B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN CHNG TRNH H TR NGNH LM NGHIP & I TC

CM NANG NGNH LM NGHIP

Chng
CI THIN GING V QUN L GING CY RNG VIT NAM

NM 2006

Bin son: L nh Kh Nguyn Hong Ngha Nguyn Xun Liu Chnh l: Nguyn Vn T V Vn M Nguyn Hong Ngha Nguyn B Ngi Trn Vn Hng Quang Tng H Tr k thut v ti chnh: D n GTZ-REFAS

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M u.............................................................................................................................7 Phn 1: Lch S Pht Trin v Cc Chnh Sch V Ci Thin Ging, Bo Tn Qun L Ngun Gen Cy Rng ......................................................................9 1. Lch s ci thin ging v bo tn ngun gen cy rng Vit Nam ............................9
1.1. Thi k trc nm 1945 ............................................................................................... 9 1.2. Thi k t nm 1945 n nm 1975 ............................................................................ 9 1.3. Thi k t nm 1975 n nm 1990 .......................................................................... 10 1.4. Thi k i mi (sau nm 1990) ................................................................................ 10

2. Cc chnh sch v ci thin ging v bo tn ngun gen cy rng ............................14

2.1. Cc vn bn php l v nghin cu, sn xut v qun l ging cy lm nghip .. 14 2.2. V bo tn ngun ........................................................................................................ 15

Phn 2: Cc Hot ng, Thnh Tu v Mt s Vn Tn Ti V Ci Thin Ging Cy Trng ............................................................................................18 1. Chn loi, chn xut x, xy dng rng ging v vn ging ...........................18
1.1. Chn loi, chn xut x, xy dng rng ging v vn ging cc loi keo .......... 18 1.1.1. Cc loi keo vng thp.......................................................................................... 19 1.1.2. Cc loi keo vng cao ........................................................................................... 27 1.1.3. Cc loi keo chu hn............................................................................................ 31 1.2. Chn loi, chn xut x v xy dng vn ging cc loi bch n ..................... 35 1.2.1. Kho nghim loi xut x ..................................................................................... 35 1.2.2. Xy dng cc vn ging bch n...................................................................... 39 1.3. Chn loi, chn xut x v xy dng vn ging cc loi trm............................. 41 1.3.1 B ging v cc a im kho nghim ................................................................. 41 1.3.2. Kho nghim ti mt s lp a chnh .................................................................. 42 1.3.3. Mt s nhn nh chnh......................................................................................... 45 1.3.4. Cc loi v xut x trm c cng nhn l ging tin b k thut .................... 45 1.3.5. Cc vn ging M. leucadendra........................................................................... 45 1.4. Chn loi v chn xut x Phi lao............................................................................. 46 1.5. Chn loi v chn xut x Lt hoa............................................................................ 46 1.6. Kho nghim xut x Thng carib.......................................................................... 48 1.7. Chn xut x Thng ba l.......................................................................................... 50 1.8. Xy dng rng ging v rng ging chuyn ho..................................................... 51

2. Chn lc cy tri, kho nghim ging v xy dng vn ging .........................51

2.1. Cc nguyn tc chn lc cy tri ............................................................................... 52 2.2. Chn lc cy tri v kho nghim dng v tnh Keo l trm ................................. 52 2.3. Chn lc cy tri v kho nghim dng v tnh bch n ...................................... 55 2.3.1. Chn dng v tnh Bch n ur (E. urophylla)................................................... 55 2.3.2. Chn dng v tnh Bach n caman (E. camaldulensis) ...................................... 56 2.4. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging Thng nha ......................................... 57

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2.5. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging Thng ba l.......................................... 59 2.6. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging Thng ui nga ................................. 60

3. S dng ging lai t nhin v lai ging .................................................................61

3.1. S dng ging Keo lai t nhin ................................................................................. 61 3.2. Lai ging Keo tai tng v Keo l trm ................................................................... 64 3.3. Lai ging mt s loi bch n .................................................................................. 65

4. Nhn ging bng gim hom v nui cy m .........................................................68

4.1. Nhn ging bng hom................................................................................................. 69 4.1.1. c im ca nhn ging hom.............................................................................. 69 4.1.2. Nhn ging hom Keo lai ....................................................................................... 70 4.1.3. Nhn ging hom mt s dng bch n cao sn .................................................. 70 4.1.4. Nhn ging hom cc loi cy l rng khc........................................................... 71 4.1.5. Nhn ging hom cc loi cy l kim ..................................................................... 72 4.1.6. Nhn ging hom v chit cnh mt s loi tre trc .............................................. 72 4.2. Nhn ging bng nui cy m.................................................................................... 73 4.2.1. c im nui cy m........................................................................................... 73 4.2.2. Nui cy m Keo lai .............................................................................................. 75 4.2.3. Nui cy m mt s ging bch n cao sn v bch n lai .............................. 76 4.2.4. Nui cy m mt s loi cy khc......................................................................... 76

5. Mt s vn tn ti v bin php gii quyt ......................................................76

5.1. Mt s vn tn ti................................................................................................... 76 5.2. Mt s bin php gii quyt ....................................................................................... 77

Phn 3: Bo Tn Ngun Gen Cy rng.....................................................................80 1. Suy gim ngun gen.................................................................................................80

1.1. Suy gim ti nguyn rng .......................................................................................... 80 1.2. Suy gim ngun gen cy rng v mc e do..................................................... 83 1.2.1. Nguy c mt loi ................................................................................................... 83 1.2.2. Nguy c mt mt s vng phn b ........................................................................ 84 1.2.3. Xi mn di truyn .................................................................................................. 84 1.3. nh gi mc e do ............................................................................................. 85

2. Phng php bo tn ngun gen ...........................................................................89

2.1. Nguyn tc chung v bo tn ngun gen cy rng .................................................. 89 2.2. Xc nh i tng bo tn v nh gi ngun gen ................................................ 90 2.3. Cc bc bo tn ........................................................................................................ 90 2.3.1. iu tra kho st ................................................................................................... 90 2.3.2. nh gi................................................................................................................ 91 2.3.3. Bo tn .................................................................................................................. 91 2.3.4. Bo tn thng qua qun l rng............................................................................ 93

3. H thng cc khu bo tn .......................................................................................93

3.1. Quy hoch h thng cc khu bo tn ........................................................................ 93

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3.2. Cng tc qun l v tnh hiu qu ca vic bo tn cc khu rng c dng ........ 95

4. Nhng vn t ra................................................................................................96
4.1. Nhng vn v chnh sch, th ch......................................................................... 96 4.1.1. Nhng vn tn ti ............................................................................................. 97 4.1.2. Mt s vn cn c gii quyt........................................................................ 97 4.2. Nhng vn v k thut .......................................................................................... 98

Phn 4:H Thng Sn Xut v Cung ng Ging Cy Lm Nghip ....................100 1. Hin trng h thng sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip ...................100
1.1. Nhu cu v ging cy lm nghip ............................................................................ 100 1.1.1. D tnh nhu cu ging hng nm theo tng giai on trng rng ca d n 661 ....................................................................................................................................... 101 1.1.2. D tnh nhu cu ging hng nm theo cc d n trng rng giai on 2006-2010 ....................................................................................................................................... 103 1.2. Hin trng v h thng ngun ging v vn m cy lm nghip..................... 103 1.2.1. Ngun ging ........................................................................................................ 103 1.2.2. H thng vn m............................................................................................. 108 1.3. Hin trng h thng t chc sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip .......... 109 1.3.1. Cp trung ng (Cng ty ging lm nghip trung ng) ................................... 109 1.3.2. Cp vng ............................................................................................................. 110 1.3.3. Cp tnh ............................................................................................................... 111

2. Cng tc qun l sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip..........................112

2.1. Qun l sn xut v cung ng ht ging................................................................. 113 2.2. Qun l sn xut v cung ng cy con.................................................................... 114 2.3. Qun l theo h thng m s.................................................................................... 115

3. Nhng vn tn ti v gii php pht trin h thng sn xut v cung ng ging cy trng lm nghip..........................................................................117
3.1. Nhng kt qu t c........................................................................................... 117 3.1.1. V chnh sch h tr v khung php l ............................................................... 117 3.1.2. Cc chng trnh pht trin ging v xy dng h thng ngun ging cy lm nghip ............................................................................................................................ 118 3.1.3. V u t xy dng c s h tng, trang thit b hin i .................................. 118 3.1.4. V pht trin khoa hc k thut, cng ngh mi................................................. 119 3.2. Nhng vn tn ti................................................................................................. 119 3.3. Cc gii php pht trin sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip................. 120 3.3.1. C chnh sch ph hp........................................................................................ 121 3.3.2. Xy dng v thc thi cc chin lc quc gia di hn ....................................... 121 3.3.3. Thit lp v a vo hot ng mng li ging cy lm nghip vi s iu phi thng nht trong ton quc ........................................................................................... 121 3.3.4. To th trng ging a dng v m rng .......................................................... 122 3.3.5. Pht trin ngun lc............................................................................................ 122 3.3.6. u t thch ng cho cng tc ging cy rng................................................. 122

Ti liu tham kho.....................................................................................................131

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M u Ging l mt trong nhng khu quan trng nht ca trng rng v rng trng, c bit l rng trng sn xut. Khng c ging c ci thin theo mc tiu kinh t th khng th a nng sut rng trng ln cao. Theo Davidson (1996) th ging c ci thin c th chim n 50 60% nng sut rng trng. V th, ci thin ging cy rng nhm khng ngng nng cao nng sut, cht lng g v cc sn phm mong mun khc l mt yu cu cp bch i vi sn xut lm nghip nc ta. Hin nay mt s nc c nn lm nghip tin tin to c nng sut rng trng 40 50 m3/ha/nm trn din rng, c ni t nng sut 60 - 70 m3/ha/nm. Gn y, vi vic a mt s ging Keo lai v bch n cao sn vo sn xut, mt s ni t nng sut rng trng 30 - 40 m3/ha/nm, m ra trin vng mi cho cng tc ging v trng rng sn xut nc ta. Cng vi vic a ging mi vo sn xut l vic p dng cng ngh nhn ging hom c quy m hng trm ngn cy/nm nhiu lm trng v hp tc x. Nhiu c s nhn ging bng nui cy m cng ra i, gp phn quan trng vo vic a nhanh cc ging mi c nng sut cao vo sn xut. Kt hp s dng ging c cht lng di truyn c ci thin vi vic trng ng lp a v p dng cc bin php k thut lm sinh thch ng l nhng bin php tng hp tng nng sut rng nc ta. Mt khc bo tn ngun gen cy rng l mt khu khng th thiu to c s vng chc cho cng tc ci thin ging lu di nc ta. Trong cc nm gn y Nh nc ban hnh nhiu vn bn v qun l ging cy trng (trong c cy trng lm nghip) nh Php lnh ging cy trng v Php lnh v cht lng hng ha ca Ch tch nc, Ngh nh bo h ging cy trng v mt s Ngh nh v Quyt nh khc ca Chnh ph v cng tc ging v bo tn ngun gen cy rng lm c s cho ci thin ging cy rng nc ta pht trin. Tuy vy, cng tc ging cy rng nc ta cng c mt s bt cp nh t l ging c cht lng cao c s dng cha nhiu, nhiu ni cn s dng ging x b, vic p dng cc thnh tu ca cng ngh sinh hc vo ci thin ging mi giai on ban u. Tp "Ci thin ging v qun l ging cy rng Vit Nam" c bin son theo yu cu ca "D n H tr k thut" (GTZ) do Cng ha Lin bang c ti tr v ca Chng trnh "H tr ci cch hnh chnh lm nghip" (REFAS) l nhm cung cp mt s hiu bit v lch s pht trin, nhng thnh tu v nhng thch thc trong cng tc ging cy rng nc ta. Sch gm 4 phn: Phn 1. Lch s pht trin v cc chnh sch v ci thin ging, bo tn v qun l ngun gen cy rng do GS.TS. L nh Kh, PGS.TS. Nguyn Hong Ngha v KS. Nguyn Xun Liu bin son. Phn 2. Cc hot ng, thnh tu v mt s vn tn ti v ci thin ging cy rng do GS.TS. L nh Kh bin son. Phn 3. Bo tn ngun gen cy rng do PGS.TS. Nguyn Hong Ngha bin son. Phn 4. H thng sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip do KS. Nguyn Xun Liu bin son.

Sau khi hon thnh bn tho ln u chng ti nhn c cc bn nhn xt ca GS. TS. Nguyn Xun Qut, TS. Phm Vn Mch, Ph V trng V Khoa hc cng ngh; TS.

Phm c Tun, Ph Cc trng Cc lm nghip; TS. H Huy Thnh, Gim c Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng (Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam); v ca Cng ty ging lm nghip Trung ng. Cc bn nhn xt nh gi cao c gng ca nhng ngi bin son v gp mt s kin c th bn tho hon chnh hn. Bn vit ny tip thu cc kin ng gp, c thay i kt cu trong phn m u v mt s chnh sa khc. Tuy c bin tp bc u, song v c bn chng ti vn gi cc v cch vit ca tng tc gi ngi c tin lin h. Mt khc, mc du c nhiu c gng song chc chn khng trnh khi thiu st, mong ngi c gp v lng th. Nhn dp ny chng ti xin cm n Ban iu hnh cc D n REFAS v GTZ cng nh cc nh khoa hc v qun l c nhng ch bo qu gi chng ti chnh sa cho cun sch ny. Cc tc gi

Phn 1: Lch S Pht Trin v Cc Chnh Sch V Ci Thin Ging,Bo Tn Qun L Ngun Gen Cy Rng 1. Lch s ci thin ging v bo tn ngun gen cy rng Vit Nam C th chia lch s ci thin ging cy rng Vit Nam thnh bn giai on ch yu: trc nm 1945, t nm 1945 n nm 1975, t nm 1975 n nm 1990 v thi k i mi (t nm 1990 n nay). 1.1. Thi k trc nm 1945 Thi k trc nm 1945 ci thin ging cy rng nc ta ch yu l hot ng t pht ca ngi dn trong cc h gia nh gn vi mt s k thut chn ging v chit ghp cy n qu nh Nhn, Vi, Cam vng ng bng Bc B. n nhng nm 1930 mi tht s c hot ng ci thin ging cy rng, khi cc nh lm nghip ngi Php xy dng cc khu kho nghim cho Lim xanh (Erythrophloeum fordii), Ngn hoa (Grevillia robusta), Bch qu (Ginkgo biloba), Long no (Cinnamomum camphora), Bch n caman (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Bch n (E. robusta) v.v... mt s vng sinh thi chnh trong nc. Mt s khu kho nghim mt s ni nh Cu Cm Ngh An tn ti n u nhng nm 1960 v mt s ging nh Ngn hoa n nay c trng trng th mt s ni. 1.2. Thi k t nm 1945 n nm 1975 y l thi k khng chin chng Php v chng M. Lc ny nhim v chnh ca c nc l u tranh gii phng dn tc, nn cc hot ng v ci thin ging trong vng gii phng ch yu l cung cp ging cho trng rng, cc hot ng ci thin ging ch c tin hnh mt s ni c iu kin. min Nam gia nhng nm 1950 xy dng c cc khu kho nghim loi c tnh cht trng th ti Lt cho 18 loi Bch n nh Eucalyptus saligna, E. microcorys, E. camaldulensis, E. punctata, E. robusta, E. citriodora, E. globulus, E. botryoides, E. maideni, E. longifolia, E. resinifera v.v., trong cc loi E. microcorys v E. saligna n nay vn l nhng loi c kh nng thch ng kh nht v sinh trng nhanh nht ti vng ny. Mt s khu tp hp ging v trng th cho mt s loi cy g c gi tr kinh t ti Trng Bom (ng Nai), Lang Hanh (Lm ng), Bun Ma Thut (c Lc) cng c xy dng trong thi k ny. Tip n, trong nhng nm 1960 xy dng cc khu kho nghim loi cho mt s loi cy l kim nh Pinus kesiya, P. caribaea, P. patula, P. taeda, P. massoniana, P. elliottii, P. radiata, P. taiwanensis, P. pinea, P. longifolia, P. thunbergii, Fokienia hodginsii, Cupresus benthami, C. pyramidalis, C. funebris, C. macrocarpa, Calitris obtusa, C. robusta, C. cupresiformis v.v. Cng thi gian ny mt s loi keo thuc chi Acacia trong c Keo l trm (Acacia auriculiformis) v Mimosa (Acacia podalyriifolia) cng c a vo kho nghim. min Bc Cng ty ging c thnh lp vo nm 1963 nhm sn xut ging cung cp cho nhu cu trng cy ph xanh, trng rng phng h chng ct bay ven bin, trng cy phn tn v cung cp ging cho cc "Tt trng cy". Phng nghin cu ging cy rng thuc Vin Lm nghip ra i cng vi vic thnh lp Vin vo nm 1961 c mt s nghin cu bc u v xy dng rng ging v bo qun ht ging cho mt s loi cy nh B , M, Phi lao, Bch n, v.v.

Rng Sao en (Hopea odorata) 50 tui c trng th u tin ti Bun Ma Thut (nh L nh Kh, 2005)

1.3. Thi k t nm 1975 n nm 1990 Sau khi gii phng min Nam vo nm 1975 cng tc ci thin ging c iu kin hot ng trong iu kin ha bnh v thng nht t nc. Tuy vy thi k t nm 1975 n 1990 hot ng ci thin ging ch yu l kho nghim loi v xut x cho mt s loi cy mt s tnh min Bc, trong c kho nghim xut x cc loi thng do d n Sida ti tr nh Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. kesiya, P. merkusii v cc loi thng khc vng Trung tm Min Bc. Mt s loi bch n ch yu cng c kho nghim xut x trong thi gian ny nh Bch n caman (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Bch n tr (E. tereticornis), Bch n liu (E. exserta), mt s loi keo cng bc u c trng th mt s vng. Thi k ny cng bt u c nghin cu v chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging cho cy M (Manglietia conifera), Thng ba l (Pinus kesiya), Thng nha (P. merkusii), cng nh c nghin cu v ht ging, song kt qu t c trong thi k ny khng nhiu. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging bng cy ghp cng c Cng ty Ging lm nghip thc hin cho Thng ba l Lang Hanh v Xun Th thuc tnh Lm ng v Thng nha Lang Hanh (Lm ng) v Th Lc (Qung Bnh), M Cu Hai (Ph Th) vo cui nhng nm 1970 v u 1980. Cng ty Ging lm nghip cng l n v cung cp hng ngn tn ging cho cc chng trnh trng rng ph xanh v trng cy phn tn cc a phng (trong c "Tt trng cy"). 1.4. Thi k i mi (sau nm 1990) Thi k sau nm 1990, c bit l khong 10 nm gn y, l thi k cng tc ci thin ging cy rng hot ng mnh m nht v c hiu qu nht. y l thi k t nc c nhng chuyn bin quan trng theo hng i mi, m ca v hi nhp vi kinh t th gii nn cng tc ci thin ging cy rng cng c nhng chuyn bin mnh m. Chng ta c iu kin xy dng cc kho nghim ging trn cc vng sinh thi chnh. C th chia hot ng ci thin ging trong thi k ny theo cc ni dung sau y:

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- Kho nghim loi v xut x. Ngoi vic tip tc theo di v m rng cc kho nghim loi v xut x cho cc loi thng v bch n ni trn chng ta xy dng thm cc khu kho nghim loi - xut x cho mt s loi cy ch yu nh Bch n uro (E. urophylla), cc loi E. grandis, E. pelita, E. cloeziana v.v. mt s vng sinh thi chnh trong nc. u nhng nm 1990 bn cnh vic tip tc xy dng cc kho nghim loi - xut x cho cc loi bch n, mt lot kho nghim cho cc loi keo vng thp nh Keo l trm (A. auriculiformis), Keo tai tng (A. mangium), Keo l lim (A. crassicarpa), Keo nu (A. aulococarpa) v Keo qu xon (A. cincinnata) c xy dng nhiu ni trong nc. Nm 1993 kho nghim cho cc loi keo chu hn nh A. tumida, A. difficilis, A. torulosa v.v. c xy dng ti Tuy Phong (ni c lng ma 700 - 800mm/nm) thuc tnh Bnh Thun. Cc nm 1994 - 1996 kho nghim xut x cc loi keo vng cao nh A. mearnsii, A. melanoxylon v.v. c xy dng ti Lt (1600m trn mt bin), ni Ba V (600m trn mt bin) v mt s ni khc. Trong cc nm 1993 - 1995 mt lot cc kho nghim xut x cho cc loi trm nh Melaleuca leucadendra, M. cajuputi v.v. c xy dng trn mt s lp a t ngp phn mt s tnh ng bng sng Cu Long. Nm 1994 kho nghim xut x Phi lao (Casuarina equisetifolia) c xy dng vng ct ven bin thuc cc tnh Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung Nam v Bnh Thun, sau l kho nghim xut x Phi lao i (Casuarina junghuniana) ti Nng v Ba V. Ngoi ra, kho nghim xut x Xoan chu hn (Azadirachta indica) cng c xy dng ti Ba V (H Ty) v mt s ni khc vo nm 1996. Tuy Ba V Xoan chu hn sinh trng km, song ti Ninh Thun c mt s ging thch nghi v sinh trng tt trn t ct kh hn ven bin. Nm 1999 kho nghim xut x cho Lt hoa (Chukrasia tabularis) c xy dng mt s tnh min Bc.

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100 90
Thnh phn rut bu Lm t NK NK P

T l tham gia tng i (%)

80 70 60
P Nhim vi khun NK

Lm c Lm c

50
NK

40 30
P Lm c Ci thin ging Ci thin ging Ci thin ging

20 10 0

Lm c Ci thin ging

Nm 0

Nm 1 Tui

Nm 3

Nm 6

S tham gia tng i ca ci thin ging v cc bin php k thut lm sinh trong sinh trng ca cy v tng trng th tch g ca mt s loi Keo v Bch n trong 6 nm trn mt s lp a cc nc nhit i (theo Davidson, 1996). Nm 0 l giai on vn m, nm 1l nm u sau khi trng, v.v.

- Chn lc cy tri, kho nghim ging v xy dng rng ging, vn ging nc ta mi tht s bt u t u nhng nm 1980, khi c cc nghin cu v chn ging cho cy M (Manglietia conifera), sau l chn ging Thng nha c lng nha cao (1987-2000), chn ging S cho vng Lng Sn (1988 - 1990), chn ging Thng ui nga (1994-2000) v Thng ba l (1996-2000) sinh trng nhanh. Cng vi vic chn lc cy tri chng ta xy dng c cc vn ging bng cy ghp cho Thng nha c lng nha cao ti Ngh An, Qung Ninh, H Ty v Vnh Phc; cho Thng ui nga ly g ti Lng Sn. n nay mt s vn ging pht huy tc dng cung cp ging c ci thin cho sn xut, mt s vn ging cn c u t v nng cp mi p ng yu cu ca giai on mi. Vic chn lc cy tri c sinh trng nhanh c cht lng thn cy tt cng c thc thin cho cc loi Bch n caman v Bch n ur, qua kho nghim dng v tnh chn c mt s dng c nng sut cao a vo sn xut. n nay c 5 dng Bch n ur c cng nhn l ging tin b k thut pht trin trn din rng vng Trung tm min Bc. T nm 1999 ln u tin vic chn ging chng chu bnh v sinh trng nhanh c thc hin cho Bch n caman, qua kho nghim dng v tnh chn c hai dng c nng sut cao v chng bnh hi l cho vng ng Nam B. T kt qu kho nghim xut x v chn lc cy tri chng ta xy dng dc mt s rng ging v vn ging cho mt s loi cy nh Keo tai tng, Keo l trm, Keo l lim, Bch n uro, Bch n caman, Bch n pelita (E. pellita), Trm l di (Melaleuca leucadendra) v.v. Trong cc nm 1995-2000 rng ging chuyn ha t rng sn xut ca mt s loi cy khc nh Thng ba l, Thng ui nga (P. massoniana), Sa mu (Cunninghamia lanceolata), P

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mu (Fokienia hodginsii), Phi lao, Trm trng (Canarium album), Vng trng (Endospermum chinensis), Hunh (Tarrietia javanica) cng c Cng ty Ging lm nghip xy dng ti mt s vng trong nc. - S dng ging lai t nhin v lai ging l mt lnh vc c p dng nc ta t u nhng nm 1970 khi c pht hin v nghin cu v ging lai t nhin gia Bch n camam (E. camandulensis) v Bch n (E. robusta) (L nh Kh, 1970), song mi tht s c thnh tu ni bt vo u nhng nm 1990, khi pht hin, chn lc v kho nghim mt s dng Keo lai t nhin gia Keo tai tng vi Keo l trm c nng sut cao gp 1,5- 2 ln cc loi cy b m, lai to c mt s t hp lai v chn lc c mt s dng v tnh c nng sut cao gia hai loi cy ny, cng nh gia cc loi Bch n caman (E. camadulelsis). Bch n ur (E. urophylla) v Bch n liu (E. exserta). - Nhn ging sinh dng trong ci thin ging cy rng nc ta c thc hin theo tng bc khc nhau. K thut ghp c p dng xy dng vn ging Thng ba l v Thng nha t nm 1978, sau c p dung xy dng vn ging Thng nha c lng nha cao, Thng ui nga, M, Tch (Tectona grandis), v.v. Hin nay k thut ghp cng ang c p dng c kt qu nhn ging Trm trng, Su, Macadamia (Macadamia intergifolia), v.v. Nhn ging hom c th nghim nc ta t nhng nm 1960, song mi c p dng quy m sn xut trong khong 10 nm gn y, khi cc ging cy c nng sut cao nh Keo lai, cc ging Phi lao 601, 701 v mt s dng bch n cao sn (chn trong nc v c nhp t Trung Quc) c a vo sn xut. Ngoi ra, k thut nhn ging hom cnh cho mt s loi cy khc nh Lung v cc ging tre mng cng ang c p dng trn quy m sn xut. Nui cy m cho cy rng tuy mi c p dng nc ta t sau nm 1993, khi nh nc cho nhp cng ngh nui cy m v mt s dng bch n cao sn ca Trung Quc, n nay c p dng rng ri nhiu c s trong c nc nhn ging Keo lai v mt s dng bch n cao sn. - Bo tn ngun gen cy rng l mt lnh vc mi c thc hin nc ta t nm 1987, khi Nh nc c ch trng bo tn ngun gen cho cc ging cy trng vt nui v vi sinh vt quan trng nht. n nay mt h thng cc vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin cng nh mt s vn su tp thc vt c xy dng gp phn tch cc vo vic lu gi ngun gen cy rng nc ta lm c s cho cng tc ci thin ging sau ny. Cc hot ng bo tn ngun gen cng gp phn lm r mc e da, phng thc khai thc v bo tn cho mt s loi cy quan trng nht. - Ban hnh cc quy trnh, quy phm v cc tiu chun cng nhn ging cy lm nghip. Ging cy trng lm nghip l mt b phn ca ging cy trng, v th vic qun l ging cy trng lm nghip cng phi tun th cc quy nh chung v qun l ging cy trng ca Nh nc. tng bc a cng tc sn xut v qun l ging cy trng lm nghip vo n np nm 1993 B lm nghip ban hnh quy phm xy dng rng ging, vn ging v rng ging chuyn ha m n nay vn c gi tr. Trong cc nm sau B lm nghip cng nh B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh nhiu tiu chun v ht ging cho mt s loi cy trng quan trng nht, trong c tiu chun ngnh v phng php kim nghim ht ging cy trng lm nghip c ban hnh nm 2001. Nm 1996 Chnh ph Vit Nam c Ngh nh v qun l ging cy trng trong c quy nh v kho nghim v s dng ging trong sn xut. Nm 1998 B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh Tiu chun cng nhn ging cy trng lm nghip, sau c sa i v b sung vo nm 2003. Nm 2001 chnh ph c Ngh nh bo h ging cy trng trong quy

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nh iu kin cc ging cy trng c bo h v cch thc tin hnh bo h. Nm 2004 nh du s chuyn bin mnh m v cng tc ging vi s ra i ca Php lnh ging cy trng. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu quyt nh ca Nh nc v bo v rng v xy dng cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin to iu kin cho cng tc bo tn ngun gen hot ng c kt qu. Hin nay ngnh Lm nghip ang chun b ban hnh mt s vn bn v qun l ging cy trng lm nghip gp phn tng nng sut rng trng nc ta. Nt ni bt khc trong cng tc ci thin ging cy rng thi k ny l c s hp tc v gip nhiu mt ca cc t chc quc t nh Sida-SAREC ca Thy in, CSIRO v ACIAR ca Australia, DANIDA ca an Mch, cng nh ca UNDP, IPGRI, JICA v mt s t chc quc t khc. Nh s gip ca cc t chc ny m cng tc ging cy rng ca nc ta c nhng chuyn bin mau chng theo xu hng chung ca th gii. 2. Cc chnh sch v ci thin ging v bo tn ngun gen cy rng 2.1. Cc vn bn php l v nghin cu, sn xut v qun l ging cy lm nghip Nhn thc r tm quan trng v mc nh hng ca vic s dng ging tt i vi s thnh bi ca cng tc trng rng, Nh nc v ngnh lm nghip ban hnh cc vn bn php qui v nhng chnh sch h tr nhm tng cng vic qun l cht ch qu trnh nghin cu, sn xut v cung ng; ng thi khuyn khch s dng ging c cht lng dn dn c ci thin trong trng rng. Ni bt nht l cc vn bn php qui v nghin cu, sn xut v qun l ging cy lm nghip sau y c ban hnh v p dng trong ton quc, l:

Q 264 (22/7/1992) ca B Lm nghip v u t pht trin ging lm nghip bng ngn sch nh nc, xy dng v pht trin h thng ngun ging ci thin. HD 08/KHKT (24/5/1993) ca B Lm nghip Hng dn tng cng xy dng v pht trin h thng ngun ging v vn m cp tnh. Q 804/Q-KT (02/11/1993) ca B Lm nghip ban hnh Qui phm k thut xy dng rng ging, vn ging v rng ging chuyn ho. Q 556/TTg (12/9//1995) ca Th tng chnh ph v C cu rng phng h v s dng ht ging cc loi cy bn a qu. Ngh nh s 07/CP, ngy 05/02/1996 ca Chnh ph v qun l ging cy trng. Thng t s 02/NN-KNKL/TT, ngy 01/3/1997 ca B NN&PTNT. Hng dn thi hnh Ngh nh 07/CP ca Chnh ph v: Kim tra cng nhn ging mi, cy m, ngun ging. Kho nghim hoc sn xut th ging mi chn to, ging nhp khu v ging a t vng ny sang vng khc.

