Chn ging bi, cam, qut

Ngun gc: Cam qut c ngun gc Vng nhit i v cn nhit i ng Nam Chu , trn min lc a t Nht Bn xung pha ng dy ni Hy-ma-lay-a qua min nam Trung Quc, ng Nam v Australia. Giucovski (ngi Nga) rng Cam chanh (C.sinensis) c Trung Quc, bi (C.grandis) xut x t qun o Laxongdo, Chanh v Chanh yn xut x t n ; qut c ngun gc t Trung Quc hoc Philipin. Ngh trng qut Trung Quc c cch y hn 4000 nm. i nh H (nm 2.200 trc cng nguyn) c trng qut. Mt s tc gi cho rng: Qut King (C.mobilis) c ngun gc t Vit Nam. u trn t Vit cng u c cam. Qut, bi,.. Ni nhiu ging khc nhau, c dng hnh v tn khng gp trn th gii VD. Cam b H Tnh, Cam snh (H.Yn), Cam Sen (Y.Bi), Cam Voi (QB) Bi Phc Trch, oan Hng, NmRoi, Bin Ho Phn loi: Theo h thng phn loi ny th ging cam, qut, bi, chanh, chanh yn, pht th u thuc loi Eucitrus ca nhnh C. Loi ph cn c Paedia l cy hoang di. Loi Poncitrus ch c P.trifoliata c dng l gc ghp hoc vt liu ban u cho to ging. Nhm C c kh nng li gia chng vi nhau rt ln v to cc con lai. Tn ca ging lai ph thuc vo loi v loi ph khi lai vi nhau Lu y; T cc nm1995, cc nh khoa hc ( cc hi tho quc t v Citrus) thng nht tn nhm bi (pummelo) ca N (k c VN) l Citrus maxima Merr. c im ca cc loi ph Eucitrus C.maxima Bi chua C.medica Chanh yn Cung l c eo C.grandis Osb. Bi qu ln, ht n phi C. paradishi Bi chm qu kh ln C.aurauntium Cam chua qu nh, ng, v sn C.aurantifolia Chanh lime Q nh,h.trng,rt chua C. Limon Chanh nm nh > cnh hoa 4 ln C. sinensis Cam ngt qto, ngt, v nhn C.reticulata Qut v xp, v kg mi c imhnh thi. R: nh cy 2 l mm thn g, r thuc loi r nm (nm Micorhiza k sinh trn lp biu b ca r, c vai tr nh long ht) ht nc, mui khong cung cp cho cy. Do c im ny, cam qut khng a trng su, b r phn b nng v pht trin mnh ch yu l r bt nh, phn b rng v dy tng t mt. R cam qut a t thong, xp. Ni t b v c mc nc ngmcao l hn ch s pht trin ca cam qut. Trong k thut chn lc gc ghp, mt trong nhng phng php lm tng sc mnh b r cy ghp (bi chua, cam chua Hi Dng, chp Thi Bnh c b r n su, khe v c tnh chng chu tt). R bi, cam ng c b r mc su hn cc loi khc. Trn t ph sa c, r cam qut n su hn. B r cam qut pht trin mnh m nht l vo thng 2-thng 9, B r pht trin mnh trong 8 nm u. Thn: thn g, bn bi. C 4-6 cnh chnh, cao cy ph thuc, c th t ti 5m (H1-89 Ph Qu), 6,2m (L.Sn) Cnh: hng ngn, tha, phn cnh ngang,
1

 Tn l: c K t 3-4,5m ty theo ging. dng tn: tr, cu, chi, thp, Cnh c th c gai hoc khng gai L: c 150.000-2.200.000 l; Din tch khong 200m2; c nhiu dng khc nhau, chia thy, hnh van, hnh trng, hnh thoi, c eo hoc khng eo, c nhiu/t rng ca. Thi gian tn ti ca l trn cy t 2- 3 nm ty theo sinh thi, sc sinh trong v v tr cp cnh; Mt l c 400-500 khi khng/mm2 Ra cnh v l non (lc) 3-4ln/nm vo thng 5-7 v thng 8-9. C th d bo nng sut thng qua cnh v l non. Hoa: c 2 loi hoa (y v d hnh) - Hoa y : kt thnh chm (5-7hoa) hoc n l, mi thm, cnh di, trng, Nh c phn hoc khng phn, Nh >4 ln cnh, xp thnh 2 vng. Bu nhy c 10-14 , mi tng ng vi 1 mi. C th t th, th phn cho hay khng th phn nn qu c ht hoc khng ht. Qu c t 8-14 mi, S ht c t 0-20 hoc nhiu hn. - Hoa d hnh (khng y ): cung v cnh hoa ngn, hnh dng khc hoa y , c t 1020% s hoa trn cy - Cnh hoa: cnh hoa n (u cnh ch 1 hoa, nhiu l, kh nng du qu cao) v cnh hoa chm (3-7 hoa/cnh, mi cnh u 2-3 qu, mt s cnh khng c l, t l u qu thp, c loi cnh c mi nch l l 1 hoa, hoa trn n trc, hoa di n sau), a s qut c cnh hoa n v t l u qu cao hn cam Qu: cnh qu ca a s sinh ra trong ma xun. Min nam c 2 ma r rt, nng quanh nm nn qu thng pht trin vo u v cui ma ma. Mu v qu (vng da cam, da cam, xanh vt vng) thay i ty theo ging v iu kin sinh thi. Mt ngoi v c lp t bo sng cha nhiu du bo v, c lp v trng xp. Ht: Phn nhiu l ht a phi, c t 0-13 phi, V c im ny nn mi ht thng cho 24 cy. Trong ch c 1 cy l t phi hu tnh, cn li l phi v tnh (phi tm), cc cy t phi tmhon ton ging cy m. Li dng c im a phi, phc trng hoc bi dc chonh ra ging mi VD. Chn lc phi v tnh ging qut Nuclear 32 ca Tip Khc (c) Thi gian sinh trng Cam, qut trn gc ghp cho thu hoch qu sau 3-4 nm k t khi trng. Cam, qut, bi nhn ging bng ht phi mt 5-6 nm (tu loi) C th chia mt i cy ra khong 4 thi k:1. Cy non (KTCB): trng thu qu ln u tin2. Mi thu hoch: nhng nmu thu qu3. Cho sn lng cao4. Suy yu, tn li Cc thi k ny ph thuc vo thi tit, t ai, k thut thm canh, ging v gc ghp. Trong iu kin nht nh, cc cp cnh c mt s c tnh sinh hc khc nhau: Tui th, sc sinh trng gim t cp cnh cao n cp cnh thp. T l lc mi ra gim t cp cnh cao n thp Ty l u qu hu hiu tng theo cp cnh Cc cnh cao n hoa trc S ht trung bnh/qu tng t cp cnh thp n cao Kh nng ct gi v vn chuyn qu tng t cp cnh thp n cao Tl sng ca mt ghp, cnh gim, cnh chit ca cam qut tng t cp cnh thp n cao. nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng n ST v pht trin
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 Nhit (To): a nng m nhng cng c kh nng chu c nhit thp. To sinh trng v pht trin: 12-39oC , To thch hp nht (optimum): 23-29oC To= 5oC: chu ng c trong mt thi gian ngn (qut Unshiu cht To=11oC, cam Wasinhton b hi kho To = 9-11oC To=40oC: ngng sinh trng, rng l, kh cnh, c nhng ging ch b hi khi To khng kh = 50-57oC Bin (To) ngy m cng nh hng n vn chuyn cc cht trong cy (bin cao lm qu pht trin mnh), tc chn tng nh sng: Citrus l loi cy khng a nh sng mnh, thch nh sng tn x c cng = 10.000-15000 lux tng ng vi 0,6 cal/cm2 tng ng vi nh sang chiu lc 8h v 16-17h trong ngy quang my ma h. Ngoi ra, nhu cu AS cn ph thuc vo ging. Cam, chanh cn nh sng nhiu hn qut. Nn trng hi dy, thong v khng c cy che bng. t v mtrong t: t phi c kt cu tt (nhiu mn, thong kh, gi m tt) r cy ht nc v cht dd d. Cam qut rt nhy cm vi bin giao ng ca mtrong t c th l ra hoa tri v hoc nt i qu. Khng nn trng trn t tht nng. Tu theo kh hu m t trng cam qut khc nhau (vi cam nhit i - t cha 20% st l nhiu nhng vng nhit i t cha 40% st cha phi l tr ngi, t c cha <10% vi nhng qu 35% th c hi cho cam. pH=4-8 nhng pH= 6-7 l l tng nht. Lng nc t do =1% v m = 60%; m khng kh thch hp=75-80%. Nng to, m cao gy rng qu Cht ddng, phn bn: cn ccp v cn i cc ngt dinh dng (vi lng v N P K). Mt qu bnh thng cn 45 l; cam chanh mun cn 50 l, bi -60 l, chanh -20 l Cam Wasington cho qu 70 g qu cn 10 l, 150g cn 35 l v 180g cn 50 l Nhiu m qu mc cho v dy, km cht lng, mu m, vitamin C gim. pH hng n ht m (pH=4.5-5, cy ht mnh N03- ; pH=6-6,5 cy ht mnh NH4 +) Ln cn cho phn ho mm hoa, tng phm cht qu Kali cn cho tk ra lc non, pcht v clng qu (qu to, ngt).Tha lm cnh, l ST km. Thiu can xi, t chua, Mo, B, Mg b ra tri, Fe, Al di ng lm c hi cho cy. 2.2.1.Qu gen cy bi, cam, qut H thng qu gen nng nghip VN c 9 n v u mi. Ngn hng ging quc gia gi12000 ging,120 loi, ngn hng ng rung c hn 2000 ging ca hn 50 loi; Ti Vin NC Rau, Cy n qu c 126 ging Citrrus Thu thp v nhp ni: cc ging a phng c nguy c b xi mn; Hp tc quc t (vi IPGRI, CIAT, FAO, ) trao i ngun gen Bo tn bng in-situ: Ti rng t nhin (c 126 khu bo tn thin nhin k c 26 Vn quc gia. VD:Tam o. Ct tin) ti vn ca h dn; Bo tn bng ex-situ: Vin Rau qu c lu gi hn 126 ging, ngoi ra cn bo tn cc trung tm cy n qu (Ph qu, Ph h, ). nh gi (nh gi ban u v nh gi chi tit) T liu ho, hng dn s dng v s dng Thu thp v lu gi quy gen cy n qu ti Trung tm NC CAQ CCN Ph Qu: Hin nay vn tp on qu gen CAQ ang thu thp v lu gi 9 loi CAQ vi tng s 240 mu ging. thch hp cho vng sinh thi BTB. y l b
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ging v cy n qu rt qu, phc v tt cho cng tc li to v tuyn chn ging. T cc ging ny Vin NCNNBTB xc nh c mt s ging trin vng nh: Cam, ang tin hnh kho nghim ng dng vo sn xut Thu thp v lu gi quy gen cy n qu cn c 1 s c quan nghin cu quan tm. Nhng tn ti trong bo tn ti nguyn di truyn thc vt Nhn thc v quan tmcha y ca cc cp chnh quyn Nng cp c s v u t o to nng cao trnh cho cc n v bo tn cn hn ch Ngun lc cha p ng yu cu bo tn ngun gen Cc vn bn php lut cn phi c hon thin, bo m thng nht v ng b Mt s ging bi Bi chum Bi ta Thanh Tr (TT-Hu) Phc Trch(HT) Din* oan Hng(PT) Nm Roi ng l cam HM Bi chm (C.paradisi. Macf) tn khc C.decumana var.Padisi Nicholis, C.racemosa Mare, ). cao cy 8-15m, khung cnh chnh kho, tit din a gic sau trn dn, cnh c t gai, l to hnh van, eo l r, Hoa to, trng, thnh chm qu kh, qu hnh cu hoc trng. Ht to, n phi. a sng, cn nhiu nc, mn cm vi t mn, cn gc ghp thch hp. C 2 nhm bi chm: (1) loi bnh thng v 2) loi c rut mu hoc vng. nhm 1 c cc ging: Ducan, March, Triumph, Walters. Nhm 2 gm: Foster, Redblush (Ruby) rut , khng ht, Thomson, Burgundy. Bi ta (C.grandis.Osb., tn khc C.maxima, Pimelo, Satdock,..) Loi c cc hc gi cho rng c ngun gc t ng Dng v Malaixia (P.M.Giucovski, 1960; B.Tkatchenko,1970) trng ly qu v cy cnh. Bi ta c trng ph bin, c khong 20 ging trng trot (Thanh Tr, Phc trch, oan Hng, Din, Nm roi, Bin Ho, ng Canh, bi i, NN1 ) Bi pha Nam c hnh qu l, cy 18-25 nm cao 6-10m trung bnh c 200-300qa/cy, p=0,8-1 kg, ngon, Pha Bc c Phc trach, Bi M linh, ... hp khu vi, lm gc ghp cho cam. Cho thu nhp kh cao. Phn bit bi chm vi bi ta: l bi ta c eo l to hn, cc chi non c lng mn bao ph. Bi ta c chia theo nhm ging nh: Bi chua, bi ngt, bi c rut hoc c mu. Nhm bi c mu nh: M Linh, Bi Sn, Ogami (Nht), Padan bener, Penden wangi (Onnxia)l Stam (Philippin); Thong dee (Thi lan). Nhm bi ngt c: oan Hng, Mocado butan hay Aman (Nht), Cn li l thuc nhm bi thng c rut mu trng v hng v bin ng. cn c cc ging lai hoc cc loi khc lin quan nh C.grandis var.banocan Tan hoc C.graberiumTan ca Nht Bn,... Cy bi NmRoi cao trung bnh t 7- 8m, cao nht c th 15m; c gai di khong 2,5cm c khi ti 4cm nu sinh sn bng ht v khng c gai hoc gai rt ngn nu sinh sn sinh dng, khi cn non th gai c lng t. Bi Nm Roi Bnh Minh thng khng ht v nng dn trng bng cch chit cnh v khng trng chung vi cc ging cam, qut, bi khc. y l ging bi qu v ht c c im b thoi ha (thui) khi tri trng thnh. V vy, mun thu hoch ht ging phi hi khi tri cn hi non. c im qu ny c l do 1 gene ln (recessive gene) quy nh. Do , d c nhn ging v tnh (gim cnh, chit, thp...), vn bi 5 Roi (ly t cc c th t bin 0/ ht) nu trng gn vn bi khc
