nhy c iu kin v
khng iu kin v cc lnh gi, c th trc tip a ch trong ton b khng
gian a ch. Hu ht cc lnh ca AVR c dng 1 t 16 bit. Mi a ch ca
b nh chng trnh cha mt lnh 16 hoc 32 bit.
Trong sut thi gian phc v ngt hoc gi chng trnh con, a ch ca
b m chng trnh c ct vo ngn xp (stack). Ngn xp thc t c
t trong vng d liu chung SRAM, do kch thc ca ngn xp ch b
gii hn bi tt c kch thc SRAM v cch s dng SRAM. Tt c ngi s
dng chng trnh phi khai bo v tr ban u ca SP (stack pointer: con tr
ngn xp) trong chng trnh reset (trc khi thc hin cc chng trnh con
hay thc hin ngt). Con tr ngn xp SP c c/ghi c th truy nhp vo
vng nh I/O. B nh d liu SRAM c th truy nhp d dng thng qua 5
ch a ch khc nhau c h tr trong kin trc ca AVR.
n v ngt linh hot c cc thanh ghi iu khin ring ca n trong
vng nh I/O vi mt bit cho php ngt ton cc trong thanh ghi trng thi.
Tt c cc ngt u c cc vector ngt ring bit trong bng vector ngt. Cc
ngt c quyn u tin ngt khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr ca vector ngt.
Vector ngt c a ch cng thp c mc u tin cng cao.
Vng nh I/O cha 64 a ch cho cc chc nng ngoi vi nh cc thanh
ghi iu khin, SPI, v cc chc nng I/O khc. Vng nh I/O c th truy cp
trc tip hoc nh cc v tr trong vng nh d liu theo a ch trong tp
thanh ghi t $20 n $5F.

NGUYN TH H THU

33

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP
3.2 Ngn ng lp trnh C cho vi iu khin AVR

Ngn ng lp trnh C l ngn ng kh mnh v c nhiu ngi s


dng. Lp trnh bng ngn ng cp cao nh C gip xy dng cc ng dng
nhanh chng v d dng hn. Sau y s gii thiu mt cch c bn nht v
cch vit chng trnh cho AVR s dng ngn ng C.
Mt chng trnh C cho AVR thng bao gm nhng thn phn c bn
nh: ch thch (comments), biu thc (expressions), cu lnh (statements),
khi (blocks), cc ton t, cu trc iu khin (flow controls), hm
(function).
Ch thch (comments): Ch thch l nhng on trong chng trnh
dng gii thch hay bnh phm nhng g ta lm trong chng trnh, phn
ch thch khng c bin dch v vy n khng c bt k nh hng no dn
hot ng ca chng trnh. C hai cch to phn ch thch trong C l ch
thch theo tng dng bng cch t u dng ch thch du // v ch thch
block bng cch kp on cn ch thch vo gia /**/.
Tin x l (preprocessor): l mt tin ch ca ngng ng C, cc
preprocessor c trnh bin dch x l trc tt c cc phn khc. Cc
preprocessor c bt u bng

du #, trong ngn ng C c hai

preprocessor c s dng ph bin nht l #include v #define.


Preprocessor #include dng ch nh 1 file c nh km trong qu trnh
x l, v #define dng nh ngha mt chui thay th hoc 1 macro.
Biu thc (expressions): l mt phn ca cc cu lnh, biu thc c th
bao gm cc bin, cc ton t, gi hm. Biu thc tr v mt gi tr n.
Biu thc khng phi l mt cu lnh hon chnh.
Cu lnh (statements): l mt dng lnh hon chnh c th bao gm cc
t kha (key words), cc biu thc cc cu lnh khc v c kt thc bng
du ;.
Khi (blocks): l s kt hp ca nhiu cu lnh cng thc hin mt
nhim v no . Khi c kp gia hai du m khi { v ng khi }.

NGUYN TH H THU

34

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

Ton t (operators): l nhng k hiu bo cho trnh bin dch bit nhng
nhim v cn thc hin.
- Cc ton t i s
Ton t

ngha

Php nhn

Php chia

Php chia ly phn d

Php cng

Php tr

++

Tng

__

Gim

Du m

Cc ton t logic v quan h


Ton t

ngha

>

Ln hn

>=

Ln hn hoc bng

<

Nh hn

<=

Nh hn hoc bng

==

So snh bng

!=

So snh khng bng

Php tnh logic NOT

&&

Php tnh logic AND

||

Php tnh logic OR

NGUYN TH H THU

35

Thit b in- in t 3 k49

N TT NGHIP

- Cc ton t truy nhp v kch thc


Ton t

ngha

[]

Phn t ca mng

Chn phn t (vd: PORTD.5)

a ch gin tip

&

a ch trc tip

- Cc ton t thao tc bit


Ton t

ngha

Php NOT bit

&

Php AND bit

Php OR bit

Php XOR bit

>>

Dch bit sang tri

<<

Dch bit sang phi

Cu trc iu khin (flow controls): Cc cu trc iu khin cho php


chng trnh thc hin ng theo tng ca ngi vit chng trnh. Cc
cu trc iu khin thng dng trong lp trnh C:
- If (iu kin) cu lnh; Nu iu kin l ng th thc hin cu lnh
tip theo sau, cu lnh c th c vit cng dng hay dng sau t kha if.
iu kin l mt biu thc bt k c th l s kt hp ca nhiu iu kin
thng qua cc ton t quan h AND(&&), OR(||), iu kin c cho l
ng khi n khc 0
Trong trng hp cn thc thi nhiu cu lnh khi mt iu kin no
tha mn ta c th t cc cu lnh trong mt khi:
If (iu kin)
{
Cu lnh 1;
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Cu lnh 2;

}
- If (iu kin) cu lnh 1; else cu lnh 2;: Nu iu kin ng th thc
hin cu lnh 1, nu khng ng th thc hin cu lnh 2. Vic t else v cc
cu lnh trn cng 1 dng hay khc dng khng lm thay i ngha ca cu
trc;
Nu cn thc hin nhiu cu lnh th cc cu lnh cn c dt trong 1
khi:
If (iu kin) {
Cu lnh 1;
Cu lnh 2;

}
Else {
Cu lnh 1;
Cu lnh 2;

}
- Trong trng hp c nhiu kh nng xy ra cho 1 biu thc (hay mt
bin) vi mi kh nng li cn thc hin mt cng vic no , ta c th s
dng cu trc switch:
Switch (biu thc) {
Case hng _s_1:
Cc cu lnh 1;
Break;
Case hng_s_2:
Cc cu lnh 2;
Break;
Defaul:
NGUYN TH H THU

