H v tn sinh vin:

Lp:

THM CACBON TH KH
I. Mc ch Gip sinh vin hiu r hn kin thc hc v cng ngh thm cacbon, nm c cc k nng thao tc trong qu trnh thm cacbon, bit cch nh gi kt qu thc nghim qua cht lng li v b mt chi tit (mu th) sau khi thm cacbon v nhit luyn. II. C s qu trnh thm cacbon Thm cacon l cng ngh ho nhit luyn lm bo ho (bo ha, khuch tn) cacbon vo b mt ca thp c hm lng cacbon thp (hm lng cacbon ban u khong 0,1 0,25%) lm b mt c hm lng cacbon cao khong 0,8 1,2%, tip theo ti v ram thp b mt c cng, bn cao, cn li (vi hm lng cacbon thp) vn do, dai. Thm cacbon c th tin hnh trong th rn, th lng hoc th kh. Thp thm cacbon thng dng cc loi thp cacbon v thp hp kim c thnh phn cacbon thp ( 0,25 %C) theo TCVN c phn ra cc loi nh sau: Nhm thp cacbon : ch p dng cho chi tit nh, khng quan trng Nhm thp hp kim Crm : p dng cho chi tit ln v quan trng hn Nhm thp hp kim Crm Niken : p dng cho chi tit ln v cn dai cao Nhm thp hp kim Crm Mangan Titan v Crm Mangan Molipen : c thm ti kh ln v gi c ht nh khi thm trong nhm thp Cr-Mn-Ti l thng dng nht. Sau khi thm cacbon, c th p dng cc quy trnh nhit luyn sau thm nh sau: + Ti hai ln + ram thp + Ti mt ln + ram thp + Ti trc tip + ram thp Qu trnh thm cacbon th kh gm 4 giai on ni tip nhau: + Phn hy kh ban u mi trng + Khuch tn trong mi trng + Phn ng trn b mt thp + Khuch tn th rn T chc ca thp cacbon sau khi khi thm cacbon phn b t b mt vo li: P+ XeII, P, P+F, t chc ca thp ban u, tu theo hm lng cacbon trn lp b mt. Nu th cacbon ca mi trng thp c th ch nhn c P, P+F. Thm ch ch nhn c P+F. Phn ng chnh trong qu trnh thm cacbon th kh s dng hn hp kh ban u gm C3H8, C4H10, CO2, N2 c th xy ra nh sau: CnH2n+2 + nCO2 nCO + +H2 (n=3, 4) 2CO + Fe Fe (C) + CO2 Hot ca cacbon trong mi trng thm xc nh bng cng thc: P2 aC = CO PCO 2 Trong hn hp kh thm dng nhiu kh gas (CnH2n+2 ) th s to nhiu kh CO do lm tng hot cacbon. Ngc li, cho nhiu kh CO2 s lm gim hot cc bon. Khi hot cacbon trong mi trng kh tng th hm lng cacbon trn b mt lp thm tng, nhng vt qu gii hn th lm xut hin mui than bm trn b mt li ngn cn qu trnh thm.

H v tn sinh vin:
III. Thc nghim Bi 1

Lp:

CHUN B MU TH, THIT B V CH THM 1. Thit b thm L thm th nghim l loi l in tr, cng sut 5 KWh in p: 1 pha 220V Dy in tr: Cr-Ni Nhit ti a: 9500C S thit b thm nu trn hnh 1. Lu lng k
p sut Nhit

Qut lm u

ng x Bnh kh Mu th G
N2 CO2 CnH2n+2

Hnh 1. S l thm th kh 2. Xc nh lu lng kh cp cho qu trnh thm cacbon Xc nh cc thng s cng ngh thm: Qi: Lu lng cc kh ban u ( QGas, QCO2, QN2 ), (l/ph) Q: Tng lu lng cc kh: Q = Q gas + QCO2 + Q N 2 , (l/ph) V: Th tch ca l thm, (dm3) Vr: Th tch rng ca l, (dm3) Vct: Th tch chi tit v g trong l, (dm3) : Thi gian lu ca kh trong l, (pht) t: Thi gian thm, (h). V V Vct Q= r =