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(hoc trng xen) s cho tri... c ht! Hin vin Cy n Tri min Nam (SOFRI) ang sn xut cc cy bi 5 Roi sch bnh, 0/ ht nn khi mua trng cn ch c im ny Bi oan Hng ca tnh Ph Th gm n 3 ging (1 tuyt chng, theo s KHCN Ph Th), hin cn 2 ging (Su v Vng Lun) ang c phc trng v nhn ging cy sch bnh! Ging ny cho phm cht ngon, thm, tr c lu, nhng tri c nhiu ht Theo SOFRI, ch c 1 ging bi duy nht (trong nhm cam qut) ca VN 0/b bnh greening gy hi l bi Da Xanh rut ca Bn Tre. y cng l ging bi rt ngon, ro cm hn 5 Roi (l c im xu ca 5 Roi, lm1 s ngi 0/ thch!), cng c bit c nhiu c th 0/ ht nh 5 Roi! Ging ny hin ang c SOFRI v nhiu ni pht trin v s l ging bi trin vng trong tng lai ca BSCL Mt cy bi lng u dng - cy nm nay 47 tui, l mt c sn c quyn ca x C C huyn Ci B, tnh Tin Giang. Cy bi c chu vi gc 1,3m, bn knh tn cy 11m. y l cy bi lng thuc loi ni nht cn st li vng ny, mi ma u cho bng tri bthng, clng cao. Khi cy bi m hoa, kt tri v chn, tri bi khng c ht no, mi v thm ngon. Tri bi c mt lp lng t bao ph mn nn c t cht danh l bi long Mt s ging cam Cam X oi, Cam Sng Con, Cam Hamlin, Cam Vn Du, Cam Mt Mt s ging qut (C. reciculata Blanco) Cam snh (Qut king) C nobilis Lour: Ging lai gia cam v qut. Ngun gc t pha namVN. Trng nhiu Tuyn Quang, H Giang, Yn Bi, Cy ST kho, phn cnh hng ng, cnh mp v tha, c gai hoc khng gai, l xanh m, ti du ni r. Nng sut trung bnh. Qu khng p, v dy th, sn si. Mu tht qu p, n thm, rt ngon. Chn mun, rt trin vng nc ta. Qut tch giang (qut , qut tin): Trng nhiu Hi Hng,Sn La, Phc Th (H Ty), nhiu Qung ng (TQ), cy kho, nhiu cnh, t ngn, khng gai, eo l nh, mt l c rng c nng, ui l ch lm. Qu to, dt, ng knh ln hn chiu cao, V qu hi dy v gin, mng nc, nhiu ht, nhiu x, ngt m. Cam ng canh (cam giy): v mng, dai, c trng nhiu ni, cy ST kho, t hoc khng c gai, phn cnh mnh, l gn nh khng c eo, qu trn hi dt, v mng, nhn, khi chn mu gc, mng nc, it ht, vch mi hi dai, t x, ngt mt n ngt m, tch nghi rng ng sut thmcanh t 45-50tn/ha Qut chum, Qu to, c nm pha cung mng nc, rt ngt. Trng nhiu H Giang, Hm Yn (Tuyn Quang) Yn bnh Qut v vang Lang sn (Trng nh): Mt s ging chanh Chanh yn, Pht th (C.medica L.) c H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Lng Sn; trng v mc hoang di, dng cy bi, phn cnh thp, lan rng, nhiu gai, l van, thun di v th, nhiu tinh du, qu chanh yn rt chua. ven a TH ngi ta trng chanh yn ct tinh du. Pht th khc canh yn l l v cnh to hn kho hn, nhiu gai hn, bp tm. Qu pht th (C.medica v. Sarco dactilis) qu chn mu vng, v th, ti tinh du to, nh qu hnh ngn tay do cc mi pht trin thnh, rut qa khng c tp, c cht trng Albedor, ng bt v pectin, khng ht. t l u qu thp, lm cy cnh, c ni dng lm th Cng
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 Chanh ta (C.limon Osbeck). C nhiu ging. Khng r ngun gc. L cc ging do lai chanh vi cam (C.sinensis x C lemone Burm) Tn ging cc a phng khc nhau. C 5 ging: (i) Chanh o, v , rut ; (ii) Chanh o: v , rut vng ngh, (iii) chanh rut trng (chanh giy), (iv) Chanh rut trng t thi; (v) Chanh H1 - 85 (chanh sn VN Climon, Rough Vietnamis) khng gai, l to, dy, qu trn, ra thnh chm, nng sut cao. 4 ging u c tn hnh d, phn cnh st t (ch yu l chit), cy cao 2-3m, mc kho, nhiu gai sc, qu trn mng v, nhiu nc, nhiu ht, rt chua, l v v qu rt thm. Chanh (C. limon). Xut x TH, Eureca: nhp ni 2 ln. (1) Do ngi php a t Bc phi vo nm 1937- 1938, cy phn cnh thp , nhiu nhnh, tn cu,/bn nguyt, cnh c nhiu gai, l van, dy, Hoa to mu tm, bp l mu tm, qu to, K = 4-5cm, v dy, nhiu tinh du, thm, mng nc, t ht. (2) Nhp ni t Cuba (1980), c l rng hn, mng hn. C 2 loi DT kho, chng chu tt vi k kh hu. C th chit, ghp, gim cnh hoc dng lm gc ghp. * Chanh lime (C.eurantifolia Swingle). ngun gc t Malaixia: ph bin khp min nam. Cy nh, hnh tn tr, cnh nhiu, ngn, nhiu gai, l nh, eo l to, qu nh v c nm, v nhn, nhiu ht, rt chua. Nhm ny c loi chanh xut khu Tahiti (C.latifolia) qu ra quanh nm, nng sut cao, qu hnh van, c nm. pha Bc tp trung vo thng 5 v thng 9-10 Cy kimqut Cn c tn thng gi l qut (Citrus japonica Thung). L cy c bit chi qu vo dp tt. Nu c cy strng bthng th cy s cho hoa vo thng 2 m v qu chn vo t8. Hoa qut thm nh, sai hoa v cnh trng p. Nu trng vo chu ch cho hoa, chm sc tt lmmi cho qu nhng t. Nhng bc xc v ging bi, cam qut Ging cha tuyn chn k, tui th cy ngn, nng sut, cht lng qu cha p ng nhu cu tiu dng. cy chit, ghp cht lng km, ci cc v nhim bnh. ngi trng khng th kim sot cht lng ging ging k r ngun gc nhim bnh Greening, cy cht v k ra qu cn ly bnh ti c vng sn lng ln nhng gi tr thu nhp li km, li khng ng k. thc t, ngi trng cam ang gp khng t kh khn trong khu ging, 2.2.2.Mc tiu chn to ging bi, cam, qut, Khai thc ngun ging c sn hin c u tin cc ging bi qu Ch trng n bin php phc trng bng k thut thm canh kt hp vi CNSH T chc nh gi ng b ngun gen cy c mi nhp ni sn c. Tm ra cc ging qu gii thiu sn xut. To cc ging u dng, t hoc khng ht c nng sut & cht lng cao Nhn cc ging cam, qut tt To cc ging chu su bnh (greening) v thch ng rng. Pht trin sn xut. ci thin cht lng hng xut khu (bi, cam, qt chanh) 2.2.3.Phng php chn to ging bi, cam, qut,.. Nhn ging hu tnh L phng php cho ht ging ny mm, mc thnh cy con. Ht phn thu c t qu c s phi hp gia ht phn (tinh trng) v non (trng). Trong iu kin nc, nhit t/hp, ht ny m hnh thnh cy mi.
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 Li th (u im) ca phng php ny l: - H s nhn cao - Ht nh, v dy, d vn chuyn - Cy c b r khe n su xung t-chng , chu hn - Cy sng lu nm hn; lm gc ghp cho phng php nhn v tnh - u t lao ng v t ai t hn so vi phng php khc Nhc im ca PP: - Cy ging thng bin d, khc cy m, khng ng u v qu - C s phn ly nu ht cha thun - Lu ra qu (do thi gian kin thit c bn lu hn)-thu hi vn chm - Sn lng qu thng thp hn so vi nhn ging v tnh - Do a phi nn cy t phi v tnh c c tnh ging cy m, thng ln t cy hu tnh Yu cu i vi nhn ging bng ht - Bit lai lch qu, chn qu phm v ngon, ly t cy m bo tt, sai qu - Qu chn c chn c m p, to, khng ly qu d hnh, b su bnh, cn xanh - Chn ly ht u n, chc gieo- Trc v sau khi gieo ht, khng ht qu kh - t trng phi ti, xp, dinh dng, m, cy mc nhanh, mc u - Chm sc cn thn cy pht trin tt Nhn ging v tnh T t bo sinh dng nhn thnh cy mi gi l nhn v tnh (ngha l khng c s kt hp gii tnh). T cy m tt, ngi ta ly t bo, m, cnh, mt to thnh cccy mi ging ht cy m ban u. Cc cy v tnh t mt cy m ging ht nhau v c tnh hnh thi, c tnh sinh l v sinh ha. Do , cht lng ging n nh (tr khi c t bin soma) Trn th gii, bi, cam, qut c nhn ging ch yu bng phng php v tnh. nc ta, phng php ny c p dng t lu nhiu ni nhng kt qu cha tht sm mn v do vic xc nh cy u dng c s kimtra, chng nhn chu o, cha tip xc vi th trng th gii v tnh ng u, n nh. Phng php gimcnh i vi chanh ta (C,limonia Osbeck), chanh sn (C Jambhiri), chanh Eurica (C.limon Burm), nhn ging gc ghp bng gim cnh. Dng dao sc ct mt on cnh bnh t di khong 15 cm, b ht l, cm xung ni m, mt. Cm nghing u cnh tri ln 5cm. Mt thi gian sau cnh s ra r v pht trin thh cy. Nhc im ca phng php ny l t l cnh gim b cht kh ln mc d c kt hp vi cht kch thch ra r (thng dng dung dch NAA nng 500-1000ppm. . Phng php chit cnh L bin php ly cnh l nguyn liu, l cho cnh ra r c mt cy ging hon chnh. Cch lm nh sau; - Chn cy m tt Chn cnh tiu chun, cnh phn trn ca tn cy, chn cnh xin, ni c nhiu nh sng, l mc dy, cnh th, lng ngn. ng knh cnh chit t 1-1,3cm tui cnh t 1-3 nm(tt nht cnh ca cy non ang sung sc). Khng chit trn nhng cnh gi ra hoa, qu nhiu, Khng chit cnh imngn hoc cnh vt (v kh ra r do nhiu nc, ng v bt tch lu t). Thi v chit: nhit 20-30oC, m khng kh cao, thun li cho ra r.