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Cc cu lnh khc;
}
Cu trc switch hot ng theo cch thc sau: u tin chng trnh tnh
gi tr ca biu thc sau ln lt dem so snh vi cc gi tr hng s t
pha sau t kha case. Biu thc c gi tr bng hng s no th thc hin cc
cu lnh trong case dn khi tm thy t kha break. C th t bao nhiu
case ty . Nu gi tr ca biu thc khng tng ng vi cc hng s th
chng trnh thc hin cc cu lnh trong phn defaul: (nu c phn ny).
- Cu trc lp While: while (iu kin) cu lnh 1. ngha ca cu trc
lp while l thc hin cu lnh 1 (hoc 1 khi cu lnh t trong du {}) khi
iu kin cn ng.
- Cu trc lp for : for (biu thc 1; biu thc 2; biu thc 3) cu lnh.
Trong biu thc 1 l biu thc khi to, biu thc 2 l iu kin, biu thc
3 l biu thc thc hin sau. Biu thc 1 c thc hin 1 ln sau chng
trnh kim tra iu kin qua biu thc 2, nu iu kin ng cu lnh c
thc hin, sau thc hin biu thc 3 ri li quay li kim tra iu kin. C
nh vy ti khi iu kin khng cn ng na th chng trnh thot khi
vng lp. Ch khi s dng vng lp for l cc biu thc trong cu trc for c
th khng c nhng cc du ; th bt buc phi c.
Hm (functions): Trong C c rt nhiu hm, mi hm dng thc hin
mt chc nng c th. Cc hm trong C thng c thit k nh gn, c
nhng hm phc tp ngi dng cn t to ra.
Cc t kha (key words): T kha l nhng t quy nh ca ngn ng C
nh tn cc kiu d liu (char, int, unsigned int, ); tn cc cu trc iu
khin (if, while, for,). Cn ch khng c t tn bin trng vi t kha.
Cc kiu d liu thng dng khi lp trnh C cho vi iu khin:
Tn kiu d liu

S byte

Khong d liu

Char

- 127 n 127 hoc 0 n 255

Unsigned char

0 n 255

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Signed char

- 127 n 127

Int

- 32767 n 32767

Unsigned int

0 n 65353

Singed int

- 32767 n 32767

Short int

- 32767 n 32767

Unsigned short int

0 n 65353

Singed short int

- 32767 n 32767

Long int

- 2147483647 n 2147483647

Unsigned long int

0 n 4294967295

Singed long int

- 2147483647 n 2147483647

Long long int

- (263 1) n (263 1)

Unsigned long long int

0 n (264 1 )

Signed long long int

- (263 1) n (263 1)

3.3 Gii thiu phn mm CodevisionAVR, dng lp trnh v np


chng trnh cho vi iu khn AVR

Phn mm codevisionAVR l mt phn mm rt tin li dng lp


trnh v np cho AVR, n h tr ti a cho ngi s dng trong vic lp trnh
cho AVR, gip ngi s dng c th nhanh chng nm bt cch s dng, cc
chc nng v cc ch lm vic ca vi iu khin.
3.3.1. Cch to mt project mi

Ci t trnh bin dch CoddeVision AVR C trong th mc mc nh


C:/Cvavr.
Chy file cvavr.exe trong th mc C:/Cvavr/bin
To mt project mi bng cch chn File/New trong bng chn (menu
option), ca s trong hnh v hin ra:

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Chn Project sau n OK. Ca s sau hin ra:

n yes s dng CodeWizardAVR vit chng trnh t ng.


3.3.2. Cch s dng CodeWizardAVR lp trnh t ng

CodeWizardAVR lm n gin ha vic vit nhng on code m u


cho nhng loi vi iu khin AVR khc nhau. Sau khi n yes trong ca s
confirm trn s hin ra ca s chn la:

Trong bi ton iu khin b khi ng mm ny ta chn chip


ATmega16 vi tn s xung nhp l 16MHz.
nh dng cc cng vo/ra ph hp vi mc ch s dng bng cch
chn tab Ports
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Ci t mc nh ca tt c cc cng I/O l cc u vo (input). Nu


mun s dng bit no lm ni xut d liu ta cn ci t cho bit thnh u
ra (output) bng cch click vo vo bit .
nh dng cc Timer bng cch chn tab Timer

Chn tn ca timer ph hp vi gi tr tn s xung nhp, chn ch


hot ng v cc ngt timer nh s dng.
Ngoi ra c th nh dng cho cc chc nng khc nh ngt ngoi,
ADC, bng cch la chn cc tab tng ng. Sau khi la chn ht cc
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chc nng cn s dng ca vi iu khin ta lu project bng cch chn


File/Generate, Save and Exit trong menu option.

CodeWizardAVR s to ra mt phn khung chng trnh bng ngn ng


C vi cc ch , cc ngt chnh xc nh la chn trn. Sau khi chn
File/Generate, save and exit trong menu option ca s trong hnh hin ra
gip ngi lp trnh lu project:

Nhn nt Create New Folder to mt file mi cha tt c cc file


trong project, sau dt tn file v nhn nt Save lu file ngun trnh
bin dch C (C compiler source file) di dng file *.c , mt hp hi thoi
na hin ra:

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Trong hp hi thoi ny ta phi xc nh r tn ca project v lu di


dng file *.prj trong cng mt th mc vi C compiler source file lu
trn.
Cui cng, mt hp hi thoi na hin ra nhc chng ta lu CodeWizard
project file

Ta nhp tn file ri nhn save file s c lu di dng *.cwp.


Ca s son tho hin ra, ta vit chng trnh cho vi iu khin trong
ca s son tho. Vit chng trnh xong ta tin hnh bin dch chng trnh
v lu di dng file *.hex bng cch chn make trong tab project hoc n t
hp phm shift+F9. Khi ca s thng tin s hin ra thng bo li v cc

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cnh bo nu c, nu khng c li v cnh bo th ta hon ton c th np


chng trnh vo vi iu khin
3.3.3. Np chng trnh cho vi iu khin

Dng mch np AVR910 USB Programmer, l mch np ISP dng


lp trnh cho tt c dng vi iu khin AVR.
T giao din chnh ca CodeVision AVR, ta vo menu Setting
Programmer, xut hin hp thoi Programmer Settings:

La chn cc thng s nh hnh trn, lu cng COM c chn phi l


cng c gn tng ng vi mch np (Sau khi ci t driver cho
AVR910 USB Programmer th AVR910 USB s dng cng COM o kt
ni vi phn mm my tnh ). Nhn OK hon tt qu trnh thit lp thng
s. y, CodeVision c th c s dng nh mt chng trnh np c lp
np mt file HEX c sn, hoc s dng nh mt phn tch hp np
chnh Project ang c bin dch bi CodeVisionAVR, tt c thng qua hp
thoi Chip Programmer (menu Tools Chip Programmer hoc t hp
phm tt Shift + F4).