Quyt nh s 124/198/Q/BNN/KHCN ngy 31/8/1998 ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Tiu chun cng nhn ging cy trng lm nghip (TCN 17 - 98). Quyt nh s 178/1999/Q-TTg ngy 30/8/1999 ca Chnh ph ban hnh Qui ch ghi nhn hng ha lu thng trong nc v hng ha xut nhp khu. Thng t s 75/2000/TT-BNN-KHCN ngy 17/7/2000 ca B NN&PTNT Hng dn thc hin Quyt nh s 178/1999/Q-TTg ngy 30/8/1999 ca Chnh ph. Quyt nh s 34/2001/Q-BNN-VP ngy 30/3/2001 ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Qui nh v iu kin kinh doanh trong mt s lnh vc thuc ngnh trng trt v chn nui.

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Thng t s 62/2001/TT-BNN ngy 05/6/2001 ca B NN&PTNT Hng dn thc hin Quyt nh s 46/2001/Q-TTg ngy 04/4/2001 ca Chnh ph v Qun l xut nhp khu hng ha thi k 2001-2005. Quyt nh s 86/2001/Q/BNN-KHCN ngy 23/8/2001 ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Qui nh tm thi cng b tiu chun cht lng hng ha chuyn ngnh nng nghip. Quyt nh s 58/2001/Q-BNN-KNKL ngy 23/5/2001 ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Danh mc ging cy trng, vt nui qu him cm xut khu, Danh mc ging cy trng, vt nui c nhp khu. Ngh nh s 13/2001/N-CP ngy 20/4/2001 ca Chnh ph v Bo h ging cy trng mi. Thng t s 119/2001/TT-BNN ngy 02/12/2001 ca B NN&PTNT Hng dn thi hnh Ngh nh s 13/CP ca Chnh ph v bo h ging cy trng mi Quyt nh s 199/Q-BNN-PTLN ngy 22 thng 1 nm 2002 ca B NN&PTNT v Chin lc pht trin lm nghip giai on 2001 - 2010, trong Ging cy lm nghip l mt trong 6 chng trnh c u tin vi ba mc tiu: m bo cung cp ging cht lng cao ca cc loi cy chnh. Thit lp c ch th trng thch hp trong sn xut, cung ng v s dng ging. p dng cng ngh truyn thng v tin tin trong sn xut, nhn ging v ci thin ging.

Quyt nh s 188/2003/Q-BNN ngy 23/1/2003 ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Tiu chun cng nhn ging cy lm nghip (04TCN - 64 - 2003). Lnh s 03/204/L/CTN ngy 05/4/2004 ca Ch tch nc CHXHCN Vit Nam ban hnh Php lnh ging cy trng. Quyt nh s 13/2005/Q-BNN ngy 15/3/2005 ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Danh mc ging cy trng lm nghip chnh, Danh mc ging cy trng lm nghip c php sn xut kinh doanh, Danh mc ging cy trng lm nghip phi p dng tiu chun ngnh, Danh mc cc loi cy ch yu trong trng rng sn xut theo 9 vng sinh thi lm nghip.

- Quyt nh ca Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh v ging cy trng. 2.2. V bo tn ngun Nm 1991, Nh nc ban hnh Lut bo v v pht trin rng, sa i b sung nm 2004 v nm 1994 l Lut bo v mi trng cng nh nhiu vn bn di lut khc l c s php l c bn cho cng tc xy dng v qun l h thng rng c dng ny. Nm 1991, Chng trnh Hnh ng Lm nghip Nhit i ra i gp phn quy hoch tng th t lm nghip trong phm vi ton quc. Vi c gng ca nhiu nh khoa hc, Sch Vit Nam c son tho trong Tp I, phn ng vt (xut bn nm 1992) bao gm 347 loi; Tp II, phn thc vt (xut bn nm 1996) gm 350 loi him v c nguy c b e do. V lnh vc nghin cu bo tn ti nguyn di truyn, sut t nm 1988 cho ti nay, Chng trnh Bo tn ngun gen quc gia do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (nay l B Khoa hc v Cng ngh) ch tr v u t gp phn ng k vo thnh cng ca cng tc bo tn ngun gen nc ta. nh hng chin lc, la chn hnh thc v la chn cc loi cn bo tn c bc u a ra xem xt v tip tc hon thin.

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V mt quc t, Vit Nam tham gia nhiu chng trnh nh Chng trnh con ngi v sinh quyn (MAB - Man and Biosphere) ca UNESCO, Cng c RAMSAR (Cng c quc t bo v t ngp nc) m Vn quc gia Xun Thu (Nam nh) c ghi vo danh sch cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit l ni ca chim nc vo nm 1989 v Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin th 50 ca cng c ny. Vit Nam cng tham gia k cng c CITES (Cng c quc t v bun bn cc ng thc vt hoang di b e da) vo nm 1994 v nh vy nc ta cng ng vo i ng quc t kim sot v qun l vic bun bn cc loi hoang di. Nm 1993, Vit Nam k Cng c v a dng sinh hc, cam kt h tr cc c gng bo tn trn th gii v trong nc. Cng c c ph chun vo thng 10/1994 v do vy Vit Nam ang hnh ng theo tinh thn ca Cng c ny. C th l K hoch Hnh ng a dng sinh hc (BAP - Biodiversity Action Plan) ca Vit Nam do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ch tr son tho c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 845/TTg ngy 22 thng 12 nm 1995. Cng vo nm ny, bn tho K hoch Hnh ng Mi trng (Environmental Action Plan) do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng phi hp vi Ngn hng Th gii (WB), T chc Pht trin Quc t ca Canaa (CIDA) v Trung tm nghin cu pht trin quc t ca Canaa (IDRC) c son tho. Cc vn bn v thi im quan trng c lin quan n bo tn ngun gen cy rng v bo v a dng sinh hc Vit Nam l: 1962. Quyt nh 72/TTg thnh lp Vn quc gia Cc Phng. Ngh nh 39/CP ca Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh iu l tm thi v sn bn chim th rng. 1986. Quyt nh 194/CT cng nhn 87 khu rng cm. 1986. B Lm nghip ra quyt nh s 1171/Q ban hnh quy ch qun l rng c dng. 1987. Quyt nh 582/Q-NSY, ngy 02/11/1987 ca Ch nhim UB KH-KTNN quy nh tm thi v nhim v, quyn hn ca cc c quan bo tn, lu gi, s dng ngun gen. 1989. Quyt nh 433 ca B Lm nghip nh ch khai thc v xut khu 7 loi g qu him (lt, nghin, ging hng, trc, cm lai, g , mun) 1989. Thnh vin ca Cng c RAMSAR. 1991. Ban hnh Lut bo v v pht trin rng. 1991. K hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. 1991. K hoch Hnh ng Lm nghip nhit i (TFAP). 1992. Ngh nh 17/HBT ca Hi ng B trng v thi hnh Lut bo v v pht trin rng. 1992. Ngh nh 18/HBT v cm khai thc 13 loi cy v 36 loi ng vt v hn ch khai thc 19 loi cy v 10 loi ng vt. 1992. Thng t 13/LN-KL ca B lm nghip hng dn thc hin N 18/ HBT ca Chnh ph. 1993. Ch th 130/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v qun l v bo v ng thc vt qu him. 1993. Ch th 283/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v thc hin cc bin php cp bch qun l g qu him. 1993. K v nm 1994 ph chun Cng c v a dng sinh hc. 1994. Ban hnh Lut v Bo v mi trng.

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1994. K Cng c CITES. 1995. K hoch hnh ng a dng sinh hc (BAP). 1995. Bn tho K hoch Hnh ng v Mi trng (VNNEAP) 1996. Sch Vit Nam, phn thc vt. 1996. Quyt nh 821/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v khai thc, xut khu sn phm g p mu. 1996. Ch th 18 NN-PTNT-CT ca B trng B NN-PTNT v nh ch khai thc g p mu & ng ca tt c cc tiu khu rng c P mu phn b. 1997. Ch th 06 NN-PTNT/CT ca B trng B NN-PTNT v thc hin nghim ngt ng ca rng P mu, nh ch khai thc thu mua g p mu. 1997. Quyt nh 2177/1997/Q-BKHCNMT, 30-12-1997 v vic ban hnh quy ch qun l v bo tn ngun gen thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt. 1999. Quyt nh 242/1999/Q/TTg ngy 30-12-1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph v iu hnh xut nhp khu hng ho nm 2000, trong c cc loi ng vt hoang d v ng thc vt qu him c lit vo hng cm xut khu do B NN - PTNT hng dn. 2001. Quyt nh 08/2001/Q/TTg ngy 11 thng 1 nm 2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l rng c dng, rng phng h v rng sn xut l rng t nhin.

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Phn 2: Cc Hot ng, Thnh Tu v Mt s Vn Tn Ti V Ci Thin Ging Cy Trng 1. Chn loi, chn xut x, xy dng rng ging v vn ging Bc u tin trong bt k mt chng trnh no v ci thin ging cy rng l chn loi v xut x ph hp vi mc tiu kinh t v/hoc phng h c t ra v c c im sinh thi ph hp vi tng vng gy trng c th, chn loi cy v xut x ph hp vi tng vng mt cch chc chn phi tin hnh mt lot cc kho nghim loi v xut x. Kho nghim loi l s tp hp cc ngun ht ca mt s loi cy nht nh theo mc tiu kinh t c t ra v xy dng cc khu kho nghim so snh ging mt s vng sinh thi chnh nhm chn ra mt hoc mt s loi cy thch hp nht cho mi vng. Kho nghim xut x l bc tip sau kho nghim loi, l s tp hp ngun ht ca nhng xut x thuc cc vng sinh thi khc nhau trong nhng loi c xc nh, xy dng kho nghim so snh ging nhm tm ra mt hoc mt s xut x tt nht, c t l sng ln, nng sut cao theo mc tiu kinh t v c kh nng phng chng su bnh cng nh cc iu kin bt li khc. Trong mt s trng hp, khi nh chn ging bit c mt cch tng i y cc thng tin cn thit v loi cy nh chn lc, ngha l bit c kh nng cung cp sn phm kinh t, vng phn b ca loi, cc yu cu sinh thi v kh nng chng chu ca loi vi cc iu kin bt li, th vic kho nghim loi c kt hp vi kho nghim xut x trong cng mt ln v trn cng mt s a im nht nh. Nhng kho nghim ny c gi l kho nghim loi xut x. y l phng thc kho nghim rt ngn c thi gian i t nghin cu n sn xut v ang c p dng nhiu nc trn th gii. Ch thng qua kho nghim loi v xut x nh chn ging mi bit c mt cch chc chn (m khng phi suy on) xut x (ngun ging) thch hp nht s dng cho mt chng trnh trng rng trn mt vng sinh thi nht nh, c bit l khi a cy t ni khc n. Nh chn lc t nhin trong mt qu trnh lu di m cy rng hnh thnh tnh thch ng vi cc iu kin a l-sinh thi nht nh, hnh thnh nhng bin d di truyn ht sc phong ph c v hnh thi, tp tnh sinh trng v kh nng chu ng. Loi c phm vi phn b cng rng trn nhiu iu kin a l - sinh thi khc nhau th cng c nhiu bin d di truyn v do cng c nhiu kh nng la chn nhng bin d di truyn ph hp vi mc tiu chn ging tng khu vc. Kho nghim loi v xut x chnh l s li dng cc bin d di truyn c sn trong thin nhin mt cch c c s khoa hc, thng qua thc nghim gy trng trong nhng iu kin mi. y l phng php chn ging nhanh nht v r nht. Chnh v th m Zobel v Talbert (1984) cho rng bt lun k thut chn ging tinh vi nh th no, tng thu ln nht, nhanh nht v r nht trong cc chng trnh ci thin ging cy rng l s bo m s dng ngun ht thch hp nht cho trng rng, c bit l khi gy trng cy ngoi lai, s dng xut x thch hp l cha kha cho s thnh cng ca mt chng trnh trng rng cy ngoi lai. Cn Anderson (1966) th cho rng mt xut x ng tin cy s sn xut ra mt ging cy rng vi 90% kh nng chc chn hn l mt xut x xut sc song ch c 50% kh nng"1. 1.1. Chn loi, chn xut x, xy dng rng ging v vn ging cc loi keo Vit Nam c hn 15 loi keo acacia bn a phn b ti nhiu vng trong c nc (Nguyn Tin Bn v cs., 2003), song hu ht u dng cy bi hoc dy leo, t gi tr kinh t,
1

Dn t Zobel v Talbert, 1984

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trong lc Australia (Au) c n hn 660 loi keo acaia (Boland, et al, 1984), vi nhiu loi cy g ln. Mt s nc nh Papua New Guinea (PNG) cng c cc loi acacia kch thc ln, sinh trng nhanh, d thch ng vi iu kin t trng i ni trc nc ta. V th vic nhp ni mt s loi keo nhit i t cc nc ny trng kho nghim nhm chn c loi v xut x thch hp vi mt s vng sinh thi chnh ca nc ta l ht sc cn thit. T u nhng 1960 Keo l trm (Acacia auriculiformis) c nhp vo trng th vng ng Nam B, mt s loi keo khc cng c trng th ti Lt, trong c loi A. podariifolia m v sau tr thnh cy tng trng cho vng Lt vi tn gi quen thuc l cy "Mimosa". T nm 1980, c bit l t u nhng nm 1990, mt s loi keo khc c tip tc nhp vo trng th v c a vo kho nghim nc ta. Cc loi keo nhp vo Vit Nam c chia thnh ba nhm l cc loi keo vng thp, cc loi keo chu hn v cc loi keo vng cao. n nay, sau khong 10 nm kho nghim thy c mt s loi v xut x c trin vng gy trng mt s vng sinh thi ca nc ta. Nhng loi v xut x ny c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn l ging tin b k thut. 1.1.1. Cc loi keo vng thp Cc loi keo vng thp l nhng loi c din tch trng rng ln nht nc ta. C th ni gn 40% din tch trng rng vng i thp hin nay l Keo l trm v Keo tai tng, v th nghin cu chn ging cho cc loi keo vng thp t khu kho nghim xut x n chn lc cy tri, lai ging v kho nghim ging l c ngha rt thit thc trong sn xut lm nghip. u nhng nm 1980 bn loi keo vng thp l Keo l trm, Keo tai tng (A. mangium), Keo l lim (A. crassicarpa), v Keo nu (A. alaucocarpa). c nhp trng th ti Ba V (H Ty), Ha Thng (Thi Nguyn) v Trng Bom (ng Nai). nh gi s b nm 1991 thy trong 4 loi keo c trng th nm 1982 ti Ba V v nm 1984 ti Ha Thng th ba loi keo c sinh trng nhanh l Keo tai tng, Keo l lim v Keo l trm; trong Keo l trm l loi c sinh trng nhanh trong nm u (L nh Kh, Nguyn Hong Ngha, 1991). Chn loi v xut x thng qua cc kho nghim a. Kho nghim ng b cc xut x ca 5 loi keo. Trong cc nm 1990 - 1991 thng qua cc d n UNDP mt b ging 39 xut x ca 5 loi keo vng thp c kho nghim nhm ti Chng (huyn Ba V, tnh H Ty), ng H (Qung Tr) v i Li (Vnh Phc). n nay mt s kho nghim vn cn c duy tr, mt s kho nghim khng cn na. Chng thuc huyn Ba V (H Ty) v 21o07' Bc, kinh 105o26' ng, lng ma 1680 mm/nm, thng c lng ma hn 100 mm l cc thng 5- thng 10, s gi nng l 1620 gi/nm. i Li (Vnh Phc) v 21o10' Bc, kinh 105o17' ng, lng ma 1500 mm/nm, thng c lng ma hn 100 mm l cc thng 5- thng 9, s gi nng l 1700 gi/nm. ng H (Qung Tr) v 16o50' Bc, kinh 107o05' ng, lng ma 2370 mm/nm, thng c lng ma hn 100 mm l cc thng 8- thng 12, s gi nng. Tham gia cc kho nghim nm 1990 tai Chng (H Ty) v ti ng H l cc l ht ca CSIRO (Australia) gm 13 xut x Keo l trm (A. auriculiformis), 9 xut x Keo tai tng (A. mangium), 9 xut x Keo l lim (A. crassicarpa), 5 xut x Keo nu (A. aulacocarpa) v 3

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xut x Keo qu xon (A. cincinnata). Ht ca cc xut x ny c ly t cc bang Queensland (Qld) v Northern Territoria (NT) ca Australia; cng nh Papua New Guinea (PNG) v Indonesia (Indo). Ging c trng i chng mt s ni l ni a phng ly t ng Nai (N) ca Keo tai tng v Keo l trm. Keo l trm (A. auriculiformis) c ngun gc t Australia, Papua New Guinea (PNG) v Indonesia (Indo), phn b ch yu v 8 - 16o Nam, cao 100 - 400 m trn mt bin, lng ma 1400 - 3400 mm/nm, song c th chu c lng ma 500 - 1000 mm/nm (Doran & Turnbull, et al, 1997). Keo l trm thng c kch thc trung bnh, thn ngn nhiu cnh nhnh, song trn cc lp a tt loi ny c th cao 30 m vi ng knh 80 cm v thn thng n trc (Pinyopusarerk, 1990), g c t trng 0,5 - 0,6, thm ch 0,7, nhit tr 4800- 4900 KCal/kg (Vin Hn lm khoa hc M, 1984), c th dng lm g ci, lm giy, lm g xy dng v g mc. Keo l trm nc ta c trng ln u ng Nai vo nm 1960, n nay tr thnh ni a phng c dng trng rng nhiu ni. Keo tai tng (A. mangium) c ngun gc t Australia, Papua New Guinea v Indonesia, cos phn b ch yu v 8 - 18o Nam, cao 300 m trn mt bin, lng ma 1500 - 3000 mm/nm (Doran, Turnbull, et al, 1997). Tuy mi c a vo nc ta u nhng nm 1980, song Keo tai tng ang c trng rt ph bin nhin ni. Keo tai tng c thn cy thng p, sinh trng nhanh hn Keo l trm. G Keo tai tng c t trng 0,45 - 0,50, giai on sau 12 tui c th t 0,59 (Razali & Mohd, 1992), thch hp cho sn xut g ln, g dn, vn dm, lm giy. Keo tai tng ang c trng nhiu ni lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip. Keo l lim (A. crasscicarpa) c ngun gc t Australia, Papua New Guinea v Indonesia, c phn b v 8 - 20o Nam, cao 5 - 200 m trn mt bin, lng ma 1000 3500 mm/nm, g c t trng 0,6 - 0,7 thch hp cho xy dng, lm mc (Doran, Turnbull, et al, 1997). Keo l lim l loi cy mi c a vo trng nc ta vo u nhng nm 1980, l loi c sinh trng nhanh nht trong cc loi keo vng thp, c th gy trng trn t ct ni ng c ln lp tnh ThaThin-Hu, ng thi c th sinh trng trn cc lp a t i nhiu vng trong c nc. Keo nu (A. aulacocarpa) c ngun gc t Australia, Papua New Guinea v Indonesia (Thomson, 1994). Nhng xut x c nhp vo Vit Nam ch yu cc nhm thuc v 6 20o Nam, c lng ma 1000 - 3000 mm/nm (Thomson, 1994), trong nhm xut x Papua New Guinea c kch thc ln, c th cao 40 m, nhm Australia c th c dng cy bi hoc cy g nh (Thomson, 1994). G Keo nu c t trng 0,6 - 0,7 (Keating & Bolza, 1982), c th dng sn xut giy (Clark, et al, 1991), ng thuyn v lm mc (Keating & Bolza, 1982). Keo qu xon (A. cincinnata) c ngun gc t Australia, phn b v 16 - 28o Nam, cao 150 - 800 m trn mt bin, lng ma 2000 - 3500 mm/nm, c th sng c ni c lng ma 1200 - 1500 mm/nm, cy c th cao 25 m, song nhng ni kh hn ch cao khong 10 m (Doran & Turnbull, et al, 1997), g c t trng 0,5 - 0,6, rt thch hp cho sn xut bt giy (Clark, et al, 1991). Kho nghim Chng c trng nm 1990 trn t pheralit vng pht trin trn sa thch, t tng i su (trn 50 cm), theo khi 49 cy, lp li 3 ln ngu nhin khng y . Kho nghim ng H c trng nm 1991 trn t pheralit pht trin trn dip thch. Kho nghim ny b thiu cy, ch c mt ln lp vi 49 cy, nn s liu ch c tnh cht tham kho. Kho nghim i Li (Vnh Phc) ch gm cc xut x ca Keo l trm. S liu thu thp nm 1999 cho thy ti Chng Ba V giai on 9 tui th tch thn cy trung bnh ca 5 loi keo c kho nghim l:

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Keo l lim c th tch thn cy 221 dm3/cy, Keo tai tng c th tch thn cy 191 dm3/cy, Keo l trm c th tch thn cy 192 dm3/cy, Keo nu c th tch thn cy 103 dm3/cy, Keo qu xon c th tch thn cy 94 dm3/cy.

Nh vy 3 loi cy c sinh tng nhanh v c trin vng gy trng cc tnh pha Bc l Keo l lim, Keo tai tng v Keo l trm. Kho nghim so snh mt s xut x Keo tai tng, Keo l trm, Keo l lim, Keo nu (A. aulacocarpa) v Keo qu xon (A. cincinnata) cng c Trung tm nghin cu cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh xy dng ti Mang Giang (Gia Lai) trn t Bazan v t i phn ha t granit nm 1992 (Mai nh Hng, Hunh c Nhn, Cameron, 1996). S liu o m giai on 4 nm tui (1996) cho thy, Keo l lim, Keo tai tng v Keo l trm l nhng loi c sinh trng nhanh nht. nh gi sinh trng trn c hai lp a thy cc xut x Bloomfield (Qld) v Pongaki (PNG) c sinh trng nhanh nht trong 4 xut x ca Keo tai tng. Cc xut x Coen River (Qld) v King's Plain (Qld) c sinh trng nhanh nht trong 4 xut x ca Keo l trm. Keo qu xon l loi c sinh trng km nht. Keo l lim (xut x Chili-Beach - Qld) ch c kho nghim trn t phn ho t granit v l loi c sinh trng nhanh nht y. Nhng xut x c trin vng ny v c bn vn ging vi nhng xut x c nh gi v xut trc y (L nh Kh, 1996, Nguyn Hong Ngha, 1997, Nguyn Hong Ngha, L nh Kh, 1997, Nguyn Hong Ngha, L nh Kh, 2000). Nhn chung, trong cc loi keo vng thp c kho nghim ti Vit Nam th 3 loi c sinh trng nhanh nht v c trin vng nht l Keo l lim, Keo tai tng v Keo l trm. Cc loi A. aulacocarpa v A. cicnnata u l nhng loi sinh trng chm v t c trin vng gy trng nc ta. nh gi chung cho c b ging c ba kho nghim ti Ba V, ng H v i Li c th thy sau 9 - 12 nm mt s xut x sau y l c trin vng cho cc tnh min Bc: Keo l trm: Cc xut x Mibini (PNG), Coen River (Qld), Manton (NT) v Kings Plains (Qld). Keo tai tng: Cc xut x Pongaki (PNG), Iron Range (Qld), Ingham (Qld) v Mossman (Qld). Keo l lim: Cc xut x Mata province (PNG), Gubam (PNG), Dimisisi (PNG) v Deri-Deri (PNG). Keo nu v Keo qa xon: tuy c mt s xut x sinh trng tng i kh Chng, song y l nhng loi khng c trin vng gy trng Vit Nam.

b. Kho nghim xut x ca cc loi ring bit Kho nghim xut x Keo l trm Ngoi kho nghim xut x ng b cho 5 loi keo ti Chng, mt kho nghim xut x Keo l trm cng c xy dng ti i Li vo nm 1990. S liu o m nm 1999 cng cho thy xut x Coen River (Qld) l xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht ti y. Cn s liu c thu thp nm 2002 (bng 2.1) cho thy n giai on 12 nm tui cc xut x Keo l trm c sinh trng nhanh nht ti c 2 ni l Mibini (PNG), Coen River (Qld) v Kings Plains (Qld); ring

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xut x Manton (NT) vn tip tc c sinh trng nht ti Ba V, song c sinh trng trung bnh kh ti i Li. Kho nghim cc xut x Keo l trm cng c thc hin theo d n ACIAR 9310 hp tc vi Australia c xy dng vo nm 1994 ti Cm Qu (ni c t xu hn so vi khu vc Chng) thuc huyn Ba V (H Ty), ng H (Qung Tr) v Sng My (ng Nai). y l kho nghim c s tham gia ca ni a phng ng Nai lm i chng. Cc iu kin kh hu v t ai ca Ba V v ng H c gii thiu phn trn, cn Sng My l lp a v 11o05' Bc, lng ma hng nm 1640 mm/nm, s gi nng l 2650 gi/nm (nh Bu bng), cao mt bin 20m, t xm trn ph sa c, i thp dc thoi, khng b ngp trong ma ma. o m sinh trng sau 3 nm cho thy trong cc kho nghim ny, khng c xut x Coen River (l ht 16142) tham gia, th South Coen (Qld) l xut x c sinh trng tt ti Sng My v ng H, Rifle Creek (Qld) c sinh trng tt ti Cm Qu, Lower Pasco (Qld) c sinh trng tt ti ng H (Montagu et al, 1998). nh gi giai on 5 tui cho thy ti ng H xut x c sinh trng tt nht l Wondo Village (Qld) v Lower Pascoe (Qld); ti Sng My cc xut x c sinh trng tt nht l Wenlock R. (Qld), Halroyed (Qld) v Morehead (PNG); ti Cm Qu xut x c sinh trng tt nht l Halroyed (Qld) v Rifle Creek (Qld). Bng 1.1. Sinh trng ca cc xut x Keo l trm ti Ba V v i Li (1990-2002) Ti Ba V Ti i Li L ht Xut x H Vcy H Vcy L ht D1.3 (cm) D1.3 (cm) 3 (m) (dm ) (m) (dm3) 16148 Manton R. NT 21,36 17,3 310 16142 14,10 14,8 116 16106 Mibini PNG 21,15 17,7 311 16485 13,35 14,4 101 16142 Coen R. Qld 20,79 17,5 297 16106 13,56 14,2 104 16485 KingsPlains Qld 20,56 17,8 295 16484 13,30 14,5 101 16163 Elizabeth NT 19,59 17,3 261 16152 13,22 14,8 102 16152 Alligator NT 19,41 16,1 238 16154 13,15 14,3 97 16684 Bensbach PNG 19,40 17,4 257 16148 12,85 14,3 93 16158 Gerowic Crk NT 18,04 14,8 189 16684 12,65 12,5 79 16484 Morehead Qld 17,98 15,9 202 16151 12,40 13,6 82 16683 Morehead PNG 17,63 15,5 189 16163 10,50 12,6 55 16107 Old Tonda PNG 17,33 15,6 184 16107 10,93 10,8 51 16154 Goomadeer NT 16,21 15,9 164 16158 10,42 10,4 44 16151 Mary River NT 13,91 13,4 102

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S liu thu thp c cho thy ti c ba ni kho nghim ni a phng ng Nai ca Keo l trm u thuc nhm sinh trng trung bnh km hoc km nht, cc xut x Keo l trm c sinh trng nhanh nht u c th tch thn cy gp i cc xut x c sinh trng km nht, South Coen (Qld) v Coen River (Qld) l nhng xut x khc nhau. Ngoi ra, s liu thu thp c cng cho thy Sng My th tch thn cy trung bnh ca 16 xut x l 90 dm3/cy th ng H l 30,1 dm3/cy, cn Ba V l 20,4 dm3/cy. Nh vy, cng giai on 5 tui, vi mt trng nh nhau (2 x 3 m) Keo l trm ti Sng My c sinh trng th tch gp 3 ln ng H v gp hn 4 ln Cm Qu (ni c t xu hn Chng thuc Ba V). iu chng t iu kin kh hu v t ai c nh hng rt ln n sinh trng ca Keo l trm. Kho nghim cc xut x Keo l lim ti Bu Bng (Bnh Dng) Mt b cc xut x Keo l lim c trng kho nghim ti Bu Bng (Bnh Dng) t thng 4 nm 1991. Bu Bng l lp a t ph sa c v 11o17', lng ma hng nm 1640 mm/nm, s gi nng l 2650 gi/nm (nh Sng My), b ngp trong ma ma. Bng 1.2. Sinh trng ca cc xut x Keo l lim ti Bu Bng (9/1991 - 12/1999) L Xut x D1.3 (cm) H (m) V (dm3) ht 16602 16993 17869 17552 13682 13680 17561 16598 17944 17849 16128 Dimisisi Deri-Deri Morehead Bensbach Oriomo Wemenever Limal Bimadebum Claudie R. Samlenberr Jardine R. A. auri. N PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG PNG Qld Indo Qld VN

x
21,4 21,4 21,0 20,8 19,6 19,0 19,3 19,2 18,6 17,6 16,6 8,4

v (%) 17,4 16,5 18,0 18,0 18,9 19,0 18,9 18,9 19,4 19,2 20,4 28,1

x
19,7 19,6 19,7 19,3 18,9 18,7 17,2 17,6 15,0 18,0 12,4 8,7

v (%) 11,0 9,8 11,9 12,2 12,3 12,1 11,8 12,0 11,2 12,0 23,3 21,2

x
390 389 390 387 339 313 285 292 241 256 169 31

v (%) 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,0 2,4 2,3 3,4 12,8

S liu o thng 12 nm 1999 (Bng 2.2) cho thy sau 8,5 nm cc xut x c trin vng nht Bu Bng l Dimisisi (PNG), Deri-Deri (PNG), Morehead (PNG) v Bensbach (PNG). Nhng xut x ny c th tch thn cy 387 - 390 dm3/cy. Trong lc cc xut x c sinh trng km nh Samlenberr (Indonesia) v Jardine (Qld) ch c th tch thn cy tng ng l 256 dm3/cy v 169 dm3/cy. Cn ni a phng ng Nai ca Keo l trm ch c th tch thn cy 31 dm3/cy. Dimisisi (PNG) v Deri-Deri (PNG) cng l nhng xut x c sinh trng tt nht ca Keo l lim ti Ba V, cn Deri-Deri (PNG) l mt trong nhng xut x c sinh trng tt nht ti ng H. Chng t cc xut x ny l nhng xut x c trin vng trong cc ni kho nghim ti nc ta. Nhn y cn ni thm l xut x Dimisisi cng l xut x c sinh trng tt nht ca Keo l lim sau 3 nm kho nghim ti Long ng thuc tnh Qung Chu, Trung Quc (Zhang Fangqiu & Yang Mingquan, 1996).