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- Ma xun chit t3-t4, h bu t5-t6- Ma thu; chit thng 8-9, h bu thng 10-11 C2 thi imtrn y l thun li cho vic ra r ca cnh chit nhng kh khn trong vic h bu v ma ro v xun v gi ma ng bc u ma thu nn t l cnh sng c th b gim.Mt s ni chit cnh vo thng 1-2 b bu bng ni lng cho ra r v h bu vo thng 3-4 c hiu qu (t l cnh sng cao nht). Kthut; Trn cnh chit, bc mt khoanh v (di 3- 4cm), Ly li dao co kh vo lp g di khoanh v bc lmcht tng tng c th lmcho v ti sinh. Phi co ton bmt g, kh mi p (bc) t bn (bo, rmmc) quanh cnh ch bc v. Pha ngoi bc giy ni lng hay mnh chiu rch. Ly dy buc pha trn cht, pha di lng phng khi gp ma nu c nc vo bu th d thot i. t p quanh bu l gi mcho cnh ra r pha mp trn khoanh ct. C th dng t vch trn rm, t i, ti, thong kh, c th dung bn vi rm r cht vn, c ni dng bo nht bn ct b l ri qun quanh ch bc v, pha ngoi buc ni lng chng kh cnh chit chng ra r. Dng cht kch thch ra r IAA, IBA v NAA hoc KTR nng dung dch 500-1000ppm, ly bt lng bi dung dch vo ming vt ct pha trn Hv gim cnh chit; khi thy r t bu chit c di khong 2-3cm l lc ct h cnh chit (khng nn r qu di). Cy chit phi qua giai on vn m Ra ngi cnh chit theo lung trong vn m, trn mt lng ri t trn vi phn i mc. Sau khi t cnh, lp kn bu v ph ln mt lp rm r mc gi m Gim cnh chit m 25x25cm or 25x30cm, t/g cy vn 2-4 thg mi a i trng. Phng php ghp Phng php ny (ch T, ca s/ch nht, ch u, vi ghp, p) cho hiu qu hn phng php gieo ht, gim cnh, chit cnh. Tiu chun chn gc ghp nh sau; - Ht a phi, c th nhn ging bng ht- kh nng kt hp cao vi ging ghp - Cy gc ghp kho, thch nghi vi loi t trng,- Chng chu bnh virus, nm v tuyn trng- Chu hn v gi bo * Cy gc ghp c th c ra ngi trc tip trn lung t hoc ti bu PE (12x15 hoc 15x17cm). Chm sc cy t tiu chun ghp, thng bn NPK t l 5:5:7 vi 1kg NPK bn cho 60 m hai hng cy vn m mi thng. Khi cy c ng knh cch mt ti bu 15-20cm t 0,4-0,8cm l ghp c.Thi gian gieo-ghp 6 thng Cch lm; Ly mt cnh hoc 1 mt ca cy u t (cy c chn lc/cy u dng c nng sut v phm cht tt), ghp cnh (mt) vo gc ghp v ct cnh, l trn gc ghp cho gc ghp ch nui cnh (mt) ghp. Cnh (mt) sng c trn gc ghp l nh cnh (mt) v gc ghp c m phn sinh-lp t bo non c mt phn dnh vi v v mt phn dinh vi phn g. M phn sinh ca cnh (mt) v gc tip xc nhau to ra m mi gi l m tip hp. Nh c m tip hp m vic trao i cht gia cnh v gc din ra lin tc. u im: - Nhn c nhiu cy ging, b r cy ghp n su, chng gi bo v va chm - C cc c im tt ca gc ghp, chng chu kho - Nng sut ca cy ghp thng thng cao hn cy trng bng ht Nhc im
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- Kthut ghp phc tp hn chit, d b vi khun xm nhp.- Phi xc nh c cnh (mt tt)- Phi c iu kin kh hu thun li ghp cnh (mt) tip hp c vi gc ghp, hnh thnh c m tip hp Mt s iu cn bit tng sc sng ca cnh ghp, mt ghp Cnh (mt) ghp v gc ghp phi c kh nng tip hp tt Mt ghp khi bc xong c mt nch, v v mt phn tng tng (m phn sinh)ca cnh ghp dnh theo di v Gc ghp ct hnh ch T ly dao ny v lm l r tng tng ca gc ghp p mt vo tng tng ca mt ghp v gc ghp, ct li to iu kin sinh m kt hp tt. Khi ct cnh ghp phi dng dao sc to thnh nht ct phng tng kh nng tip hp cu tng tng. Cnh v mt ghp tt khi m phn sinh ang hot ng mnh. Ni ghp trn gc ghp cch c r 30-50cm. Phng php ghp mt ph bin l: Ghp ch T, Ca s, Dng mnh, Thi gian ghp pha bc l thng 2,3,5,7,8,9, pha nam: u/cui ma ma. Mt gieo ht cy gc ghp 30x20cm. Cy con trong vn cn bmngn to tn c 2-3 cnh cp 1, chiu cao cnh chnh 45-60cm mi m trng. Mt s phng php ghp mt Ghp hnh ch T, gc khong 20 thng tui, trn gc ghp, ct 2 lt (1 ngang, 1 dc) tnh ch T. Dng mi dao ny v ln theo vt ct dc gp vt ct ngang lun mt ghp vo. Ly mt ghep bng mt lt ct bt u t di mt ghp y li dao ln trn ly mt ghp dnh trn mnh v hnh khin v di mnh v c mt mnh g mnh c th bc i d dng Ghp ca s: Dng dao vch 4 nht HCN 4x1,5cm. Trn gc ghp cng bc mt mnh nh th, to thnh ca s khi t mnh v c mt ghp l va kht. t mt,ly ni lng buc li Ghp dng mnh, Ch cn ct 2 lt cnh ghp ly mt (c g v v), lp va kht vo gc ghp. Trc y, phng php ny ch dng cho nho. Nay dng cho cam,qut, l, to. Phng php ny thao tc nhanh thch hpcho kinh doanh ging. Ngoi ra cn c cc phng php khc nh ghp p Gc ghp Gc ghp cho cam: Cam, bi, chp, chanh yn Gc ghp cho qut: qut, chanh, chp, chanh chua, bi Cc ging ch yu dng l gc ghp rng ri cho c cam v qut l: Cam chua Hi Dng (C.sinen hybrid Haiduong), Cam chua o S (C.retihybrid Daosu), Chanh Eureca, Chanh sn (C. Jambiri, C. vocameriana) , Chp Thi Bnh (C.gran hybrid), Bi chua (C.grandis Osbeck), Cam ng (C. aurantium). Chanh giy (C.limonia) nh hng ca ging gc ghp hg n t th, ST, c/chu su bnh, chu lnh, chu hn ca cy, nng sut, phm cht qu nh gi sinh trng cn i gia gc ghp v cnh ghp (t l ng knh cnh ghp v gc ghp) . Hin tng chn hng, chn voi Nhn ging v tnh invitro Mc tiu:- Nhnh nhanh ging- Chn to ging sch bnh Phng php nui cy - Dng m sinh trng ti sinh cy trong ng nghim. - Nui cy nh sinh trng, chn ging sch bnh trn a Petri
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Cy ch
Mc tiu chn to ging ch Ch tiu sinh trng:phn cnh mnh, tn cy thp. khe, thch ng vi k ngoi cnh. l to mm, gn sng, mu xanh sng. Mt bp/tn cao v trng lng bp cao. TGST/nm ca cy di Ch tiu sn lng Trung Quc cho thy chn ging tt tng sn 127% so vi i chng. Lin X kt qu nghin cu 17 nm cho thy ging Gruzia 1 tng hn ging a phng 27,3%, ging Gruzia 2 tng hn ging a phng 47,7%. Tiu chun phm cht l to c tanin l 25,9%, vt cht ha tan 44%, ging i bch tr hm lng tanin v cht ha tan tng ng l 20,3 v 47,3%. Ch tiu v tnh chng chu, thch ng chng chu su bnh tt v chng hn chng rt tt - Gruzia s 7, 8. 12 chu rt tt nht, -20 n -25oC iu kin tn ch c ph mt lp tuyt dy. vic chn lc tm ra nhng ging ch thch hp vi iu kin sn xut v cng ngh ch bin l vic lm khng c im dng. Tuy nhin cng tc nghin cu th hiu, th trng hng ti nhng b ging phc v cho tng loi sn phm l rt quan trng c im thc vt Cy ch xanh lin quan n chn ging Cy lu nin, cy con bin d ln, R cc Thn bi, thn g nh v thng xanh, mc thnh bi hoc cc cy nh, cao khong 2 20 m. L di 415 cm v rng 25 cm. L ti cha khong 4% coffein. L non c cc si lng t ngn mu trng. L gi mu lc sm L sp xp so le, l n, dy, mp l c kha, thng thng c mt ngoi bng lng, di 317 cm. Cy giao phn; Hoa ln, k 112 cm, 59 cnh hoa; c mu t trng ti hng hay , cn mu vng c mt s loi. Hoa ca n mu trng nh vng, ng knh t 2,54 cm, vi 7 - 8 cnh hoa. Qu l loi qu nang kh c chia thnh 15 ngn, mi ngn cha 18 ht Phn loi Gii (regnum):Plantae Nghnh ht kn: Angiospermae Lp 2 l mm: Dicotyledonae B ch (ordo): Theales (Ericales) H ch (familia): Theaceae Chi ch (genus): Camellia Loi (species): C. Sinensis 4 th (C.sinensis Var.Bohea; C.sinensis Var.Macrophylla; C.sinensis Var.Shan; v C.sinensis Var.Asamica; Bin th Assam (C. sinensis assamica hay C). assamica ; Bin th Trung Quc (C. sinensis sinensis ); Bin th Cam pu chia (C. sinensis parvifolia) Ngun gen Hoang di: a phng: c khong 151 ging trong ch yu l nhm ging ch shan Tham v, Trn Ninh), ch trung du (l to, l nh, Lm ng c c khong 70 dng, Chn to: LDP1, PH1, LDP2, Shan Cht Tin, Ch bp tm. Nhp ni: nhiu ging c nhp, Bt Tin, i Bch Tr, Vn XngPhc Vn Tin, Keo Am Tch, Hng nh Bch v Cinyrual 143. c nhp Trung Quc, Indonesia v Srilanca. Cc phng php chn to ging
10

 Ging a phng, ging nhp ni (chn lc nhn v tnh - kho nghim-ph bin,) Lai hu tnh (chn b m - cc pp lai chn lc nhn v tnh - kho nghim-ph bin,) t bin (x l b-chn lc - nhn v tnh- kho nghim-ph bin,) Lai xa ng dng cng ngh sinh hc Quy trnh chn ging ch gm cc bc sau: To ngun bin d di truyn (lai-lai n, lai ba, lai kp, lai li, lai xa,, t bin nhn to), nhp ni Chn dng v tnh t th h con ci; nh gi s b, nh gi nng sut Kho nghim khu vc, Kho nghim quc gia Cng nhn v ph bin ging mi Chn lc t lai hu tnh Lai hu tnh Chn b m Kh c: ct bt 1 phn cnh hoa khi hoa sp n (n bp mu trng), dng panh tch b bao phn, cch ly, Th phn vo 8-10h sng hm sau, sau 2 ngy th phn li, bao cch ly sau th phn, Nhy chuyn my sm th b bao cch ly Thu hoch ht lai Chn lc hn hp, chn lc c th Chn lc t t bin Vt liu x l: ht ch, Ngun v liu lng x l:0.5; 1kr, 1.5; 2kr, ) Chn lc dng: t th h M2 tr i Nhn dng v tnh Cng ngh sinh hc Cu phi t kt qu lai xa: Tch phi sau th phn 5 ngy, 30 ngy, hoc t 1-8 thng. Tt nht l tch phi lc 4-5 thng Mi trng nui cy : pH=5.8 MS+3mg/l BAP+30g ng+6g Agar MS +4mg/l GA3+50g ng+6g Agar Nhn nhanh Chn dng v tnh Phn lp bin d di truyn (c th) sn c trong qun th lai hay t bin. Dng ho vt liu ban u, nh gi, chn dng tt nht. Nm th nht (Giai on 1): trng cc dng v tnh. Kim tra, nh gi nhng c im cn ci tin. Da vo kiu hnh, chn nhng cy tt v cc c im hnh thi, kh nng sinh trng, khng bnh, vv.. Ghi chp nng sut v phn tch cht lng cy chn. Loi b nhng cy khng t yu cu. Nhng dng gi li c ghi nhn cn thn. Nm th 2 (giai on 2): nhn v tnh tng dng chn v nh gi nh nm trc. Chn lc s t dng tt nht.