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Qu trnh lp trnh cho chip AVR c chia lm 3 thao tc c bn bao


gm Program (np xung), Read (c ln), v Compare (so snh), c thao tc
trn c t trn h thng menu ca hp thoi Programmer, cc thao tc trn
c p dng cho cc thnh phn sau trn chip:
- B nh chng trnh (Flash).
- B nh khng mt ni dung (EEPROM).
- Cc bit lu cu hnh hot ng (Fuse bits).
- Cc bt lu cu hnh bo v (Lock bits).
Ngoi ra cn mt s mc lin quan nh Signature byte, Caliblation
Byte Tham kho chi tit trong Datasheet ca Atmega16

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Trn hp thoi Programmer c cc nt c bn bao gm Program All v


Reset Chip:

- Nt Program All c s dng np tt c cc thnh phn c


thit lp xung chp. Bao gm Flash, EEPROM, Fuse bits v Lock bits. Cn
c bit ch iu ny, khuyn co l khng nn s dng ti nt Program
All khi bn cha hiu ht tc dng ca Fuse bits, Lock bits, hn na vi nhu
cu thng thng l np chng trnh vo b nh Flash, s dng nt ny s
lm ko di thi gian lp trnh do np c cc thnh phn khng cn thit. (Nt
Program All rt c tc dng khi cn np sn xut mt lng ln chp, gip lm
gim cc thao tc thit lp).
- Nt Reset Chip s kch hot tn hiu Reset trn mch ch.
Mt thnh phn quan trng khc l hp thoi chn chp, cn chn ng
loi AVR trong danh sch trc khi tin hnh cc thao tc np. Pha bn phi
l phn Fuse bits, lit k danh sch cc Fuse tng ng vi loi AVR chn
(tn v s lng cc fuse ny khc nhau vi tng dng AVR). Mc nh
CodeVisionAVR trng cc bit ny ( gi tr 1), iu khng c ngha rng
cc Fuse bits thc t trn Chip cng c gi tr 1, nhng ngi mi s dng
thng hay nhn nt Program All m khng bit rng cc Fuse bits khng
c thit lp ng. V tnh thay i Fuse bits mc nh trong AVR dn ti
vic l Chip hot ng sai lch m khng r nguyn nhn. V vy, cn tham
kho k cc ti liu v Fuse bits dnh cho AVR, c bit l Datasheet ca
dng AVR ang s dng. Cu hnh sai fuse bits s dn n cc sai lnh khng
lng trc trong qu trnh hot ng ca AVR.
c v cc Fuse bits ca Chip, vo menu Read Fuse bit(s).

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Nhn Yes trn hp thoi Information, cc Fuse bits s c sau chp


vo phn cu hnh Fuse trong hp thoi Programmer.
Trong qu trnh s dng, nu sau khi np Flash m xut hin thng bo li
khi Verify:

Th cn xa ton b Flash bng cch vo menu Program chn Erase


Chip.

Sau khi Erase Flash, ta c th tin hnh np bnh thng m khng cn


xut hin thng bo li.
NGUYN TH H THU

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Chng 4
THIT K B KHI NG MM
IU KHIN S
A.Thit k mch ng lc
4.1. Tnh ton chn van ng lc
4.1.1. Tnh chn van ng lc theo dng in

Dng in hiu dng chy qua van khi ti u Y:

Pm
0,75.103
I hd =
=
= 2,2 (A)
3.U f . cos . 3.220.0.72.0.74
Trong :
Pm : cng sut nh mc ca ng c.
Uf

: in p pha.

cos : h s cng sut ca ng c.

: hiu sut ca ng c.

Ihd

: dng in hiu dng ca ng c.

Dng in lm vic ca van l:


1
2,2
I vlv = I hd =
= 1,1 (A)
2
2

Chn iu kin ta nhit ca van l lm mt bng khng kh t nhin.


Dng in nh mc ca van:
Imv = kI.Ivlv = 1,1.10 = 11 (A)
kI: h s d tr dng in ca van. Chn KI = 10.
4.1.2. Tnh chn van ng lc theo in p

in p lm vic cc i Ulv ca van bn dn:


U lv = 2.U d = 6U f = 6.220 539 (V)
in p ca van bn dn c chn:
Uv = kdt.Ulv = 1,6.539 863 (V)
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kdt: h s d tr in p ca van. Chn kdt = 1,6.


4.1.3. Thng s ca van bn dn

Thyristor mc vo li xoay chiu 50Hz nn thi gian chuyn mch ca


Thyristor khng nh hng ln n vic chn Thyristor. T cc thng s trn
ta chn loi Thyristor c cc thng s sau:
K hiu: BTM92 1000R
in p ngc cc i

: Unmax = 1000 V

Dng in lm vic cc i

: Immax = 20 A

Dng in dnh cc i

: Ipicmax = 400 A

Dng in xung iu khin

: Ig = 10 mA

in p xung iu khin

: Ug = 3,5 V

Dng in duy tr

: Ih = 200 mA

Dng in r

: Ir = 5 mA

St p trn tiristor trng thi dn

: Umax = 2,3 V

o hm in p

: du/dt = 300 V/s

Thi gian chuyn mch (m v kha) : tcm =


: Tmax = 125C

Nhit lm vic cc i
4.2. Bo v cc linh kin bn dn
4.2.1. Thit b bo v ngn mch

bo v ngn mch v ng ct ta dng Aptomat. Aptomat c cc


thng s sau:
Chn Aptomat 3 cc
Dng in nh mc : ImATM = 1,2.Im = 1,2.2,2 = 2,64 (A)
Dng in ngn mch : InmATM = 5.Im = 5. 2,2 = 11 (A)
in p in mc

: UmATM = Um = 380 (V)

4.2.2. Thit b dng ng ct ti thng xuyn

Dng cng tc t xoay chiu ba pha, gm 3 cp tip im ng lc v 2


cp tip im thng ng v thng m.
Dng in nh mc : ImCTT = 1,2.Im = 1,2.2,2 = 2,64 (A)
in p nh mc: UmCTT = Um = 380 (V)
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4.2.3. Thit b bo v qu nhit

Dng rle nhit (RLN) loi ba pha 2 phn t h


Dng in chnh nh IRLN = Im = 2,2 (A)
4.2.4. Bo v xung in p t li

Dng mch RC bo v.
R = (5 20) ; C = 4F Chn R = 20 ; C = 4F
4.2.5. Bo v xung in p do chuyn mch van

Dng mch RC bo v.
R = (5 30) ; C = (0,5 4)F Chn R = 20 v C = 4F

~ 380

Aptomat

B khi
ng mm

Cng tc
t

RLN

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B. Thit k mch iu khin


S khi mch iu khin
Uf

Khu
ng pha

Vi iu
khin

Khu
khuch i

Bin p
xung

K
tiristor

Trong , khu ng pha s dng khuch i thut ton:


Khu khuch i s dng mch khuch i Darlington
tnh ton cc thng s ca mch iu khin ta da vo cc yu cu
ca xung m thyristor:
in p iu khin

: Uk = 3,5(V)

Dng in iu khin

: Ik = 0,01(A)

rng xung iu khin

: tx = 2tm = 100(s)