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Kho nghim xut x Keo tai tng ti ng Nam B.

Kho nghim xut x Keo tai tng do Trung tm khoa hc sn xut lm nghip ng Nam B xy dng ti Bu Bng (Bnh Dng) v Sng My (ng Nai) trong cc nm 1989 1990. S liu bng 2.3 cho thy tuy Bu Bng v Sng My l hai khu vc ch cch nhau khong 50 km ti vng ng Nam B v c kh hu ging nhau, song Keo tai tng c trng ti Sng My, ni c t su khng b ngp trong ma ma, sau 8,5 nm c th t th tch 289 - 432 dm3/cy, trong lc ti Bu Bng cy b ngp trong ma ma th tch thn cy cng thi gian y ch t 114 - 281 dm3/cy. S liu trung bnh chung cho c 3 kho nghim cng chng t iu ny. Bng 2.3. Sinh trng Keo tai tng ti Bu Bng v Sng My (1989 - 1999) Bu Bng Sng My 1 Sng My 2 (6/1990 L ht Xut x (7/1989 - 12/1999) (8/1989 - 12/1999) 12/1999) D1.3 (cm) 16591 0517 15700 0554 1667 0523 16589 0535 0579 Deri-Deri PNG Harbertb Valley Qld Cardwell Qld Tully Region Qld Bloomfield Qld Gap Creek Qld Olive River Qld Pascoe River Qld Innis Region Qld TBnh H (m) V D1.3 (dm3) (cm) H (m) V D1.3 (dm3) (cm) H (m) V (dm3) 458 329 311

19,2 17,9 282 18,6 17,0 260 18,3 16,8 240 18,0 17,3 235 13,9 15,1 132 13,8 12,6 114 17,0 16,1 211

22,0 18,0 367 23,3 17,9 432 22,4 18,6 403 19,4 18,1 299 19,1 19,1 289 21,2 18,4 358

24,6 18,0 21,5 17,0 20,3 17,8 23,3 23,0 18,5 21,9

18,0 406 18,0 414 15,3 235 17,4 359

T s liu bng 2.3 vn c th thy xut x c sinh trng nhanh c Bu Bng v Sng My l Deri-Deri (PNG), cc xut x c sinh trng km c hai ni ny l Bloofield (Qld) v Gap Creek (Qld). Bu Bng xut x c sinh trng nhanh cn c Harbert Valley (Qld), Sng My xut x c sinh trng nhanh cn c Olive (Qld) v Pascoe River (Qld). Mt kho nghim xut x khc cho Keo tai tng Bu Bng c nh gi giai on 7 tui cho thy cc xut x ni tri y l Kennedy River (Qld) v Cardwell (Qld) c th tch thn cy tng ng l 56,9 dm3/cy v 52,1 dm3/cy. Trong khi cc xut x Mossman (Qld) v Ingham (Qld) c th tch thn cy 34 - 35 dm3/cy (xut x Ingham c sinh trng nhanh nht ti Chng). Cn ni a phng ng Nai ca Keo tai tng c th tch thn cy l 21 dm3/cy (Nguyn Hong Ngha, L nh Kh, 2000). iu chng t mt s xut x c kh nng thch ng rng, c th sinh trng tt trong cc lp a khc nhau, mt s xut x ch thch hp vi mt s lp a nht nh. Nh vy, kho nghim Keo tai tng cho thy Deri-Deri (PNG) l xut x c sinh trng tt v c trin vng nht cho vng ng Nam B. Cc xut x Olive (Qld), Pascoe River (Qld) v Cardwell (Qld) l nhng xut x c trin vng trn tng lp a nht nh (m ch yu l ni khng b ngp trong ma ma).

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c. Cc loi v xut x c B NN&PTNT cng nhn l ging tin b k thut T kho nghim v nh gi cc xut x cho cc loi keo vng thp c th thy mt s xut x sau y l c trin vng nhiu vng trong nc: Keo l trm: Coen River 16142 (Qld), Mibini (PNG), Goomadeer (NT), Sakaerat (Thai.), Archer River & Tribs (Qld). Keo tai tng: Pongaki (PNG), Oriomo (PNG) v Bimadebun (PNG). Keo l lim: Dimisisi (PNG), Deri - Deri (PNG). Mt s xut x c sinh trng tt tng vng nht nh l: Keo l trm: Kings Plains (Qld), Lower Pascoe (Qld) cho cc tnh min Bc, Wondo Village (Qld) cho ng H, Melvile (Qld) cho Chn Thnh, Wenlock River (NT) cho Sng My vng ng Nam B. Keo tai tng: Iron Range (Qld), Ingham (Qld) v Mossman (Qld) cho cc tnh pha Bc, Deri - Deri (PNG), Cardwell v Pascoe (Qld) cho vng ng Nam B. Keo l lim: Mata province (PNG) v Gubam Village (PNG) cho cc tnh min Bc, Morehead (PNG) v Bensbach (PNG) cho cc tnh vng ng Nam B.

Trn c s kt qu cc kho nghim xut x ti mt s vng sinh thi trong nhiu nm ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2000 B NN&PTNT c quyt nh s 4260/KHCN- NNTT cng nhn cc xut x thuc cc loi di y l Ging tin b k thut gy trng trn din rng nhng ni c iu kin sinh thi ph hp: Keo l trm: Coen River (Qld), Morehead River (Qld), Mibini (PNG). Keo l lim: Mata province (PNG), Deri-Deri (PNG), Dimisisi (PNG). Keo tai tng: Iron Range (Qld), Cardwell (Qld), Pongaki (PNG).

Xy dng rng ging v vn ging cho cc loi keo vng thp Trong cc nm 1996-1998 d n FORTIP (Regional Project on Forest Tree Improvement) v ci thin ging cy rng do Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng hp tc vi Khoa lm nghip v sn phm rng ca CSIRO vi s ti tr ca AusAD ca Australia c thc hin mt s vng ti Vit Nam. D n ny bao gm vic xy dng 35 ha rng ging v vn ging cho cc loi cy Keo l trm, Keo tai tng ti Cm Qu (H Ty) v Chn Thnh (Bnh Phc). Trong cc nm 2000-2001 thng qua hp tc vi Khoa lm nghip v sn phm rng ca CSIRO, cc vn ging cy ht ca Keo l lim li c xy dng ti ng H (3 ha) v Hm Thun Nam, tnh Bnh Thun (3 ha). u nm 2003 thng qua D n ging ca Vit Nam v vi s gip ca CSIRO 4 ha vn ging cy ht ca Keo l lim cng c xy dng ti Phong in (Tha Thin-Hu). Cc vn ging Keo l trm c xy dng gm 4 ha ti Cm Qu (139 gia nh) v 4 ha ti Chn Thnh (185 gia nh). Cc vn ging Keo tai tng c xy dng gm 3 ha ti Cm Qu (84 gia nh) v 3 ha ti Chn Thnh (168 gia nh). Cc vn ging Keo l lim c xy dng gm 3 ha ti ng H (105 gia nh), 3 ha ti Hm Thun Nam (80 gia nh) v 4 ha ti Phong in (112 gia nh).

25

Ngoi ra, cn c 3 ha rng ging Keo l trm (xut x Coen River) v 3 ha rng ging Keo tai tng (xut x Pongaki) c xy dng vo nm 1993 ti Cm Qu (H Ty). Vt liu xy dng vn ging l ht th phn t do thu t cc cy tri c chn lc trong cc xut x c trin vng nht ti Papua New Guinea (PNG), cc bang Queensland (Qld) v Northern Territory (NT) ca Australia, cng nh t Sakaerat ca Thi Lan (Thai.). Ht ly t cc cy tri th phn t do ny c coi l mt gia nh (family). Nhng gia nh c trng trong cc vn ging u theo khi hng 4 cy, lp li 8 ln hon ton ngu nhin. Sau 3 nm tin hnh nh gi sinh trng ca cy theo gia nh v theo xut x trong cc vn ging c xy dng trong cc nm 1996-1998, gi li nhng c th tt nht trong cc nhng gia nh tt nht ca nhng xut x c trin vng, ta b nhng c th v nhng gia nh xu thnh vn ging ly ht (seed orchard) cung cp ging cho trng rng Vit Nam. Nhng c th ny cng nh mt s c th c chn trc tip t cc khu kho nghim xut x cng c dng nh nhng cy u dng d tuyn kho nghim dng v tnh nhm chn ging c nng sut cao v c kh nng khng bnh cho sn xut. Bng 2.4. Sinh trng ca 19 c th tt nht thuc cc gia nh v xut x tng ng ca Keo tai tng ti vn ging Cm Qu (6/1998 - 4/2000). H D1.3 Gia D1.3 H V V Xut x C th nh (cm) (m) (dm3) (cm) (dm3) (m) TB vn ging 16971 Wipim Dist.PNG 67 75 74 71 111 7,8 11,0 10,3 9,8 10,2 10,7 7,6 9,3 9,2 9,6 8,5 9,5 19,1 44,8 40,9 38,4 36,8 45,6 5. 6. 2 7. 6. 12 4. 4. 1 8. 6. 3 5. 3. 4 2. 1. 10 6. 1. 9 3. 7. 11 5. 2. 4 4. 5. 11 1. 5. 7 2. 3. 6 2. 5. 12 1. 7. 12 4. 2. 12 5. 3. 1 2. 3. 11 5. 5. 3 5. 4. 4 12,3 12,1 12,9 12,5 11,5 12,3 13,3 12,6 11,6 12,2 13,2 12,3 13,2 12,8 12,3 13,1 12,0 11,6 11,9 10,0 9,5 11,5 9,5 12,5 9,5 11,0 9,5 11,0 9,7 10,5 10,0 8,5 9,0 9,5 11,0 11,5 11,5 10,5 59,4 54,6 75,2 58,4 64,9 56,4 76,4 59,3 58,1 56,7 71,8 59,4 58,2 57,9 74,4 65,0 60,8 58,4

16992 Bimadebun PNG

16991 Gubam

PNG

115 89 101 99 91

10,6 9,6 10,1 9,3 9,7 9,5 9,4 9,8 10,2

9,0 8,3 8,7 8,3 8,2 8,7 8,9 9,1 8,7

40,6 32,2 36,1 31,7 33,2 34,9 33,3 36,0 37,0

16938 Kini WP. PNG 19286 Cardwell SO. Qld 19994 Claudie R. Qld

21 202 130 131

Cui nm 1999 vn ging Keo tai tng v Keo l trm Chn Thnh b tnh Bnh Dng ly chuyn thnh khu cng nghip nn mi vn ging c chn 50 cy tri t 50

26

gia nh tt nht nhn ging bng hom v xy dng vn ging gm cc dng v tnh u tri ti Hm Thun Nam (tnh Bnh Thun). Hin nay cc vn ging dng v tnh ny bt u c qa cung cp ging cho sn xut. C th xem th d bng 2.4 v cc cc th c chn trong vn ging l nhng cy c sinh trng vt tri r rt so vi tr s trung bnh chung ca vn ging. S liu bng 2.4 cho thy trong lc th tch thn cy trung bnh chung ca c vn ging Keo tai tng ti Cm Qu giai on gn 2 nm tui l 19,9 dm3/cy v th tch thn cy ca nhng gia nh c chn cao nht cng ch mc 31,7 - 44,8 dm3/cy th th tch thn cy ca nhng c th tt nht c chn l 54,6-76,4 dm3/cy. Nhng c th ny l nhng cy u dng d tuyn to ra cc dng v tnh c nng sut cao cho cc chng trnh trng rng nc ta. 1.1.2. Cc loi keo vng cao Kho nghim chn loi keo vng cao ti Lt Trong din tch t trng i ni trc nc ta c mt phn kh ln vng ni cao thuc dy Hong Lin Sn nh Cao Bng, H Giang, Lo Cai, Sn La, Lai Chu, mt phn vng Ty Nguyn thuc cc tnh Kon Tum v Lm ng, cng mt s din tch pha ty Ngh An. V th chn mt s cy l rng mc nhanh c gi tr kinh t, c c im sinh thi ph hp v c kh nng ci to t, lm bng cn la cho cy l kim hoc trng ring r s lm phong ph thm tp on cy lm nghip, gp phn ci thin i sng ca nhn dn min ni l rt cn thit. Nm 1996 thng qua ti ca ACIAR v vi s h tr ca CSIRO, mt b ging c loi keo vng cao ca Australia c Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng ca Vin Khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam phi hp vi cc n v xy dng ti mt s vng cao nh Lt (cao 1600 m), Tam o (cao 1000 m), Mc Chu (cao 1000 m) v ni Ba V (cao 600 m). nh gi s b vo nm 1997 cho thy Lt l ph hp nht trong cc a im c trng th (H Huy Thnh, L nh Kh v cng s, 1998), v th s liu c thu thp v sau tp trung cho kho nghim ti Lt. Kho nghim ti Lt c gy trng vo thng 5 nm 1996 ti Mang Linh ( Lt) cao 1600 m trn mt bin ti sn ng-nam, t feralitic vng pht trin trn Macgma acid c pH = 4,5 - 5,0, thc b l c quyt v mt s cy bi thp. Trc khi trng t c pht dn ton b, t v cy ton din bng th cng. H trng c kch thc 40 x 40 x 40 cm, bn lt 0,5 kg phn vi sinh. B ging c kho nghim gm 42 xut x thuc 14 loi keo vng cao do CSIRO ca Australia cung cp. Cc xut x c trng theo hng 20 cy, khong cch cy l 2 x 1,5 m, b tr 4 ln lp ngu nhin. Bng 2.5. Sinh trng v cc ch tiu cht lng cy ca cc loi keo vng cao c kho nghim ti Lt (5/1996 - 5/2000) T l sng Kh sau khi trng Sinh trng sau 48 thng S nng (%) Sc thng S Loi x chng sng thn thn 6 48 H D1.3 V su v (%) 3 thng thng (m) (cm) (dm ) (1) 7 84,0 65,0 9,5 8,7 39,0 8,1-17,4 2,44 4,01 3,54 1,11 A.mearnsii (2) 6 67,9 10,0 8,6 42,4 8,1-13,6 2,46 4,02 3,60 1,12 A.mearnsii 1 47,5 6,95 7,08 19,0 17,4 2,37 3,96 3,18 1,06 A.mearnsii - L

27

Loi A. binervata A. chrysotricha A. cincinnata A. dealbata A. decurrens A.elata A.fulva A.glaucocarpa A.implexa A.irrorata A.melanoxylon A.parramattensis A.silvestris Ghi ch:

T l sng sau khi trng S (%) x 6 48 thng thng 1 85,0 68,7 1 61,2 21,3 4 68,7 13,1 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 6 2 1

Sinh trng sau 48 thng

H D1.3 V v (%) (m) (cm) (dm3) 7,9 7,7 30,2 12,5 2,38 4,30 6,6 5,2 9,1 30,3 2,13 4,43 3,5 2,2 0,9 7,1-150,0 1,54 4,88

Kh nng Sc thng S chng sng thn thn su 3,49 1,14 3,44 1,22 3,39 1,09 3,70 3,05 2,79 3,48 3,01 3,05 3,17 3,06 3,14 3,46 1,04 1,01 1,00 1,08 1,10 1,00 1,24 1,05 1,04 1,04

76,2 50,6 7,0 6,5 17,5 14,1-28,8 2,24 4,68 73,8 15,0 6,0 4,7 6,4 32,9-40,0 2,09 4,42 65,8 35,8 5,8 5,4 12,2 16,9-32,7 2,30 4,82 76,9 59,4 8,8 6,3 18,4 16,5-17,9 2,56 4,91 85,4 25,0 7,6 5,5 15,3 11,9-47,3 2,17 4,81 84,1 54,2 4,9 3,1 4,6 27,4-66,1 1,79 4,91 87,5 66,5 7,3 7,5 24,9 12,7-19,4 2,31 4,33 78,9 56,3 5,3 4,6 8,7 14,8-89,3 1,92 4,81 87,0 56,3 6,4 5,4 12,1 24,6-24,8 2,14 4,51 72,5 46,3 8,6 7,6 27,3 13,1 2,46 4,24 (1) Trung bnh ca c 7 xut x (k c ca Lt - L) (2) Trung bnh ca 6 xut x mi c nhp

iu kin kh hu Lt c nhng c trng chnh l: Nhit trung bnh hng nm 18,3 , ti cao trung bnh l 23,3oC, ti thp trung bnh l 14,3oC, ti thp tuyt i c th n 0,1oC (thng 1 nm 1932), ti cao tuyt i l 31,5oC (thng 3 trong nhiu nm), lng ma trung bnh hng nm l 1730 mm/nm, tp trung ch yu vo thng 4 n thng 10, nhiu nht l thng 9 v thng 10 (Nguyn Trng Hiu, 1990). iu chng t Lt l ni c iu kin kh hu mt v t thay i trong nm.
oC

S liu thu thp l chiu cao, ng knh, th tch thn cy, t l sng, s thn (tnh t cao cch gc 0,5 m), thng thn cy (cao nht 5 im, thp nht 1 im) v sc sng (cao nht 3 im, thp nht 1 im). S liu thu thp v t l sng giai on 6 thng v 48 thng tui sau khi trng cho thy giai on 6 thng tui tt c cc loi cy c gy trng u c t l sng tng i cao (bng 2.5). Nhng loi c t l sng cao nht nh A. irrorata, A. glaucocarpa, A. implexa, A. mearnsii, A. parramattensis v A. binervata c th t 84 - 87,5%, loi c t l sng thp nht l A. chrysotricha cng c t l sng 61,2%. n giai on 48 thng (4 nm tui) mt s loi vn gi c t l sng cao nh A. mearnsii (67,9%), A. binervata (68,7%), tip l A. irrorata (66,5%), mt s loi c t l sng gim i r rt, in hnh l A. cincinnata t l sng ch cn 13,2%. C 4 xut x ca A. cincinnata u c mt s b cht hon ton, trong xut x Frinch Hatton (Qld) thm ch b cht c 3 3 ln lp. Loi c t l sng thp tip theo l A. decurens (t l sng ch t 15%) v c mt s b cht hon ton. Mt s xut x ca A. dealbata cng c mt s b cht hon ton. nh gi mt cch tng hp c th ni n giai on 48 thng tui Keo en (A. mearnsii) l loi c trin vng nht, cc xut x mi nhp vo Vit Nam u c sinh trng v t l sng

28

cao hn ni a phng ca Lt c trng lm i chng. Trong lc cc xut x mi nhp c t l sng 61,2 -76,2% v th tch thn cy 28,4 - 55,2 dm3/cy th ni a phng Lt c trng lm i chng c cc ch tiu ny tng ng l 47,5% v 19 dm3/cy. R rng A. mearnsii l loi c trin vng nht, c bit l mt s xut x nh Bodalla (New South Wales - NSW), Nowra (NSW), Nowa Nowa (Victoria - Vic) v Berrima (NSW) (bng 2.5 v 2.6). Trong cc loi cn li ch c mt s xut x ca A. melanoxylon, A. dealbata v A. irrorata l c trin vng, cc loi khc u khng c trin vng cho trng rng ti Lt. Nhng loi v xut x c t l sng thp v sinh trng km th d cc ch tiu cht lng c t im cao, cng khng c ngha trong trng rng. Mt s xut x Keo en c trin vng gy trng Lt Theo di cc xut x Keo en nm 2003 cho sau 7 nm kho nghim cc xut x mi nhp u c sinh trng nhanh hn r rt so vi ni a phng Lt, trong cc xut x Bodalla, Nowra, Nowa Nowa v Berrina l nhng xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht (bng 2.6). Nhng xut x ny c th tch thn cy l 41,0 - 55,2 dm3/cy, gp 2,1 - 2,9 ln th tch thn cy ca ni a phng Lt (19,0 dm3/cy). Tuy trong cc xut x c mt s cy b su hi,song vn c nhiu cy khng b su hi, sinh trng rt nhanh v c thn cy thng p. Nhng cy ny c th l ngun cung cp ging trng m rng vng Lt v trng th mt s ni c iu kin tng t. Lubulwa v cng s (1998) dng phn mm chng trnh bn kh hu ca Booth v Jovanovic (1994) xc nh vng c th gy trng Keo en Vit Nam. Theo bn ny th mt s vng ni cao thuc cc tnh Cao Bng, H Giang, Lo Cai, Lai Chu, Sn La, Ngh An, Kon Tum v Lm ng l nhng ni c th gy trng Keo en nc ta. Vic xy dng mt s kho nghim xut x cho loi ny nhng ni c iu kin tng t nh Lt l rt cn thit. Nhn y cn ni rng Keo en l loi cy l kp lng chim hai ln, c phn b v 34-43o Nam, cao khong 850 m trn mt bin. Keo en l loi cy a tc dng c th trng lm ci, sn xut bt giy, lm cy che bng cho Ch, lm bng cn la cho cy l kim. y cng l loi cy c kh nng ci to t. V Keo en c n 40% tannin (Vin Hn lm khoa hc M, 1980), khi trng Trung Quc mt s xut x c th t n 43% tannin (Fang Yulin et al, 1994, Li Jiyuan, et al, 1994). G Keo en c hm lng bt giy c th n 52% (Clark, et al, 1994), tng ng hm lng bt giy ca cc loi Keo tai tng v Keo l trm ca ta c phn tch ti Nht (Takashi Hibino, 1996). Nghin cu Indonesia cho thy g sy kh c th t nhit tr 4650 Kcal/kg, nn loi cy ny cng c coi l cy trng lm ci cho vng cao ca cc nc nhit i (Vin Hn lm khoa hc M, 1980). Sri-Lanka loi cy ny cn c trng che bng cho Ch. Vic gy trng bc u nc ta cho thy Keo en l mt loi cy sinh trng nhanh, thch hp vi iu kin sinh thi vng ni cao v c th trng lm bng cy xanh cn la cho mt s loi cy l kim nh Thng ba l. Nm 1843 Keo en c nhp vo n trng lm ci, nm 1884 c nhp vo Nam Phi sn xut tannin (Boland, et al, 1984), hin nay ang c trng vng ni cao nhit i ca nhiu nc trn th gii nh n , Trung Quc, Sri-Lanka, Indonesia, Brazil v mt s nc Trung M, ng Phi, Trung Phi v Nam Phi. Ring Brazil n nm 1993 c 200.000 ha Keo en c gy trng lm ci v sn xut giy (Higa, Resende, 1994). Tm li, t kho nghim cc loi keo vng cao trong thi gian qua c th thy: Trong cc loi keo vng cao c kho nghim ti Lt sau 4 nm mi thy mt s xut x ca Keo en (A. mearnsii) l c sinh trng nhanh nht, c sc khe v thng thn

29

cy thuc nhm kh nht trong cc loi keo vng cao c kho nghim, tip c th l mt s xut x ca A. melanoxylon v A. irrorata.