QGas Vi t l kh , QN2 v thi gian lu ca kh trong l ta c th xc nh c lu QCO 2 lng ca cc kh thm ban u o KTC. V d: Cho hn hp kh thm ban u gm kh gas, CO2, N2 vi t l lu lng kh gas/CO2 = 1/2, kh N2 chim 40% tng lu lng kh cung cp, thi gian lu kh = 20 pht. Th tch l thc nghim Vl = 10 (dm3), khi lng ca g v chi tit l mct = 6 kg, bit rng thp 7,8 kg/dm3. Xc nh lu lng ca cc kh N2,CO2 v kh gas.
3 V Vct 10 0,769 Q= = = 0,46 0,5 dm ph 20

Ta c Vct =

mct

6 = 0,769 dm 3 7,8

H v tn sinh vin:

Lp:

QN2 = 40%Q = 0.4 x 0,5 = 0,2 dm3/ph, Qgas=0,1 dm3/ph v QCO2=0,2dm3/ph Chn nhit ti sau khi thm cacbon Sau khi thm cacbon, b mt c nng cacbon khong (0.8%-1,2%) (thp cng tch hoc sau cng tch) cn trong li nng cacbon vn nh thp ban u (thp trc cng tch khong 0,2%C), xc nh nhit ti cho thp sau khi thm phi cn c vo yu cu lm vic: u tin ti cho li ti nhit cao (nh thp trc cng tch tng ng) u tin ti cho b mt ti nhit thp (thp cng tch v sau cng tch) Thng ly nhit ti nm trung gian gia ti b mt v li. 3. Chun b mu v ch th nghim S liu ban u: Quy trnh thm c nu trn hnh 3, cc s thc nghim gm: Thp dng thm: C20 theo TCVN S lng mu: Mi nhm 2 mu (1 mu , 1 mu ti sau khi thm) Nhit thm: (910 920)oC Thi gian thm: Thi gian bo ha: 1h Thi gian khuch tn: 0,5h Cht thm: kh t + CO2+ N2, Kh t: 50%C3H8+50%C4H10 (PetroVietnam gas) Kh n: N2 (kh bo v trong qu trnh nung) QCO =1,7 , N2 chim 50 % tng kh cung cp. Vi Thi gian lu kh trong l: 10 pht, Q gas cc s liu ny, sinh vin t tnh ton xc nh lu lng cc kh a vo l thm KTC. Mu th nghim: Mu th nghim c kch thc nh hnh 3.
2

T, oC kh thm 700 N2 400 60 ph 1 2 910-920 Ngui cng l

Ti 30 ph t, h Hnh 3. Mu th nghim

Hnh 2. Quy trnh thm

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Lp:

Mu th nghim c nh sch, mi nhn bng giy gip c nhm n 1000 theo

s sau: Hnh 4. S mi mu trc khi thm Sau khi lm sch, mi nhn, ra sch, sy kh mu c cn trn cn vi nhy l 0.001g, o bng thc cp xc nh li kch thc ca mu chnh xc 0,02mm. L th nghim c lm sch (mui cacbon, bi) Kim tra h thng in, h thng lm mt, ng x Kim tra sens, t mui cc bon, hiu chnh thang o (do PTN m nhn) Kim tra h thng cp kh vo l (hnh 1), chun xc cc thang o lu lng, p sut (gi c nh 1,2at). Hiu chnh lu lng k theo ch dn ca thy hng dn th nghim. Bi 2 THC HNH CNG NGH THM CACBON Cc bc tin hnh th nghim 1. Treo chi tit (mu th) ln g v t vo l thm. Khi treo mu cn c nh mu khng b x lch, iu chnh tt c cc mu u lun c tip xc vi mi trng thm trong iu kin nh nhau. Ch tch ring s mu ti ln pha trn tin thao tc. 2. y np l, xit cht u cc bulng m bo xt kn, nng nhit theo quy trnh (hnh 2), khi nhit l t 400OC tin hnh cp kh N2 lu lng 0,44 dm3/ph (26 dm3/h). Gi nhit trong khong 15 pht, lin tc bm kh N2 ui ht khng kh cn d ra khi l. 3. Nng nhit l ln khi t 700oC th cp kh thm vi lu lng bng 50% tng lu lng khi thm yu cu. 4. Khi t nhit thm (910 n 920oC): cp y lu lng kh thm (theo lu lng tnh ton). Tnh thi gian thm. 4. Khi t thi gian bo ha (60 pht), gim lu lng kh thm cn 75% so vi lu lng thm ban u, tnh thi gian khuch tn. 5. Sau khi thi gian khuch tn (30 pht), h nhit l ti nhit ti (860oC) gi nhit 10 pht cho ng u, tt ht kh, in vo l, tin hnh ly mu cn ti ra khi l v ti trong du. 6. Cc mu cn li c theo quy trnh sau: y l li, cp gas theo ch bo v (0,14 l/ph tng ng 8 l/h) (khng cho CO2 v N2). Ct in ngui cng l cho ti khi nhit 400oC, ngng cp kh gas, thi N2 lm ngui v ui ht kh gas (c th khng cn). Ly mu ra lm ngui ngoi khng kh.