Tn s xung iu khin

: fx = 3(KHz)

in p ngun nui mch iu khin

: U = 12(V) v 5V

Mc st bin xung

: sx = 0,15

4.3. Thut ton iu khin cho vi iu khin

T tn hiu ng pha c a vo chn ICP ca vi iu khin, vi iu


khin phi tnh ton thi gian pht xung iu khin cho thyristor theo yu
cu :
-

To xung iu khin c rng xung iu khin bng 120o

Xung iu khin thay i ph hp thay i gc m, gim dn

gc m t = 90o n = 0o trong thi gian khi ng


-

To xung chm vi tn s xung chm f = 5KHz

p ng nhng yu cu trn:
V phn cng, ta s dng cc ti nguyn ca vi iu khin ATmega16

nh sau:

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Timer 1

tnh thi gian to xung iu khin s dng timer 16 bit (Timer1)


ch hot ng bnh thng tc l timer m lin tc t 00h n FFh sau
khi trn timer tip tc m t 00h.
Chn prescaler cho timer 1 l 1/1024 tc l sau 1024 chu k xung nhp
th thanh ghi TCNT1 mi tng mt gi tr. Chn tn s xung nhp l 16MHz.
Nh vy, mi gi tr ca thanh ghi TCNT1 ng vi khong thi gian
tu = 1024.1/16 = 64(s)
Na chu k bng 10ms (180o) ng vi gi tr ca timer1 l
10.103
= 156 (dec) = 9C(hex)
64

Ta lp mt bng s cha cc gi tr ng vi cc gc m t 30o n


135o (t 1Ah n 74h) c sp xp thch hp.
Thanh ghi ICR1
S dng ngt input capture ngt theo sn ln, a tn hiu ng pha
vo chn icp. Khi bt u mt chu k (sn ln ca tn hiu ng pha) gi tr
ca thanh ghi TCNT1(thanh ghi gi tr m ca timer 1) s c ghi vo
thanh ghi ICR1, v gi tr ny s c s dng tnh ton pht xung iu
khin.
Timer 0

S dng timer0 to xung chm vi tn s f = 5KHz. Dng timer 0


ch CTC mode, prescaler l 1/1024, tn s xung nhp l 16 MHz
PORT C: PORT C c s dng xut tn hiu iu khin, 6 xung

iu khin cho 6 thyristor c a ra trn cng PORT C (t PC.0 n PC.5)


Chn PD.0: c dng pht tn hiu xung chm.
Chn PD.1: dng pht tn hiu iu khin r le trung gian khi hon

tt qu trnh khi ng ng cng tc t v ngtt b khi ng mm ra


khi h thng,

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V phn mm, s dng ngn ng lp trnh C v phn mm CodeVision

AVR d lp trnh cho vi iu khin, chng trnh gm chng trnh chnh v


cc chng trnh con phuc v ngt:
Chng trnh chnh gm:

nh ngha chiu vo ra cho cc PORT


t cc ch cho cc timer
Cho php ngt
Vng lp v tn: trong vng lp v tn ta lin tc so snh gi tr ca
thanh ghi TCNT1 vi cc gi tr ng vi cc thi im cch u nhau 60o tnh
t thi im ng vi gc m . Ti cc thi im ln lt xut ra PORT C
cc s hexa 0x09, 0x21, 0x24, 0x06, 0x12, 0x18 nhm to nn cc xung iu
khin c rng xung iu khin bng 120o.
ong
pha
ICP

T1

PORTC.0
t

T2
PORTC.1

T3
PORTC.2

T4
PORTC.3
T5

PORTC.4
t

T6

PORTC.5
PORTC

0x18 0x09 0x21 0x24 0x06 0x12

Gin xung trn cc chn vi iu khin

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Ngt input capture

Xc nh gc m bng cch tra bng


Lu gi tr ca TCNT1 vo thanh ghi ICR1
T c th tnh c khi thi im ng vi gc m l khi TCNT1 =
ICR1 + bang[i] (vi bang[i] l gi tr trong bng ng vi gc m , gi tr
ny c thay i gim dn gc m trong qu trnh khi ng )
Kim tra nu gc m gim n gi tr thp nht, th set PD.1 ln 1
lm tn hiu iu khin r le
Ngt timer 0

Thay i gi tr ca PD.0 nhm to ra xung chm


4.4. Tnh ton mch iu khin
4.4.1. Thit k bin p xung

Chn vt liu lm li l st ferit HM. Li co dng hnh xuyn, lm vic


trn mt phn ca c tnh t ha c: B = 0,3(T); H = 30(A/m), khng c
khe h khng kh
T s bin p xung, thng m = 2 3, chn m = 3
in p cun th cp bin p xung: U2 = Uk = 3,5(V)
in p t ln cun s cp bin p xung:
U1 = m.U2 = 3.3,5 = 10,5(V)
Dng in th cp bin p xung: I2 = Ik = 0,01(A)
Dng in s cp bin p xung:
I1 =

I 2 0, 01
=
= 0, 0033( A)
m
3

t thm trung bnh tng i ca li st:


tb =

B
0,3
=
= 8.103
6
0 .H 1, 25.10 .30

Trong 0 = 1,25.10-6 (H/m) l t thm ca khng kh


Th tch ca li thp cn c:
V = Q.l =

tb .0 .t x .sx .U1.I1

NGUYN TH H THU

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Thay s vo ta c:
V=

8.103.1, 25.106.100.106.0,15.10,5.0, 0033


= 0, 058.106 (m3 ) = 0, 058(cm3 )
0,32

Chn li thp c th tch V = 0,123(cm3), c cc kch thc:


Kch thc (mm)
Loi li thp

OA-12/14-3

12

S liu cn tra cu

Qcs

Q.Qcs

(cm2)

(cm)

(cm2)

(g)

(cm4)

0,03

4,1

1,13

0,96

0,034

14

d
b
Hnh 21: Hnh chiu li bin p xung

S vng dy qun s cp bin p xung:


Theo nh lut cm ng in t:
U1 = W1.Q.
W1 =

dB
B
= W1.Q.
dt
tx

U1.t x 10,5.100.106
=
= 1167 (vng)
B.Q 0,3.0, 03.104

S vng dy th cp
W2 =

W2 1167
=
= 389 (vng)
m
3

Tit din dy qun s cp


S1 =

I1 0, 0033
=
= 0, 00056(mm 2 )
J1
6

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Chn mt dng in J1 = 6(A/mm2)


ng knh dy qun s cp
4.S1

d1 =

4.0, 00056

= 0, 027(mm)

Chn dy c ng knh d1 = 0,1(mm)


Tit din dy qun th cp
S2 =

I 2 0, 01
=
= 0, 0025(mm 2 )
J2
4

Chn mt dng in J2 = 4(A/mm2)


ng knh dy qun th cp
d2 =

4.S 2

4.0, 0025

= 0, 056(mm)

Chn dy c ng knh d2 = 0,1(mm)


Kim tra h s lp y:
K ld =

S1. W1 + S2 .W2 d12 W1 + d 2 2 W2


=
d2
d2

0,12.1167 + 0,12.389
=
= 0,11
122

Vy ca s din tch cn thit.