30

Bng 2.6. Sinh trng ca cc xut x Keo en v Keo g en giai on 7 tui ti Lt (1996-2003). H D1.3 V D tn L ht Xut x 3 (cm) (dm ) (m) (m) v% 16246 16621 16380 18607 18979 18975 A. mearnsii Nowra NSW Bodalla NSW Nowa Nowa VIC Berrima NSW Blackhill VIC Bungendore NSW Lt VN A. melanoxylon Mt. Mee Qld Raveshoe Qld Mt. Linsay NSW Kannunah Tas 13,5 13,6 12,3 12,6 12,5 11,7 10,4 10,7 9,6 8,5 8,4 13,4 13,8 10,8 13,7 12,4 14,1 13,4 10,5 15,3 17,4 17,8 12,2 12,1 11,3 10,5 11,0 10,6 10,8 11,2 8,7 7,3 7,0 v% 19,3 22,0 14,8 17,8 20,4 19,5 18,5 17,1 20,6 24,8 20,9 93,0 92,9 74,6 71,0 67,9 59,4 59,7 59,6 35,7 24,6 22,9 v% 8,3 8,7 9,0 9,7 11,0 12,1 10,9 11,4 16,6 23,5 21,9 5,6 5,7 5,5 5,7 5,5 5,2 4,6 4,9 4,3 4,0 3,8 v% 12,9 13,3 7,8 11,2 10,4 12,9 8,5 14,7 14,4 13,5 19,2

17263 15821 19001 19494

Ghi ch: Ft = Xc sut ca F tnh; Sd = Khong sai d. Ngoi Keo en th Keo g en (A. melanoxylon) cng l mt loi keo vng cao c gi tr kinh t ln, thng cao 10 - 20 m, cao nht c th n 35 m, ng knh c th t 50 cm, cc thung lng m c th t 100 cm. Keo g en c phn b v 16 - 43o Nam, cao 1250 1500 m trn mt bin (Boland, et al, 1984). G ca Keo g en thng c mu en nh g mun ca nc ta, nn l loi cy c gi tr lm mc v m ngh. Nm 2000 B NN&PTNT c quyt nh s 4260/KHCN- NNTT cng nhn cc xut x Bodalla v Nowa Nowa ca Keo en (A. mearnsii) cng nh xut x Mountain Mee ca Keo g en (A. melanoxylon) l Ging tin b k thut trng trn cc lp a vng ni cao ca nc ta. 1.1.3. Cc loi keo chu hn Vit Nam l nc c din tch ct ven bin kh ln, trong c mt s vng Bnh Thun v Ninh Thun c lng ma hng nm ch t 600 - 800 mm/nm. V th vic kho nghim mt s ging cy thn g chu hn trng trong vng l rt cn thit. Ngoi ra, mt s i ct vng Trung B ni tuy c lng ma khng thp song do i ct cao, nc ngm qu thp nn cy trng khng th s dng, cng cn c loi cy trng thch hp chng sa mc ho. Kho nghim cc loi keo chu hn c xy dng ti Tuy Phong thuc tnh Bnh Thun. y l mt trong nhng ni c lng ma thp nht nc ta, lng ma hng nm thng khong 600 - 800 mm v ch tp trung trong mt thi gian ngn (thng l thng 5 v cc thng 9 - 10), nhiu thng c lng ma rt thp hoc hon ton khng c ma, trong lc lng bc hi li rt ln. y cng l ni c c ba dng ct khc nhau l ct vng ven bin, ct trng di gia v ct pha trong c tui c nht (L B Tho, 1977), trong ct trng l nhm ngho cht dinh dng nht. su 0 - 20 cm ct trng ch c 0,07 - 0,5% mn v di 0,01% m tng s, trong lc ct c cc ch tiu trn tng ng l 0,3 - 1,3% v 0,02 - 0,06% (Hong

31

Xun T, 1996). t nng nng v kh hn ca nhng thng cui nm 1997 v na u nm 1998 lm cho hn 400 ha Keo l trm b cht hn v 500 ha b kh ho nng, trng thi gn cht. V th, kho nghim chn loi cy c kh nng chu hn cho vng ny c ngha ht sc quan trng trong chng trnh trng rng phng h ven bin v chng sa mc ha nc ta. Mi mt loi keo chu hn c phn b t nhin v 12o24'- 23o45', cao 40-400 m trn mt bin, lng ma 387-1280 mm/nm ti Australia c trng kho nghim vo thng 9 nm 1993 ti Bu l vng ct trng kh hn in hnh ca Tuy Phong (Bnh Thun). y l ni c a hnh tng i bng phng, ni cao nht v ni thp nht cch nhau 0,5 m. Trong cc nm 1990-1992, ti y trng th Keo l trm song b cht, nn thng 9 nm 1993 khu vc ny c dng kho nghim cc loi keo chu hn. Kho nghim c trng theo khi 30 - 50 cy (tu theo s cy c c ca mi l ht) v c lp li ngu nhin 4 ln. Khong cch h trng 2 x 2 m, mi h bn lt 1,0 kg phn chung hoai. Cc ch tiu c nh gi trong kho nghim l t l sng v sinh trng. - T l sng T l sng l ch tiu quan trng nht khi nh gi kho nghim cc loi cy chu hn. Nhiu loi cy c gi tr kinh t cao, song khng th gy trng trn cc vng t kh hn v b cht ngay trong v kh hn u tin. Kt qu kho nghim ti Tuy Phong cho thy sau khi trng 10 thng cc loi cy vn gi c t l sng rt cao (74,9 - 93,0%) v khng c s khc nhau ng k gia cc loi. Sau hn 2 nm (giai on 26 thng) t l sng ca mt s loi bt u gim xung v cng xut hin s khc bit ng k gia cc loi. Nhng loi c t l sng thp nht l Mung en (42,5%), A. longispicata (40,4%), Keo l trm (51,4%) v A. elachantha (52,8%). Nhng loi vn duy tr c t l sng cao l A. torulosa (88,5%), A. cowleana (87,5%), A. holosericea (86,7%) v A. neurocarpa (81,3%). Sau ma kh hn khc nghit ko di cui nm 1997 u nm 1998 ch cn A. torulosa gi c t l sng 78,9%. Nhng loi c t l sng tng i kh nh A. tumida (47,9%), A. holosericea (40,3%) v A. difficilis (36,0%). Nhng loi c t l sng qu thp nh Keo l trm ch cn sng 5,3% v Mung en ch cn 16,0% (bng 2.7). A. torulosa c t l sng cao nht c th l do c ly t xut x Elliot, NT, ni c lng ma hng nm khong 500 - 600 mm, cn cc loi khc u c ly nhng ni c lng ma hng nm t 600 - 800 mm tr ln (Parkinson, 1984). Tuy vy, theo s liu tnh ton t chng trnh my tnh BIOCLIM ca Booth (1998) th cc loi A. colei, A. cowleana, A. elachanta, A. longispicata, A. neurocapa v A. tumida cng u c ly t nhng ni c lng ma thp di 800 mm/nm. V th cha th gii thch y nguyn nhn ca nhng loi c t l sng thp ti Tuy Phong. S liu bng 2.7 cng chng t vic nh gi t l sng nhng vng c iu kin kh hn c bit v c s thay i gia cc nm th phi qua nhng nm c iu kin kh hu c bit khc nghit (nh nm 1997 - 1998) th vic nh gi tnh chu hn mi tht s c ngha.

32

Kho nghim xut x cc loi keo chu hn ti Tuy Phong tnh Bnh Thun (1993-1998) (nh L nh Kh)

- Sinh trng ca cc loi keo chu hn sau gn 6 nm (70 thng). S liu c o vo thng 7 nm 1999 ti Tuy Phong (bng 2.7) cho thy sau gn 6 nm A. difficilis vn l loi cy c ng knh ngang ngc (22,8 cm) v chiu cao (7,5 m) ln nht trong kho nghim. Tip theo l A. tumida, A. longispicata v A. torulosa. Cc loi keo cn li u c ng knh v chiu cao thp hn r rt so vi A. difficilis. T s liu bng 2.9 cn c th thy ng knh thn cy ca A. difficilis vt A. tumida 66%, vt A. longispicata 88% v bng 2,6 ln A. torulosa. Chiu cao thn cy ca A. difficilis cng vt 3 loi trn tng ng l 14%, 19% v 36%. Tuy vy, nh phn trn trnh by, A. longispicata sau gn 5 nm ch c t l sng 3,8% nn loi ny khng c ngha thc t v trng rng. Khi c tnh th tch thn cy (ly h s hnh dng f = 0,4) c th thy th tch thn cy ca A. difficilis vt A. tumida 37,6% v gp 4 ln A. torulosa, gp 4,6 ln A. holoseracea. difficilis cng l loi sau 3 nm c sinh trng nhanh nht v c t l sng cao hn so vi A. holoseracea ti Ratchaburi ng nam Thi Lan (Chittachumnonk & Sirilak, 1991). T kho nghim Tuy Phong cng c th ni A. holoseracea (thng c gi l Keo l sim hoc Keo mc) hin ang c trng mt s ni ti nc ta cha phi l ging tt nht v tn l tha, cnh nhnh ln v t l sng khng cao. Cui cng, cn ni rng A. difficilis l loi c nhiu thn cy hn A. tumida v A. torulosa. A. difficilis cng l loi c ng knh tn cy (5,8 m) vt hn hn A. tumida (4,4 m) v A. torulosa (4,0 m), v th y l loi c kh nng che ph t rt ln. Tuy vy, A. torulosa l loi c t l sng cao nht, tip theo l A. tumida ri mi n A. difficilis. V th nhng ni iu kin kh hu qu kh hn th nn trng A. torulosa. Mt kho nghim khc v cc loi keo chu hn ti Ba V cng c xy dng t nm 1993. Kt qu theo di n nm 2000 cho thy ba loi cy c trin vng nht vn l A. difficilis, A. tumida v A. torulosa, trong A. difficilis l loi va c t l sng cao nht, va c sinh trng nhanh v tn l pht trin nht. V th, Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng trng nh mt loi cy tin phong lm bng che ban u khi trng mt s cy bn a nh Lim xanh (Erythrophloeum fordii) v cho kt qu rt tt.

33

Mt s nhn nh chnh

nh gi tng hp ton b cc ch tiu v t l sng, sinh trng ng knh, chiu cao v s pht trin ca tn l c th thy nhng loi cy c u th r rt khi gy trng trn vng ct ht sc kh hn ca Tuy Phong l A. difficilis, A. torulosa v A. tumida (Harwood, L nh Kh, Ph Quang in, 1998, L nh Kh, Harwood, Ph Quang in, 1998). Ba V ch nn trng A. difficilis v A. tumida. Cc loi cy ni trn u c bin sinh thi rng, phn b t nhng vng c lng ma rt thp n trung bnh, c th sng trn t ct ln t tht, t nng ln t su, t t chua n t trung tnh v t kim. y cng l nhng loi cy sinh trng nhanh, c kh nng ra chi ln, i sng khng qu lu (Thomson, 1991) nn rt thch hp cho vic s dng lm cy che bng v ci to t cc vng ct kh hn v t i trc. Tuy vy, thc t kho nghim ging trong nhng nm qua cho thy A. difficilis (xut x Lake Evella) l loi c sinh trng nhanh nht trn c t ct kh hn ca vng Tuy Phong ln trn t i trc Ba V, cn A. torulosa v A. tumida sinh trng kh Tuy Phong, song sinh trng tng i km hn trn t i trc min Bc nh Ba V (L nh Kh, Ph Quang in, Harwood, 1995). vng i trc ca cc tnh pha Bc A. difficilis va c sinh trng nhanh va c t l sng 95 - 100% nn rt thch hp lm cy tin phong trc khi trng mt s loi cy bn a. Tuy vy, cn thy rng y l nhng loi keo chu hn nn t c kh nng gy trng nhng ni b ng ngp trong ma ma. Ti vng nguyn sn Australia mt s xut x trong ba loi cy ni trn c th t kch thc kh ln. V d A. tumida c th cao 15 m vi ng knh ngang ngc 45 cm, A. difficilis c th cao 8-12 m, A. torulosa c th cao 12 m (McDonald, 1997). V th, khi c iu kin kho nghim thm c th tm c mt s xut x c gi tr hn cho vng kh hn. Tuy vy, trc mt vn c th a nhng xut x c kho nghim v nh gi vo gy trng th trn din rng mt s vng kh hn nc ta, nhm p ng yu cu cp bch v trng rng phng h hin nay. Cc loi keo c xut cng l nhng loi c gi tr ln cung cp g ci, chng sa mc ha vng ct, chng xi mn v c th chng ct di ng (Doran, et al, 1997), ng thi c th dng sn xut bt giy v vn dm. Bng 2.7. T l sng v sinh trng ca cc loi keo chu hn ti Tuy Phong (1993-1999) D1,3 Tl V Loi v xut x H (cm) 3 sng (%) (cm) (dm /cy) A. difficilis NW Lake Evella NT A. tumida E. Kununurra WA A. longispicata W. Duaringa Qld A. torulosa Elliot NT A. holoseracea Blythe R. NT A. elachanta SE. Hooker Ck. NT A. auriculiformis Boggy Ck. Qld A. colei Turkey Ck. Qld A. neurocarpa Attock Ck. NT A. cowleana Wauhope NT Cassia siamea Bnh Thun VN 36,0 47,9 3,8 78,9 40,3 16,6 5,3 24,3 28,0 34,4 16,0 7,5 6,6 6,3 5,5 4,0 4,8 3,7 4,0 4,0 3,7 1,8 14,8 13,7 12,1 8,8 8,6 7,2 8,2 6,4 5,0 4,8 2,3 53,72 38,92 28,98 13,38 11,62 7,82 7,82 5,15 3,14 2,68 0,30

D tn (m) 5,8 4,4 4,5 4,0 3,6 4,3 3,2 3,6 3,2 3,3 2,2

34

Keo l trm l loi khng ph hp gy trng trn cc lp a qu kh hn vng ct trng ca Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun. Trn c s cc kho nghim ny ngy 10 thng 1 nm 2001 B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c quyt nh s 60/KHCN- NNTT cng nhn cc xut x ca cc loi sau y l Ging tin b k thut: - A. difficilis: xut x Lake Evella (NT), Moline (NT), Annie Creek (NT). - A. tumida: xut x Kununurra (WA) - A. torulosa: xut x Elliot (NT) 1.2. Chn loi, chn xut x v xy dng vn ging cc loi bch n Bch n l nhm cy trng ph bin trn cc lp a c dc di 5o cc tnh vng ng Nam B v mt s tnh min Bc. Bch n c cc nh lm nghip ngi Php nhp vo trng th Vit Nam t nm 1930. Hai loi c nhp thi k l Bch n caman (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Bch n (E. robusta). Trong nhng nm 1950 xy dng c cc khu kho nghim loi cho 18 loi Bch n vng Lt nh Eucalyptus saligna, E. microcorys, E. camaldulensis, E. punctata, E. robusta, E. citriodora, E. globulus, E. botroides, E. maideni, E. longifolia, E. resinifera v.v., trong cc loi E. microcorys v E. saligna c thch ng kh nht v sinh trng nhanh nht ti vng Lt. Sau 40 nm c chiu cao 35 - 40m vi ng knh ngang ngc 50 - 60cm. Kho nghim gn y cho thy i sau ca nhng cy ny vn th hin tnh u vit v sinh trng v hnh dng thn cy. V vy ang c dng lm cy m ly ging pht trin vo sn xut. 1.2.1. Kho nghim loi xut x Kho nghim loi/xut x bch n tng i ng b mt s vng sinh thi trong c nc c thc hin t nm 1980 n nhng nm gn y. ng ch l tng kt v kho nghim xut x Bch n caman (E. camaldulensis) v Bch n tr (E. tereticornis) (Hong Chng, 1996), kho nghim xut x Bch n ur ti mt s tnh vng trung tm min Bc (Nguyn Dng Ti (1994), nh gi tng hp cc loi Bachi n (Hong Chng, 1991, L nh Kh, 1996, Phm Vn Tun v cs, 2000). y ch gii thiu mt kho nghim xut x bch n ng H (Qung Tr) l ni tp hp tng i y cc xut x ca mt s loi bch n quan trng nht. Kho nghim xut x cc loi bch n ti ng H. Kho nghim xut x Bch n c xy dng vo nm 1991 ti ng H (bng 2.8), tham gia kho nghim l cc xut x thuc loi E. urophylla, E. cloeziana v E. pellita, E. tereticornis, E. camaldulensis v E. grandis. nh gi kho nghim nm 1996 cho thy sau 5 nm trng cc loi bch n c trin vng nht trong kho nghim ti y l E. urophylla, E. cloeziana v E. pellita, cn E. grandis tuy c sinh trng nhanh vng cao Lt, song li sinh trng tng i chm vng thp ng H (L nh Kh, 1996). Bch n ur (Eucalyptus urophylla) c nguyn sn Indonesia, phn b t 7o30 n 10o v nam v 122 - 127o kinh ng trn cc dc ni v trong cc thung lng trn cc loi t bazan, dip thch (schits) v phin thch, i khi mc ni vi. Bch n ur phn b cao 300 2960 m trn mt bin (ch yu l cao 1000 - 2000 m), lng ma trung bnh hng nm 600 2200 mm vi 2 - 8 thng kh. Cc o chnh c Bch n ur phn b t nhin l Flores (Egon v Lewotobi), Adona, Pantar, Alor, Wetar v Timor. Ni nguyn sn Bch n ur c th cao 25 - 45 m, c bit c th cao 55 m, ng knh c th t 1 - 2 m (Turnbull & Brooker, 1978; Eldridge v c.s, 1993; Davidson, 1998). nhng ni thp Bch n ur c th mc ln vi Bch

35

n E. alba (Martin and Cossalter, 1975 - 1976). Bch n ur l loi cy thch hp vi cc lp a c t su m cc tnh min Bc, Bc Trung B v Ty Nguyn. Cc xut x c trin vng nht cho vng Trung tm min Bc l Lewotobi v Egon Flores (Nguyn Dng Ti, 1994; L nh Kh, 1996). Egon Flores cng l mt trong nhng xut x c trin vng nht Mang Linh v Lang Hanh ca vng Lt (L nh Kh, 1996; Phm Vn Tun v c.s, 2000). Cn vng ng H xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht trong c kho nghim l Lembata (bng 2.10), trong iu kin canh tc cha cao sau 8,5 nm xut x ny c chiu cao 13,2 m vi ng knh ngang ngc 11,4 cm, th tch thn cy 154,4 dm3. Kho nghim xut x kt hp xy dng vn ging cho thy ti Cm Qu t mng lp, ngho dinh dng th Lewotobi (Flores) l xut x c sinh trng tt nht v nhanh hn r rt so vi cc xut x cn li, cn Vn Xun trong iu kin t su trn 50 cm, xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht li l Waikui min Trung o Alor v Uhak ng Bc o Wetar. Kt qu kho nghim xut x cho E. urophylla vng Trung tm min Bc cng thy rng ti Qung Np (Ph Th) xut x Ulubahu cao 150 m ti o Wetar (gn o Alor) c sinh trng tt nht, sau l xut x Alor (c cao 800 - 1200 m), mt s ni khc, khng c s tham gia ca xut x ny th cc xut x Lewotobi Flores v Egon Flores l c sinh trng nhanh nht (Nguyn Dng Ti, 1994). Kho nghim ca Wencelius (1983) ti Cote Divoite cng thy cc xut x c sinh trng nhanh thng c ly t ngun ht cao mt bin thp ti ni nguyn sn Indonesia. E. cloeziana c phn b t nhin 15 - 26o v nam, pha nam bang Queensland ca Australia, cao 75 - 950 m trn mt bin vi lng ma 550 - 2300 mm/nm. Cy cao Bng 2.8. Sinh trng ca cc loi/ xut x bch n ti ng H (1/1991 - 7/1999) D1.3 (cm) H (m) V (dm3) L ht Loi v xut x v (%) v (%) v (%) x x x 1. E. urophylla 23645 Mt Lembata Ido 23081 Mt Egon Ido 23042 Mt Lewotobi Ido Trung bnh 14236 12602 17008 14422 12205 12202 13543 12207 14427 2. E. cloeziana Herberton Qld Helenvale Qld Woondum Qld Cardwell Qld Maitland Qld Paluma Qld Mento Qld Bakerville Qld Black down Qld Trung bnh 11,4 9,3 9,0 9,9 10,5 10,3 10,3 10,3 10,1 10,0 9,6 9,6 9,5 10,0 19,3 21,8 23,2 21,4 20,1 15,2 23,2 20,5 17,7 17,2 21,9 20,6 17,7 19,3 13,2 10,7 10,5 11,5 12,7 11,6 11,6 11,3 11,0 11,0 10,9 10,8 10,7 11,3 15,9 9,1 18,3 14,4 17,9 13,3 14,3 20,4 15,2 11,6 15,3 10,6 9,0 14,2 154,4 84,0 82,8 107,1 136,3 119,2 108,2 101,9 96,8 96,0 90,7 89,1 88,1 102,9 5,7 9,1 9,8 8,19 6,5 7,3 7,8 7,6 7,8 8,1 8,8 8,7 8,7 7,93

36

15255 14211 16122 13998 16120 13826

3. E. pellita Kuranda Helenvale Kiriwo Coen Keru Bloomfield

Qld Qld PNG Qld PNG Qld

10,2 10,2 10,1 9,7 8,9 8,4 10,1 8,9 8,8 8,4 8,7 8,8 8,0 7,9 7,5 8,1 8,2 8,0 7,8

18,6 16,8 20,6 17,6 25,2 22,1 18,6 20,1 21,4 19,7 20,4 18,5 22,7 23,1 23,5 21,9 21,9 22,9 27,2 v (%) 22,2 26,1 21,8 23,1 18,2 22,3 22,9

11,3 11,1 11,0 10,9 10,2 9,8 11,1 10,2 10,2 10,0 10,1 10,1 9,1 8,8 8,7 9,2 9,5 9,1 8,7

12,6 14,9 17,4 12,6 17,0 17,2 14,3 17,6 18,6 17,7 18,0 9,7 16,8 25,6 21,2 18,3 17,0 17,5 16,5 v (%) 18,3 15,9 20,2 17,0 15,9 16,8 17,2

100,3 100,3 97,8 95,5 77,5 66,1 99,4 73,7 72,1 69,7 71,8 71,9 58,2 54,3 47,2 57,9 64,8 56,7 53,5

7,9 8,1 8,2 7,8 10,3 11,5 8,01 11,1 10,7 11,1 10,98 9,9 12,6 13,3 14,4 12,6 11,5 12,9 14,4 v (%) 15,7 21,5 22,1 22,5 23,7 29,2 19,3

Trung bnh 4. E. tereticornis 13661 Mt Molloy Qld 13660 Helenvale Qld 13666 Mt Garnet Qld Trung bnh 13289 16583 16723 14838 5. E. grandis Mt Lewis Qld Atherton Qld Paluma Qld Carwell Qld Trung bnh 6. E. camaldulensis 16720 Petford Area Qld 13695 Normaton Qld Nghia Binh VN Loi v xut x 15049 16553 12968 15325 15323 13817 Bullock Creek Qld Wrotham Qld Buderkin River Qld Camooweal Qld Julia Creek Qld Leichardt R. Ql d Trung bnh

D1.3 (cm)

H (m)

V (dm3)

x
7,2 6,4 6,2 6,1 5,9 5,5 6,8

x
8,6 7,6 7,4 7,4 7,2 6,6 8,0

x
45,4 30,3 27,2 25,5 22,3 18,3 38,2

Fpr <.001 S.e.d = 0.933

Fpr <.001 S.e.d = 1.153

Fpr <,001 S.e.d = 23,42

trung bnh 25 - 35 m, thp nht c th ch 10 m, song vng Gympie cy c th cao n 50 m vi ng knh 2 m (Boland, et al, 1984). Ti ng H E. cloeziana l loi c sinh trng nhanh

37

sau E. urophylla. Hai xut x c trin vng nht l Woordum (Qld) v Cardwell (Qld) sau 8,5 nm c th t th tch thn cy 100 dm3. E. pellita c 2 vng phn b l vng Irian Jaya Indonesia v Keru Papua New Guinea v vng ng bc Queensland ca Australia. E. pellita phn b t 7 n 19o v nam, song tp trung ch yu 14 - 15o v nam, ti cc vng ven bin c lng ma 1200 - 2300 mm/nm. Trn t ngho dinh dng E. pellita ch dng cy bi khng qu 10 m, cn trn cc lp a tt c th cao 30 m (Harwood, 1998). y l loi c kho nghim mt s ni v thuc nhm c sinh trng nhanh hn E. tereticornis. Cc xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht ng H l Kuranda (Qld) v Helenvale (Qld), trong xut x Helenvale cng l xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht ca E. pellita sau 4 nm kho nghim ti Lang Hanh (Lm ng). Kho nghim vng ng Nam B cho thy giai on 8 - 9 tui E. pellita l loi c sinh trng nhanh nht v cha b nhim bnh nh cc loi bch n khc. y c th l mt loi c trin vng trong thi gian ti.- Cc loi vn c trng lu nay nh E. tereticornis v E. camaldulensis u thuc nhm c sinh trng km nht ti ng H. Kho nghim ti vng ng Nam B cho thy cc xut x c trin vng ca E. tereticornis l Sirinumu Sogeri (Qld) v Oro Bay (Hong Chng, 1991, L nh Kh, 1996, Phm Vn Tun v c.s, 2000), cc xut x c trin vng ca E. camaldulensis l Kennedy River (Qld), Morehead River (Qld) v Katherine (NT) (L nh Kh, 1996, Phm Vn Tun v c.s, 2000). Trc y, Laura River (Qld) c coi l thuc E. tereticornis, song gn y xut x ny c coi l thuc E. camaldulensis. Trong kho nghim ti ng H, khi khng c s tham gia ca cc xut x c sinh trng nhanh khc, th Petford tr thnh xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht (bng 2.8). Tuy vy kho nghim ti vng ng Nam B v mt s ni khc u thy rng Petford ch l xut x c sinh trng trung bnh kh, hn na ti ng Nam B v Tha Thin-Hu xut x ny thng b bnh kh rng l cnh, nn hin nay v c bn khng c dng cho cc chng trnh trng rng nc ta. E. grandis l loi c sinh trng chm ng H v Ba V (L nh Kh, 1996), song xut x Paluma li c sinh trng nhanh nht trong 25 xut x thuc 6 loi Bch n c kho nghim Lang Hanh v Mang Linh (Lm ng). Hai loi cy c trng ph bin nht nc ta l E. urophylla ( cc tnh min Bc v Ty Nguyn) v E. camaldulensis ( cc tnh min Trung v min Nam), v th b ging tp hp cc cy tri thuc cc xut x tt ca hai loi ny c dng xy dng cc vn ging ti min Bc v vng ng Nam B. Ngoi ra, mt s xut x ca E. brassiana th hin l c kh nng chng chu vi bnh kh rng l cnh vng ng Nam B. T kt qu kho nghim loi v xut x cc vng sinh thi trong nhiu nm B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c quyt nh s 4260/KHCN-NNNT ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2000 cng nhn Ging tin b k thut cho cc loi v cc xut x sau y: E. urophylla - xut x Lembata cho vng Bc Trung B, cc xut x Lowotobi v Egon cho cc tnh min Bc v Ty Nguyn. E. tereticornis - cc xut x Sirinomu v Oro Bay cho cc tnh Nam B. E. camaldulensis - cc xut x v Laura River, Katherin, Kennedy River, Morehead River v Gibb River cho vng Nam Trung B v ng Nam B. E. brassiana - xut x Jackey Jackey cho cc tnh min Nam.