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Nm th 3 (giai on 3): kho nghim nng sut s b c i chng. Ghi chp nng sut, cht lng, t l bnh. Gi li dng tt nht. Nm th 4-7 (giai on 4): Tin hnh kho nghim nhiu im khng nh tnh u vit ca dng. Nm th 8-10 (giai on 5): Nhn dng tt nht, kho nghim rng, cng nhn ging v da vo sn xut. 2. Chn lc c th Bc 1: gieo trng qun th ban u (tp on ging a phng, nhp ni, v.v.). Chn mt s cc th c tnh trng mong mun da vo kiu hnh, sn lng (s bp, trng lng np, tn, s cnh nhiu, chiu cao cy, s l, tgst, . Bc 2: xc inh sn lng tng cy, nh gi kh nng gim cnh, cht lng Bc 3: tip tc kho st c th - nhng c tnh tt, gi li nhng c th tt. Bc 4: Kho nghim, so snh dng vi ging chun, cht lng th trng. Cng nhn ging Bc 5: nhn v ph bin ging Nhn ging: bng ht, bng cnh 1. Nhn ging bng ht: T cy ch u t (cy m) c tuyn chn, thng 10 - 11 hi qu v bc v. Ht ngm vo nc, loi b ht ni (lp), ch ly ht chm (chc), sau cho ht ny mm. Ly ht ny mm gieo vo bu ni lng u im: n gin, gi thnh thp Nhc im: Qun th khng u, phn ly, thi gian thit k c bn di (4 nm) 2. Nhn ging ch bng cnh u im: gi c c tnh tt ca ging, ch st ng u, d thu hoch v chm sc, nst cao hn trng tht 20-30% v cho thu hoch sm hn so vi trng ht 1 - 2 nm. H s nhn ging cao hn ht 15-20 ln Nhc im: phi c vn m gim cnh v vn chuyn cy gim ra ni trng. Thi v, chm sc cy ging i hi nghim ngt nn gi thnh u t ban u ln. Vn ging Hom ch. Cht KTST (NAA, IBA 4000-6000ppm), phun IAA 24% cho vn m, cnh 3-3,5 thng tui, r=2,5-4mm, Sl=20cm2 Thi v: Bc -xun, thu, Nam 4-8 Gin che 3. Nhn ging ch bng ghp cnh Gc ghp: Ging a phng, sinh trng mnh, chng chu tt Cnh ghp: ly cnh bnh t t cy t tiu chun, cht lng tt Cch ghp: nm, ghp xong chp kn ton b cy bn ti PE, sau 30 ngy g ti PE v chm sc cy

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Chn ging xoi 2.2. c im sinh vt hc H r: Xoi c h r ln phn b tp trung ti tng t t 0- 50cm, c bit c trng hp r n su n 3,8m v c th su hn na, phn ln b r ht tp trung trong phm vi cch gc 2m v su 1,25m, cc r ci thng n su 6-8m. Do c b r pht trin mnh v n su do vy xoi c kh nng chu hn tt B. Thn v tn Xoi l cy n qu thn g mc rt khe, thn cao 12m , chu vi thn 16m v 9 cnh chnh mi cnh c chiu di 21-24m ng knh tn l 53m C. l :l non mc t cc chi mi , mc i xng mt chm c t 7-12 l, l non c mu tm ,tm , pht hng hoc nu. l gi c mu xanh m D. Hoahoa ra tng chm mc ngon cnh, mt chm hoa c 200-4000 hoa, hoa xoi nh c ng knh ch 6-8mm, c mi thm dn d cn trng. mt chm hoa c 2 loi hoa: hoa c v hoa lng tnh E. Qu: qu hnh thnh v pht trin sau th phn th tinh, ln v hnh dng qu ty thuc vo ging.khi cn non qu c mu tm, xanh ty vo ging, khi chn c mu vng Ht:Cu to ht gm:-Gn l cc sc dc theo chiu di ht.- X phn b trn b mt ht ch yu l bng v lng- Lp v cng: dy mu nu- Bao mu nu mm bao quanh l mm- L mm 2.3 ngun gc phn loi, ngun gen A. ngun gc Cy xoi c ngun gc t chu nhit i c bit l vng Assam (n ). c kin cho rng cy xoi c ngun gc t vng ng Nam c bit l cc nc Vit Nam, Indonesia, Thi Lan, Malaysia.Hin nay cc nhin cu ch ra rng Australia cng l ni sut x cy xoi. B. phn loi Thuc chi Xoi (danh php khoa hc: Mangifera) thuc h o ln ht (Anacadiaceae), l nhng loi cy n qu vng nhit i chi mango c chi lm hai loi ph - Loi ph di lu nin c tui th > 500 nm kch thc thn ln ng knh thn =2.6m, chiu cao thn l=42m. loi ny thuc dng hoang di, qu nhiu nhng nh, t l phn n c thp.loi ny thng c dng ly ngun gen v lm gc ghp - Loi ph trng trt c thun ha chn lc t cc loi di thnh cy trng trt in hnh, trong loi ph ny c 3 bin chng: + xoi ct ha lc + xoi tng + xoi gn C. qu gen: cc trung tm lu gi v nghin cu xoi - Vin khktnn vn nam c > 1000 mu gen c bnh tuyn t cy thc sinh. - Qu gen T Thi Lan lu tr >3000 mu - Ti Vit Nam c tp on ging cng kh phong ph.Ti tnh b ra vng tu v ng nai c 34 ging xoi trong ch yu trng cc loi nh : xoi ct ha lc, ct chu,ct trng, thanh ca. mt s tnh min nam c 90 ging trong c 21 ging c cc c tnh qu, min bc c khong 12 ging trng v 7 ging bn hoang di. - Cn ch ti ngun gen t cy mum v cy quo c kh nng thch ng rng. 2.4. Mc tiu to ging - ra qu khng cch nm
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- mc tiu to ging cho ch bin: nc p, nc gii kht, ln men. + qu to gim cng ch bin, kch c qu ng u. + tht qu dy, t x + tht qu mu vng + qu chn tp trung - mc tiu ly qu n ti: qu mu vng, phn n c ln,ht nh hoc lp, c mi thm, c kh nng bo qun lu,hm lng ng v axit cn i - Mc tiu chn ging chng chu bnh nm vi khun v bnh cnh chi - mc tiu lm rau sch cao cp: hm lng axit thp, hm lng xenlulo cao, hm lng ng cn i 1.3% , bo qun d dng, kh nng phi trn vi cc loi rau khc, gin cao - Mc tiu chn ging ra hoa mun v tp trung trnh nh hng cu m lm gim nng sut. - Chn ging ra hoa tri v 2.5.phng php to ging A. chn lc t qun th cy thc sinh tuyn chn nhng ngun gen qu t cc cy th phn cho sau bnh tuyn nhng c th t yu cu ri em nhn ln v a ra sn xut B. t chc vn a giao t chc a giao theo bn c, ly cy m u t lm c s,thu ht t cy m dng lm ngun gen c bn. Gi nguyn ngun gen c bn ny v tip nhn ngun gen b xung cn thiu t cy b. T chc theo h thng 1:4 ( 1 m v 4 b xung quanh) C. t chc lai hn ch t chc lai 2 dng b m xc nh ngun gc, thu ht, gieo trng ht lai chn lc c th theo mc tiu chn ging. D. chn lc t bin - chn t bin mm: trong vn cy pht hin cc dng bin i v theo di cn thn sau tch cc dng t bin ny em nhn v tnh - gy t bin nhn to ch yu s dng cc tc nhn ha hc nh nitromethyl x l trn cc nh sinh trng phng hng s dng dng t bin: t ngn, cy thp,l dy E. ng dng cng ngh sinh hc chuyn gen mc tiu s dng cng ngh sinh hc tin hnh chuyn gen mc tiu nh : - gen chng bnh phn trng - chuyn gen pht trin r mnh i vi cy gc ghp. F . cc phng php nhn ging v tnh.

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Nhn
2.2 Ngun gc v s phn b Cy nhn c ghi chp trong s sch ca TQ t th Hn V cch ngy nay trn 2000 nm. Hin nay Trung Quc l nc c din tch ln nht v sn lng vo loi hng u trong cc nc trng nhn. Ngoi Trung Quc nhn cn c trng : Thi Lan, n , Malaisia, Vit Nam, Pilipipin u th k XIX nhn mi c trng mt s nc Chu M, Chu Phi, Chu i Dng trong vng nhit i v nhit i. Trung Quc: din tch trng nhn khong 8 vn ha Thi lan : 4.2 vn ha, sn lng 87 000 tn/nm. Vit Nam, cy nhn trng lu nht l cha Ph Hin thuc x Hng Chu, th x Hng yn tnh Hng Yn cch y chng 300 nm. Theo gio s V Cng Hu (1982): "...c th min Bc nc ta l mt trong nhng vng qu hng ca cy nhn... Hin nay nhn c trng nhiu cc tnh ng bng Bc B: Hng Yn, Hi Dng, HNam, Thi Bnh, H ni, H Ty, Hi Phng, Bc Ninh, Bc Giang. C vng c khong trn 2 triu cy tnh theo mt thng thng din tch trng nhn ln n 20.000 - 31.250ha. Nhn cn c trng vng t ph sa ven sng Hng, sng Thao, sng L, sng M, sng Tin, sng Hu, v vng g i cc tnh Ho Bnh, Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Qung Ninh, Yn Bi, Lo Cao, Sn La, Thi Nguyn, Bc Cn... v l t cc tnh min Trung v Ty Nguyn. Trong nhng nm gn y do nhu cu qu ti ti ch, cy nhn c pht trin mnh cc tnh pha nam: Cao Lnh (ng Thp), Vnh Chu (Sc Trng), c lao An Bnh, ng Ph (Vnh Long)... c bit cc tnh Vnh Long, Bn Tre,... din tch trng nhn tng rt nhanh. 2.3 Phn loi 2.3.1 Phn loi: Cy nhn l cy nhit i lu nm thuc h b hn ( Sapindaceae ) Phn loi khoa hc: + Gii : Plantae.+ Nghnh: Magnoliophyta.+ Lp : Magnoliopsida.+ B : Sapindales.+ H : Sapindaceae.+ Chi : Dimocarpus.+ Loi : D.longan Tn khoa hc : Dimocarpus longan Luor 2.4 c im thc vt hc 1. R: Da vo chc nng ca r, vi cy nhn c th chia lm 3 loi: r t (cn gi l r ht), r qu v r vn chuyn. Cn c vo s phn b ca b r c th phn: r cc v r ngang. a) R ht: Nm v tr cui cng (u mt) ca r, mu trng trng nh gi xanh, ng knh r 1,5-2,0 micron. mt r c cc nm cng sinh nn cn gi l r nm, mt thng c th nhn thy cc si nm b). R qu : R ht hnh thnh khong hn mt thng th b g li phnh to dn v g ho, mu sc t trng trong chuyn sang nu hng, m mm ngoi nt v dn v mt i. Kh nng ht nc ca r
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yu v km dn, lc ny kh nng vn chuyn li tng ln, sau cng bin thnh r vn chuyn. c) R vn chuyn: R c mu nu , sinh trng kho, b g kh pht trin, cha nhiu ta nanh, v ngoi ca r lc ny khng cn m mm m c nhng chm nh li ln. nhng im li ny c th mc ra nhng r ht mi. Chc nng ca r lc ny l vn chuyn nc, dinh dng v.v. nnc gi l r vn chuyn. 2. Lc cnh: Trn cy khi mm mi nh gi l lc, khi lc pht trin thnh thc th gi l cnh.Da vo ma v pht sinh m c th gi l cnh xun, cnh h, cnh thu, cnh ng. Khi cy cn b cc loi cnh ny pht trin v c th tr thnh b khung ca cy.Cn khi cy c qu th nhng loi cnh ny u c th tr thnh cnh m ca v qu nm sau 3. Thn cnh: Mm ngn hay mm nch ca nhn u c th pht trin thnh cnh. Vic hnh thnh thn cnh ca nhn c nhng im khc vi cy n qu khc l khi cy ngng sinh trng mm ngn nh c cc l kp rt non bc ly, gp iu kin ngoi cnh thun li mm nh ny ko di thm. Qua cc t lc trong nm, c mi t phn ngn li c bao bc bi cc tng l kp, dn dn cc l ny rng i tr ra mt on trng khin chng ta c th d phn bit c cc t lc cnh trong nm trn on cnh di t gc n ngn.. 4. L: L nhn thuc loi kp lng chim. L n mc i xng hay so le.i b phn cc ging nhn c t 3 n 5 i l, c ging c t 1-2 i, thng gp l 4 i l,7 i tr ln l him thy. L nhn hnh mc, mt l xanh m, lng l xanh nht, cung l ngn, gn chnh v gn ph ni r. L non mu , tm hay nu tu ging v thay i theo thi tit. Mt l bng, c ging bin l hi qun. L nhn t lc bt u nh n thnh thc bin ng trong khong thi gian 40-50 ngy tu ni trng, iu kin dinh dng v ma v. Tui th ca l l 1-3 nm. C th cn c vo cu to hnh thi mu sc ca l phn bit cc ging 5. Hoa nhn Cu to ca chm hoa: l loi hoa kp c cu to bi mt trc chnh v nhiu nhnh. Cn c vo hnh thi chm hoa b con nng dn Hng Yn phn bit l "chm sung", "chm b"hay chm du da".Trn mt chm hoa c rt nhiu hoa ty thuc vo ln ca cy v ma v trong nm. C th t vi trm hoa n 2-3 nghn hoa Hoa nhn mu trng vng, i v cnh c 5, pha ngoi c lng, mi thm nh, c nhiu mt. Hoa nhn gm c 4 loi: hoa c, hoa ci, hoa lng tnh v hoa d hnh (hnh 2). a) Hoa c: ng knh hoa 4-5 micron, nh ci thoi ho, hoa c 5 cnh mu vng nht, c 7-8 ch nh v ti phn xp hnh vng. Ti phn
16

nh vo u ch nh. Khi thnh thc ti phn nt ra, phn hoa tung ra ngoi th phn th tinh. Hoa n sau 1-3 ngy th tn. b) Hoa ci: Ngoi hnh v ln ging hoa c, c 7-8 ch nh, nhng nh c thoi ho. C hai bu nh kt hp lm mt, gia c mt nhy khi thnh thc u nhy ch lm i, cong li. Sau khi hoa ci n, nhy hoa tit ra mt loi dch nc. Sau th phn th tinh 2-3 ngy cnh hoa ho, bu hoa pht trin, bu c mu xanh. c) Hoa lng tnh:Hnh thi hoa ging hoa c v hoa ci, nh c v nh ci ca hoa pht trin bnh thng, bu thng. C kh nng th phn th tinh pht trin thnh qu. d) Hoa d hnh: Mt b phn no ca hoa pht trin khng bnh thng, v d nhy hoa khng tch, ch nh khng pht trin, ti phn khng m v khng c kh nng tung phn. Trong sn xut loi hoa ny khng c ngha 6. Qu: Qu c hnh cu, trn dp, cn i hay hi lch, nh qu trn, cung qu hi lm.V qu nhn thng trn nhn, cng c ging v hi x x, mu vng xm hay nu nht Ci ca qu nhn (vi) l do cung non pht trin m thnh. Gia v v ci ca cc ging nhn min Bc thng d bc, cc ging min Nam th kh hn. 7. Ht: Ci nhn l mt lp v gi. Lp ny bao bc ly ht. Ht nhn c hnh trn, trn dp, mu en hay nu en, bng, phn quang, c ging mu trng nhng rt him (nhn Bch sa). L mm trong ht mu trng, c nhiu tinh bt, phi mu vng. ln ht cng rt khc nhau gia cc ging, thng th 1,6 - 2,6g, chim 17,3 - 42.9% trng lng qu. Cng c ging nhn ht rt b, hu nh khng c ht, do kt qu th phn th tinh km. 2.5. QU GEN: Tng i hn ch do cy nhn khng c ngun gc nc ta. Hin nay nc ta ang ph bin mt s ging nhn sau: 1 , Nhn lng Hng Yn: - Qa trn, to gn nh vi thiu. Trng lng qu trung bnh 12-17g. - Ci dy vn hanh vng, cc mi lng vo nhau rt r, trn mt ci c nhiu ng gn ni ln nh vy rng, Ht mu en, trng lng khong 2g - Qa n gin v ngt, thm mt, v qu gin, d tch, chn sm phn n c chim 63.25% trng lng qu. 2. Nhn ci: - Trng ph bin Hng Yn, Hi Dng - Qa hnh cu hi dt, v dy khong 0.5mm, khng sng m mu vng nu. Qa to, trng lng trung bnh 10-15g. - Ci dy trung bnh 4.7mm, kh,mu ci trong hoc hi c. n ngt va. - Trng lng ht khong 2g, mu en. - Phn n c chim khong 60% trng lng qu. 3. Nhn Bm bm: - Qa to gn bng nhn lng, trung bnh khong 12 15g.