4.4.2. Tnh ton khu khuch i
+12V

Dxung

T chn ca
4081

C1

D2

R1

Thyristor

T1
D1

Hnh 22: S tng khuch i

NGUYN TH H THU

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- Chn trazitor darlington TIP 112 lm vic ch xung, c cc thng


s sau:
Trazitor Darlington loi NPN
in p gia colector v bazo khi h mch emitor : UCBO = 100(V)
in p gia emitor v bazo khi h mch colector : UEBO = 5(V)
Dng in ln nht colector c th chu ng

: ICmax = 5(A)

Dng in ln nht baz c th chu ng

: IBmax = 0,12(A)

Cng sut tiu tn colector

: PC = 2(W)

Nhit ln nht mt tip gip

: T1 = 15oC

H s khuch i

: = 50

Dng lm vic ca colector

: IC = 0,0033(A)

Dng lm vic ca bazo

: IB = IC/ = 0,066mA

- Cc diod trong mch iu khin u cng loi 1N4009, c thng s


Dng in nh mc

: Im = 1(A)

in p ngc ln nht

: UN = 25(V)

in p diod m thng

: Um = 1(V)

- Chn diod xung loi: RU2B, c thng s:


Dng in nh mc

: Im = 2(A)

in p ngc ln nht

: UN = 800(V)

in p diod m thng

: Um = 1,5 (V)

4.4.3. Chn cng AND

Ton b mch iu khin cn dng 6 cng AND nn ta chn hai IC 4081,


mi IC 4081 c 4 cng AND. Cc thng s:
Ngun nui IC

:Vcc = 3 9(V)

Nhit lm vic

: - 40oC 80oC

in p ng vi mc logic 1: 2 4,5(V)
Dng in

: < 1mA

Cng sut tiu th

: P = 2,5nW/1 cng

NGUYN TH H THU

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4.4.4. Chn R1 v C1

in tr R1 v C1 dng hn ch dng in a v baz ca Tranzitor


Tr, chn R1 tha mn iu kin:
R1

U
12
=
= 6k ; Chn R1 = 6,8 k
I b3 2.10 3

Trong : U = 12V; Ib3 = IAND = 2mA;


Chn C1.R1 = tx = 100s

C1 =

tx
100
=
= 0,0147 F ; Chn C1 = 0,022 F
R 1 6,8.103

4.4.5. Tnh ton khu ng pha


-5V
R2
741
~220V

~7V

D3

R3

D4

ICP
D5

+5V

Hnh 23: S khu ng pha

Khuch i thut ton chn IC A741 c cc thng s:


in p ngun nui

: VCC = 22(V), chn VCC = 5V

Hiu in th gia hai u vo

: 30(V)

Nhit lm vic

: T = - 40 105(oC)

Cng sut tiu th

: Ptot = 500(mW) = 0,5(W)

Chn in p xoay chiu ng pha Udph = 7(V)


in tr R2 dng hn ch dng vo khuch i thut ton, chn R sao
cho dng vo khuch i thut ton Iv < 1mA. Do :
R2 > UA/Iv = 7/1.10-3 = 7(k)
chn R2 = 10 k

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4.4.6. To ngun nui

Ta cn to ngun in p 12V cp cho my bin p xung v ngun


in 5V nui vi iu khin v cc IC.
+12V

7812

C2

~220V

C5

C8

~15V
~7V
+5V

7805
C3

C6

C9

C4

C7

C10

7905

-5V

Hnh 24: S nguyn l to ngun nui cho vi iu khin v bin p xung

Ta chn mch chnh lu cu 1 pha dng diod, in p th cp my bin


p:
U2 =

12
= 13,33(V ) chn U2 = 15(V)
0,9

n nh in p ra ca ngun nui, ta dng hai vi mch n p 7812


v 7805
Ta thit k my bin p to ngun nui. Chn kiu my bin p mt pha
ba tr, c hai cun dy 1 cun s cp v 1 cun th cp c 2 u ra.
in p th cp my bin p: U2 = 15(V)
Cng sut ngun nui IC A741: PIC = 0,5 (W)
Cng sut cho vi iu khin: PVK = 3(W)
Cng sut cun dy r le: PR = 0,69(W)
(s dng r le NG8QN ca Ningbo Forward Relay Corp. Ltd c thng
s:
Cng sut cun dy

: 0,69W

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in p nh mc

: 12V)

Cng sut bin p xung cp cho cc iu khin thyristor:


Px = 6.Uk.Ik = 6.3,5.0,01 = 0,21(W)
Cng sut cn c ca my bin p:
P =PIC + PVK + PR + Px = 0,5 + 3 + 0,69 + 0,21= 4,4(W)
Cng sut ca my bin p c k n 5% tn tht trong my:
S = 1,05.P = 1,05.4,4 = 4,62(VA)
Dng in th cp my bin p:
I2 =

S 4, 62
=
= 0,308( A)
U2
15

Dng in s cp my bin p
I1 =

S 4, 62
=
= 0, 021( A)
U1 220

Tit din tr ca my bin p c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim:


QT = kQ .

S
4, 62
= 6.
= 1, 05(cm 2 )
m. f
3.50

Trong : kQ = 6 l h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt


m = 3 l s tr ca my bin p
f = 50 Hz l tn s in p li
Chun ha tit din tr ta c: QT = 1,63cm2
Kch thc mch t:
L thp dy = 0,5(mm)
S lng l thp 68 l
a = 12mm
b = 16mm
h = 30mm
H s ghp cht kc = 0,85

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H h

a
C

Hnh 25: Kch thc mch t my bin p

Chn mt t cm trong tr B = 1T, ta c s vng dy s cp


W1 =

U1
220
=
= 6080
4, 44. f .B.QT 4, 44.50.1.1, 63.104
(vng)

Chn mt dng in J1 = J2 = 2,75(A/mm2)


Tit din dy qun s cp:
S1 =

I1 0, 021
=
= 7, 64.103 (mm3 )
J1 2, 75

ng knh dy qun s cp:


d1 =

4.S1

4.7, 64.103

= 0, 0986(mm)

Chn d1 = 0,1mm m bo bn c. ng knh k c cch in l


d1c = 0,12mm
S vng dy qun th cp:
u ra 15V:
W2 = W1.

U2
15
= 6080.
= 415 (vng)
U1
220

u ra 9V:
W22 = W1.