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1.2.2. Xy dng cc vn ging bch n Trong cc nm 1996-1997 mt s vn ging ca mt s loi c trin vng nht nh E. urophylla (cho ti Vn Xun (Ph Th), 3 ha ti Cm Qu (H Ty), E. camaldulensis (cc tnh min Bc) gm 3 ha ti Chn Thnh, tnh Bnh Dng, nm 2000 chuyn v Hm Thun nam tnh Bnh Thun) Nm 2002 mt vn ging E. pellita c din tch 3 ha c xy dng ti Bu Bng, tnh ng Nai), gm 112 gia nh c ly t nhng xut x tt nht c nh gi qua kho nghim. Cui nm 2004 t chiu cao 8 m vi ng knh 8 cm, nhng gia nh tt nht c th t chiu cao 9 m vi ng knh 10 cm. y l mt trong nhng vn ging rt c trin vng cung cp ging cho trng rng vng ng Nam B. Di y l cch xy dng vn ging Bch n ur v vn ging Bch n camam Cc vn ging Bch n ur Bng 2.9. Sinh trng ca 20 gia nh tt nht trong vn ging E. Urophylla ti Vn Xun v Cm Qu. Ti Vn Xun (11/1996 - 7/2000) Ti Cm Qu (6/1997 - 1/2000) Xut x TB vn ging Uhak (Wetar) Gia nh D1.3 (cm) 8,5 12,0 11,5 10,4 10,2 10,6 10,0 10,5 9,9 9,6 10,6 9,9 9,7 9,7 10,5 9,8 9,5 9,8 10,4 H (m) 8,8 11,4 10,9 10,5 10,9 10,5 10,8 10,1 9,9 9,9 11,9 10,3 10,1 9,9 10,2 10,0 8,7 9,4 9,9 V (dm3 ) 30,7 72,7 67,1 54,1 52,5 52,2 50,7 50,7 48,1 41,3 58,9 48,1 43,8 41,5 52,3 42,1 44,3 42,4 46,4 Xut x Gia D1.3 nh (cm) 8,5 10,2 10,1 9,9 9,7 9,6 9,6 9,6 10,0 9,5 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,9 9,2 9,4 9,6 9,5 H (m) 8,9 10,2 10,2 11,2 10,0 11,2 10,7 10,2 9,9 9,9 9,8 9,6 9,6 9,5 9,3 10,0 9,1 9,5 V (dm3) 27,9 47,4 44,2 44,0 43,3 42,7 41,8 41,7 40,3 39,3 38,5 37,9 37,9 36,9 35,9 36,9 36,5 35,8

Waikui (Alor)

Piritumas (Alor) Baubillatung Lewotobi

126 122 124 137 131 138 136 128 135 139 141 140 143 148 147 154 165 23

TB vn ging Lewotobi (Flores) 29 56 48 35 27 53 26 38 32 51 41 Egon (Flores) 92 77 75 Mandiri (Flores) 15 Piritumas (Alor) 159 Baubillatung 153

Vn ging Bch n ur Vn Xun (Ph Th) c trng vo thng 11 nm 1996, vn ging Cm Qu (H Ty) c trng vo thng 6 nm 1997. Mi vn ging gm 165 gia nh thuc 9 xut x. Cy trong vn ging c trng theo tng gia nh vi hng 4 cy 8

39

ln lp ngu nhin, khong cch trng ban u l 4 m x 1,5 m. Khi trng bn 2 kg phn chung v 200 g NPK/h. Sau nm u ta tha mi gia nh 2 cy (cn li 2 cy), sau nm th hai ta b 1 trong 2 cy cn li, ch li cy tt nht. n nm th t ta b nhng gia nh c sinh trng qu km, ch li nhng gia nh c sinh trng kh nht. nh gi sinh trng vo thng 7 nm 2000 chn c mt s cy tri t cc gia nh v cc xut x tt nht trong cc vn ging (bng 2.9). y l nhng cy tri c vt r rt so vi tr s trung bnh ca vn ging. Vn Xun xut x c nhiu gia nh cy tri nht l Uhak (ng Bc Wetar), trong lc Cm Qu xut x gm nhiu gia nh c cy tri nht l Lewotobi (Flores). Vn ging Bch n caman Vn ging cy ht (seedling seed orchard) Bch n caman gm 155 gia nh thuc 12 l ht thuc ca 7 nhm xut x tt nht (c nh gi qua cc kho nghim trong vng) c xy dng ti Chn Thnh (Bnh Phc) t nm 1996. y l a im tng i ph hp vi sinh trng ca Bch n caman, c tnh cht i din cho vng ng Nam B. Vn ging mang tnh cht l mt vn tng hp kt hp cung cp ht ging vi nh gi xut x, kho nghim hu th v lm nn chn lc cy c th. nh gi trong giai on 2 nm u thy c s khc bit kh r rt gia cc xut x v cc gia nh v kh nng sinh trng v kh nng chng bnh kh rng l cnh (die back), trong cc xut x Laura River, Kennedy Creek v Kennedy River l nhng xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht v t b bnh (Nguyn Trn Nguyn, 1999). S liu o n thng 12 nm 1999 (bng 2.10) cng cho thy cc xut x tt nht l Laura River (NT), Kennedy River (Qld), Morehead River (Qld) vn tip tc l nhng xut x tt nht, cn Petford l xut x c sinh trng km nht trong vn ging ny. iu ny cho thy s d xut x Petford c sinh trng tt nht trong cc xut x Bch n caman c kho nghim ng H (bng 2.8) l do khng c s tham gia ca cc xut x tt ni trn. Bng 2.10. Sinh trng ca mt s c th tt nht trong vn ging Bch n trng caman ti Chn Thnh (11/1996 - 12/1999) Xut x Gia nh C th Tn TB ca vn ging Laura R. NT V (dm3) 15,2 114 108 109 110 80 64 87 37 43 19,4 20,6 28,6 19,3 26,7 14,4 17,1 27,8 12,9 7.2.1.2 1.2.4.1 1.7.12.4 2.10.1.3 3.4.1.1 6.5.6.1 4.1.1.1 4.3.10.1 7.6.5.1 1.1.15.1 1.2.9.1 52,5 43,9 35,4 34,1 40,5 36,6 29,1 28,6 36,9 29,3 32,3 S hiu V (dm3) S hiu V (dm3)

Kennedy R. Qld

16,6

Katherine

NT

14,2

40

Kennedy Ck. Qld

15,7

31 28

26,8 18,2

4.1.12.1 1.7.1.3 1.5.14.3

35,3 28,8 30,5

T vn ging cng chn c mt s cy c th c sinh trng nhanh nht v khng b bnh rng l cnh (die back) trong cc gia nh vn ging tip tc nhn ging, kho nghim dng v tnh v tip tc xy dng vn ging cc cp cao hn (bng 2.10). Nhng c th c chn u c sinh trng nhanh hn r rt so vi tr s trung bnh ca xut x v gia nh v u c th tch thn cy gp 2,5 - 3,5 ln gi tr trung bnh ca cc gia nh v xut x c chn. iu chng t c s bin ng kh ln v sinh trng ca cc c th trong cc gia nh v xut x, vic chn lc c th l rt cn thit. Nm 2000, do yu cu t cho khu cng nghip Bnh Dng nn Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng phi hp vi Trung tm Khoa hc v sn xut lm nghip ng Nam B v Phn Vin lm nghip Nam B, tin hnh nhn ging bng hom cho nhng cy tri thuc 50 gia nh tt nht trng ti Hm Thun Nam thuc tnh Bnh Thun v ti Sng My thuc tnh ng Nai ( chn ging khng bnh). Vn ging Bch n microcorys Nh phn cp trong phn u Bch n microcorys (E. microcorys) l mt trong nhng loi c sinh trng nhanh nht ti tnh Lm ng, c bit l khu vc Lang Hanh, v vy 1,0 ha vn ging cy ht ly ging t 6 cy m tt nht c xy dng ti Lang Hanh (huyn c Trng) vo nm 1991 vi khong cch trng 3x4 m, sau ta tha cn li 460 cy/ha, n thng 3 nm 2005 cy c ng knh trung bnh 23,8 cm, chiu cao trung bnh 22,5 m. Mt vn ging khc 5,0 ha cng c xy dng ti Cam Ly (TP. Lt) vo nm 1996, n nm 2003 c ng knh trung bnh 14,8 cm v chiu cao trung bnh 15,6 m (Ha Vnh Tng, 2005). 1.3. Chn loi, chn xut x v xy dng vn ging cc loi trm Trm l nhm cy trng quan trng cho vng t ngp phn vng ng bng Sng Cu Long, trong lc loi Trm cajuputi ca ta li sinh trng chm, th mt s loi trm khc nh Melaleuca leucadendra li c sinh tng rt nhanh, thn cy thng p, v vy tin hnh kho nghim ging chn loi v xut x ph hp vi mt s lp a trong vng l ht sc cn thit. Trong cc nm 1994, 1995 thng qua d n ACIAR 9115 mt b ging kh hon chnh ca cc loi trm c kho nghim ti C Mau v Long An do Phn vin lm nghip Nam B phi hp vi cc nh khoa hc ca CSIRO tin hnh 1.3.1 B ging v cc a im kho nghim - Melaleuca leucadendra: - 6 xut x ca Australia. - 2 xut x ca Papua New Ginea (PNG) - M. cajuputi: - 3 xut x ca Australia, - 2 xut x ca PNG - 8 xut x ca Vit Nam (VN) - M. viridiflora: - 5 xut x ca Australia, 1 xut x PNG Ngoi 3 loi trn cn c cc loi khc c a vo kho nghim l M. dealbata, M. quinquenervia, M. argentea, M. fluviatili, M. saligna, M. stenostachya, M. acacioides, M. clarksonii, Asteromyrtus brassii.

41

Cc kho nghim c xy dng cc vng c iu kin lp a tng i khc nhau, i din cho mt s tnh Nam B l: - Trm Thnh Ho, tnh Long An (LA). t phn tim tng nng, pH = 3,5, c Trm d (M. cajuputi) mc t nhin dng bi thp (1-2 m), ngp nuc t thng 7 n thng 2 nm sau. Mc ngp su nht 1,5 m. t trng c ln lp th cng rng 5 m, cao 0,5 m, mng rng 4 m. Kho nghim c trng thng 12 nm 1993 theo ngu nhin 16 cy, lp li 5 ln. - Trm Kinh ng, huyn Trn Vn Thi, tnh C Mau (CM). t phn hot ng v phn than bn, pH = 2,8, ngp nc t thng 7 n thng 1 nm sau, mc ngp su nht 0,6m. t trng c trc 2 ln, khng ln lp. Kho nghim c trng thng 8 nm 1994 theo ngu nhin 49 cy lp lai 5 ln. - Tiu khu 048, huyn U Minh, tnh C Mau. t phn than bn, c trm t nhin ti sinh chi, pH = 3,0, ngp nc t thng 6 n thng 1 nm sau, mc ngp su nht 0,4 m. t trng c cy vn thnh lp rng 1,5 m. Kho nghim c trng thng 12 nm 1993, theo ngu nhin 25 cy, lp li 6 ln. - Lm trng Hn t, tnh Kin Giang (KG). Kho nghim ny do TS. Thi Thnh Lm (1996) tnh Kin Giang tin hnh. t phn nng, pH = 2,2 - 3,0. t trng c ln lp th cng rng 4 m, cao 0,5 m, trc c Trm d mc t nhin. Kho nghim c trng thng 6 nm 1993 theo ngu nhin 25 cy lp li 4 ln. Ngoi ra, kho nghim cc loi v xut x trm cn c xy dng ti hai lp a tnh An Giang (AG) l Tri Tn ni ma ma b ngp su 1,5 m trong 4 thng v ti Tnh Bin ni ma ma b ngp su 2 m trong 5 thng. Kho nghim c b tr theo ngu nhin lp li 4 ln (Nguyn Th Bch Thy, 2004). 1.3.2. Kho nghim ti mt s lp a chnh - Kho nghim ti Thnh Ho (Long An-LA). Kt qu kho nghim ti y cho thy trong iu kin t c ln lp v trng theo khong cch 2 x 1,2 m t phn tim tng th sau 5 nm cc loi trm u c t l sng trn 83%, ch c Melaleuca stenostachya c t l sng 37,5%, loi c t l sng cao nht l M. leucadendra vi 97,0 - 98,8%. S phn ho v sinh trng gia cc xut x trong mi loi khng tht ln, song s phn ho gia cc loi l kh r rt (2.11). Loi c sinh trng nhanh nht l M. leucadendra, sau 5 nm c th cho th tch thn cy 24,0 - 50,5 dm3 (trung bnh l 39,8 dm3). Loi c sinh trng nhanh tip theo l M. cajuputi vi nhm xut x ca Australia c th tch thn cy l 15,4 - 30,7 dm3 (trung bnh l 24,1 dm3). Nhm cc xut x Vit Nam ca M. cajuputi c th tch thn cy l 9,3 - 16,0 dm3 (km hn r rt so vi cc xut x t Australia). Loi c bin ng ln v sinh trng gia cc xut x l M. viridiflora, trong lc xut x Weipa (Qld) c th tch thn cy 7,5 dm3 th xut x Cambridge (WA) c th tch thn cy 41,5 dm3 v c t l sng 93,8%. Cc loi v xut x c trin vng ti Thnh Ha l: - M. leucadendra vi cc xut x Weipa (Qld), Keru (PNG), Cambridge (WA) v Bensbach (PNG). Trong xut x Bensbach c h s bin ng ln hn cc xut x khc, chng t cy sinh trng khng tht ng u. - M. cajuputi vi cc xut x Bensbach (PNG) v Keru (PNG), c th tch thn cy tng ng l 30,7 dm3 v 25,5 dm3. Trong cc xut x ca Vit Nam ch c Tnh Bin (An Giang AG) l c sinh trng kh (16,0 dm3), song vn km xa hai xut x ca PNG.

42

- Trong cc loi cn li ch c xut x Cambridge (WA) v Wangi (NT) ca M. viridiflora l sinh trng nhanh. Th tch thn cy ca hai xut x ny tng ng l 41,5 dm3 v 26,4 dm3. Cc loi trm khc u c sinh trng rt km. Kho nghim ti Kinh ng (C Mau- CM) c trng trn t khng ln lp, khong cch trng l 2 x 2 m. V th cy trng c t l sng thp, ch c cc xut x thuc loi M. leucadendra l c t l sng cao nht (66,9 - 80,0%) v c sinh trng nhanh. Cc xut x ca loi ny c th tch thn cy (16,6 - 24,4 dm3), c bit l cc xut x Lawrence (24,4 dm3), Rifle Creek - Qld (23,7 dm3) v Weipa (22,1 dm3). M. cajuputi v cc loi trm khc u c sinh trng km (v = 0,6 - 3,1 dm3/cy) v t l sng rt thp (11,8 - 35%).

Khu kho nghim xut x Trm l di (Melaleuca leucadendra) ti Ba V (1993-1999)

(nh L nh Kh) - Kho nghim ti Tiu khu 048 (C Mau) c trng theo khong cch 2 x 1,5 m trn t phn than bn c ln lp rng 1,5 m bng cch cy vn. S liu thu thp giai on 6 nm tui M. leucadendra l loi c trin vng nht. Cc xut x ca M. leucadendra trong kho nghim ny u c t l sng cao (78,7 - 89,3%) v c sinh trng nhanh, c bit l cc xut x Rifle Creek (Qld), Lawrence (Qld) v Weipa -Qld (c th tch thn cy tng ng l 64,6 dm3, 56,5 dm3 v 53,2 dm3). Trong cc xut x ca loi M. cajuputi th cc xut x tt nht ca Vit Nam nh Tnh Bin (AG) v Vnh Hng (LA) cng ch c th tch thn cy tng ng l 14,4 dm3 v 11,4 dm3, cn xut x Daintree (Qld) ch t 11,4 dm3. Kho nghim ti Hn t (Kin Giang - KG) l mt trong nhng kho nghim xut x v trm sm nht ti ng bng Cu Long v c khong cch trng 1 x 1 m. S liu thu thp c sau 3 nm (6/93 - 6/96) cho thy sinh trng ca cc loi v xut x trm Hn t, ni c t phn nng, u km hn cc ni kho nghim khc, song hai xut x Weipa (Qld) v Rifle Creek (Qld) ca M. leucadendra vn c sinh trng nhanh hn r rt so vi cc loi v xut x cn li. Hai xut x ny c th tch thn cy gp 2 - 3 ln cc xut x tt nht ca M. cajuputi nh Vnh Hng (LA), Nhn Hng (AG).

43

Bng 2.11. Sinh trng ca mt s loi v xut x trm ti Thnh Ha (8/1994 - 9/1999)
H (m) Loi M. leucadendra - Keru - Weipa Xut x PNG Qld D1.3 (cm)

x
7,7 7,6 7,5 7,4 6,4 7,3 7,2 6,4 6,3 6,2 6,3 5,9 5,7 5,7 5,6 5,6 5,3 6,8 6,5 6,2 6,0 5,1 5,7 5,6 5,8 5,7 6,1 5,3 5,3 3,7 5,2 4,9 3,4 5,2 3,6 5,0

v(%) 11,6 4,7 14,0 7,0 14,3 9,3 5,0 8,8 5,7 12,1 5,2 6,2 7,8 7,9 8,9 6,9 16,0 5,3 9,6 6,4 6,9 7,9 9,5 12,1 11,3 9,6 8,7 11,8 8,3 7,9 6,8 6,9 18,6 9,0 11,3 6,3

x
12,1 12,5 10,6 13,1 9,7 9,4 10,4 9,9 7,9 10,0 8,1 6,9 7,3 7,3 6,5 6,7 7,7 12,4 10,2 10,0 9,3 6,1 7,3 9,5 8,7 8,4 8,1 7,5 7,3 5,7 7,1 6,9 6,3 8,0 6,8 7,6

v(%) 23,2 16,7 23,3 17,7 23,7 21,5 17,9 20,4 18,5 23,9 13,6 17,0 22,6 19,6 20,6 17,6 29,7 17,9 18,8 20,2 22,9 17,7 27,1 24,0 24,7 18,4 19,5 20,2 25,8 19,4 17,8 21,9 31,4 21,5 36,4 18,7

V (dm3) 44,1 47,1 33,1 50,5 24,0 25,5 30,7 24,8 15,4 24,2 16,0 11,0 12,0 12,0 9,3 9,8 12,2 41,5 26,4 24,4 20,3 7,5 11,9 19,7 17,0 15,6 15,7 11,6 11,1 4,7 10,3 9,1 5,3 12,8 6,6 11,4

TLS (%) 92,5 98,8 90,0 93,8 93,8 97,4 92,5 97,5 98,8 97,5 96,5 97,5 95,0 98,8 95,0 95,0 88,8 93,8 98,8 97,5 87,5 97,5 92,5 81,7 83,0 93,8 90,0 92,5 92,5 37,5 91,3 92,5 83,8 92,5 77,5 90,0

- Bensbach PNG - Cambridge WA - Wangi M. cajuputi - Keru - Wangi - Daintree - Kalalga - Tnh Bin - Tn Thnh NT PNG NT Qld NT AG LA

- Bensbach PNG

- Sng Trm CM - Vnh Hng LA - U Minh thng KG - V Di - Ph Quc M. viridiflora - Wangi - Kalalga - Oriomo - Weipa -M. quinquenervia CM KG NT NT PNG Qld

- Cambridge WA

- Mt Molloy Qld - Tozer's Gap Qld - Rokeby NP Qld

- M. saligna - M. fluviatilis - M. stenostachya - M. acacioides - M. dealbata

- Laura R. - Weipa

Qld Qld

- Holmes Ck. Qld - Wrotham Pk. Qld - Batavia D. - Kapanga - Mataranka - Rifle Ck. - Kalalga Qld NT NT Qld NT NT

- Kalumburu WA

- M. argentea

- Keep River

44

F.pr. S.e.d

< .001 0.371

< .001 0.66

Ch thch: Qld: Queensland; WA: Western Australia; NT: Northern Territoria; AG: An Giang; LA: Long An; CM: C Mau; KG: Kien Giang. TLS- T l sng Kho nghim ti Tri Tn v Tnh Bin (An Giang) cho thy trong 13 xut x ca 7 loi trm c kho nghim t mt ti Tri Tn v Tnh Bin v 36 xut x ca 11 loi trm c kho nghim t 2 ti Tri Tn th cc xut x Weipa (Qld) v Bensbach (PNG) v Cambridge (WA) ca M. leucadendra l nhng xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht v c t l sng cao, c th t nng sut 38 - 44 m3/ha/nm, sau l cc xut x Bensbach (PNG) v Nhn Hng ca M. cajuputi c th t nng sut 26,9 - 29,4 dm3/ha/nm (Nguyn Th Bch Thy, 2004). Ngoi ra, mt kho nghim ti Ba V c xy dng t nm 1993 cho thy giai on 7 tui xut x Proserpine (Qld) l c sinh trng tt nht, tip l cc xut x Weipa (Qld), Rifle Creek (Qld) v Laurence (Qld) u c sinh trng ging nhau (L nh Kh v cs., 2003). 1.3.3. Mt s nhn nh chnh Qua hn 6 nm kho nghim ti cc lp a khc nhau ng bng Sng Cu Long c th rt ra mt s nhn nh chnh l: Meleuca leucadendra l loi c trin vng nht trong tt c cc kho nghim ti vng ngp phn ng bng Sng Cu long. y l loi va c nng sut cao nht va c t l sng cao nht trong cc kho nghim (L nh Kh v cs., 1999, Hong Chng v cs., 1996, Nguyn Trn Nguyn, Hong Chng, 1998, Nguyn Trn Nguyn, 1999). Cc xut x ni bt ca loi ny l Cambridge (WA), Rifle Creek (Qld), Lawrence (Qld) v Weipa (Qld). Trong loi M. cajuputi c hai xut x Keru (PGN) v Bensbach (PGN) l c trin vng. Cc xut x ca Vit nam u thuc nhm sinh trng km, trong ng ch l xut x Tnh Bin (AG). Trong loi M. viridiflora c hai xut x Cambridge (WA) v Wangi (NT) l tng i c trin vng Thnh Ha.

1.3.4. Cc loi v xut x trm c cng nhn l ging tin b k thut T kt qu kho nghim ging ti mt s lp a ngp phn vng ng bng Sng Cu Long B NN&PTNT cao quyt nh s 3090/KHCN-NNNT ngy 8 thng 8 nm 2000 cng nhn cc xut x ca hai loi trm sau y l ging tin b k thut: M. leucadendra: cc xut x Weipa (Qld), Rifle Creek (Qld), Cambridge (WA) v Kuru (PNG) cho ng bng Sng Cu Long v cc vng t bn ngp khc. M. cajuputi: Cc xut x Bensbach (PNG) v Laura (Qld), cng cc xut x ca Vit Nam nh Tnh Bin (AG), Mc Ha (LA) v Vnh Hng (LA).

1.3.5. Cc vn ging M. leucadendra Nm 2002 Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng phi hp vi cc n v khc xy dng ba vn ging cy ht (seedling seed orchard) vi 8 ha cho cc loi M. leucadendra, M. cujuputi, M. viridiflora c xy dng ti Kinh ng C Mau (Trung tm khoa hc v sn xut Ty Nam B), Thnh Ha Long An (Phn vin Khoa hc v sn xut lm nghip min Nam) v Phong in Tha Thin-Hu, da trn kt qu cc kho nghim ti mt s lp a ti ng bng Sng Cu Long. Cc vn ging c trng t 100-150 gia nh chn t nhng cy

45

m tt nht ca nhng xut x tt nht ti ni nguyn sn. cc gia nh c trng theo khi hng 4 cy, lp li 8 ln. Sau nm u ta tha mt na s cy trong mi gia nh (ta mi khi hng 2 cy, gi li 2 cy). Sau nm th ba ta tha tip nhng cy v gia nh c sinh trng qu km. 1.4. Chn loi v chn xut x Phi lao Phi lao (Cassuarina equisetifolia) l mt trong nhng loi cy ngoi lai c nhp vo Vit Nam sm nht. Nm 1896 Phi lao c trng ven bin Ngh An v c sinh trng tt, t nm 1915 Phi lao c trng lm cc gii rng phng h ven bin ti mt s tnh min Trung (Lm Cng nh, 1977). Hin nay Phi lao ang l mt loi cy trng quan trng trn cc gii ct ven bin min Trung nc ta. Tuy vy, Phi lao c trng nc ta c ngun gen ban u kh hp, v th vic nhp thm ngun ging v kho nghim chn loi v xut x phi lao ph hp vi mt s vng sinh thi gy trng nc ta l rt cn thit. Nm 1994 mt ti hp tc quc t vi ACIAR v kho nghim xut x cho 36 xut x Phi lao c tp hp t 14 nc trn th gii c thc hin nc ta. Bn a im kho nghim ti Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Nng v Bnh Thun c xy dng v xc nh c mt s xut x c trin vng cho cc vng ny. Nhng xut x l Danger Pt. (NT) ca Australia, Hangara (bang Orisa) ca n v Ninh Ch (Ninh Thun) ca Vit Nam cho vng kh hn Tuy Phong; Ban Kam Phuan (Ranong) ca Thailand, Hambantota ca Sri Lanka, Efate Island ca Vanuatu v Mariana Isand ca Guam cho vng Thng Bnh ca Qung Nam; San Joe (Mindoro) ca Pilippin cho vng Ca L ca Ngh An; Ban Bang Sak (Phangnga) ca Thailand, Ninh Ch (Ninh Thun) ca Vit Nam v Cotonou ca Benin cho vng Qung xng Thanh Ho (Ph Quang in, 1996). Tuy vy v sau, s khc bit gia cc xut x v sinh trng v t l sng khng tht s r rt v mt s hin trng b ph nn cc kho nghim ny khng c tip tc theo di. Nm 1996 mt kho nghim xut x Phi lao Cm Qu gm 28 xut x Phi lao i (C. junghuhniana), 1 ni a phng C. equisetifolia (ly ging t Ca L, Ngh An) v 1 dng Phi lao lai gia C. junghuhnia v C. equisetifolia c ly t Thi Lan, kho nghim ny c trng vo thng 6 nm 1996 trn t i lateritic mng lp, ngho dinh dng vi khong cch 2 x 2 m vi 4 ln lp hon ton ngu nhin. S liu c thu thp vo thng 9 nm 2002 cho thy nhn chung phi lao trng trn t i c sinh trng chm, trong 30 xut x (c i chng) c gy trng th Phi lao lai c sinh trng nhanh nht (c chiu cao v th tch gp 1,5-2,5 ln cc ging cn li, tip l mt s xut x Phi lao i ca Kenya, Indonesia v ni a phng C. equisetifolia ca Vit Nam (c ly t Ngh An), cc xut x ca C. junghuhniana u c sinh trng km, khng ph hp vi iu kin t i nc ta. Tuy vy, y l mt ngun gen c gi tr cho cng tc lai ging sau ny nc ta. 1.5. Chn loi v chn xut x Lt hoa Lt hoa (Chukrasia tabularis) l loi cy g qu c gi tr kinh t cao nc ta. G Lt hoa c vn nh vng rt p, c dng lm mc cao cp trong cc gia nh. y l mt trong nhng loi cy b khai thc kit qu. Ngoi mt s cy lc c cn li Lm trng Ch Pa, Kong H Nng (Gia Lai), hu nh khng cn cy sng rng t nhin. V th Lt hoa c a vo Sch Vit Nam (B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng, 1996) nh mt loi cy cn c bo tn. Lt hoa c phn b t nhin mt s nc vng Nam v ng Nam nh nam Trung Quc, Vit Nam, Lo, Thi Lan, Myanmar, n , Sri-Lanka, Malaysia. iu c bit l Lt hoa

46

c phn b vng Antherton (Queensland) ca Australia m n nay cha r l phn b t nhin hoc c nhp trc y. T nhng nm 1970 Lt hoa bt u c trng mt s vng khc nhau nh Mc Chu (Sn La), Qu Hp (Ngh An), Lang Chnh (Thanh Ha), song ngun ging c dng ti ch v cha h c kho nghim thy r xut x no l tt nht. V th cn c kho nghim quc t xc nh xut x c trin vng nht cho mt s vng sinh thi nc ta. Mt b ging gm 28 l ht ca 28 xut x thuc 9 nc c trng kho nghim ti Cm Qu (H Ty), T Sn (Ha Bnh), Ya Jun thuc Mang Yang (Gia Lai) v Trm Thn (Ph Th). Nhng kho nghim ny c xy dng theo phng thc trng 25 cy (5 x 5), lp li 4 ln, ngu nhin, bn lt mi h 3 kg phn chung v 100 g NPK, kch thc h trng 40 x 40 x 40 cm. Qua nghin cu hnh thi trong giai on vn m v cy trng mt nm tui cho thy ging c a vo kho nghim mc du ch c tn chung l Chukrasia tabularis, th thc t li l gm hai loi khc nhau l Lt hoa (C. tabularis) c phn b t nhin nc ta v nhiu nc khc, v Lt lng (Chukrasia velutina) c phn b t nhin Ching Mai, Khonkaen, Ratchaburi v Kamphaengphet ca Thi Lan, cng nh ti Sri Lanka, hn na Vit Nam ch c mt loi Lt hoa vi tn khoa hc l C. tabularis. Kalinganire v K. Pinyopusarerk (2000) nghin cu hnh thi cy con trong nh knh cng cho rng cc xut x ca Myanmar v mt s xut x ca Thi Lan l cng mt nhm v c th l C. velutina. Kt qa kho nghim (8/1999 - 9/2000) cho thy sau mt nm trng c th nhn nh rng cc xut x Udomxay (Lo), Atherton (Qld, Au.), Ulu Tranan (Malaysia) ca loi C. tabularis c sinh trng tng i nhanh nhiu ni kho nghim, cc xut x ca loi C. velutina c sinh trng chm trong giai on mt nm u. Tuy vy, s liu thu c t mt khu trng th nm 1997 ti Ba V thy rng giai on 3 nm tui cc xut x ca loi C. velutina c chiu cao 5 - 6 m vi ng knh ngang ngc 6 - 7 cm, trong lc cc xut x Sn La, Ha Bnh ca Vit Nam ch cao 3 - 4 m vi ng knh 3 - 4,5 cm. T s liu v sinh trng cng cc c trng hnh thi nu trn ch chng t rng hai loi C. tabularis v C. velutina khng nhng c c trng hnh thi khc nhau m nhp iu sinh trng cng khc nhau. S liu thu thp c cng cho thy cc ni kho nghim Lt hoa u c t l sng kh cao, song cc xut x thuc loi C. velutina thng c t l sng thp hn cc xut x ca loi C. tabularis. iu c bit Lt hoa khi trng rng tp trung trn t trng vng thp nh Cm Qu l c t l cy b su c ngn Hypsipyla ph hi rt ln. S liu c theo di ti Cm Qu (Ba V) cho thy tt c cc xut x Lt hoa u b su c ngn ph hi, thp nht l 43,8% (xut x Ching Mai Thi Lan ca C. velutina) cao nht n 89,7% (xut x Atherton, Queensland ca C. tabularis). nh gi t l cy b su c ngn ti cm Qu cho 5 xut x i din cho thy cc xut x ny u b su c ngn kh nng, t l cy b su c ngn l 54,3 -67,3 ( C. velutina) n 77,3 - 95,7% ( C. tabularis). Nghin cu bc u cho thy trng Lt hoa di tn A. difficilis c th hn ch ng k su c ngn loi cy ny. Kt qu iu tra cng cho thy c tng quan ng k gia t l su c ngn (x) vi s cy hai ngn tr ln (y) cc xut x theo phng trnh: - y = 0,8894 + 0,0155 x v r = 0,73 ( Ba V)

47

- y = 0,9828 + 0,0079 x

v r = 0,65 ( T Sn)

Thng carib (Pinus caribaea Morelet) l loi c nguyn sn vng Trung M. Theo Luckhoff (1964), Barrett & Gofari (1962) v Gibson (1982) th Thng carib gm ba bin chng hoc ba th (variety) l: P. caribaea var. hondurensis vng Trung M (ch yu l Honduras v Nicaragua), v 12o16o. P. caribaea var. caribaea vng o Cu Ba (ch yu o Thng), v 21o 35 -22o 50. P. caribaea var. bahamensis cc qun o Bahama v Caicos, v 22o - 27o.