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- Trn qu hi vo, vai qu g gh, ci dy, kh, n c v ngt nht. 4. Nhn ng phn: - Qa nh hn nhn lng, trng lng trung bnh 7 -12g. - V mu nu nht, ci tng i dy, m nc, bc v trn mt ci qu c cc u nh nh cc ng phn. n ngt sc, thm c bit. Ht b, en nhnh, nng khong 1.5g. - Ra hoa mun hn nhn ci, chn chm hn khong 10-15 ngy. - Phn n c chim 60.24 % trng lng qu 5. Nhn nc: - Cy thng sai qu, qu nh, trng lng trung bnh 6-9g. - Ci mng khong 2.7mm, nho, nhiu nc, ngt va phi, ci kh dc ra khi ht. - Chm thng c nhiu qu, nng sut tng i n nh, v cht lng n ti km nhn ci. - Phn n c chim khong 38,63% trng lng qu 6. Nhn Vnh Chu: - Ging ny trng nhiu huyn Vnh Chu, Sc Trng. - Cy mc kho, l to, bin l gn sng. Qa c mu xanh, nhn. - Ht tng i to, nhiu nc, ci mng, ngt, kh tch khi ht. - Ging ny tuy n khng ngon bng Nhn ci hay Nhn ng phn song c u im thch nghi vi t xu, c nh hng mn. 7. Nhn Tiu Da B: - Nhn tiu da b (nhn qu) c pht trin min Nam t 20 nm nay, c ngun gc Hu, c trng ch yu cc huyn c lao nh: An Bnh. Ho Ninh, ng Ph, Bnh Ho Phc - T khi nhn ra hoa cho n khi tri chn trung bnh khong 3-4 thng (tu ging), ging nhn tiu da b c thi gian chn lu hn. Ch thu hoch qu khi v chuyn t mu nu hi xanh sang mu nu sng vng, v tri t x x hi dy chuyn sang mng v nhn, tri mm hn (do c nc nhiu), ci c v thm, ht chuyn sang mu en hon ton 8. Nhn long ht: - Ging nhp ni t Thi Lan. - Qa to gn bng qu vi thiu. V qu mu vng, mng, mm, phm cht qu gn ging nhn tiu 9. Nhn xung cm vng: - Ging c ngun gc thnh ph Vng Tu, c trng bng ht - Tht qu dy, mu hanh vng, ro, dn, rt ngt, c th trng a chung. - c im d nhn din l qu c dng hnh xung. Qu cha chn gn cung c mu , qu chn v qu c mu vng da b. - Ci c mu hi trng hoc vng,do, dai, gin. C v ngt, kh thm. - Xung cm vng thch hp trn vng t ct; nu trng trn t tht hoc st nh nn ghp qua gc ghp l ging tiu da b 10. Nhn Hng Chi: - L mt ging nhn ngon c trng trong vn nh c Hng Chi, th x Hng Yn. - L ging nhn thp cy, cnh xo rng, tn trn xum xu, l mu xanh m nh hn l nhn lng, gn l ni r, mp l qun vo pha lng l.
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- y l ging c nng sut n nh hn so vi cc ging khc - Chm qu thuc loi qu sung, sai qu, trung bnh mi chm nng trn di 1kg. Chm to c th ln ti 2kg. Qa to, 13-16g/qu. Qa hnh tri tim hi vo. - Khi chn cho ci dy, gin , d bc v, sc nc, ht nh, v mng, m qu p. 2.6 Mc tiu to ging - Hng trc mt hin nay l tp trung to ra cc ging c nng xut qu cao, phm cht n nh qua cc v. - V nng sut: cy c chn phi hn ging c 25- 30% sn lng cc nm khng chnh lch nhau qu 30%. - V phm cht: Qu to, ci dy, ht b, ci qu n thm c v ngt sc, hm lng cht tan v t l ng/axt cao - Tng s hoa v s qu trn cnhy l mc tiu c lin quan n sn lng, nn p ng c mc tiu ny s tng s lng qu/n v din tch. Tng s hoa bng cch to tn, ta cnh lm cho cy phn cnh, phn nhnh nhanh, ph thuc vo bin php k thut chm sc v ph thuc vo ging.Tng s qu trn cnh bng cch x l cht kch thch sainh trng tng t l u qu. Mc tiu n ti: Chn ging c qu to, ci dy, ht nh, nhiu nc, ngt va phi nn yu cu ngt v c mi thm. -. Mc tiu cho ch bin( lm long nhn) - Chn ging c qu u nhau, trng lng >10g - Ci dy, v mng. - Tht qu mu trng, ci kh ro. - Tht q gin, mm va phi. - V ngt va phi, c hng thm. Chn ging chu hn : m rng din tch trng nhn t i tng hiu qu chng xi mn.Nhn l cy chu hn, chu ngp ng, trng c trn t chua, t ngho dinh dng vng g i v vng ng bng t thp. V cy nhn c r nm thch nghi vi cc iu kin . Do vy chn ging nhn chu hn l mc tiu ca nh chn ging, trng trn t i ni, tng hiu q chng xi mn. 6. Chn ging ko di thi gian cung cp qu ti Bng cch chn cc ging chn sm, chn cc sm v cc ging chn mun. Nh vy s c tc dng trnh s chn tp trung ca nhn lm nhn b gim gi khi trn th trng cung cp qu nhiu loi nhn. T c th trnh c s tp trung qu nhiu sn phm nhn mt lc th c th em li hiu qu kinh t cao nht. 7. Cc mc tiu khc: - S dng ht nhn, v nhn l thuc ng y.- To bonsai ngh thut chi cy cnh.- Dng lm gc ghp. 2.7 Phng php to ging 2.7.1 Phng thc nhn hu tnh Phng php gieo ht: y l phng php truyn thng kh thng dng trc y cc vng trng nhn v d lm, cy c b r kh pht trin, mc kho c kh nng thch nghi rng, nht l cc g i, min ni thiu nc trong ma kh.
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Cy gieo ht chm ra hoa kt qu, thng thng phi mt 4-5 nm, li c bin d ln, cy con khng gi c nhng c tnh tt ban u ca cy m nn ch yu lm gc ghp y l phng thc nhn ging n gin v c lm t lu. 2.7.3 Thu thp, nh gi tuyn chn t cc ging a phng Bng cch thu thp ngun gen ca cc vng sinh thi khc nhau trong v ngoi nc, c th l cc loi hoang di, cc dng mi chn to, cc ging bao gm cc kiu gen khc nhau, c th thu oc cc ngun gen qu. Cc mu thu v ta t chc nh gi T c th chn lc ra cc dng trin vng pht trin thnh ging tt v nhn rng ra cc vng sn xut .2.7.2 Phng thc nhn v tnh . Chit cnh: Khi k thut ghp cy cha thnh cng th y l phng php thng dng dng nhn ging nhn cc a phng. Phng php ny c u im l gi c cc c tnh tt ca cy m. Mt nhc im khc l h s nhn ging khng cao,Cy m phi c nng sut cao, n nh qua cc nm phm cht tt c th trng a chung. Cy m khng b bnh, chn nhng cy ang tui sung sc Chn cnh chit: Cnh 2-4 tui c ng knh 0,5-1,5cm. Cnh kho gia tn, nhng cnh mc ngoi tn nI c nhiu nh sng. Cnh c di khong trn 40 n 60cm, cch gc khong 30cm c chc i hoc chc ba cng tt. cc tnh min bc: v xun thng 2-3-4 v thu thng 8-9 Ghp nhn So vi cy gieo ht ngoi nhng u im k trn y, cy nhn ghp gi nguyn c cc c tnh di truyn ca cy m nh nng sut cao, phm cht tt Ghp nhn l mt tin b k thut trong ngh trng cy n qu hin ang c p dng rng ri trong sn xut nc ta. So vi cy chit cnh, cy nhn ghp c b r kho hn. Nh c chn lc gc ghp nn cy c kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin kh hu t ai ti ch nh chu ng, chu hn, chu chua mn... tt hn, chng chu c vi su bnh. H s nhn ging nhiu hn so vi chit cnh Gieo ht lm gc ghp C 2 cch : gieo ht m cy trn lung v m cy trong bu, Gieo ht m cy trn lung t gieo ht phi c cy ba k m bo ti xp, bng phng nht sch v, bn phn. Sau khi gieo 8-12 thng, chiu cao cy t 60-80 cm, ng knh thn t 0,6-0,8 cm l c th bt u ghp c. C th p dng nhiu phng php ghp nhn nh ghp ca s (ghp mt), ghp mt nh c g, ghp thp, ghp ch bn
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Thi v ghp Nhn c th ghp c cc thi v khc nhau. min Bc v ng (thng 11, 12 v thng1,2) t l ghp sng rt thp. V h, thu (thng 7,8) do ma nhiu, nhit cao nn t l ghp sng cng thp.Thi v ghp nhn thch hp l: v xun thng 3,4; v thu thng 9,10. Tui cnh ghp Tu theo phng php ghp v thi v ghp chn cc loi cnh ph hp nhm t t l ghp sng cao v t l cy xut vn cao. Vi ghp nm: cc loi cnh bnh t 2-3 thng tui hay 4-5 thng tui. Vi phng php ghp ca s: v xun (thng 3-4) dng loi cnh 4-5 thng tui, v thu (thng 9,10) chn cnh 7-8 thng tui.

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C ph II, Ngun gc, xut x Xut x: Lng capfa- Etiopia khong 1000 nm trc. Du nhp sang chu u t khong th k 16 do s bnh chng ca quc Th Nh K. Du nhp vo Vit Nam khong nm 1857 hai tnh Qung Bnh v Qung Tr . III, Phn loi, tnh hnh sn xut III.1, Phn loi: Cc ging caf trng hin nay thuc : -B c ph: Rubiales -H c ph: Rubiaceae -Chi c ph: Coffea Trong t nhin c khong 70 loi thuc 4 chi ph: Para coffea M., Argo coffea P.et..Pit., Masco coffea Cheav. v Euro coffea K.Schumb. Trong ch c chi Euro coffea l c cha cafein v c trng. Trong chi Euro coffea c 4 loi chnh: - C f ch: C. arabica L. - C f vi: C. canephora Pierre - C f mt: C.excelsa Chev. - C f mt du da: C. liberia Bull y l nhng loi c ph chnh ang c trng v c s dng trc tip trn th gii. IV, c im thc vt hc: IV.1, c im chung: a, R: R cy c ph l r cc, cm su vo lng t t 1 n 2,5 m vi rt nhiu r ph ta ra xung quanh lm nhim v ht cht dinh dng nui cy. V vy, cy c ph cn yu cu tng t canh tc kh su. R c ph gm:1- R cc2- R tr3- R ngang4- R t b, Thn, cnh: Trn thn c nhiu t, cc t sp xp thnh tng cp i nhau; ti mi t c 1 l v 3-4 mm ng, trong ch c duy nht mt mm cho cnh ngang l cnh cho qu sau ny, cn li cc mm khc u c kh nng pht trin thnh chi vt. Cnh ngang c th mang qu hoc c phn thnh nhiu cp cnh con tu thuc vo phng php to tn. c, L c ph: L cung ngn, xanh m, hnh oval, mc i, mp l hnh ln sng. Mt trn l c mu xanh thm, mt di xanh nht hn. Chiu di ca l khong 8-15 cm, rng 4-6 cm. Hnh dng v kch thc ca l l mt ch tiu quan trng phn bit cc dng c ph khc nhau d, Hoa: C ph l loi cy t th phn, do gi v cn trng c nh hng ln ti qu trnh sinh sn ca cy. Hoa c ph mu trng, c nm cnh, thng mc thnh chm i hoc chm ba. Mu hoa v hng hoa d lm ta lin tng ti hoa nhi. Hoa ch n trong vng 3 n 4 ngy v thi gian th phn ch vi ba ting. Mt cy c ph trng thnh c t 30.000 n 40.000 bng hoa. e, Qu c ph: Sau khi th phn t 7 n 9 thng cy s cho qu hnh bu dc, b ngoi ging nh qu anh o. Trong thi gian chn, mu sc ca qu thay i t xanh sang vng ri cui cng l . Qu c mu en khi chn nu. Do thi gian m hoa kt tri lu nh vy m mt v c ph ko di gn mt nm tri v c th xy ra trng hp trn mt cy va c hoa, va c qu.C th thy cch ra qu, hnh dng v mu sc ca qu c ph kh a dng. Qu c ph c th m ra trn cnh ngang cp 1 hoc cc cnh th cp, qu thng mc thnh tng chm, khong cch gia cc chm di ngn khc nhau tu thuc vo ging.