U 22
9
= 6080
= 249 (Vng)
220
U1

ng knh dy cun th cp v kch thc nh khng ng k chn


d2 = 0,38mm; ng knh k c cch in d2c = 0,42mm
Chn h s lp y kl = 0,7

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

kld = 4

Vi:

Suy ra:

c= 4

(d1cd 2 .W1 + d 2 cd 2 .W2 )


c.h

(d1cd2 .W1 + d 2cd 2 .W2 )


kld .h

= 4

(0,122.6080 + 0,422.415)
0,7.30

= 6,0(mm )

Chn c = 10mm
Chiu di mch t: L = 2.c + 3.a = 2.10 + 3.12 = 56(mm)
Chiu cao mch t: H = h + 2.a = 30 + 2.12 = 54(mm)
4.4.7. Tnh chn diode cho b chnh lu ngun nui

Dng in hiu dng qua diod


IDhd = I2 = 0,308(A)
in p ngc ln nht m diod phi chu
UNmax = 2 .U2 = 1,41.15 = 21,2(V)
Chn diode c dng nh mc Im ki.IDhd = 10.0,308 = 3,08(A)
Chn diode c in p ngc ln nht UN kU.UNmax = 2.21,2 = 42,4(V)
Chn diode cu KBP 302G c cc thng s sau:
Dng in nh mc: Im = 3A
in p ngc cc i: UN = 70V
4.4.8. Tnh ton mch Reset v mch dao ng cho vi iu khin

Cc CPU cn c mt xung reset sau khi in p ngun nui t n gi


tr n nh. Yu cu ny c t ra khi to cc thanh ghi bn trong v
mch iu khin. Sau mt khong thi gian xc nh no , gi l chu k
reset khi bt ngun th b x l bt u thc thi cc lnh trong b nh chng
trnh. Nt nhn cho php reset li mch bng tay khi cn. R2 v C c nhim
v to thi gian tr cho tn hiu Reset t vo chn Reset cho n khi in p
ngun t gi tr n nh. (Hnh 26a)
B dao ng cng hng thch anh dng to ra tn s dao ng hay
tn hiu gi xung nhp. Tn s gi xung nhp cho b x l quy nh tc m
chng trnh s thc hin lnh.Hai t in C2 v C3 c nhim v bo m cho
mch chc chn dao ng. (Hnh 26b)

NGUYN TH H THU

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+5V

C2

XTAL1
Thach anh

R2

C3
R1

XTAL2

RESET

b)

Nt nhn
C

a)

Hnh 26: S mch reset v mch dao ng cho vi iu khin

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

Chng 5
CH TO V TH NGHIM
B KHI NG MM IU KHIN S

5.1. Ch to mch iu khin


5.1.1. Mch nguyn l
2

1
2

+5V

J6
2
4
6
8
10

+5V
1
D10

+
+
+
+
+

R1
10K

1N1199

1 mosi
3
5
7 sck
9 miso

+
+
+
+
+

J16

CON10AP

R2
SW1
100

13
12

C6
RESET

1uF

adc

C4

22pF

Y1

C5
CRYSTAL/16M
mosi
miso
sck

22pF

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

PC0 (SCL)
PC1 (SDA)
PC2 (TCK)
PC3 (TMS)
PC4 (TDO)
PC5 (TDI)
PC6 (TOSC1)
PC7 (TOSC2)

RESET*
XTAL1
XTAL2
PA0/ADC0
PA1/ADC1
PA2/ADC2
PA3/ADC3
PA4/ADC4
PA5/ADC5
PA6/ADC6
PA7/ADC7

PB0 (XCK/T0)
PB1 (T1)
PB2 (INT2/AIN0)
PB3 (OC0/AIN1)
PB4 (SS*)
PB5 (MOSI)
PB6 (MISO)
PB7 (SCK)

port1.1
port1.2
port1.3
port1.4
port1.5
port1.6

chum
relay

1
2
CON2

U18

+5V

CON3

U12

J8

R4

3
R

CON2

4
-5V

+Vcc

output

-Vcc

5
6

1
2
3

NC

port1.4
chum
adc

null1

30
32

chum

J12

D6

+5V

D5

port1.5
icp

10
11
31

VCC
GND
GND

chum

12

port1.6

13

port1.2

chum

port1.1

chum

6
8

R6

icp

uA741

chum

12

port1.3

13

D8

1N1199

GND

Vcc

1.1

14

2.1
5.2

out1

6.2

out2

8.3

out3

9.3

out4

T5

T4

10
T6

11

12.4
13.4

GND

IC 4081
U19

+5V

null2

6
5
4
3
2
1

+5V

chum
relay

ATMEGA16

J13

CON6

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

PD0/RxD
PD1/TxD
PD2/INT0
PD3/INT1
PD4/OC1A
PD5/OC1B
PD6/ICP1
PD7/OC2

AVCC
AREF

2
1

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

U11
9

Vcc

1.1

+5V
14

2.1
5.2

out1

6.2

out2

8.3

out3

9.3

out4

T2

T1

10
11

T3

12.4
13.4

dong pha

GND

IC 4081
2
7812

U13
D4

2 -

+5V

IN OUT
1

+ 4

D2

LED

GND
C9
C

J11
2
1

C12
C

BRIDGE

3
2
1
CON3
-5V

CON2

U14

C11

C10

C14
C

IN OUT

3
-5V

7912

NGUYN TH H THU

C13
C

+5V

J14
R3
220

64

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N TT NGHIP

5.1.2. Mch in

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

5.2. Ch to mch li
5.2.1. Mch nguyn l

NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP
+12V

U20 3

J1

D1

D2
2

4 1

BAX

C1

DKT1

U3
R1

1
2

dkt1
2

J22
D3

2
1

realy

3
1

CON2

+12V
1

U21 3

41

D4
U4

1
2
J18

DKT2

1
2
3

1
D6

1
2
3

+12V
2

CON3
1

U22 3
J3

D8
1

U5

C3

2 -

D19

1N1199
C9

C8

R7
R

U23 3

41

J4
2

BAX

1
2

DKT4

U24 3

41

D13
U7

J5

D14
2

BAX

1N1199

1
2
CON2

C5

J21

D20

1
2
DKT5

+12V

+12V

1
D15

R9
relay
3
+12V

Q1
2N1723

1
R
3

D12

R5

dkt4

C7

3
1

C4

dkt5

IN OUT
GND

+ 4

CON2

3
+12V

+12V

7812

1
2

D11

D21

BRIDGE

DKT3
J17

U6
R4

1
2

D9

dkt3

41
BAX

D7

R3

dkt1
dkt2
dkt3
dkt4
dkt5
dkt6

J19
CON3
3

BAX

C2
2

R2
dkt2

J2

D5

U25 3

D16

R6

C6
2

dkt6

41
BAX

1
2
DKT6

1
D18

J6

D17
2

2
1

U8

5.2.2. Mch in

NGUYN TH H THU

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NGUYN TH H THU

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N TT NGHIP

KT LUN

NGUYN TH H THU

69

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Nh vy trong n chng em trnh by nhng tm hiu ca mnh v


cc phng php khi ng ng c khng ng b, b iu p xoay chiu
dng tng dn in p khi khi ng ng c, vi iu khin ATmega16
cng vi cch lp trnh cho vi iu khin. T nhng tm hiu chng em
thit k v ch to thnh cng mch th nghim cho B KHI NG
MM IU KHIN S. Do kinh nghim cn non nt cng vi thi gian
chun b gp gp, n ca chng em chc chn khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st. Chng em rt mong nhn c kin gp ch bo t cc thy c
v bn b ng nghip.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s gip , hng dn ht sc
tn tnh ca thy H XUN HA, cng ton th cc thy c trong b mn
Thit b in in t, gip trong qu trnh chng em hon thnh
n ny.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n !