Trong ba bin chng trn th bin chng caribaea sinh trng chm, kch thc cy khng ln, song thn cy p; bin chng hondurensis sinh trng nhanh, cy c kch thc ln (c th cao n 45 m), cc xut x vng thp thng c hnh dnh thn cy p; cn bin chng bahamesis c sinh trng trung, bnh song cht lng thn cy p nht (Gibson, 1982; Wadsworth, 1997). Thng carib l loi sinh trng nhanh c thn cy thng p, cnh nhnh nh hn Thng ba l v Thng ui nga, c t l g s dng cao, nn c nhiu a phng a thch gy trng. y cng l loi c bin sinh thi rng, nn ang c gy trng rt nhiu nc vng nhit i. Thng carib l loi rt ph hp gy trng trn t i nhiu tnh trong c nc, t vng ven bin n vng Ty Nguyn. Thng carib c a vo nc ta ln u tin Lt (1963). Sau ny c kho nghim kh hon chnh theo d n Sida Ph Th (1976 - 1984) v Tha Thin Hu. T nm 1980 Thng carib cng c Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng (Vin Khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam) phi hp vi nhiu c quan b tr kho nghim nhiu ni trong c nc nh i Li (Vnh Phc), Ba V (H Ty), Yn Lp (Qung Ninh), ng H (Qung Tr), Pleyku (Gia Lai), Sng My (ng Nai), Hm Thun Nam (Bnh Thun). Thng carib cng c trng nhiu vng trong nc. Kt qu kho nghim bc u cho thy y l loi cy c nhiu trin vng, c bit l bin chng hondurensis (Stahl, 1984; L nh Kh, Ph Quang in, on Vn Nhng, 1989; Ph Quang in, 1996). nh gi sinh trng ti kho nghim xut x Thng carib 10 - 19 tui, cho php nhn nhn loi Thng ny mt cch chc chn hn. 1.6. Kho nghim xut x Thng carib (Pinus caribaea) ti Ba V (nh L nh Kh) Kho nghim cc loi thng ti i Li c trng u nm 1981 trn t ferelitic pht trin trn sa thch c thc b l Sim, Mua, khong cch trng 3 x 3 m, 4 ln lp hon ton ngu nhin, khi trng khng bn phn. T khi trng n nay ta tha mt s ln, nhng cy b ta tha ch yu l nhng cy c sinh trng xu. Mt hin cn khong 700 cy/ha. S liu thu thp vo u nm 2000 cho thy ti i Li bin chng (variety) hondurensis ca Pinus caribaea (gi tt l Thng carib honduras)) l c sinh trng kh nht. Sau l xut x Tam o ca Thng ui nga (P. massoniana) v P. oocarpa. Bin chng caribea (P. caribaea var. caribaea) thuc nhm c sinh trng trung bnh chm, tng ng vi xut x Qung Ninh ca Thng ui nga. Thng nha v Thng elliottii thuc nhm c sinh trng km nht, c bit l Thng nha Lt (Phan Thanh Hng, 2001). V th, cc kho nghim c xy dng t nm 1982 n 1991 ti cc vng sinh thi ch tp trung vo cc bin chng ca Thng carib.

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nh gi cc ch tiu cht lng thn cy cho thy cc xut x ca Thng carib u c thn thng, cnh nhnh nh, nn c h s s dng g cao. Hin nay c n gn mt phn ba s cy c qu, to ngun ging cho pht trin sau ny. Kho nghim cc loi thng ti Ph Th theo chng trnh Sida (1976 - 1984) cng thy cc xut x ca bin chng hondurensis c sinh trng nhanh hn cc xut x ca bin chng caribaea, cng nh Thng nha l loi c sinh trng km nht (Stahl, 1984). S liu o m ti cc kho nghim i Li (Vnh Phc), Ba V (H Ty), ng H (Qung Tr), Sng My (ng Nai), Pleyku (Gia Lai) v Lang Hanh (Lm ng) ti cc khu kho nghim c xy dng t nm 1987 n nm 1991 (bng 2.12) cho thy tr kho nghim Lang Hanh v Pleyku c s khc bit r rt gia cc xut x, cc kho nghim cn li sai khc v sinh trng gia cc xut x khng tht r rt. Bng 2.12. Sinh trng th tch ca mt s xut x Thng carib ti cc kho nghim Ging Xut x
Ba V (9/90 2/00) i Li (6/87 1/00) ngH (10/883/00) SngM y (7/873/00) Pleyku (5/903/00) LangHanh (7/91-3/00

1. Th tch trung bnh (dm3/cy). PCH(1) Poptun 2, 3 Guat 65,7 Cardwell Qld 74,8 Belize Bel Guanaja Hond. 76,1 Alamicamba Nic. 57,9 (2) PCB Abaco Bah. 85,0 (3) PCC Cu Ba Cuba. 64,2 3 2. Tng trng th tch (dm /cy/nm) PCH(1) Poptun 2,3 Guat 6,9 Cardwell Qld 7,9 Belize Bel Guanaja Hond. 8,0 Alamicamba Nic. 6,0 PCB(2) Abaco Bah. 8,9 Andros Bah. 7,4 (3) PCC Cu Ba Cuba. 6,8 Fpr. 0.194

248,0 219,0 197,5 224,5 202,5 19,8 17,5 15,8 18,0 16,2 0.214

128,0 110,5 117,0 95,0 103,0 11,1 9,6 10,2 8,3 9,0 0.685

382,0 369,5 371,5 360,5 326,0 30,6 29,6 29,7 28,8 26,1 0.803

135,0 86,2 111,2 91,9 94,7

220,5 117,9 147,2 113,2 -

13,6 8,7 11,2 9,3 9,6 <.05

26,6 14,2 17,7 13,6 .001

Ghi ch: 1. PCH - Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, 2. PCB - P. caribaea var. bahamensis, 3. PCC - P. caribaea var. caribaea. Gua. - Guatemala; Qld - Queensland, Nic. Nicaragua; Hond. - Honduras; Bah. - Bahamas, Bel. - Belize. Tuy vy, chuyn s liu thnh dng tng trng th tch trung bnh nm c th thy bin chng caribea c sinh trng km nht trong tt c cc kho nghim, cn bin chng hondurensis vi xut x Poptun 3 (Guatemala) l c sinh trng nhanh nht trong kho nghim ti i Li v Sng My, Cardwell (Qld) l xut x c sinh trng nhanh nhiu kho nghim, Cardwell (Queensland, Australia) cng l xut x d nhp ht nht hin nay. Xut x Abaco (Bah) ca

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bin chng bahamensis c sinh trng nhanh nht Ba V, song li c sinh trng chm Pleyku. S liu bng 2.12 cng cho thy Sng My (ng Nai) l ni Thng carib c sinh trng nhanh nht. Lng tng trng ca Thng carib Sng My c th gp 1,2 - 2,0 ln Lang Hanh v Pleyku, gp 2 - 3 ln ng H v i Li, v gp 3,5 ln Ba V. Sng My l lp a thch hp nht cho trng Thng carib, cc lp a km thch hp hn song vn c sinh trng nhanh l Lang Hanh, i Li v Pleyku. ng H v Ba V (c bit Ba V) l ni Thng carib c sinh trng km nht (L nh Kh, Ph Quang in, Phan Thanh Hng, 2001). Cc xut x c B NN&PTNT cng nhn l Ging tin b k thut theo quyt nh s 3618/KHCN-NNNT ngy 8 thng 8 nm 2001 l: Cardwell cho c nc Byfield cho vng Bc Trung B, ng Nam B v Ty Nguyn Poptun 2, Poptun 3 cho vng Bc Trung B v ng Bc B Alamicamba cho vng Pleiku v Lang Hanh

1.7. Chn xut x Thng ba l Thng ba l l mt trong nhng loi cy c din tch phn b t nhin ln nht Lm ng, c th dng trong xy dng, lm nguyn cho cng nghip v khai thc nha (Lng Vn Tin, 1983). Tuy vy, Thng ba l ch yu c dng trong xy dng v lm g nguyn liu, v th, chn ging Thng ba l c thc hin theo hng ly g i t chn xut x n chn lc cy tri v xy dng rng ging, vn ging. Bng 2.13. Sinh trng ca cc xut x Thng ba l ti Lang Hanh v Ba V Xut x Benquet Tanlac Coto Mines Xun Th Thc Prenn Lang Hanh Nong Krating Doi Suthep Doi Inthanon Phu Kradung Nam Now Wat Chan Simao Jingdung Arb. Zokhua Aungban Phi. Phi. Phi. VN VN VN Thai. Thai. Thai. Thai. Thai. Thai. TQ TQ My. My. Lang Hanh (91 - 98) D (cm) H (m) V (dm3) 13,9 8,1 64,0 15,0 7,6 70,0 14,7 7,9 74,0 14,9 7,2 68,0 14,9 8,9 78,0 15,1 8,4 76,0 15,4 8,2 80,0 15,9 8,3 85,0 13,3 6,9 53,0 13,7 6,9 55,0 13,7 6,7 55,0 14,2 7,3 61,0 15,3 8,8 78,0 12,6 7,8 61,0 11,3 8,2 68,0 14,4 8,2 67,0 Ba V (93 - 98) D (cm) H (m) V (dm3) 9,3 4,4 21,0 11,0 5,0 29,0 10,0 4,1 22,0 11,2 4,5 28,0 10,3 4,4 25,0 10,7 4,6 27,0 9,9 4,1 22,0 11,2 4,6 28,0 11,0 4,6 28,0 10,5 4,3 25,0 11,1 4,6 28,0 10,7 4,4 25,0 11,1 4,9 29,0 10,4 4,1 24,0 10,0 3,5 20,0 9,5 3,8 20,0

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Cc nghin cu u tin v kho nghim xut x Thng ba l Vit Nam c tin hnh trong cc nm 1978 - 1984 ti Ph Th cho thy trong iu kin cha c s tham gia ca xut x Lt th xut x Hong Su Ph, c nhng c trng gii phu hnh thi ging Thng ba l Simao ca Trung Quc (L nh Kh, Phm Vn Tun, 1979), l c sinh trng kh nht (Stahl, 1984). Mt khc, qua kho nghim cng thy rng Thng ba l l loi c sinh trng km vng i thp (L nh Kh, Phm Vn Tun, 1978). Nm 1996 hai kho nghim gm 16 xut x Thng ba l do Trung tm Nghin cu ging cy rng phi hp vi Trng i hc Oxford (Anh), Trung tm nghin cu thc nghim lm sinh Lm ng v Vn quc gia Ba V. Cc kho nghim c xy dng cao 900 m ti Lang Hanh (Lm ng) v cao 600 m ti Ba V (H Ty). Cc xut x tham gia kho nghim c phn b t nhin trn cao 800 - 1600 m, ni c lng ma hng nm 1000 - 2335 mm/nm ti Philippin, Vit Nam, Trung Quc, Myanmar v Thi Lan, v 11o37' (Lang Hanh, VN) n 24o28' (Jingdung, TQ). nh gi hai kho nghim ny c thc hin vo nm 1998 vi s hp tc ca Trung tm ging cy rng an Mch (DFSC) ca DANIDA (2000) do tin s Christian Hansen phi hp vi cn b ca Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng thc hin. S liu thu thp c (bng 2.13) cho thy cc xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht ti Ba V l Simao (TQ) v Tarlac (Phi), tip l cc xut x Xun Th (VN), Doi Suthep (Thai.) v Nong Krating (Thai.) v.v; cc xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht ti Lang Hanh l Doi Suthep (Thai.), Nong Krating (Thai.), Simao (TQ), Thc Prenn (VN). Ly tr s trung bnh v th tch thn cy c hai ni kho nghim lm chun so snh c th thy r nhng xut x c sinh trng nhanh nht Ba V l Simao (TQ), Tarlac (Philippine), nhng xut x sinh trng nhanh nht Lang Hanh l Doi Suthep (Thai.) v Thc Prenn (VN)(DFSC, 2000). Nhn y cn thy rng Simao (hoc T Mao) l tn a phng gn x Thng Tn, huyn Hong Su Ph, tnh H Giang ca Vit Nam v trong kho nghim trc y ca Sida Ph Th cng thy xut x Hong Su Ph l c sinh trng tt nht. 1.8. Xy dng rng ging v rng ging chuyn ho Ngoi cc rng ging v vn ging ni trn, trong nhng nm gn y Cng ty ging lm nghip trung ng c s h tr ca DANIDA phi hp vi cc n v khc xy dng cc rng ging v rng ging chuyn ha cho mt s loi cy bn a v mt s loi nhp ni nh Tch, Thng na, Thng ui nga, Thng ba l, Sa mu, D, Cm xe, v.v. Nhng rng ging ny gp phn ng k lm tng ngun ging cy rng c ci thin nc ta, mc u cht lng mt s rng ging ny cn cha t yu cu . 2. Chn lc cy tri, kho nghim ging v xy dng vn ging Sau khi chn c loi v xut x p ng mc tiu kinh t v ph hp vi mi vng th chn lc l phn then cht ca bt k mt chng trnh no v ci thin ging cy rng. C cy tri c chn lc cn thn, c kho nghim hu th nh gi v t xy dng cc vn ging cung cp ging th nng sut rng mi tng bc c nng cao, p ng yu cu ngy cng tng ca sn xut x hi. Cy tri (Plus tree) l cy d tuyn c nh gi, c khuyn ngh sn xut ging v xy dng rng ging v vn ging. y l nhng cy c kiu hnh u tri v sinh trng, v hnh dng thn, cht lng g v cc c tnh mong mun khc, ng thi c tnh thch ng tt vi hon cnh, khng b su bnh. y c th l nhng cy c kiu gen (genotype) tt v c h s di truyn tng i cao.

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Ngoi vic chn lc cy tri trong cc vn ging cy ht (Seedling Seed Orchard) c xy dng t cc xut x c trin vng nht nh nu phn trn th vic chn lc cy tri trong cc rng trng v rng t nhin hin c nc ta c thc hin cho cc loi cy nh Keo l trm, Bch n caman, Bch n ur, M, Thng ba l, Thng nha, Thng ui nga v.v. 2.1. Cc nguyn tc chn lc cy tri Phi ly mc tiu kinh t xc nh cc ch tiu chn lc v nh gi cy tri, mc tiu kinh t khc nhau th ch tiu chn lc cng khc nhau. Cy tri c chn lc theo tnh trng kinh t ch yu v trc tip, ng thi phi ch cc tnh trng khc. Tnh trng c chn ca cy tri phi c vt cn thit (theo ch tiu chn lc) so vi tr s trung bnh ca lm phn (ca qun th). Theo "Quy phm k thut xy dng rng ging v vn ging c B Lm nghip ban hnh ti quyt nh 804/QKT nm 1993 (QPN 15-93) th Ch tiu nh gi cy tri (T) phi t gi tr T = ??? + 1,5Sx n + 3Sx (??? l gi tr trung bnh ca m rng hoc ca lm phn c cy tri, Sx l lch chun ca ch tiu chn lc ca lm phn hoc ca m rng), hoc c lng sn phm vt hn 15% so vi tr s trung bnh ca rng. Chn lc cy tri nn tin hnh rng thun loi, ng tui v c hon cnh ng u. Trong trng hp rng khng ng tui c th da vo ng hi quy gia tnh trng chn lc vi c trng sinh trng nh gi, song thng khng chnh xc. Rng chn lc phi tui thnh thc cng ngh hoc gn thnh thc cng ngh. i vi cc rng thng nhit i phi c tui ti thiu l 10 - 12 nm, cn i vi Bch n th lc 3 tui c th tin hnh chn cy tri (Zobel, Talbert, 1984). Rng chn lc cy tri phi cng kiu lp a vi rng s c gy trng sau ny khi ly ht t cy tri. i vi cy ly g hoc ly v, ly l th rng c chn lc cy tri phi cha b khai thc g, c bit l cha b cht chn. Cn i vi cy ly qu th khu chn cy tri phi cha b thu hi qu trong nm.

Ngoi nhng nguyn tc chung ni trn, khi chn lc cy tri phi cn c vo mc tiu kinh t xc nh tiu chun chn lc cho tng loi cy c th. Cc ch tiu chn cy tri ly g l ng knh, chiu cao, v chiu di on thn di cnh, thng thn v trn u ca thn, hp ca tn l. Ch tiu chn cy ly qu l tn l, s lng v kch thc qa, ht, t l nhn trong ht; chn cy ly l th ch tiu chn cy tri phi l khi lng l (cy c tn l xum xu, l nhiu, l to v dy), hm lng cc sn phm chuyn dng trong l, v.v. 2.2. Chn lc cy tri v kho nghim dng v tnh Keo l trm Chn lc cy tri t cc vn ging cho Keo l trm dc gii thiu phn trn. Phn ny gii thiu cc kt qu nghin cu v chn lc cy tri v kho nghim dng v tnh cho Keo l trm xc nh dng v tnh c nng sut cao v cht lng cy tt cho sn xut. Cc cy tri Keo l trm dc chn t khu trng xut x Coen River tai Chng c nhn ging bng hom v xy dng kho nghim dng v tnh ti Ba V song song vi mt kho nghim dng v tnh khc cho ton b cc cy hom c nhn t vn vt liu ca l ht

52

16142. Nhng cy c chn ny u c vt tri cn thit theo QPN 15-93 v xy dng rng ging v vn ging (H Quang Vinh, 2002). S liu thu thp nm 2004 cho kho nghim cc dng v tnh c trng nm 1998 ti Ba V cho thy mt s dng tip tc l nhng dng c sinh trng nhanh hn r rt so vi ging i chng l xut x Coen River v ging sn xut (ly t ng Nai), mt s dng khc ch sinh trng nhanh hn ging i chng. S liu thu thp nm 2004 ti ng H (bng 2.14) cho thy mt s dng c chn ln u tai Ba V tip tc l nhng dng c sinh trng nhanh v khc bit r rt vi cc dng cn li. Cc dng sinh trng nhanh nht nh 84, 25, 30, 85 v 83 l nhm sinh trng nhanh nht v c th tch thn cy 49,4-55,5 dm3/cy. Trong lc ging c trng t xut x Coen River khng qua lc lc ch t 30,3 dm3/cy, cn ging c ly t Cng ty ging ch t 23,9 dm3/cy. Mt khc, t s liu v sinh trng cng c th thy vic xc nh tng hp cc ch tiu sinh ha v hnh thi nhn bit sai khc ca cc ging l cn thit. S dng bt c mt ch tiu ring bit no nh gi tnh khc bit ca ging vn c mt hn ch nht nh ca n.

Kho nhim dng v tnh Keo l trm ti Ba V 1996-1999 (nh tri) v ti H ng 2001-2005 (nh phi) Tri. Ging i chng. Phi. Dng 84 c chn lc (nh L nh Kh) nh gi cht lng cy cng cho thy cc dng ny l nhng dng c cht lng cao, c bit l cc dng 83, 84 (ch s cht lng cy 41,4-51,8 im), sau l cc dng 28, 25 v 85 (cht lng cy 28,0-34,1 im). y cng l nhng dng cha b su bnh hi. Cc dng 84, 25, 85, 83, 28 v 81 c nng sut 10,5-13,1 m3/ha/nm v u thuc cng mt nhm, trong lc ging i chng (cy hom hn hp ca xut x Coen River v cy ht ly ging t xut x ng Nai) u sinh tng km hn v ch t nng sut 7,2 v 5,7 m3/ha/nm.

53

nh gi chung c v sinh trng v cht lng cy c th coi cc dng Keo l trm c trin vng nht ti ng H l 84, 25, 85, 83, 28 v 81 l dng va c sinh trng nhanh va c cht lng cy tt.

54

Bng 2.14. Sinh trng ca cc dng Keo l trm trong kho nghim ti ng H (1/200110/2004) STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dng 84 25 30 85 83 28 81 35 50 51 82 18 D1,3 (cm) V% 10,3 10,1 10,1 10,1 10,0 9,8 9,5 9,4 8,7 9,0 8,7 8,3 8,5 7,7 1,0 8,5 10,9 11,4 10,8 11,6 9,3 8,9 12,7 15,6 11,6 9,5 10,9 10,8 16,8 12,9 12,2 11,6 11,8 11,6 11,3 12,1 11,2 11,1 10,3 11,0 10,1 10,2 9,1 <,001 0,9 H (m) V% 6,6 6,7 8,4 6,8 9,4 8,7 7,0 6,0 10,2 9,9 7,5 10,7 5,6 12,1 55,5 51,5 50,4 50,4 49,4 45,2 44,3 42,5 36,0 34,6 34,2 29,2 30,3 23,9 <,001 11,5 V (dm3/cy) V% 9,4 10,4 11,2 11,1 11,2 11,1 11,4 12,3 15,3 13,9 13,8 16,3 14,7 21,2 Nng sut (m3/ha/nm) 13,1 12,2 11,9 11,9 11,4 10,7 10,5 10,1 8,5 8,2 8,1 6,9 7,2 5,7

14 Coen R 15 CTGing Fpr Lsd

<,001

Nh vy, chn lc cy tri, nhn ging v kho nghim ging c th chn c mt s dng v tnh c nng sut cao v cht lng tt lm vt liu cung cp ging cho cc chng trnh trng rng nc ta. 2.3. Chn lc cy tri v kho nghim dng v tnh bch n T nm 1993 cng vi vic nhp cng ngh nui cy m ca Tung Quc th X nghip ging TP H Ch Minh (Cng ty ging lm nghip) nhp mt s dng v tnh bch n nh U6, GU8, W4, W5, W6; Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh cng nhp cng ngh nui cy m v dng U16. T nm 1995 n nm 2003 Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh tip tc chn lc v a vo kho nghim mt s dng Bch n ur ti vng Trung tm min Bc c so snh vi mt s dng bch n c nhp t Trung Quc. Sau khi c kt qu kho nghim B NN&PTNT c quyt nh cng nhn mt s dng v tnh l Ging tin b k thut v cho trng trn din rng nhng ni c iu kin tng t. Di y l mt s kt qu kho nghim dng v tnh cho cc dng c nhp hoc chn lc ni trn. 2.3.1. Chn dng v tnh Bch n ur (E. urophylla) Chn lc cy tri Bch n ur phi hp vi nhn ging sinh dng v kho nghim dng v tnh c Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh thc hin t nm 1995 n nay nhm to cc dng v tnh c nng sut cao cho sn xut nguyn liu giy. T cc cy tri c

55

chn Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh c hai t kho nghim dng v tnh trong cc nm 1995-1998 v 1998-2003. Kho nghim ln u c tin hnh trong cc nm 1995-1998 cho 16 dng Bch n ur c chn lc ti ch v nhn ging bng hom nh PN2, PN3, PN4, PN14, PN18, PN19, PN231, v.v., cng nh cc dng c nhp t Trung Quc nh U16, GU, cy m U16 v cy ht ly ging t rng sn xut i tr ti a phng. Kt qu kho nghim dng v tnh ti Sc ng v Gia Thanh (bng 2.15) cho thy sau hn 3 nm (39 thng) hai dng Bch n ur c nng sut v cht lng cy cao nht l PN2 v PN14 c th tch thn cy 19,6-22,5 dm3/cy (ti Sc ng) v 22,0-26,6 dm3/cy (ti Gia Thanh), trong khi cc dng c nhp t Trung Quc nh U16 v GU ch t nng sut 14,5-16,0 dm3/cy ti Sc ng v 13,8-14,4 dm3/cy tai Gia Thanh, cn th tch thn cy ca ging sn xut mc t ht ca Bch n ur l 11,5-15,5 dm3/cy (Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh, 1998). Hai dng Bch n PN2 v PN14 c B NN&PTNT cng nhn l Ging tin b k thut ti quyt nh s 3645 KHCC-NNNT ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1998. Sau ny dng PN2 c hin tng b bnh chy l nn khng c pht trin. Bng 2.15. Sinh trng ca mt s dng Bch n ur 39 thng tui ti vng Trung tm min Bc (1995-1998) Ti Sc ng Ti Gia Thanh Dng Do (cm) H (m) V (dm3) Do (cm) H (m) V (dm3) PN2 9,1 a 10,5 a 22,5 a 9,4 a 11,4 a 26,6 a PN14 8,6 ab 10,1 ab 19,6 a 8,9 a 10,6 a 22,0 a U16 hom 7,8 c 10,1 ab 16,0 b 8,1 b 8,5 bc 14,4 b U16 m 8,1 bc 9,3 c 15,8 b 7,8 bc 8,6 bc 13,8 b GU 7,6 c 9,6 bc 14,5 b 7,7 bc 9,1 b 14,3 b PN232 SX ht

7,9 bc
7,8 c

9,5 bc 9,8 bc

15,5 b 15,9 b

7,6 bc 7,5 c

7,5

11,4 b 11,5 b

7,9 bc

Kho nghim ln th hai c tin hnh trong cc nm 1998-2003 c tin hnh cho 36 dng gm cc dng bch n ur c chn ti vng Trung tm min Bc ln cc ging GU1, GU8, U6, W4 v W5 cng ging i chng l cy ht ca Bch n ur ly t sn xut. Kt qu kho nghim dng v tnh ti mt s x thuc huyn Tam Nng v oan Hng cho thy sau 4,5 3 nm ba dng Bch n ur PN10, PN 46 v PN47 l nhng dng c th tch thn cy tng ng l 101, 127 v 103,6 dm3/cy vi nng sut tng ng l 23, 38 v 30 m3/ha/nm, trong ging i chng l cy ht ca Bch n ur ch c th tch thn cy 41,4-43,8 dm3/cy v nng sut ch t 8-10 m3/ha/nm (Nguyn S Hung, Hunh c Nhn, Nguyn Thi Ngc, Nguyn Vn Thnh, 2003). Cc dng PN10, PN 46 v PN47 c B NN&PTNT cng nhn l Ging tin b k thut ti quyt nh s 2722/KHCC-NNNT ngy7 thng 9 nm 2004 pht trin vng Trung tm min Bc. 2.3.2. Chn dng v tnh Bach n caman (E. camaldulensis) Chn lc v kho nghim dng v tnh Bach n caman sinh trng nhanh c Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng thuc Vin Khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam thc hin t nm 1993 cho 38 cy tri ca Bch n caman, nhn ging bng hom v kho nghim dng v tnh ti Cm Qu (H Ty). Kt qu nh gi kho nghim giai on 7 tui cho thy trong 38 dng c a vo kho nghim ch dng 22 v dng 7 c th tch thn cy c bit cao (103 dm3 v 80 dm3/cy), tip l cc dng s 24 v 26 c th tch thn cy 75,9 v 70 dm3/cy, trong lc ging i chng l Bch n ur c th tch thn cy 52,2 dm3/cy, cn i chng l Bch n

56

th tch thn cy 29 dm3/cy, mt na s dng cy tri c chn c th tch thn cy ch t 14,4-28,5 dm3/cy (L nh Kh v cs., 2003). iu cho thy c dng v tnh nng sut cao phi tin hnh chn lc v kho nghim cho nhiu cy tri.
Kho nghim dng v tnh Bch n caman (E. camaldulensis) ti Ba V (nh L nh Kh)