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f, Ht c ph: v ngoi qu, v gia qu, lp cht mc giao, v ngoi ht, biu b, v trong ht, ni nh v tm ht c im ca ht: Hnh dng: hnh trn hoc di Mu sc: lc cn ti c mu xm vng, xm xanh hoc xanh, khi kh c mu xm trng. Cu to: mi ht c bo v bi hai lp mng mng: mt lp mu trng, bm cht ly v ht; mt lp mu vng ri rc hn bc bn ngoi. IV.2, c im ring ca 4 nhm c ph chnh: a, C ph ch (C. Arabica L):Ngun gc cao nguyn Jimma-Etiopia c im: Cy bi cnh th cp nhiu, hoa mc thnh chm nch l. Qu hnh trng khi chn c mu . L loi c trng lu i nht, hin nay chim ti 70% tng sn lng c ph th gii. L loi t phi nn thng tn ti dng thun.Hm lng cafein: 1,8- 2% b,C ph vi (C. Canephora Pierre): Pht hin Chu Phi u th k XX, vng rng thp thuc chu th sng Cng. c im: Cy nh cnh th cp t, hoa mc thnh chm nch l, qu hnh trn hay hnh trng khi chn c mu . Ht nh hn caf ch, t l nhn trn qu ti cao hn caf ch. L cy giao phn nn a dng loi gm cc chng chnh:C. Canephora Var Robusta, C. Canephora Var Koui lou, C. Canephora Var Niaouli, Hm lng cafein: 2,5- 3% c, Caf mt (C. excelsa Chev): Pht hin nm 1902 Ubangui-Chari thng gi l caf Chari. c im : Cy nh, t su bnh, hoa mc thnh chm nch l. Qu hnh trng, hi dt chn c mu sm. Hm lng Cafein : 1,02 1,15% d, Caf mt du da ( C. liberia Bull): Ngun gc: Liberia c im: cy nh, cnh kho, bn, lng di. Hoa mc thnh cm, qu tha, to ging qu du da, nng sut tim nng cao nhng phm cht km. V, Mc tiu to ging V.1, Mc tiu tng th: Nng sut cao: gn lin vi cc tnh trng c bn Tnh n nh ca nng sut Kh nng m cnh mnh Thc y phn ho mm hoabng cch nng cao C/N Tng s hoa ,qu /1cnh Tng khi lng M1000ht, c ht to. T l ti/nhn thp * Tng cng kh nng chng chu: Chng bnh g st: y l mc tiu quan trng do qun th c ph Vit Nam b nhim bnh g st nng lm gim nng sut, cht lng c ph. Chng chu cc loi su hi: rp sp, bnh thi r *Tng hm lng cc cht kh trong c ph: Tng hm lng cafein trong caf caf c v m hn Tng hng thm c bit trong caf
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 Tng hm lng ng c li cho con ngi: saccaroze, ng kh, vitamin: B1, B2, B6 V.2, Mc tiu ring: *C ph ch: Mc tiu s mt vi c ph ch Vit Nam hin nay l to ging chu rt v hn c th trng min bc v cao nguyn min trung, c kh nng chu c gi ma ng bc , sng mui v nhit thp <10 . *C ph vi v c ph mt: - Chn ging chu hn + loi c ph Coffea racemosa tm thy nhng vng kh hn ca Mozambique hnh thnh nn ngun gen chu hn.V vy s dng loi c ph ny lai vi cc dng khc to con lai c tnh chu hn cao : VD: Coffea racemosa/Coffea arabica to con lai c tnh chu hn cao + S dng caff mt tn dng tnh chu hn ca n lm gc ghp. - Chn ging vi mc tiu lm nguyn liu ch bin ru , nc gii kht, b ch bin lm thc n gia sc: da vo c tnh qu to, c tim nng nng sut cao,c hm lng cafein cao, VI, Qu gen: C th ni c ph l loi c qu gen tng i phong ph, p ng cho mi nhu cu chn to nu phn trn. * Cc ging nhp ni: Typica, Bourbon, Moka, Mundo Novo, Caturra, Catimor: -Typica: (Coffea arabica L. var. Typica) cy c dng chp nn vi mt thn chnh mc thng v nhiu thn ph mc xin. Typica cao ti 3,5 n 4 mt. Cnh cy lm thnh nhng gc t 50 70 so vi thn thng ca cy. Typica c nng sut rt thp nhng li cho ra loi c ph c cht lng tuyt vi. Ging ny km chu hn,d nhim su bnh nht l g st v su c thn.Ma ng cy thng rng l hng lot do kh hn v su bnh . Ging ny nc ta rt t -Bourbon (Coffea arabica L. var. Bourbon) do t bin ca c ph ch v c ngun gc o Reunion thuc Php. Bourbon c sn lng nhiu hn t 20-30% so vi Typica, nhng li l ging cho t c ph nht trong tt c. Bourbon khng mang hnh nn r rng nh Typica, nhng li phn cnh nhiu hn. Gc gia cnh v thn nh hn, v khong cch gia gc ca cc cnh trn thn rt nh. L cy rng v xon ra. Qu ca cy thng nh v kh nng.Ging ny d nhim su bnh v g st nn hin nay din tch ca ging ny gim i rt nhiu. -Mundo Novo l ging lai t nhin gia Typica v Bourbon, c tm thy Braxin. Cy loi ny khe v c kh nng chu bnh tt. Mundo Novo c nng sut cao nhng thi gian trng lu hn cc ging khc. Ging ny c sc sinh trng mnh cy kho v nhiu qu nhng t l lp cao, ging ny khng c nhiu nc ta. -Caturra (Coffea arabica L. var. Caturra) nguyn l dng bin d ca Bourbon, c chn lc Braxin. C 2 dng: _Caturra rojo: khi chn qu mu _Caturra amerello: khi chn qu c mu vng Cy thp, cao khng qu 3m, b tn hp, lng t ngn, kh nng phn cnh th cp nhiu, thn cy mp khe. S hoa qu trn t nhiu t 20-30.Qu v ht c kch thc nh hn
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ging Bourbon, c dng bu, ngn trng ging caf vi. Cht lng nc ung kh.C kh nng chu hn, cng chiu sng mnh nhng vng c cao thp.Mn cm vi bnh g st, kh cnh kh qu.Dng qu vng cho nng sut cao hn qu Catuai (Coffea arabica L. var. Catuai) L sn phm lai to gia ging Caturra v ging Mundo novo. Cy thp, tn b, lng t ngn. t l non c mu xanh nht, phin l dng bu, mp gn sng nhiu. Kh nng cho nng sut cao, chu hn tt, thch hp vi iu kin kh hu vng c cao thp. Mn cm trung bnh vi bnh g st, kh cnh kh qu. - Catimor - c to ra B o Nha nm 1959, Catimor l ging lai gia Higrido de Timor v Caturra. L ging caf ch ang c khuyn khch trng rng ri nc ta v cc nc khc.Catimor c nhp vo nc ta t nm 1985 v c vin nghin cu cy caf Eakmat kho nghim nhiu vng v c nh gi l ging c trin vng, c trng nhiu cc tnh min ni pha bc nh: Sn La, Lai Chu, Tuyn Quang.Cy trng thnh sm v cho nng sut cao, thng l bng hoc hn cc loi ging thng mi khc. Catimor t b su c ph hoi c sc khng nm g st, c sc chng hn kh. Tuy ht nh nhng hng v thuc loi kh do vy c gi trn th trng * Cc ging chn to trong nc: u do Vin do Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng Lm nghip Ty Nguyn to ra.S lng ging to ra khng nhiu nhng rt ph hp vi iu kin c th Vit Nam. VII, Phng Php to ging VII.1. Chn lc dng 1.1.Chn lc cy m: c thc hin ngay trn vn tp on hoc trn nhng qun th l i tng chn lc c nhiu kiu gen khc nhau. Chn cy m nh th no ph thuc vo mc ch yu cu ca vic chn ging. 1.2. nh gi cc i con ca cy m c chn lc _ Cy m sau khi chn lc cho t th phn thu ht v nh gi i con ca chng. _ Sau khong 6-8 v tin hnh chn lc. VII.2. Lai cng loi, u th lai v chn lc ph h 2.1. u th lai v kh nng sn xut ging lai F1 K thut lai: _Kh c _Thu thp phn _Th phn nhn to 2.2. Chn lc ph h cc con lai c trin vng c thc hin t th h F2 Cc cy F2 ca tng i con F1c trng thnh tng hng ring bit. Sau 2-4 v thu hoch lin tip c th tin hnh chn lc. Cc c th F2 sau chn li cho t th phn nh gi th h F3. Qu trnh ny lp i lp li cho ti th h F4, F5 l c th chuyn sang nhn ging a vo sn xut.