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. My in 1 - V Gia Hanh

2. K thut vi iu khin AVR Ng Din Tp.


3. Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng sut Trn Vn Thnh.
4. in t cng sut tp 1 L Vn Doanh.
5. in t cng sut V Minh Chnh.
6. T ng ha thit b in Trn Vn Thnh.

PH LC
Chng trnh cho vi iu khin vit bng ngn ng lp trnh C, s dng phn
mm lp trnh CodevisionAVR
/************************************************************************
This program was produced by the
CodeWizardAVR V1.24.8d Professional
Automatic Program Generator
Copyright 1998-2006 Pavel Haiduc, HP InfoTech s.r.l.
http://www.hpinfotech.com
Project : Do an tot nghiep
Version :
Date : 5/21/2009
Author : Nguyen Thi Ha Thu va Do Viet Lon
Company : Dai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi
Comments:
Chip type
: ATmega16
Program type
: Application
Clock frequency : 16.000000 MHz
Memory model
: Small
External SRAM size : 0
Data Stack size : 256
************************************************************************/
// Khai bao thu vien su dung chip ATmega16
#include <mega16.h>
/************************************************************************
Khai bao cac bien su dung trong chuong trinh
y: bien tuong duong voi goc mo alpha
j:
chi so cua mang
i: bien dem so chu ky
a:
dung de luu gia tri thanh ghi TCNT1 khi goc mo lon
************************************************************************/
unsigned int y=0x74,a,i,j=1000;
/************************************************************************
bang tra cac gia tri ung voi cac goc mo, thoi gian khoi dong la 20s
************************************************************************/
flash unsigned char bang[]={
0x1A, 0x1A, 0x1A, 0x1A,0x1A, 0x1A, 0x1A, 0x1A,0x1A, 0x1A, 0x1A, 0x1A,0x1A,
0x1A, 0x1A,
0x1B, 0x1B,0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B, 0x1B,
0x1B, 0x1B,
0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C,
0x1C, 0x1C,
0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D,
0x1D, 0x1D,
0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E, 0x1E,
0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1F,
0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,0x20, 0x20,

0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21, 0x21,
0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22, 0x22,
0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23, 0x23,
0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24, 0x24,
0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25, 0x25,
0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26,
0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27, 0x27,
0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29, 0x29,
0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A, 0x2A,
0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B, 0x2B,
0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C, 0x2C,
0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D, 0x2D,
0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E, 0x2E,
0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F, 0x2F,
0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30,
0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31,
0x32, 0x32, 0x32, 0x32, 0x32, 0x32, 0x32, 0x32, 0x32,
0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33,
0x34, 0x34, 0x34, 0x34, 0x34, 0x34, 0x34, 0x34, 0x34,
0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35, 0x35,
0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36, 0x36,
0x37, 0x37, 0x37, 0x37, 0x37, 0x37, 0x37, 0x37, 0x37,
0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38,
0x39, 0x39, 0x39, 0x39, 0x39, 0x39, 0x39, 0x39, 0x39,
0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A, 0x3A,
0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B, 0x3B,
0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x3C,
0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D, 0x3D,
0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E, 0x3E,
0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F, 0x3F,
0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40,
0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41,
0x42, 0x42, 0x42, 0x42, 0x42, 0x42, 0x42, 0x42, 0x42,
0x43, 0x43, 0x43, 0x43, 0x43, 0x43, 0x43, 0x43, 0x43,
0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44,
0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45, 0x45,
0x46, 0x46, 0x46, 0x46, 0x46, 0x46, 0x46, 0x46, 0x46,
0x47, 0x47, 0x47, 0x47, 0x47, 0x47, 0x47, 0x47, 0x47,
0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48,
0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49, 0x49,
0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A, 0x4A,
0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B, 0x4B,
0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C, 0x4C,
0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D, 0x4D,
0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E, 0x4E,
0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F, 0x4F,
0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50, 0x50,
0x51, 0x51, 0x51, 0x51, 0x51, 0x51, 0x51, 0x51, 0x51,
0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52, 0x52,
0x53, 0x53, 0x53, 0x53, 0x53, 0x53, 0x53, 0x53, 0x53,
0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54,
0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55,

0x56, 0x56, 0x56, 0x56, 0x56, 0x56, 0x56, 0x56, 0x56,


0x57, 0x57, 0x57, 0x57, 0x57, 0x57, 0x57, 0x57, 0x57,
0x58, 0x58, 0x58, 0x58, 0x58, 0x58, 0x58, 0x58, 0x58,
0x59, 0x59, 0x59, 0x59, 0x59, 0x59, 0x59, 0x59, 0x59,
0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A,
0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B, 0x5B,
0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C, 0x5C,
0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D,
0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E, 0x5E,
0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F, 0x5F,
0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60, 0x60,
0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61,
0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62, 0x62,
0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63,
0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64,
0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65, 0x65,
0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66,
0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67, 0x67,
0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68, 0x68,
0x68,
0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69, 0x69,
0x69,
0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A, 0x6A,
0x6A, 0x6A,
0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B, 0x6B,
0x6B, 0x6B,
0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C,0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C, 0x6C,
0x6C, 0x6C,
0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D, 0x6D,
0x6D, 0x6D,
0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E,
0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E, 0x6E,
0x6E, 0x6E,
0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x6F,
0x6F,
0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70,
0x70, 0x70, 0x70, 0x70,
0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71,
0x71, 0x71, 0x71, 0x71,
0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72,
0x72, 0x72, 0x72, 0x72,
0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73,
0x73, 0x73, 0x73, 0x73,
0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74,
0x74, 0x74, 0x74, 0x74
};
/************************************************************************
CHUONG TRINH PHUC VU NGAT INPUTCAPTURE (TIMER1)
************************************************************************/
interrupt [TIM1_CAPT] void timer1_capt_isr(void)
{
i++;
if (j==0)