Chn lc v kho nghim dng v tnh Bach n caman chng chu bnh c nhm ti chn ging khng bnh phi hp vi Trung tm khoa hc sn xut ng Nam B thc hin ti vng ng Nam B v mt s ni khc cho thy t 50 dng v tnh c sinh trng nhanh v khng b bnh c chn trong kho nghim nm 1998 ti vng Sng My (ng Nai) chn ra 10 dng c sinh trng nhanh nht v t b bnh kho nghim li ti Sng My, Bu Bng (Bnh Dng) v Hu. nh gi kt qu kho nghim nm 2004 cho thy ch c hai dng SM16 v SM123 c th tch thn cy tng ng l 69,96 v 70,26 dm3/cy, c ch s bnh l 1,06 v 0,17 (mc b bnh cao nht l im 4, khi hn 75% s l b bnh v hn 75% s cnh b cht do bnh), trong lc cc dng cn li nu c ch s bnh thp th th tch thn cy ch t 37,59-55,62 dm3/cy hoc cy c th tch thn cy 68,56 dm3/cy th ch s bnh n 1,43 (Nguyn Hong Ngha, Phm Quang Thu, Nguyn Vn Chin, 2004). Hai dng SM16 v SM23 c Hi ng Khoa hc B NN&PTNT ngh cng nhn l Ging tin b k thut. 2.4. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging Thng nha Nghin cu chn ging Thng nha theo hng kho nghim xut x c tin hnh trong nhng nm 1970-1985 mt s tnh min Bc. Cc nghin cu u cho thy giai on vn m c th chia Thng nha thnh nhm c sinh trng tng i nhanh v nhm sinh trng chm (L nh Kh, Phm Vn Tun, 1979; Nguyn Xun Qut, 1985). Kho nghim cho cc xut x Thng nha c ly t mt s nc c tin hnh ti vng Trung tm min Bc thy xut x Philipin l c sinh trng nhanh nht (Stahl, 1984). Cn kho nghim xut x ti Qung Bnh v Lm ng, cng nh kho nghim ti cc ni khc u cho thy trong giai on u c s khc bit v sinh trng ca cc xut x, song v sau (t 7 nm tui) khng thy s khc bit ng k gia cc xut x trong nc (Nguyn Dng Ti, 1985; Ph Quang in1989). Hn na Thng nha l loi cy sinh trng chm nht (4,2 m3/ha/nm- B NN&PTNT, 2004) trong cc loi cy c dng trng rng nc ta, trong khi li c sn lng nha cao nht. Lng nha ca Thng ba l khong 3 kg/cy/nm, ca Thng ui nga khong 2 - 3 kg/cy/nm (H Chu Ch, 1996), th ca Thng nha l 5-6 kg/cy/nm (Trn Gia Biu, 1981; Lng Vn Tin, 1983). V th, chn ging Thng nha c lng nha cao l ht sc cn thit v ph hp vi loi cy ny. Chn ging Thng nha c lng nha cao c Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng tin hnh t nm 1987. c 121 cy tri c lng nha cao gp 3 - 4 ln lng nha trung bnh ca lm phn c chn ti i Li (Vnh Phc), Yn Lp v Honh B (Qung Ninh), H Trung (Thanh Ha), Nam n (Ngh An), Hng Lnh v K G (H Tnh). Cnh ghp t cc cy tri ny c dng ghp ln gc ghp tr (2 - 3 tui) ca nhng cy bnh thng xy dng vn ging bng cy ghp ti Ba V (H Ty) v mt s a im ti cc tnh ni trn (L nh Kh, H Huy Thnh, 1995; H Huy Thnh, L nh Kh, 1997; H Huy Thnh, 1999). Mt khc, mt th nghim v ta tha theo sinh trng v theo lng nha cng c xy dng t thi k xc nh gi tr ca vic p dng chn ging theo lng nha vo ta tha Thng nha. Sau hn 10 nm nghin cu thy lng nha c tnh n nh theo thi gian, c th p dng chn ging vo ta tha rng trng Thng nha, lng nha c kh nng di truyn qua th

57

phn t do (H Huy Thnh, 1999) v kh nng cho nha thc t ca cc cy ghp trong vn gingThng nha. nh gi tnh n nh ca lng nha theo thi gian c tin hnh trn nghin cu nh v (gm 150 cy) c xy dng nm 1987 ti rng trng 15 tui i Li (Vnh Phc). Lng nha tng i c o trc tip trn cy bng ng vi chch trong cc nm 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993 v 1998. Mi nm o 2 - 3 ln (trong thi gian cui ma xun n u ma thu) xc nh lng trung bnh cho tng cy theo mt s hiu nht nh. Tnh n nh v lng nha ca nhng cy nhiu nha v nhng cy t nha c xc nh bng h s tng quan cp i gia cc nm (r) v h s tng quan chung cho tt c cc ln o trong hn 10 nm (). Phn tch tng quan cho thy h s tng quan r v lng nha gia cc nm iu tra bin ng trong khong 0,63 - 0,82, cn h s tng quan chung nhiu lp v lng nha ca cc cy c tnh chung cho tt c cc ln o l = 0,67. iu chng t, mc d c s bin ng nht nh t nm ny qua nm khc nhng kh nng cho nhiu nha hay t nha cy Thng nha l mt tnh trng tng i n nh theo thi gian. Ngha l qua hn 10 nm iu tra nhng cy c lng nha cao vn lun lun cho nhiu nha, cn nhng cy c lng nha thp vn lun lun cho t nha trong cc nm. Mc tiu chnh ca vic trng Thng nha nc ta l khai thc nha. Nhng n nay, vic ta tha rng trng li c tin hnh theo cc ch tiu sinh trng, nn hiu qu ta tha ch c tnh cht gin tip nh m rng khong sng ni chung m khng phi bng vic ta b nhng cy t nha m rng khong sng cho nhng cy nhiu nha. Nghin cu hiu qu ca ta tha theo lng nha c tin hnh bng cch i chng vi phng thc ta tha theo sinh trng cho hai lm phn trng nm 1974 v 1975 ti i Li (Vnh Phc). Tin hnh vi chch cho cc cy cn li sau 4 nm (1992) v 10 nm (1998) ta tha cho thy lng nha tng i ca cy trong cc ta tha theo lng nha u cao hn 24,734,2% so vi lng nha ca cy trong cc ta tha theo sinh trng. Mt khc, h s bin ng v lng nha trong cc ta tha theo lng nha cng c phn thp hn. T cc cy tri c lng nha cao xy dng cc vn ging Thng nha bng cy ghp ti Ba V v mt s tnh min Bc nh Qung Ninh, Ngh An. Ring ti Ba V t nm 1990 mt vn ging bng cy ghp c xy dng bng cnh ghp ly t i Li, Yn Lp v mt s ni khc. n nm 1996 vn ging ny bt u c qu. Nm 1998 thu hoch c v qu u tin. Nm 2000 thu c 30kg ht. Thng 5 nm 2000, vic nh gi lng nha ca cc dng cy ghp v cc cy i chng ti vn ging thng nha Ba V c thc hin bng phng php o mng v o lng nha chy ra di mng o sau 72 gi. S liu thu c cho thy lng nha trung bnh ca 35 dng cy ghp l 52,5 g/cy, trong lc lng nha trung bnh ca cc cy i chng l 26,0 g/cy, ngha l lng nha cy ghp vt lng nha ca cy i chng 101,9 % (hn gp i cy i chng). iu chng t lng nha l mt tnh trng c kh nng di truyn rt cao qua cy ghp. Xc nh kh nng di truyn v lng nha cho Thng nha c xy dng nm 1992 Ba V (H Ty) gm hu th ca 14 gia nh cy tri th phn t do, 8 gia nh i chng (c lng nha thp) v mt l ht ging sn xut i tr . S liu thu c vo nm 1997 cho thy sinh trng ng knh, chiu cao ca cc gia nh cy tri (D = 8,25 cm v H = 2,74 m) sai khc khng ng k vi cc cng thc i chng (D = 8,19 cm v H = 2,64 m). Trong khi lng nha tng i ca cc gia nh cy tri (14,70 - 25,90 cm) li cao hn hn lng nha tng i ca

58

cc cy cng thc i chng (12,58 cm). Tng thu v lng nha ca cc gia nh cy tri so vi i chng bin ng trong khong 16,8 - 105,9% v trung bnh l 54,8%. iu chng t, vic chn lc cy tri theo lng nha to ra tng thu khong 50 55% v lng nha trong rng trng th h k tip hu th th phn t do ca cc cy tri c lng nha cao. Vysoskii (1998) nghin cu cho Thng chu u (P. Sylvestris) cng thy tng thu 60-70%, cn tng thu v lng nha t c Thng elliotti M l 100% (Squillace & Gansel, 1968; Franklin & Squillace, 1973). 2.5. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging Thng ba l nc ta Thng ba l nc ta c phn b t nhin vng cao 900-1500 m trn mt bin cc tnh H Giang, Lai Chu, Kon Tum v Lt, nhng ni c din tch ln nht l Lt. y cng l loi cy trng ch yu vng Ty Nguyn. V vy vic chn lc cc cy tri v tin hnh kho nghim hu th nhm xc nh nhng cy m mc nhanh c kh nng di truyn cc tnh trng tt cho i sau, t s dng nh mt cy ly ging gy trng rng trn quy m ln l con ng a li hiu qu nhanh nht trong chn ging. y cng l cch tit kim c cng sc nht a cc ging tt vo sn xut. Mt khc, sau khi c thi gian nh gi cn thit khu kho nghim hu th (khong 5 - 6 nm) c th tin hnh ta tha di truyn bng cch gi li nhng gia nh v nhng c th tht s c sinh trng nhanh, cht b nhng gia nh v c th c sinh trng v hnh dng thn cy khng p. T chuyn khu kho nghim hu th thnh vn ging cung cp ht cho sn xut. Chn lc cy tri Thng ba l ti Lt c Cng ty Ging lm nghip Trung ng thc hin t cui nhng nm 1970 v xy dng c vn ging bng cy ghp ti Xun Th. Nhng cy tri c chn u c vt cn thit v ng knh v chiu cao so vi cy trung bnh ca lm phn (Nguyn Ngc Lung, 1989). Nhng vn ging ny c B NN&PTNT cng nhn ly ging cho trng rng nc ta. Trung tm Nghin cu ging cy rng phi hp vi Trung tm Nghin cu lm sinh Lm ng v Vin Lm nghip Thy in tin hnh chn lc c 100 cy tri Thng ba l trn ton b khu phn b t nhin ca Thng ba l Lt. y l nhng cy c sinh trng nhanh nht, thn cy thng p, trn u, v tng i nhn, cnh nhnh nh. Ngoi ra, cc cy ging c chn trc y ca X nghip ging lm nghip vng Ty Nguyn cng c b sung thnh ngun ging kho nghim hu th. Cc cy tri c chn ti cc vng nh Lang Hanh, n Dng, a Thin, Bo Lc, Thc Prenn, Xun Trng v mt s cy ca X nghip ging Lm ng. Kho nghim hu th c xy dng ti 3 ni l Lang Hanh, Cam Ly 1 v Cam Ly 2. Trong kho nghim hu th cy con mc t ht ca mi cy m c gy trng ring theo 4 cy vi 4 ln lp, cy ht t mi cy m c gi l mt gia nh. Kt qu kho nghim ti Lang Hanh cho thy giai on mt nm tui trong 100 cy m c chn (tc 100 gia nh) c 74 gia nh sinh trng chiu cao nhanh hn ging i tr (tc ging sn xut), trong 26 gia nh c sinh trng nhanh nht. Tuy vy, s liu ny mi ch c tnh cht tham kho (v cy mi c 1 nm tui), phi sau 4 - 5 nm mi thc s c ngha cho chn ging cy rng. iu chng t chn ging cy rng i hi phi mt rt nhiu thi gian (Ha Vnh Tng, 2002). Cng vi vic chn cy tri v xy dng vn ging X nghip ging lm nghip vng Ty Nguyn Cng ty Ging lm nghip Trung ng cng chn c mt s lm phn c nhiu cy tri khoanh thnh rng ging, c bin php chm sc bo v thu hi ging.

59

2.6. Chn lc cy tri v xy dng vn ging Thng ui nga Thng ui nga c nguyn sn min nam n min trung Trung Quc, phn b t nhin cao 800-1200 m trn mt bin, v 23-34o Bc. Thng ui nga c nhp v nc ta t cui nhng nm 1930 v c trng cao 400 m ti Tam o v khu vc Chng thuc tnh H Ty. Hin nay Thng ui nga c trng thnh cng mt s tn pha bc H Ni, c bit l trn vng cao cc tnh Yn Bi, Lng Sn, Cao Bng, Sn La, Lai Chu. Kho nghim xut x s b cho thy cc ngun ging t Lng Sn v Tam o c sinh trng tt ti vng cao cc tnh min Bc. Chn lc cy tri c Cng ty ging lm nghip Trung ng tin hnh ti Lng Sn v Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng tin hnh ti Tam o, i Li trong cc nm 1993- 1995. Nghin cu ca Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng cho thy t trng g Thng ui nga bin i kh r rt theo cp tui. G ly v tr 1,3 m ca cy 7 tui c t trng 0,38 th ca cy 20 tui l 0,49 v ca cy 50 tui l 0,56, t trng g cng bin i theo hng tng dn t li ra ngoi. Mt khc trong lm phn cng tui th t trng g c tng quan rt thp vi ng knh v chiu cao ca cy (t tng quan tng ng l = 0,05-0,12 v = 0,06-0,14). T nghin cu chn c 44 cy tri c vt v ng knh v chiu cao theo Quy phm xy dng rng ging v vn ging ca B NN&PTNT (QP15-93) ti Tam o, i Li v Chng. T cc cy tri ny xy dng vn ging bng cy ghp ti Tam o. ng tic l vn ging ny khng bo v c nn hin khng cn na. Mt khc, cc kho nghim hu th 31 gia nh ti Ba V (H Ty) v 27 gia nh ti i Li (Vnh Phc) thy cho thy sau 2 nm u (1998 - 2000) ti Ba V hu th ca 25 gia nh c chiu cao v 23 gia nh c ng knh gc vt ging i chng, ti i Li tng ng l 25 v 27 gia nh. iu chng t hu ht cy tri u c u th sinh trng ban u ln hn so vi ging i chng l ht sn xut i tr do Cng ty ging lm nghip cung cp.

Cy tri Thng ui nga (Pinus massoniana) 50 tui ti Tam o (1995)

(nh L nh Kh)

60

Xc nh h s di truyn theo ngha rng (ni ln mc sai khc gia cc gia nh) thy rng h s di truyn v chiu cao Ba V l H2h = 0,56, i Li l H2h = 0,69. Trong lc h s di truyn v ng knh gc (khng phi ch tiu chnh trong giai on non) c hai ni u rt thp ( Ba V H2Do = 0,12, i Li H2Do = 0,16) iu chng t giai on 1 - 2 nm u sau khi trng, s phn ho v chiu cao r rt hn so vi s sai khc v ng knh. 3. S dng ging lai t nhin v lai ging Ging lai l ging c to ra do s kt hp ca hai giao t c kiu gen khc nhau. Ging lai c sinh ra mt cch t pht trong iu kin t nhin c gi l ging lai t nhin, ging lai c sinh ra nh lai ging c kim sot gi l ging lai nhn to. c im ch yu ca cc ging lai l c u th lai (heterosis) i th nht (F1), b phn ly (segregation) v thoi ho (depression) t i th hai (F2) tr i. u th lai c th hin cc c im nh sinh trng nhanh, chng chu tt vi iu kin bt li, ra hoa kt ht sm v.v., trong sinh trng nhanh v chng chu tt vi cc iu kin bt li l nhng c im quan trng nht cc ging lai cy rng. Nhn ging sinh dng l phng php nhn ging gi c u th lai i F1 v trnh hin tng phn ly i F2. Tu theo quan h huyt thng ca cc b m tham gia lai ging m ging l c to ra c th l lai trong loi (intraspecific hybrid) khi b m u cng trong mt loi, lai khc loi (interspecific hybrid) khi b m thuc cc loi khc nhau. Do kh to c dng thun li ging nn lai khc loi thng c v tr quan trng hn lai trong loi trong ci thin ging cy rng. Khi lai t nhin th b m hon ton kt hp ngu nhin nn cy lai c sinh ra cng khng ging nhau, phi qua kho nghim ging v chn lc cy tri trong i lai F1 v nhn ging v kho nghim dng v tnh trong i F2 mi chn c nhng dng c nng sut cao v cht lng tt. Cn ging lai nhn to cng ch mi l vt liu khi u, phi qua kho nghim v chn lc mi to c nhng t hp hoc dng v tnh c nng sut cao. Mt trong nhng nt ni bt gn y l vic p dng mt s thnh tu khoa hc mi vo nghin cu lai ging v ging lai l s dng ch th phn t nh gi kh nng th phn cho trong cc rng ging v vn ging v quan h gia t l th phn cho vi sinh trng ca cy rng trng, cng nh thit lp bn di truyn cc nhm lin kt (genetic linkage map) cho vic nh v mt s gen c lin quan vi sinh trng v tnh cht g ca tng dng v tnh Keo tai tng. Ngoi ra, phng php du vn tay ADN (DNA fingerprinting) cng c dng xc nh cc c im di truyn ca mt s dng keo lai c la chn. Bn cnh phng php xy dng vn ging di ng vi vic s dng Paclobutrazol to ra nhng cy thp c hoa sm v nhiu hoa cng bt u p dng trong nghin cu lai ging ti Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng. 3.1. S dng ging Keo lai t nhin Ging lai t nhin u tin c pht hin Vit Nam l ging lai gia Bch n caman (E. camaldulensis) vi Bch n (E. robusta) c th tch thn cy gp 2-3 ln cc loi cy b m (L nh Kh, 1970). Tuy vy, thnh tu ni bt ca cng tc ci thin ging cy rng nc ta l s dng ging Keo lai t nhin. Keo lai l tn gi tt ca ging lai t nhin gia Keo

61

tai tng (A. mangium) vi Keo l trm (A. auriculiformis)1. n nay Keo lai c trng trn 28 tnh v hai tng cng ty v ang c coi l mt trong nhng ging cy trng chnh lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip. Nm 1995 din tch trng Keo lai mi 160 ha th n ht nm 2004 din tch trng Keo lai trong c nc hn 130.000 ha, ring nm 2003 trng 46.000 ha. Keo lai ca ta cng ang c mt s nc quan tm gy trng. Cng vi vic gy trng Keo lai l s pht trin ca k thut nhn ging bng nui cy m v gim hom, c bit k thut nhn ging hom m rng n tn cc lm trng v hp tc x. Ngoi cc dng keo lai BV10, BV16 v BV32 l ging quc gia cng cc dng TB3, TB5, TB6, TB12 c cng nhn trc y, nm 2004 B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn thm dng KL2 cho vng ng Nam B. Gn y mt s dng keo lai mi cng ang c mt s n v chn to v kho nghim. Cng vi keo lai t nhin chng ta cng to c mt s t hp v mt s dng keo lai nhn to sinh trng nhanh, lm phong ph thm tp on ging keo lai nc ta. Nghin cu ca Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng thy Keo lai c hnh thi l, v cy, qu v ht cng nh c t trng g trung gian gia Keo tai tng v Keo l trm (L nh Kh v cs, 1993), trong khi c sinh trng nhanh gp 1,5-3,0 ln cc loi keo b m (bng 2.16) nn c tim nng bt giy cao hn (L nh Kh, L Quang Phc, 1995; L nh Kh, L Quang Phc, 1999). Keo lai cng c lng nt sn v c kh nng ci to t cao hn cc loi keo b m (L nh Kh, Ng nh Qu, Nguyn nh Hi, 2000). Tuy vy y l cy lai i F1 v th nu dng ht trng rng th i F2 b thoi ho v phn ly (L nh Kh, v cs., 1998) nn phi nhn ging sinh dng bng nui cy m v gim hom. Nh p dng k thut nhn ging bng nui cy m (Nguyn Ngc Tn, v cs., 1997; on Th Mai, v cs., 1999) v gim hom m cc dng keo lai c a vo sn xut trn quy m ln nc ta. Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng dng thuc bt TTG (tn vit tt ca Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng) nhn ging m-hom cho Keo lai. X l bng thuc bt TTG1 c th lm cy m ra r hn 90% trn mi trng ct tinh v hom gim ra r hn 80% quy m sn xut.

Theo quy nh ca U ban quc t v nh danh tn cy trng (Gilmour,1969) th ging Keo lai nay c th t tn l Acacia mangiauriculiformis Kh.

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Rng Keo lai 5 tui ti ng Nam B (nh L nh Kh)

Nhng ni Keo lai sinh trng nhanh l Hm Yn (Tuyn Quang), Bnh Thanh (Ha Bnh), ng H (Qung Tr), Long Thnh (ng Nai) v.v. sau 5-7 nm trng c th t nng sut 43- 45 m3/ha/nm. Ngay ti ni c t ngho dinh dng v b laterit ha tng i mnh nh Ba V Keo lai cng c th t nng sut 15 m3/ha/nm, trong khi nng sut cu Keo tai tng cng ch t 9 m3/ha/nm (Nguyn Ngc Dao, 2003). Ti cc tnh vng ng Nam B v c trng thm canh Keo lai c th cho nng sut 35 - 40 m3/ha/nm trn din rng (L nh Kh, v cs., 1999, Nguyn Ngc Dao, 2003), v th Keo lai ang c pht trin mnh cc tnh min Trung v min Nam nc ta. Ngoi ra, mt s th nghim cng cho thy cc bin php thm canh cng c vai tr rt trng trong tng nng sut ging (L nh Kh, H Quang Vinh, 1998). Nhng dng Keo lai c sinh trng nht cng l nhng dng c thn cy thng, n trc v cnh nhnh nh, ch s cht lng thn cy cao nht. Nhng dng Keo lai sinh trng km cng l nhng dng c cht lng thn cy km nht. T kt qu kho nghim dng v tnh chn c 5 dng Keo lai BV10, BV16 BV29, BV32 v BV33 c nng sut v cht lng thn cy cao nht c B NN&PTNT cho kho nghim trn din rng mt s vng sinh thi chnh trong nc t nm 1996. y cng l nhng dng c kh nng chu hn kh hn hoc tng ng cc loi keo b m, c hm lng cellulose cao, c hiu sut bt giy v bn c hc ca giy cao hn cc loi keo b m, cng nh cao hn Bch n caman c trng lm i chng. Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng phi hp vi CSIRO xc inh cc alen trn cc locus ca cc phn t ADN bng phn php "in du vn tay ADN" (DNA fingerprinting) theo 2 microsatelite A030 v A435 v thy rng cc dng v tnh ny co cc alen tht s khc nhau (Butcher, 2001). Bng 2.16. Sinh trng cc dng Keo lai trong kho nghim ti Bu Bng (7/1999- 12/2004) Th tch T l cy Nng sut H (m) D1,3 (cm) (dm3/cy) cn li Dng (m3/ha/nm) (%) V% V% V% BV10 BV32 BV33 TB12 TB6 BV16 Am Aau 14,3 14,3 14,1 13,7 13,7 13,7 12,9 9,4 16,7 16,1 16,1 19,0 17,1 19,0 24,7 29,3 21,1 19,4 18,8 18,9 18,4 17,8 16,0 12,2 13,6 10,3 11,2 14,1 16,2 13,7 19,6 27,9 164,8 157,3 155,3 152,9 144,3 144,0 120,0 52,0 36,7 38,9 36,1 44,0 39,6 46,0 67,0 106,9 84 73 87 73 83 79 41 27 41,1 33,8 39,8 32,8 35,2 33,5 14,5 4,1

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Dng Keo lai KL2 do Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh kho nghim ti i An (ng Nai) giai on 4,5 tui cng c th tch thn cy 140 dm3/cy, trong lc ca Keo tai tng l 44 dm3/cy, cn ca Keo l trm l 37 dm3/cy (Nguyn S Hung, Hunh c Nhn v cs., 2003). Ngoi cc dng keo lai c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn nh BV5, BV16, BV32, TB3, TB5, TB6, TB12 v KL2, mt s dng keo lai khc c chn thm v a vo kho nghim. n nay, sau 3 nm kho nghim thy rng mt s dng nh BV71, BV75 c nng sut v hiu sut bt giy tng ng cc dng BV10, BV16, BV32 (Nguyn nh Hi, 2002, on Vn Lm, 2004) l c trin vng cho trng rng. T kt qu kho nghim ging trong nhng nm qua, mt s dng Keo lai c B NN&PTNT cng nhn ging l: Ging quc gia gm cc dng BV10, BV16 v BV32 (theo Quyt nh s 132/ KHCNNNNT ngy 17 thng 1 nm 2000). Ging tin b k thut gm cc dng TB03, TB05, TB06, TB12 (theo Quyt nh s 3118/ KHCN-NNNT ngy 9 thng 8 nm 2000), KL2 (theo Quyt nh s 2722/ KHCNNNNT ngy 7 thng 9 nm 2004).

3.2. Lai ging Keo tai tng v Keo l trm Sau khi chn ging v nhn ging thnh cng cho keo lai t nhin Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng lai ging thnh cng cho mt s loi keo. T nm 1996 nhiu t hp lai trong loi v lai khc loi gia Keo tai tng v Keo l trm c to ra, trong c mt s t hp c sinh trng tng ng vi cc dng keo lai t nhin tt nht nh BV10, BV32 c cng nhn, m ra mt hng mi trong ci thin ging cy rng nc ta. Bng 2.17. Sinh trng ca cy lai v cy b m giai on 26 thng tui ti Cm Qu (H Ty) Hvn (m) Do (cm) Iv Cng thc cv% cv% cv% Aa32 Aa32xAm7 Am7xAa32 Am7 6,1 9,8 9,0 7,3 12,0 16,1 21,7 19,4 5,4 6,2 6,2 5,2 8,3 6,8 5,6 7,5 217,2 640,9 543,7 315,0 3,3 1,7 2,2 3,2

Nghin cu cho thy cc ging lai ny cng c cc c tnh hnh thi v gii phu c tnh cht trung gian gia Keo tai tng v Keo l trm, mt s trong c u th lai r rt v sinh trng. Kho nghim ging trng nm 2001 cho mt s ging lai in hnh nh Aa32Am7 v Am7Aa32 ti Ba V cho thy giai on 26 thng tui cy lai c ch s sinh trng th tch Iv = 543,7 - 640,9 th keo l trm c Iv = 217,2 v keo tai tng c Iv = 315,0 (bng 2.17). iu chng t cy lai i F1 (c cc t hp lai thun nghch) c u th lai sinh trng so vi cc ging b m v tng ng vi sinh trng ca dng BV10 (c ch s Iv = 579,9) l dng keo lai tt nht cc ni kho nghim. Cn ging do Cng ty ging cung cp th Keo tai tng c Iv = 321,4, Keo l trm c Iv = 154,3 (Nghim Qunh Chi, 2003). S liu o nm 2004, giai on 3 nm tui cho thy dng cy tri c chn lc ca Am7Aa32 c th t th tch thn cy 26,8 dm3/cy, trong lc th tch thn cy ca dng BV10 l 28,4 dm3/cy, ca dng BV32 l 23,5 dm3/cy (Nguyn Vit Cng, 2004).

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Kt qu nghin cu lai tr li Keo tai tng v Keo l trm vi cc ging lai t nhin cng cho thy tnh khng ng nht trong cc t hp lai c to ra, phi qua kho nghim v chn lc mi to c cc dng c nng sut v cht lng cao (Nghim Qunh Chi, 2003). 3.3. Lai ging mt s loi bch n T nm 1991 Trung tm Nghin cu ging cy rng tin hnh chn lc cy tri v ghp cho mt s cy Bch n ur (E. urophylla -U), Bch n caman (E. camandulensis -C) v Bch n liu (E. exerta -E). Sau , trong cc nm 1996 - 2000, nghin cu c im vt hu, ct tr ht phn v tin hnh lai ging cho ba loi bch n ni trn. Bng phng php th phn c kim sot (control pollination) tin hnh lai thun nghch (reciprocal hybridisation) v to ra hn 70 t hp lai (hybrid combination) gm cc cy lai khc loi (interspecific hybrids) v cy lai trong loi (intraspecific hybrids). Cc t hp lai c to ra gm cc nhm UC, CU, UE, EU, CE, EC v UU c kho nghim ti cc ni c iu kin lp a khc nhau nh Thu Phng (H Ni), Ba V (H Ty) v mt s ni khc Vit Nam. S liu thu c (bng 2.18) cho thy tt c cc ni kho nghim cc t hp lai gia cc loi Bch n ur, Bch n trng caman v Bch n liu u sinh trng nhanh hn cc loi b m, c bit l nhanh hn cc b m trc tip tham gia lai ging (L nh Kh, Nguyn Vit Cng, 2000, 2001). C th chia cc t hp lai ny thnh cc nhm sau y: Nhm cc t hp lai sinh trng nhanh trn c t i, t ng bng Sng Hng v t ngp phn Kin Giang l U15C4, U29E1, U29E2 v E2U29. Nhm cc t hp lai sinh trng nhanh trn t ng bng sng Hng v t ngp phn Kin Giang l U29C3, U29C4 v c th U29U27. Nhm cc t hp lai sinh trng nhanh trn t i Ba V v ng H l U29E1, U29E6, E4U29, U29U26 v U29U24.