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Cao su Ngun gc & Phn loi Cy cao su c ngun gc nhit i t Brazin. Nm 1736, Charles de Condamine - ngi Php pht hin lu vc sng Amazon Nam M. Nm 1876 Hemi wickham - ngi Anh thnh cng trong vic a cao su pht trin nhiu vng trn th gii, c bit l vng ng Nam . T nm 1910 cy cao su pht trin rt mnh v nhanh nhiu ni m trung tm l chu nh: n , Innxia, Malayxia, Thi Lan, Campuchia,Vit Nam,Trung quc... Cy cao su ln u tin c du nhp vo ng dng ti tho cm vin Si Gn nm 1877, nhng cy ny hin nay cht. K vo nm 1897, nhng ht ging Java em v gieo trng ti ng Ym (Bn Ct). Mt s n in do bc s Yersin ly ging Colombo (Sri Lanka) em gieo trng khonh t ca Vin Pasteur ti Sui Du (Nha Trang) nm 1899-1903. T , cc n in khc c m rng nh n in Suzannah vi ht ging sn xut ti ng Ym (1907), n in Cexo ti Lc Ninh (1912), n in Michelin (1952), SIPH (1934) v rt nhiu n in khc sau ny. Phn loi khoa hc: + Gii : Plantae.+ Nghnh: Magnoliophyta.+ Lp : Magnoliopsida.+ B : Malpighiales+ H : Euphorbiaceae+ Chi : Hevea+ Loi : D. brasiliensis Tn khoa hc : Hevea brasiliensis Cy cao su trn th gii ni chung thuc vo 5 h thc vt: Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae v Composaceae. Euphorbiaceae (h Thu du): H ny gm cc ging cy chnh l Hevea, Manihot, Sapium v Euphorbia. H Moraceae (h Du tm): Gm cc ging cao su thuc ging Ficus (a bp -Ficus elastica) v Castilloa. - Apocynaceae : Gm ch yu l cc ging Funtumia, Landolphia, Hancornia Dyera. - Asclepiadaceae: gm cc ging Asclepias siriaca, Cryptostegia grandiflora. - Composaceae: tiu biu l Kok-saghyz v Guayule. c im thc vt hc R: Bao gm: R tr: l r chnh. R con v r hp thu.H thng r cy cao su chim 15% tng hm lng cht kh. Nhng vn cy 3 nm tui, r chnh c di 1,5m, r bn lan rng t 6 n 9m. Khi vn cy i vo khai thc vi tui t 7 n 8 nm th r chnh di n 2,4m; lan rng ca r bn s hn 9m. Thn: Thn cy cao su thuc loi thn g, to cao. Nhng cy lu nm c th cao n 20- 30 m v ng knh c th t 1m.Nha m mu trng hay vng c trong cc mch nha m v cy, ch yu l bn ngoi libe. Cc mch ny to thnh xon c theo thn cy theo hng tay phi, to thnh mt gc khong 30 vi mt phng. L:- L cao su mc n, c 3 cht nh hnh bu dc, ui nhn, mt nhn, gn song song. Lc l cn non c mu tm sau dn gi chuyn sang mu xanh nht v chuyn sang xanh lc v hnh thnh tng l r rt. Khi cy ln trng thnh cho thu hoch th tng l pht trin mnh, hnh thnh tn rng. Hoa: Hoa cao su thuc loi hoa n tnh ng chu. Trong mt chm hoa th s hoa c nhiu gp 50 ln hoa ci.Sau khi trng c 5-6 nm th cy mi c hoa qu, hoa thng n vo
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ma xun (thng 3-4) hoc thng 7-8. Phn hoa c sc sng khong 48 gi. Nhn chung kh nng th tinh thp. Qa:Qa cao su thuc loai qu nang gm 3 ngn mi ngn cha 1 ht. C lp v cng, khi chn v t nt, c th t tch ht ra ngoi. C hai thi im thu hoch qu: ma chnh l vo thng 8-9, c th thu thm vo thng 2-3. Ht: Ht cao su hnh trng hi trn, di 2-3.5cm, mu nu sm, ngoi c lp v sng cng. Ht cha 20 % protit, 25% du....Ht rt d mt sc ny mm, ch sau thu hoch 3-4 tun khng bo qun tt l khng ny mm c Ngun gen cao su (Hevea) 1. Tng qut Theo Aublet J.B vng Nam M c 20 loi Hevea, nhng trong loi Hevea c ph bin hin tng a hnh, tnh trng lai khc loi nn cng kh phn loi. Hin nay c th coi nh c 6 loi (mt s ti liu ghi l 9). Mi loi c mt a bn phn b ring v nhng yu cu sinh thi ring. Trong , ba loi sau y c gi tr nht v mt kinh t: (1)HEVEA GIUANENSIS: c pht hin u tin, c phn b rng v gm nhiu th tm thy trong vng rng ven i Ty Dng bn dy Andes. Hevea Giuanensis din phn b ca loi ny bao trm c din phn b ca loi H. Brasiliensis v thm c mt s ni khc na. Thch hp vng cao khng thch ngp nc hoc vng nh k ngp nc. (2) HEVEA BENTHAMIANA: Phn b pha bc Amazn,dc theo nhng con sng c nc en trn nhng t giu cht silic, ngho mu, chua, c th b ngp vo ma ma. Loi ny cho mt loi m cao su gn ging nh ca Hevea Brasiliensis, nng sut m thp nhng chng c bnh Dothidelia Uli, nn c dng lm vt liu gc lai to nhng ging cao su chng bnh trn vng nhit i Nam M. (3) HEVEA BRASILIENSIS: Ch phn b ring min nam Amazn gm mt vng v pha Ty n 75o kinh tuyn Ty, v pha ng n Belem trn nhnh nam ca con sng Amazn Brasil thy loi ny cc bang Para v cc vng Matto Grosso thuc pha ng Pru v pha Bc Bolivia. Vng phn b ca loi ny vng c ph sa, kh giu mu, pH: 4.5 5.5 c th b ngp vo ma ma cng nh cao nguyn tiu nc. Hevea Brasiliensis mc nhng cao n 700m so vi mt nc bin.Theo Ducke.A cho rng y l loi c din tch phn b rng nhng t bin d so vi cc loi khc thuc Hevea. Ngoi nhng loi Hevea trn, nhng loi khc u khng c gi tr v mt kinh t, c din phn b hep, i khi ch dng lm vt liu ban u lai to. l cc loi: H. Rigidifolia, H.Spruceana, H.Pauciflora. 2. Vit Nam Hin Vit Nam, Vin Nghin cu cao su thuc Tng cng ty cao su Vit Nam l n v c chc nng lu tr ngun gen cao su quc gia. Nghin cu ci tin ging cao su. - a phng ha c cu b ging cao su. Nghin cu ci tin cc bin php k thut ng b bao gm: iu tra, kho st, phn hng t trng cao su, bin php canh tc, chm sc, bo v. T nm 1997 n nay, qua nhiu t nhp ni t Nam M, chu Phi v ng Nam , chng ta c 3.273 kiu di truyn, trong c c nhng ging c ngun gc di truyn Amazone, Wickham, con lai gia Amazone v Wickham, ang c bo qun ti Lai Kh thuc Vin Nghin cu Cao su. (GS.TS. Nguyn Ngc Knh - Hi Ging cy trng Vit Nam).
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Mc tiu chn to ging Nng sut m cao. Khng su bnh. Cc bnh c tm quan trng kinh t ton cu nh: SALB (microcychis ulei); bnh r trng (Rigidoporus lignosus); bnh sc en v rng l bt thng gy ra bi cc loi khc nhau ca Phytophthora trong cc nc khc nhau; bnh mu hng. chu , bnh r trng gy ra nhng tn tht ng k Xrilanca (Liyanage,1977) v Indonesia (Basuki, 1985). Bnh ny km pht trin Thi Lan v Vit Nam. Bnh rng l phytophthora l bnh quan trng nht ca Hevea n , Xrilanca, Thi Lan v Malaysia. N gy ra tn tht cc b trong nhng nm ma nhiu. Bnh sc en hay thi v gy ra tn tht nghim trng Xrilanca v Vit Nam cho n u nhng nm 1960. Sinh trng mnh. Thch nghi iu kin ngoi cnh. Phng php chn to ging Bnh tuyn cy thc sinh. Lai hu tnh nhn to. Cao su (2n =36) a t th nhng th phn lai cho kt qu tt hn (Ferweda,1969) v khc phc c s suy gim do lai gn. H.brasiliensis lai cho t do vi mt vi loi khc trong chi ny, c bit l 3 loi di (H.benthamiana, H.pauciflora v H.spruceana) c s dng nh l ba ngun lai to chng SALB. Phng thc lai to Hevea gm c cc chu trnh xen k ca cy ging v chn lc v tnh. Chn lc v ghp mm cc th h sau ca cy ging t chu trnh giao phi th h sau ny ca cc dng v tnh c cung cp cho trng trt thng mi v cng dng lm b m cho giai on lai to k tip. C hai vn quan trng trong vic lai to cy cao su l: + Phn ln cc n lc lai to phng ng u da trn mt c s di truyn rt hp. Vt liu Wickham l ngun ca hu ht cc loi cao su trng Chu (Ho Chai Yec,1992). + Chu trnh lai to di (10-15 nm) v chn lc di (25-30 nm) do bn cht lu nin ca cy cn tr nhng tin b nhanh trong lai to. S dng gc ghp. * To gc ghp: - Gc ghp c ph vi: ng ri v t thng 10-12, cy t tiu chun 4-5 l th ghp - Gc ghp c ph mt: chn mun hn c ph vi, chn r vo thng 2-3 dng lch, bo qun n thng 5 th gieo ht, khi cy c 3-5 l th ghp. u im ca gc ghp c ph mt: ng knh gc ghp ln hn gc c ph vi nn c th ghp sm t khi gc ghp c 3 cp l. * Thi v ghp: - C th ghp hu nh quanh nm tr thi k lnh (thng 1-2) - Thi v ghp tt nht l t thng 3-6 - Thi gian t khi ghp n khi xut vn khong 60 ngy * Chi ghp: S dng chi ghp ca cc dng v tnh chn lc v c Nh nc cng nhn
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Tiu chun chi ghp: + L phn ngn ca thn hay chi vt; + Di 4-5 cm; + C 1 cp l bnh t c ct b 2/3 phin l; + c bo qun chng tnh trng chi b ho do mt nc; + Ly t vn chi sau khi bn phn t nht 7 ngy. - Chn lc t bin. Cc dng hin nay: Ph bin l cc dng v tnh c nhp ni hay c lai to trong nc. Mt s dng nh: PB86: L h v tnh tt nht ca Malaysia, kh nng sinh trng trung bnh, c nng sut cao: bnh qun vng t tt l 3-5kg/cy/nm (1200-1600kg/ha/nm). PR107: Kh nng sinh trng tt, chu c bnh, nng sut cao. PHB84: Sinh trng n nh, c kh nng chu gi, nng sut cao theo nm tui thu hoch. LH82/156 c xem l ging cao su g-m, c khuyn co qui m ln vng thun li v qui m va vng t thun li LH82/182 c khuyn co qui m ln vng thun li v qui m va vng t thun li, khng nn trng vng c gi mnh

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Cy ca cao 1. Ngun gc v s pht trin Cacao l loi cy rng c ngun gc t Chu M, c th dn da pht hin 2000 nm trc y, u tin c pht hin t vng Amazon ri n Bc Costarica n vng Caribe. T th k 16, ca cao bt u pht trin rng ra cc nc trn th gii, trc ht l cc nc Nam M v vng bin Caribbe. Ca cao c trng ti Philippin vo u th k 17, sau tip tc m rng qua n v Srilanka vi chc nm sau. Cui th k 19, Ca cao mi c trng cc nc Ty Phi. y, ca cao pht trin rt nhanh v lan rng ra nhiu quc gia. Cy ca cao c coi nh mt trong nhng cy trng nhit i, cy ca cao pht trin mnh trn nhiu kiu t khc nhau, trn nhiu vng rng khp. c im thc cy ca vt hc ca cao 4.1. R: B r ca cao gm mt r tr chnh c th di ti 2m, km theo mt h thng r ph nm di tng t mt 20cm. B r ph an dy c gip ca cao ht cht dinh dng v r tr c nhim v ht nc v cht dinh dng tng su ln. 4.2. Thn: Thn ca cao c th t n chiu cao 4-10cm ty theo ging, mt trng v che sng. Cc chi vt thng thng hnh thnh t thn cnh chnh v to ra cc tng l, lm cho cy ca cao to tn r rt. Tn cy cao c lin quan n sn lng, v vy vic to tn cho cy l mt khu k thut quan trng trong ngh trng ca cao. 4.3. L: L ca cao pht trin thnh tng t. Mi t cc chi nh pht trin nhanh to ra t 3-6 cp l mi. Cc l mi u c mu xanh nht hoc hi nhng khi thnh thc hon ton c l mu xanh ca l trng thnh. Sau mi t l mi, cc chi nh li i vo tnh trng ng mt thi gian di hay ngn ty vo mt s iu kin ngoi cnh. mi t l mi, cht dinh dng c chuyn mt phn t cc l gi v v lm cc l gi ny rng. V vy, c ngi cn gi mi t l mi ca cao l thay o. Trong cc yu t ngoi cnh dn n t l mi ch yu l nhit v m.Cc kh khng u nm mt di phin l. Trng khong cch thch hp, cc tng l ca vn ca cao trng thnh s an thnh mt thm xanh dy. nh sng lt qua tng l ca cc cy che bng cao hn vn cho cy ca cao quang hp v vn chuyn cht dinh dng. Vic che bng cho cy ca cao c bit cn thit giai on cy con trong vn m. 4.4. Hoa: Hoa ca cao pht trin trc tip trn thn v cnh cc ch ha g t nht 2-3 nm. Hoa nh , mu hng c 5 cnh, 5 i hoa v bu nh c 5 ngn. Cnh hoa di thon li trn phnhf rng ra. Hoa ca cao c 10 nh c trong ch c 5 nh c nm pha trong l c kh nng sinh sn. Mi nh c ny c 2 ti phn. Khi cc n hoa thnh thc, cc di hoa tch vo bui chiu, hoa tip tc n qua m v sng hm sau l lc cc ti phn tung phn v th phn xy ra trong ngy. Cc hoa khng c th phn s rng.Trn mi cay ca cao trng thnh c th thy rt nhiu hoa hnh thnh nhng thng thng ch 1-5% c th tinh v kt tri. Vic th phn ch yu l do cn trng.Ca cao c mc th phn cho cao v phn ln cc ging trng hin nay u t bt th. Mc t bt th cng khng ging nhau cc loi ph khc nhau. 4.5. Qu v ht: Qu ca cao c kch thc hnh dng kh a dng. Kch thc c th t 10-30cm (di), hnh dng c th t gn trn n dng ng, v ngoi c th tng i nhn hoc x x. Mu sc c th t xanh vng n tm sm hoc hi ty thuc vo ging khhc nhau. Mi qu ca cao thng cha 30-40 ht, chung quanh ht c mng cht
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nhy bao bc. Mng nhy c v hi ngt v l c cht cho qu trnh ln men khi ht sau ny. Ht c ly cho ch bin to ra cc sn phm c gi tr. 5. Qu gen: Hin nay trn th gii c nhng ging ca cao sau: - Ca cao Forastero: y l mt nhm dng cacao rt ln gm c loi thun trng trt, gm c loi na hoang d v c loi hoang di. Trg dng ca cao Amelonado c trng mnh nht, cung cp hu ht s ca cao thng thng trn th gii. Qu Forastero mu xanh l cy ti sng, khi chn th vng, dng hnh bu dc, khng c rnh su, v dy v cng, rt kha ct v cha nhiu cht g. Ht t, nhiu bp, l mm cha mu tm m nh tm than.Nhng dng Forastero chnh: Amelonado, Angoleta, Cundeamor. - Ca cao Criollo: c qu di, sng v nhn, phi nh trng. Ht ca cao Criollo cung cp ra th trng loi ca cao tt nht th gii. Ging ca cao Criollo c trng u tin trn th gii do ngi Maya v chia i theo 2 hng a l tr thnh dng ca cao Criollo Trung M v dng ca cao Criollo Nam M. Cc dng ny c trng trong nc cho n th k 18 th c xut sang chu u. Nhng dng Criollo chnh: Criollo Mhic, Criollo Lagarto, Criollo Nicaragua, Criollo Colombia - Ca cao Trinitario: l thuc Forastero, n c nhiu c tnh phm cht trung gian gia ca cao Trillo ngon, mu sng. nc camrun c mt tp on Trinitario ln. - Ngoi ra cn Trinitario ng Nam v Chu i Dng: Mt s ging ca vn thc vt Victoria c chuyn vo trng Samoa qun o ca Thi Bnh Dng. Mt s nhp khc nhp ni vo SriLanka v Java, Papua Niu, Guine Vit Nam qu gen cn tng i hn ch do cy ca cao khng c ngun gc t nc ta.Tnh n nay Vin Khoa hc k thut Nng Lm nghip Ty Nguyn c mt tp on ging ca cao trn 60 ging, trong chn c mt s ging cho nng sut cao c nhiu trin vng. 6. Mc tiu chn ging - Tp trung to ra nhng ging c nng sut cao, phm cht n nh. - Nng sut t trung bnh > 4 kg ht kh/cy/nm. - Qu to, v mng, nhiu ht. 35- 41 ht/qu, ht to t t 1,15- 1,7g/ ht. - Tng s lng hoa v qu trn cy. - Chn ging chng chu tt: ging chu hn, chu mn, ging khng li mt s bnh in hnh nh: bnh thi tri do nm phytothora, bnh thi thn v cnh do nm Ceratocystis fimbriata - Mc tiu xut khu v ch bin s-c-la: Hm lng cht bo 53- 55%. - Chn ging mi c thi gian sinh trng ph hp vi tng a phng. 7. Cc phng php to ging ca cao 7.1. Phng php nhn ging hu tnh - L phng php cho ht ging ny mm mc thnh cy con. Trong iu kin nc, nhit thch hp, ht ny mm hnh thnh cy mi.- C 2 phng thc gieo ht: + Gieo ht vn m v trng cy con vo trong bu sau vi thng em ra rung sxut. + Gieo thng ht ca cao vo h trng rung sn xut. 7.1.1. Gieo ht vn m:Phng php ny c u im: - Cy cacao con cn che sng (cn 20-25% nh sng t nhin) nn vn m c th m bo tt nht c iu kin ny.