{
PORTD.1=0x01;y=0x1A;}
else
{j=j-1;
y=bang[j];}
}
/************************************************************************
CHUONG TRINH PHUC VU MGAT SO SANH (TIMER0)
(xay ra khi TCNT0 = OCR0)
************************************************************************/
interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void)
{
PORTD.0^=1;
}
/************************************************************************
CHUONG TRINH CHINH
************************************************************************/
void main(void)
{
/************************************************************************
DAT CHE DO HOAT DONG CHO CAC CONG VAO - RA
PORTA: Dat la cac dau vao (khong su dung)
PORTB: Dat la cac dau vao (khong su dung)
PORTC: Dat la cac dau ra (xuat xung dieu khien)
PORTD: - PORTD.6: dat lam dau vao (nhan tin hieu dong pha)
- PORTD.0: dat lam dau ra (phat tin hieu xung chum)
- PORTD.1: dat lam dau ra (phat tin hieu dieu khien ro le)
************************************************************************/
PORTC=0x00;
DDRC=0xFF;
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0x03;
/************************************************************************
DAT CHE DO HOAT DONG CHO TIMER0
- che do hoat dong CTC top = OCR0
- xung nhip la xung nhip hoat dong cua chip
- prescaler = 1/1024
- OCR0 = 0x02
************************************************************************/
TCCR0=0x0D;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x02;
/***********************************************************************
DAT CHE DO HOAT DONG CHO TIMER1
- che do hoat dong normal top = 0xFFFF
- xung nhip la xung nhip hoat dong cua chip
- prescaler = 1/1024
- ngat input capture khi co suon len o chan ICP (PORTD.6)
************************************************************************/

TCCR1A=0x00;
TCCR1B=0x45;
TCNT1H=0x00;
TCNT1L=0x00;
ICR1H=0x00;
ICR1L=0x00;
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0x00;
OCR1BH=0x00;
OCR1BL=0x00;
/***********************************************************************/
CHO PHEP XAY RA NGAT
************************************************************************/
TIMSK=0x22;
#asm("sei")
/************************************************************************
VONG LAP VO TAN
so sanh gia tri cua thanh ghi TCNT1 de phat xung ra PORTC
************************************************************************/
while (1)
{
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y){PORTB=0x09;PORTC=0x09;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x34){PORTB=0x21;PORTC=0x21;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x68) {PORTB=0x24;PORTC=0x24;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x9C) {PORTB=0x06;a=TCNT1;PORTC=0x06;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+D0) {PORTB=0x12;PORTC=0x12;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+104) {PORTB=0x18;PORTC=0x18;}
if (i>=1)
{
if (TCNT1==a+0x34){PORTB=0x12;PORTC=0x12;}
if (TCNT1==a+0x68){PORTB=0x18;PORTC=0x18;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y){PORTB=0x09;PORTC=0x09;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x34){PORTB=0x21;PORTC=0x21;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x68) {PORTB=0x24;PORTC=0x24;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x9C) {PORTB=0x06;a=TCNT1;PORTC=0x06;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0xD0) {PORTB=0x12;PORTC=0x12;}
if (TCNT1==ICR1+y+0x104) {PORTB=0x18;PORTC=0x18;}
}
};
}

MC LC

Chng 1 ......................................................................................... 1
CC PHNG PHP
KHI NG NG C KHNG NG B
1.1.

Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b ................................ 3

1.2.

Cc phng trnh c bn ca ng c khng ng b........................ 4

1.3.

Qu trnh m my ca ng c in khng ng b .......................... 5

1.4.

Cc phng php m my ng c khng ng b ........................... 6

1.4.1. M my trc tip ng c in rotor lng sc ............................. 7


1.4.2. H in p m my ....................................................................... 8
1.4.3. M my bng cch thm in tr ph vo rotor ........................ 12

Chng 2 ....................................................................................... 14
B IU P XOAY CHIU
2.1.

B iu p xoay chiu mt pha ......................................................... 14

2.1.1. Cc s .................................................................................... 14
2.1.2. iu p xoay chiu mt pha ti thun tr .................................. 16
2.1.3. iu p xoay chiu mt pha khi ti mang tnh tr cm ............. 17
2.2.

B iu p xoay chiu ba pha............................................................ 19

2.2.1. Cc s .................................................................................... 19
2.2.2. B iu p xoay chiu ba pha bng cp Thyristor mc song song
ngc, ti u sao khng c dy trung tnh. ........................................... 21
2.3.

S b iu p xoay chiu ng c khng ng b rotor lng sc 25

2.4.

Nguyn l hot ng ca mch ng lc .......................................... 25

Chng 3 ....................................................................................... 27

VI IU KHIN V
CCH LP TRNH CHO VI IU KHIN
3.1

Gii thiu chung v vi iu khin AVR ATmega16......................... 27

3.2

Ngn ng lp trnh C cho vi iu khin AVR .................................. 34

3.3

Gii thiu phn mm CodevisionAVR, dng lp trnh v np

chng trnh cho vi iu khn AVR............................................................ 39


3.3.1. Cch to mt project mi ........................................................... 39
3.3.2. Cch s dng CodeWizardAVR lp trnh t ng .................... 40
3.3.3. Np chng trnh cho vi iu khin ........................................... 44

Chng 4 ....................................................................................... 48
THIT K B KHI NG MM
IU KHIN S
A.Thit k mch ng lc ............................................................ 48
4.1.

Tnh ton chn van ng lc ............................................................. 48

4.1.1. Tnh chn van ng lc theo dng in ..................................... 48


4.1.2. Tnh chn van ng lc theo in p ......................................... 48
4.1.3. Thng s ca van bn dn .......................................................... 49
4.2.

Bo v cc linh kin bn dn ............................................................. 49

4.2.1. Thit b bo v ngn mch ......................................................... 49


4.2.2. Thit b dng ng ct ti thng xuyn ............................... 49
4.2.3. Thit b bo v qu nhit ............................................................ 50
4.2.4. Bo v xung in p t li ....................................................... 50
4.2.5. Bo v xung in p do chuyn mch van ................................. 50

B. Thit k mch iu khin ........................................................ 51


4.3.

Thut ton iu khin cho vi iu khin ........................................... 51

4.4.

Tnh ton mch iu khin ................................................................ 54

4.4.1. Thit k bin p xung ................................................................. 54


4.4.2. Tnh ton khu khuch i ......................................................... 56
4.4.3. Chn cng AND ......................................................................... 57

4.4.4. Chn R1 v C1 ............................................................................. 58


4.4.5. Tnh ton khu ng pha ............................................................ 58
4.4.6. To ngun nui ........................................................................... 59
4.4.7. Tnh chn diode cho b chnh lu ngun nui........................... 62
4.4.8. Tnh ton mch Reset v mch dao ng cho vi iu khin ...... 62

Chng 5 ....................................................................................... 64
CH TO V TH NGHIM
B KHI NG MM IU KHIN S
5.1.

Ch to mch iu khin ................................................................... 64

5.1.1. Mch nguyn l .......................................................................... 64


5.1.2. Mch in ....................................................................................... 65
5.2.

Ch to mch li ................................................................................ 66

5.2.1. Mch nguyn l .......................................................................... 66


5.2.2. Mch in ....................................................................................... 67

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