H v tn sinh vin:
Bi 3

Lp:
NH GI KT QU THC NGHIM

M t th nghim Nhn xt v thit b, u nhc im v hng ci tin. Nhn xt ch th nghim, so vi l thuyt, gii thch s khc nhau, xut hng ci thin

Thc hnh tnh ton Xc nh lu lng cc kh a vo l thm KTC, vi cc s liu ban u nh ghi trong bng 1 (thp 7.8 kg/dm3). Bng 1. Kt qu tnh ton lu lng cc kh a vo l thm Vl, dm3 10 9.6 9 9.6 9.6 300 mct, kg 6 3 4 2 4 320 t, ph 12 20 10 25 25 35 QN2/Q 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 QCO2/Qgas 2 2 1.7 2.2 2.8 2.5 Q,dm3/ph QN2, dm3 QCO2, dm3 QCnH2n+2, dm3

Cc nhn xt

Cn v o mu sau khi thm Mu sau khi thm, cn lm sch du m, mui bm trn b mt. Ch cn thao tc cn thn khng lm bong, lm st m lp thm. Cn v o li kch thc mu. Kt qu c ghi trong bng 2. Bng 2. Kt qu cn v o mu trc v sau khi thm Kch thc Khi Loi mu K hiu Ghi ch m/S a.b.c lng, g Ban u 1(thm+) Ban u 2 (thm+ti) Sau khi thm + Sau khi thm + ti

H v tn sinh vin:

Lp:

Nhn xt kt qu cn o, so snh mu trc v sau khi thm, cc mu ti v bao gm: s b v kt qu thm, khuch tn v hnh thnh lp thm, tnh d bo chiu dy trung bnh lp thm (coi CS=0,9, CX=0,3)

T chc t vi v chiu dy lp thm Mu sau khi cn o c c trong nha theo s hnh 5 Nha poxy Mu

Hnh 5. S c mu trong nha poxy nh t chc mu th sau khi thm + v sau khi thm + ti

Nn thp

a) b) Hnh 6. T chc t vi ca mu sau khi thm v nhit luyn (a) - , (b) - ti Nhn xt: t chc nhn c, so snh bit khong nng cacbon b mt C S, m t cch xc nh chiu dy lp thm, xc nh h s khuch tn, hng s tc thm K (X 2=K.t), nhn xt kt qu thm, so snh vi l thuyt.

Lp thm

Nn thp

Lp thm

H v tn sinh vin:

Lp:

o cng v s phn b cng t ngoi vo trong. Ghi kt qu vo bng 3. Bng 3. S phn b cng t ngoi vo trong X, mm t b mt HV, mu sau Mu sau ti Nhn xt:

Vi lu lng kh thm, s dng chng trnh Thermo-calc xc nh t l cc kh trong l cn bng, qua xc nh hot cacbon trong mi trng (s dng cn bng Boudouard coi rng p sut l trong qu trnh thm l P=1.2at ), nhn xt kt qu.

Mi sinh vin vit bo co th nghim da trn mu ca mnh v np cho gio vin hng dn cc trang 5,6,7.