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- C thi gian chun b t trng trong khi cy con vn m vn tip tc ln cho nn tit kim c thi gian. - To kin csc v qun l tp trung trong giai on cy rt yu ny, gim sc lao ng - Loi lun nhng cy con khng t yu cu trc khi ra rung trng. - Nhng cy con ny c sc sng cao hn khi gp k mtrng bt thun rung trng. - Ma v thu hoch ca cao ht ging k phi lc no cng tng ng vi ma v gieo thng ti ch thch hp nht. Ht cacao li mt sc ny mm rt nhanh v k gi c lu. - Thi v gieo ht: Tt nht l thng 1, 2, 3 kp trng ng thi v. Ni ma mun c th gieo u thng 4. Nu gieo mun (thng 4, 5), hoc qu sm (thng 9, 10) gieo lm gc ghp. Cn ch hn ch m (t bu qu m d b bnh) c th dng tm ni lng sng che ma cho vn m. Gieo thng ht ca cao vo h trng rung sn xut: Ring t kh hn th gieo thng ht vo h trng tt hn v r cc mc su chu hn tt hn gieo m trong bu nh cc ni khc. Yu cu i vi nhn ging bng ht: - Ht khng ht qu kh cn m bo m thch Bit lai lch qu, chn qu c phm cht tt, ly t cy m bo tt, sai qu. - Qu chn c chn c mu m p, to, khng chn qa d hnh, b su bnh hoc cha chn. - Chn ly ht u n, chc em gieo. - Trc v sau khi gieo hp. - t trng phi ti, xp, cht dinh dng, m cy mc nhanh v u. - Cn ch chm sc cn thn cy pht trin tt. 7.1. Nhn ging bng phng php v tnh. To cy con ca cao bng phng thc v tnh, ngi ta thng gim cnh, ghp cnh v c th chit cnh na. - Dng v tnh: l nhng c th xut sc c chn lc ri nhn ging v tnh bng cch ghp, chit hoc gim cnh nn gi c c tnh tt ca cy m. Ngun ging ny cho qun th cy c ng u cao v sinh trng v nng sut. Ca cao l loi cy d ghp, c th thc hin ghp sm trn cy con trong vn m, hoc ghp mun khi cy trng thnh hay ghp ci to khi cy gi ci rt thun tin cho vic ci to ging ca cao c thnh ging mi m khng cn n b cy ging c - Thc t Vit Nam, ngi ta mi nghin cu gim cnh, cn ghp cnh v chit cnh ch mi hc hi thm. - Loi v tui ca cnh gim: Chn cnh non, bnh t phn di cn xanh nhng cnh thnh thc, ly cnh ngang. Din tch l cn thit cnh gim: Cnh gim bt buc phi c l mi m r c. L trn cnh gim c ct tm 1/3S phin l ngoi gim s thot hi nc cho cnh gim. - Kch thch t sinh r: S dng cht kch thch sinh trng nh: NAA, IBA, IAA gip cho r hnh thnh v pht trin sm. - Mi trng m r: Mi trng cnh gim mau ra r l phi va d ro nc va gi nc lun lun m duy tr trng ca cc m. Nu nc thot yu, mi trng nc, chn cnh gim s thi. Nu qu thong, nc rt nhanh qu, r mc chm hoc
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khng mc. iu kin thng kh v gi m cn i th r ra nhanh : c khi ch trong 2 tun. Thc t bnh thng phi 3 - 4 tun hay 5 - 6 tun cnh gim mi c r. Mi trng thng dng d gim cnh l ct c trn mn ca, tru, bt x da... 0 0 - Ngoi ra m bo cc iu kin t ( 26-29 C),cng nh sng( 25% nh sng t nhin), m khng kh gn 100%( bo ha), mi trng gim cnh va r ro nc va m duy tr trng ca cc m. 0 - Gim cnh chch 30-40 to iu kin cho O thm vo t. 2 - Phng php ny c s dng ch yu nhn dng ca cao mi ln hoc nhn dng ca cao mi qu him. - Chn gc ghp, mt ghp: Gc ghp l mt cy con 3 - 4 thng tui. Mt ghp ly trn cnh non c ng knh xp x ng knh ca gc ghp. Nn ct ht l trn cnh cung cp mt ghp 8 ngy trc khi ly cnh. Phng php ghp: - Ghp mt t di v hnh ch U ngc. - Ghp mt vi v ct hnh ch T - Tiu chun cht lng cy ca cao ghp - m bo ng ging, c ngun gc/ xut x r rng. - Cy khe mnh, cng cp, thn thng khng b gy hay try st, gc khng b sng ph, nt. - Chiu cao cy tnh t v tr ghp khi xut vn ti thiu t 25cm. - B l xanh tt, c 8 l thnh thc. - C duy nht mt thn ghp sau ny pht trin thnh 1 thn chnh khe v mc thng thun li cho vic ta cnh to tn. - ng knh thn ti v tr ghp 5mm. - Cy khng b su bnh ang ly nhim, khng c triu chng thiu dinh dng hay ng c khc. - Bu ni lng mu en, c ti: 12 cm x 28 cm m bo cho r pht trin tt, khng b d hnh. Hin nay ngi ta khuyn co ngi trng cacao khng nn trng t ht v khi cho tri, cy s b phn ly; kt qu nng sut, cht lng khng nh mong mun; v th nn mua cy ging ghp do cc nh sn xut ging c ngun mt ghp, bo ghp c tuyn chn t cc cy u dng hoc vn cy u dng; cy ging c sn xut cht lng tt, nn mua ni c a ch r rng, tin cy. Khng nn mua ging tri ni khng r ngun gc. Ngoi ra hin nay ngi ta cn to ra ging ca cao mi bng cch lai to: cc nh khoa hc thc hin da trn c s chn la mt s ging tt t nhng ging cy truyn thng, lai to cho ra ging mi vi nhng c tnh u vit ly t dng b, m. Sau , em ging mi trng th nghim ti nhiu vng t khc nhau (Nam M, Ty Phi, Trung M v Papua New Guinea) c th nh gi chun xc kh nng cho nng sut cao, phm cht tt v khng bnh ca ging mi.

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Cy vi Ngun gc, phn loi, qu gen Cy vi, cn gi l l chi (Litchi chinensis Sonn) l loi duy nht trong chi Litchi.H B hn (Sapindaceae). N l loi cy n qu thn g vng nhit i, c ngun gc min nam Trung Quc, ti ngi ta gi n l bnh m: lzh- l chi, ko di v pha nam ti Indonesia v v pha ng ti Philipin, ti y ngi ta gi n l alupag. Cy vi c tn khoa hc l Nephelium litchi, Litchi chinensis Sonn; Chi:Vi Litchi; H: B hn Sapindaceae; B: B hn Sapindales; Phn lp: Hoa hng Rosidae; Lp: Ngc lan Dicotyledoneae (Magnoliosida); Ngnh: Ngc lan Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae). Mt s phn loi Litchi chinensis chinensis: Trung Quc, ng Dng. L c 4-8 l cht (t khi 2). Litchi chinensis javanensis: Java Litchi chinensis philippinensis (Radlk.)Leenh: Philipin, Indonesia. L vi 2-4 l cht(t khi 6). Nhng nc trng nhiu mang tnh cht hng ha nh: TQ, n , Thi Lan, Oxtraylia. Ngoi ra cn c trng nhiu Nam Phi, Brazin, Niu Dilan. Vit Nam, vi c trng cch y 2000 nm, l cy n qu c gi tr dinh dng v kinh t cao.Nhiu ni sn xut thnh vng hng ha tp trung nh: Hi Dng, Bc Giang, Qung Ninh, ak Lak, Lm ng Qu gen Trung Quc l nc c s lng ging vi nhiu nht. Tuy vy trong s hn 200 ging vi c trng Trung Quc ch c khong 15 ging l c kh nng sn xut theo hng hng ho, mi vng sinh thi c mt s ging ch lc. n c khong 50 ging vi c trng cc bang khc nhau. Vit Nam s phn chia cc ging vi cn mang tnh cht tng i, xt theo phm cht qu, c cc nhm: vi chua, vi nh, vi thiu. Xt theo thi gian thu hoch c cc nhm vi: vi chn sm, chnh v v vi chn mun. Ngoi ra cn c mt s ging c th c bit n vi vi tn khc nhau theo cch gi ca tng a phng Tuy nhin, hin nay theo V Mnh Hi v Nguyn Vn Dng (2002) Vin Nghin cu Rau qu thu thp v m t 33 ging vi c trng cc vng khc nhau trong c nhiu ging c trin vng v ang c pht trin ngoi sn xut nh ging: Hng Long, Yn Hng, Yn Ph, 2.3. c im sinh vt hc A. R: Cy vi trng bng cnh chit c r n nng,tp chung su 0 - 60cm. Cy trng bng ht hoc cy ghp ,trng ni t tt, tng canh tc dy r cc n su n 1,6m,r t rt pht trin. Thng thng b r vi n rng hn so vi tn gp 1,5 - 2 ln B. THN V TN: Vi l cy thn g ,cy trng thnh cao 10-15m.Tn cy hnh mm xi, hnh cu, ng knh tn 8 -10m
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C. L: L kp lng chim, mc so le, ra l khng gn sng. Mt di mu trng xm, gn nhnh trn l khng r, l non khi mi ra mu tm , khi thnh thc mau xanh m. D.Hoa: Trn cy c: hoa c, hoa ci, hoa lng tnh v hoa d hnh. Hoa nh mu trng nh xanh lc hoc trng nh vng,mc thnh cc chy hoa di ti 30cm. E. QU: Qu l loi qu hch, hnh cu hoc hi thun, di 3-4cm v ng knh 3cm. Lp v ngoi mu (khi chn), cu trc sn si khng n c nhng d bc.Bn trong l lp ci tht mu trng m,ngt v giu vitamin C F. HT: Ht nm trung tm qu,mu nu,di 2cm v ng knh c 1-1,5cm. 2.4. MC TIU CHN TO Cc ging c tim nng nng sut cao, trng c trn nhiu loi t v iu kin kh hu khc nhau (nhit i v nhit i) Cho qu ht nh, hm lng ng cao, v mng. Mu sc qu p Chn tp trung thun li cho thu hi qu nu trng din tch nh, hoc chn ri rc nu trng vi dt ln thu hoch t u v n cui v Chn cc ging chn sm hoc chn mun trnh tnh trng vi bn h gi nhng khng ai mua Chn to ging c kh nng khng b xt, su c qu gy thit hi v kinh t 2.5. PHNG PHP CHN TO + Nhp ni ging: Nhp cc ging c iu kin kh hu tng ng vi nc ta hoc nhng ni c v cao hn + Gieo ht: cy gieo t ht chm ra hoa, kt qu, khng gi c nhng c tnh tt v phm cht chnhcuar cy m nn t c p dng + Chit cnh : phng php nhn ging ph bin trong sn xut hin nay. Cy chit cnh gi c nhng c tnh tt ca cy m nhng h s nhn thp, b r thng n nng, khng thch hp cho nhng vng i thiu nc trong ma kh. + Ghp: H s nhn ging cao, gi c cc c tnh tt ca cy m, nng cao tnh thch nghi ca cy ging i vi k kh hu, t ai ca tng a phng

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