Nhn chung, cc t hp lai UC thng c sinh trng nhanh trn t su ng bng Sng Hng v t ngp phn theo ma Kin Giang, cc t hp lai UE v EU thng c sinh trng nhanh trn t i, cn cc t hp lai EC v CE thng c sinh trng km nht trong cc t hp lai v ch nhanh hn cc b m trc tip tham gia lai ging. Sinh trng ca cc cy lai v cc loi b m giai on 3 tui ti Thu Phng v Ba V l th d v s th hin ca u th lai thay i theo nhng iu kin lp a khc nhau. c hai kho nghim ny cc cy lai u c t l sng cao (85 - 100%), s sai khc ch yu l tc sinh trng. giai on 3 tui trong kho nghim ti Thu Phng th tch thn cy trung bnh ca 3 t hp lai c sinh trng nhanh nht l 135 -155 dm3/cy, ca 3 ging b m c sinh trng km nht l 14,5 - 46,0 dm3/cy. Trong lc cc s liu ny tng ng Ba V l 37,1 - 40,0 dm3/cy v 8,7 -16,9 dm3/cy (bng 6). Nh vy, ti Thu Phng cc t hp lai tt nht c sinh trng nhanh gp 10 ln cc cy b m km nht, cn Ba V t l ny ch l 3,5. Chng t Thu Phng cc t hp lai khng ch sinh trng nhanh hn Ba V m u th lai ca chng cng th hin r gp 4,6 ln Ba V (L nh Kh, Nguyn Vit Cng, 2000, 2001). Trong khi ti Thu Phng c th chn c 10 t hp lai v mt hu th c th tch thn cy vt ging sn xut tt nht (UEgon) 27,4 - 140,5% th ti Ba V ch c 6 t hp lai vt tri mc 23,6 - 45,5% so vi ging sn xut UEgon. iu c ngha l iu kin lp a v cc

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bin php thm canh khc khng nhng lm tng trc tip nng sut rng trng m cn gp phn quan trng vo vic pht trin cc u th lai c to ra, gip cho vic chn ging c tin hnh thun li hn. Mt biu hin khc v s thay i biu hin u th lai l th tch thn cy (V) sau nm th ba ca cc t hp lai E4U29 v U29E4 ti hai ni kho nghim. Ti Thu Phng Ti Ba V U29E4 = 104,1 dm3/cy E4U29 = 75,0 dm3/cy E4U29 = 37,0 dm3/cy U29E4 = 30,4 dm3/cy Chng t cng hai b m tham gia lai ging nhng lai thun nghch (c ngha l i v tr lm b v lm m cho nhau) to nn s thay i rt ln v th tch thn cy lai cc iu kin lp a khc nhau. u th lai va chu nh hng ca nhn t di truyn va chu nh hng ca iu kin hon cnh. Ty tng trng hp c th m vai tr ca nhn t di truyn (trong trng hp ny l t bo cht) hay vai tr ca hon cnh chim u th hn trong vic th hin u th lai.

Kho nghim Bch n lai ti Ba V (1999- 2000)

cho thy s khc nhau v sinh trng v hnh dng thn cy gia cc t hp lai tri: U29C15, phi: E2C (nh L nh Kh)

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Bng 2.18. Sinh trng ca mt s t hp bch n lai ti Thy Phng v ti Ba V (1998 - 2001) Thu Phng (H Ni) T hp U29C3 U29C4 U29U27 U29E1 U29E4 U29E7 E1U29 E2U29 U29E6 U29U26 UEgon E2C3 ULem E4C4 E1C4 U29 CKen E2 E4 E1 Fpr D1,3 (cm) 16,3 15,4 15,5 14,5 13,4 13,4 13,5 12,6 12,9 12,5 11,3 10,5 10,3 9,6 9,8 9,8 9,2 7,9 6,6 5,8 <.001 H (m) 14,7 14,4 14,6 14,1 14,3 14,6 14,3 14,4 13,7 13,2 12,4 11,5 11,7 12,3 11,8 11,4 10,2 10,3 9,5 8,3 <.001 V (dm3) 155,13 139,74 134,81 119,51 104,13 103,55 102,93 91,19 90,48 82,23 64,55 56,02 52,40 49,34 48,13 46,01 35,08 25,55 21,65 14,47 <.001 T hp U29E1 U29E6 U29U26 E4U29 U29E7 U29E2 U29U24 U29C4 U29U27 U29E4 E1C3 E4C4 ULem E1C4 CKen E2C3 E2 E4 U29 E1 Fpr Ba V (H Ty) D1,3 (cm) 9,2 9,1 8,9 8,8 8,8 8,8 8,7 8,3 8,3 8,3 7,0 6,7 6,4 6,5 6,2 6,3 5,9 5,5 5,6 5,0 <.001 H (m) 11,6 11,2 11,5 11,6 11,4 10,9 10,9 11,1 10,6 11,0 9,8 9,9 8,7 9,6 9,7 8,3 8,5 8,9 8,2 7,6 <.001 V (dm3) 40,0 37,2 37,1 37,0 36,0 34,0 33,8 30,7 30,5 30,4 20,1 18,9 17,9 17,7 16,9 14,1 14,1 12,6 11,0 8,7 <.001

Mt c trng quan trng khc ca lai ging l s thay i trt t sp xp ca cc t hp lai theo sinh trng trong nhng iu kin lp a khc nhau (xem biu ). Thu Phng t hp lai c sinh trng nhanh nht l UC, th t cc t hp lai v cc loi b m c xp theo sinh trng t nhanh n chm l UC UE, UU, EU U EC C, E. Ba V cc t hp lai c sinh trng nhanh nht l gia Bch n ur v Bch n liu, th t xp hng theo th tch thn cy ca cc t hp lai v b m ca chng v c bn l: UE, UU, EU UC U, EC C, E. Nh vy, trong iu kin t su v tt cc t hp lai UC c sinh trng nhanh nht, cn trong iu kin t kh xu mt s t hp lai thun nghch gia Bch n ur vi Bch n liu (UE v EU) li c sinh trng nhanh nht. Cc t hp lai gia Bch n trng caman vi Bch n liu (EC) lun c sinh trng km c hai lp a v ch sinh trng nhanh hn b m trc tip tham gia lai ging v hn ging sn xut ca hai loi b m (biu 1). Biu trn cng cho thy ni t tt th cy lai c sinh trng nhanh hn r rt so vi cc loi b m, cn ni t xu th s khc bit ny c phn t hn.

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Bng 2.19. Sinh trng ca mt s dng bch n lai c chn lc ti Tam Thanh (Ph Th) (2002 - 2003) H (m) Iv D1,3 (cm) T l Dng cy lai sng (%) v% v% v% U29E1.24 U29E2.5 U29C3.2 C2U17.91 U15E4.83 U29E2.34 U29E1.23 U29E2.35 GU8 PN2 U6 PN14 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.9 6.1 10.7 2.8 9.5 7.7 15.7 11.7 11.7 9.6 7.9 8.1 10.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.9 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.1 3.0 2.8 5.0 6.1 5.4 6.7 7.6 11.7 8.3 11.2 6.0 5.1 5.4 3.9 18.04 17.60 16.20 17.55 18.00 14.82 15.96 14.82 14.04 9.92 9.00 8.12 23.5 28.5 7.7 30.2 27.2 4.7 36.7 35.4 26.1 5.1 5.4 3.9 96.7 100 96.7 100 100 100 100 100 100 96.7 100 93.3

Nghin cu tim nng bt giy c thc hin cho mt s t hp lai i din nh E1C4, U29C4, U29E1, E1U29 v cc b m ca chng l U29, E1, xut x Kenendy River ca Bch n trng caman, xut x Egon Flores ca Bch n ur v.v.. Cc s liu thu c cho thy giai on 3 tui cy lai c t trng g v hm lng cellulose tng ng hoc cao hn cc loi b m, trong lc hiu sut bt giy v cc tnh cht c hc ca giy nh chu ko, chu gp, ch s x v trng ca giy li tng tng vi cc loi cy b m. Chng t cy lai khng nhng sinh trng nhanh m tim nng bt giy cng khng km cc loi cy b m (L nh Kh, Hong Quc Lm, Nguyn Vit Cng, 2002). T kho nghim ging lai chn c hn 30 cy lai tt nht thuc 8 t hp lai khc nhau c B NN v PTNT cng nhn l ging tin b k thut. Sau khi nhn ging sinh dng v kho nghim dng v tnh ti mt s vng sinh thi thy mt s dng v tnh rt c trin vng. Nhng ging ny khng nhng tip tc sinh trng nhanh hn cc loi b m m cn nhanh hn cc dng E. urophylla c chn lc PN2 v PN14 cng nh cc dng U6 v GU8 c nhp vo Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y. Nhng dng c sinh trng nhanh nht l nhng dng thuc cc t hp U29E1, U29E2, U15E4, C2U17 v U29C3 c kho nghim ti Tam Thanh (bng 2.19). Kho nghim ging lai ti mt s ni khc cng thu c kt qu tng t (Nguyn Vit Cng, 2003). iu chng t lai nhn to c ngha to ln trong ci thin ging bch n. Ti quyt nh s 4356/KHCN-NNNT ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2000 B NN&PTNT cng nhn 31 cy lai thuc cc t hp lai U29E1, U29E2, U29C3, U29C4, U29U24, U29U26, U15C4, U30E5 l Ging tin b k thut tip tc kho nghim dng v tnh v pht trin ging vo sn sut. Kho nghim bc u cho thy nhiu dng trong cc t hp ny c sinh trng vt tri so vi mt s dng c cng nhn ging trc y (bng 2. 19). 4. Nhn ging bng gim hom v nui cy m Nhn ging t mt b phn sinh dng ca cy c gi l nhn ging sinh dng (vegetative propagation) bao gm nhn ging bng hom, chit cnh, ghp cy, nui cy m phn

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sinh v.v., trong nhn ging hom v nui cy m l nhng phng thc nhn ging c dng ph bin nht nhn ging hng lot, cn ghp l phng thc c dng xy dng cc vn ging. Cc phng php nhn ging sinh dng u da trn c s ca phn bo nguyn nhim l li phn bo m cc c tnh ca i trc c truyn li gn nh nguyn vn cho i sau. V vy, nhn ging sinh dng c dng kh ph bin trong ngh trng hoa, ngh trng cy n qu v gn y c dng trong lm nghip. - Nui cy m phn sinh (tissue culture). Nui cy m phn sinh l s nui cy cc b phn non ca cy trong cc mi trng dinh dng c bit to ra nhng cy nh gi l cy m c c tnh nh cy con mc t ht. Nui cy m phn sinh c dng phi hp vi nhn ging hom (gi l cng ngh m-hom) ang to ra mt kh nng mi trong vic nhn ging cc loi cy c ci thin, gp phn tng nng sut rng trng. 4.1. Nhn ging bng hom 4.1.1. c im ca nhn ging hom Nhn ging bng hom (cutting propagation) l phng php dng mt phn l, mt on thn, on cnh hoc on r to ra cy mi gi l cy hom. Nhn ging hom l phng thc nhn ging gia c cc bin d di truyn ca cy m ly cnh cho cy hom, gi c u th lai ca i F1 v khc phc c hin tng phn ly i F2, rt ngn chu k sinh sn v thi gian thc hin chng trnh ci thin ging cy rng v l phng thc gp phn bo tn ngun gen cy rng. Nhn ging bng hom cng l phng php c h s nhn ging ln nn c dng ph bin trong nhn ging cy rng, cy cnh v cy n qu. Tuy vy nhn ging bng hom c th gp hin tng bo lu cc b (topophisis) l hin tng m cy hom tip tc pht trin theo cc c tnh ca cnh mang hom c v tp tnh sinh trng ln pht trin giai on (L nh Kh, Dng Mng Hng, 2003). Cc nhn t nh hng n thnh cng ca nhn ging hom l c im di truyn ca loi, tui cy m ly cnh, v tr cnh v tui cnh, s tn ti ca l trn hom, cc cht kch thch ra r, iu kin sinh sng ca cy m ly cnh, gi th gim hom, thi v gim hom v cc iu kin ngoi cnh khc nh nh snh, nhit , m v.v. (L nh Kh, 2003). Cc cht kch thch ra r c dng ch yu l IBA (Indole butiric acid), IAA (indole acetic acid), NAA (naphthyl acetic acid), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid),v.v. Trc nm 1995 cc cht ny c dng ch yu dng dung dch c nng thp, khong 50-300 ppm x l trong thi gian 3 gi; t nm 1996 n nay thuc bt (0,25- 1,0%) l dng thuc c dng ch yu khi nhn ging hom quy m sn xut; ngoi ra, dng dung dch nng cao 1000 - 3000 ppm cng c dng x l hom gim trong thi gian 1- 3 giy. Nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi thy rng thuc gim hom c hiu qu nht v c dng ph bin nht l IBA dng bt nng 0,75 - 1,0%, tip l dng thuc nc nng cao (1000 - 3000 ppm). y l nhng dng thuc rt tin dng trn quy m ln iu kin sn xut. IBA ang c dng lm thuc gc sn xut cc ch phm dng thuc bt kch thch ra r trn th trng th gii (L nh Kh, on Th Mai, 2002). Gi th gim hom thng dng l ct sng, hoc hn hp ct sng + than tru, hoc ct sng + x da. m gi th thch hp thay i theo tng loi cy, song thch hp nht thng l 50-70%. Ma gim hom c t l ra r cao nht cho cc loi cy l rng thng l ma ma v thng l thng 5 n thng 10. y cng l nhng thng cy c kh nng ra chi nhiu nht, ct c nhiu hom nht.

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Cc iu kin thch hp nht cy hom ra r l 28 - 33oC, m khng kh khu gim hom hn 90% v th cy hom ra r phi thng xuyn ti phun cho hom gim. Cc loi hom c t l ra r cao thng l hom chi vt na ha g di 8 -12 cm, c ct vt pha di v khng b dp. 4.1.2. Nhn ging hom Keo lai Keo lai l ging lai i F1 nn khi dng ht ly t cy keo lai trng rng th rng trng mi (tc i F2) s b thoi ho v phn ly khng nhng v hnh thi m c sinh trng, lm cho nng sut rng Keo lai gim xung thp hn c rng trng Keo tai tng (L nh Kh, v cs., 1998). V th ngay t nm 1997 B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c khuyn ngh khng dng ht Keo lai gy trng rng mi m nn dng phng php nhn ging sinh dng bng gim hom hoc cy nui cy m to cy con keo lai cho trng rng. Ngay khi Keo lai c chn to Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng nghin cu nui cy m v gim hom thnh cng cho Keo lai (Nguyn Ngc Tn, v cs., 1995, on Th Mai, v cs., 1999, L nh Kh, v cs., 1999) v t chc nhiu lp tp hun v k thut nhn ging hom cho hn 40 tnh Vit Nam. Hin nay k thut nhn ging hom keo lai c nhiu c s trong nc p dng thnh cng. Nhiu lm trng v hp tc x c th nhn ging Keo lai bng hom trng rng. - Gim hom Keo lai c thc hin thnh cng nhiu c s sn xut. Thuc gim hom c hiu qu nht l thuc bt TTG (tn vit tt ca Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng) v cc ch phm thuc bt t IBA (indole butiric acid). X l bng thuc bt TTG1 1% c th lm cy m ra r hn 90% trn mi trng ct tinh v hom gim ra r hn 80% quy m sn xut. Xy dng vn ging ly hom l cn thit sn xut cy hom cho trng rng quy m ln, sau khi trng 3 thng c th ct hom t cy trong vn ging, sau 2 nm c th ct c 350 - 500 hom/cy, nm th 3 c th ct c 500 - 600 hom/cy v bt u n nh. Tuy vy sau nm th t cn thay vn ging ly hom mi c trng bng cy m. Trong iu kin thi tit min Bc t thng 5 n thng 10 l thi k c th ct c nhiu hom nht v cng l thi k gim hom c t l ra r cao nht (90 - 95%). Hin nay cc c s nhn ging hom cho Keo lai nc ta nh Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng, Trung tm khoa hc v sn xut lm nghip ng Nam B, X nghip ging Quy Nhn v nhiu n v khc c khu nhn ging hom cho Keo lai quy m hn mt triu cy/nm. Nhiu lm trng v trung tm khuyn nng khuyn lm cc tnh cng c cc khu nhn ging hom quy m 300.000 - 500.000 cy/nm. Hin nay din tch trng Keo lai bng cy hom hng nm trong c nc khong 25.000 30.000 ha/nm, lng cy hom Keo lai c s dng cng khong 50 - 70 triu cy/nm. 4.1.3. Nhn ging hom mt s dng bch n cao sn Cc ging bch n cao sn (ch yu l Bch n ur) ang c gy trng rng ri vng Trung tm min Bc bng cy hom v cy m. Gim hom bch n cao sn (trong c mt s dng lai gia E. grandis v E. urophylla) c thc hin ti Trung tm cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh bng cc dng ch phm IBA (Phm Th Thanh, 1996). Vi thuc bt TTG 0,75-1% (mt dng ch phm ca IBA) Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng gim hom Bch n u r t t l ra r hn 80% quy m sn xut.

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Hom c th gim vo gi th ct vng hoc gim trc tip vo bu t theo cc loi hn hp rut bu khc nhau, trong mt s loi c hiu qu l: - Hn hp 20% phn tng hp (20% tru + 30% mn ca + 45 - 50% phn chung + 5% phn xanh) + 80% t tng B. - Hn hp 50% t tng B +25% ct sng + 25% than tru - Hn hp 40% t tng B + 30% ct + 30% than tru - Hn hp 50% ct sng + 50% than tru Gi th gim hom c x l kh trng trc khi gim 12 gi bng Benlat 0,15% vi lng ti 10 lit trn 50m2, hoc bng thuc tm (KMnO4) 0,1% vi lng ti 10 lt trn 10 m2. Hom c ct l hom chi vt di 7 - 10 cm mang 2 - 3 l, cch 0,2 cm pha di t di cng. Sau khi ct hom c kh trng bng dung dch Benlat 0,2% (2g Benlat/ 10 lt nc) trong thi gian 15 - 20 pht phng nm bnh. Sau khi gim, hom c ph bng nilon m v ti phun, thi gian ti cch nhau 30 40 pht, mi ln 7-10 giy ty thuc thi tit ( min Bc), hoc khng che ph nilong v ti phun sng 15 giy/ln, mi ln 5 giy, sau khi hom ra r th thi gian ti gim dn ( min Nam) gi l ca hom lun ti v nhit khng qu 320C (on Th Mai, 2004). Nhn ging bch n cao sn bng hom ang c p dng thnh cng ti Trung tm nghin cu cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh vi quy m 2,5 triu cy/nm. Cng ty ging lm nghip v mt s lm trng cng ang nhn ging hom cc dng bch n cao sn. S lng cy nhn ging hom ca cc dng Bch n cao sn hng nm nc ta c th t 6 - 7 triu cy/nm. 4.1.4. Nhn ging hom cc loi cy l rng khc Ngoi Keo lai, mt s dng bch n cao sn v cc dng Phi lao 601 v 701 (Trung tm Bo v rng s 2) ang c nhn ging hom quy m ln, cc loi cy l rng khc cng c nhn ging hom thnh cng quy m th nghim hoc quy m bn sn xut nh Hi - Illicum verum (Nguyn Ngc Tn, ng Thun Thnh, L Vit Bng, 1991), Keo l trm Acacia auriculiformis (L nh Kh, 1993), Keo tai tng - A. mangium (L nh Kh, 1993, on Thanh Nga, 1996), S - Camellia oleifera (Nguyn Hong Ngha, on Th Bch, 1995), M Manglietia conifera (L nh Kh, Hong Thanh Lc, Phm Vn Tun, 1995), Qu Cinnamomum cassia (on Thanh Nga, 1996), Bch n caman - E. camaldulensis (L nh Kh, Phm Vn Tun, on Th Bch, 1997), Phi lao - Casuarina equisetifolia (L nh Kh, 1995), Phi lao 601 v 701 (B NN&PTNT, 2001), Sao en - Hopea odorata (L nh Kh, Nguyn nh Hi, Cn Th Lan, 1998), Du ri - Dipterocarpus alatus (L nh Kh, on Th Bch, 1999), Ch ng Ilex latifolia (L nh Kh, 1998, 2003), Keo du (Leucena leucephala) v Keo du lai - Leucena leucocephala x L. pallida (L nh Kh, H Huy Thnh, Cn Th Lan, 2000), Ging hng

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Hom Ging hng x l thuc bt TTG ra r (2001) (nh L nh Kh)

- Pterocarpus macrocarpus (L nh Kh, Cn Thi Lan, H Thi Mng, 2000), Lt hoa Chukrasia tabulais (on Th Bch, 2001), v.v. B phn c s dng nhn ging hom thnh cng l hom ct t cy non 1-2 tui hoc hom ct t chi vt 2-3 thng tui ca cy 5-20 tui, ring cy S c th ly hom t cy hn 10 tui. Cc cht kch thch ra r c dng nhn ging hom cho cc loi cy ni trn l cc dng thuc nc v thuc bt ca IBA (v cc ch phm ca IBA nh TTG, Seradex, v.v.), IAA, NAA v ABT ca Trung Quc, trong cc dng thuc bt ca IBA l c hiu qu nht v c dng ph bin nht. 4.1.5. Nhn ging hom cc loi cy l kim Cc loi cy l kim nhn ging hom thnh cng quy m th nghim c t l ra r 60100% l Thng ui nga - P. massoniana (L nh Kh, 1994, 2003), Thng carib - P. caribea (L nh Kh, 2003), Bch xanh Calocedrus macrolepis (L nh Kh, on Th Bch, 1997), P mu - Fokienia hodginsii (L nh Kh, Nguyn nh Hi, 1997), Thng Taxus chinensis (Nguyn Hong Ngha, Trn C, 1996; L nh Kh, Trn C, L Th Xun, 1996), Thng lt Taxus walisiana (Nguyn Hong Ngha, 2005), Hong n gi Dacridyum elatum (Hunh Vn Ko, 2003, Nguyn Hong Ngha, 2005), Ph Cephalotaxus manii (vn quc gia Ba V ), v.v. Nt c trng nhn ging cc loi cy l kim thnh cng l cc hom gim phi c c ngn th cy hom mi c th pht trin thnh cy, m gi th gim hom khng ln (di 50%), m khng kh li phi ln (hn 90%), ma gim hom c hiu qu cao thng l ma lnh, loi hom c t l ra r cao nht khi nhn ging hom l chi vt na ho g. 4.1.6. Nhn ging hom v chit cnh mt s loi tre trc Tre trc gm hai nhm cy c c im sinh sn khac nhau l nhm mc cm tao thnh cm cy theo bi nh cc chi Bambusa, Dendrocalamus v nhm mc tn theo tng cy ring l nh chi Phyllostachys. n nay vic nhn ging hom t cn bn mi thnh cng ch yu cho nhm cy mc bi, cn hm cy mc tn ch yu phi nhn ging bng thn ngm.

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Nhng loi cy nhn ging hom thnh hom thnh cng trong nhm tre trc nc ta l Lung Dendrocalamus membraceus (Hong Vnh Tng, 1977, L Quang Lin, 1994), Tre mng im trc D. latifflorus nhp t Trung Quc, Tre mng lc trc (Bambusa oldhamii) nhp t Trung Quc. Cc cht kch thch ra r c dng nhn ging hom thnh cng cho cc loi cy ny l 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T (Hong Vnh Tng, 1978), hoc NAA (Phm Quang Linh, 2002). Nhn ging Lung t hom i g theo kiu chit cnh ca L Quang Lin c p dng quy m sn xut.

Lung chit ra r

ti Cu Hai chun b a i trng (9/2004) (nh L nh Kh)

4.2. Nhn ging bng nui cy m 4.2.1. c im nui cy m Nhn ging bng nui cy m (propagation by tisue culture), hoc vi nhn ging (micropropagation) l tn gi chung cho cc phng php nui cy in vitro cho cc b phn nh c tch khi cy (George, 1993) ang c dng ph bin nhn ging thc vt, trong c cy lm nghip. Cc b phn c dng nui cy c th l chi nh, chi bn, chi bt nh, bao phn, phn hoa, phi v cc b phn khc nh v cy, l non, thn mm (hypocotyl) v.v. Song nui cy m cho chi bn v chi bt nh (Preece, 1997, Tripepi, 1997) l nhng phng php chnh c dng trong nhn ging cy rng. u im chnh ca nui cy m l cy m c tr ho cao v c r ging nh cy mc t ht, thm ch khng c s khc bit ng k so vi cy mc t ht. Mt u im khc ca nhn ging bng nui cy m l c h s nhn cao hn nhn ging hom, t mt cm chi sau mt nm nui cy m lin tc c th sn xut hng triu cy con. Hn na, nui cy m cng l mt trong nhng bin php lm sch bnh. V th mc du nui cy m i hi k thut phc tp, gi thnh cao, song vn c nhiu ni p dng, c bit l phi hp vi gim hom, to thnh cng ngh m-hom ang c s dng kh ph bin trong sn xut lm nghip (L nh Kh, on Thi Mai, 2002). Cc bc c bn ca nui cy m l: - To chi,

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- Ly mu v kh trng mu vt - Nhn chi - Cho ra r - Cy cy vo bu Mi trng nui cy c bn thng c dng nui v nhn chi cho cy l rng thng l Murashige v Skooge (MS) c b sung thm mt s cht cn thit nh Riboflavine, Biotin, Gibberelin, IBA, BAP (Benzylaminopurine) v mt s cht khc thch hp vi tng loi c th, trong c cht chng ho nu l Polyvinylpyroline -PVP (Nguyn Ngc Tn v c.s., 1997, on Thi Mai v c.s., 1998). Ngoi ra, pH ca mi trng, phng php cy chuyn, cng nh t l thi gian thch hp gia che ti v chiu sng v cng nh sng u l nhng nhn t quan trng cn c ch trong khu nui cy v nhn chi. Cytokinin thng c dng trong nhn chi l BAP, Zeatin, cn Kinetin thng c hiu qu thp. Auxin c hiu qu ra r cao nhiu loi cy rng l IBA, cn NAA (Napthalene acetic acid) ch c hiu qu cao cho mt s loi nht nh. Vic cho ra r c th tin hnh trong mi trng nui cy hoc trc tip trn ct sng trong nh knh hoc di gin che c ti phun m. Xc nh t l thch hp gia auxin v cytokinin thch hp trong tng giai on c nh hng trc tip n h s nhn cho tng loi cy. Nhn chung, khi nhn chi (phn ho chi bt nh) thng cn t l cytokinin cao hn auxin, cn khi cho ra r li cn t l auxin cao hn cytokinin (George, 1993).

Quan h gia Auxin v Cytokinin trong sinh trng v hnh thnh c qan

Cy m ra r sau khi qua giai on hun luyn c cy vo bu t c thnh phn rut bu thch hp bo m c cht dinh dng, khng c mm bnh v thot nc tt. Sau khi cy, cy m c che bng hp l v gi m trong thi gian u, c chm sc cn thn, sau 2 - 3 thng c th a trng rng.

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4.2.2. Nui cy m Keo lai Nui cy m Keo lai nc ta ngi u tin tin hnh nui cy m l Nguyn Ngc Tn v cc cng s l Trn H Quang, Ng Minh Duyn (1995). Sau on Th Mai v cs., 1998, 2004) hon thin thm mt s khu v chuyn giao k thut nhn ging Keo lai bng nui cy m cho nhiu c s trong nc Nhn ging Keo lai bng nui cy m bao gm cc cng on chnh l to chi, ly mu, kh trng, nhn chi, cho ra r v cy cy vo bu. Chi nui cy m Keo lai c ly bng cch ct cy hom (ly t cy ging gc) cao 35 cm to chi vt, khi chi vt cao 15 - 20 cm th ct on chi di 10 - 15 cm (b ngn), ma ct chi thch hp l thng 4 n thng 8 ( cc tnh min Bc) v cc thng ma ma cc tnh pha Nam (thi gian ct chi l u bui sng). on chi ct c ra sch bng nc x phng di vi nc chy, sau lau bng bng tm cn 70% ri ra li tht sch bng nc ct, kh trng mu vt bng Clorua thu ngn (HgCl2) 0,1% trong 10 pht. Nhn chi Keo lai trong mi trng MS (Murashige v Skooge) ci tin c b sung thm Riboflavin 0,1 mg/lt, Biotin 0,1 mg/lt, ng sacharose 30 g/lt, Agar-Agar 7 g/lt v Polyvinyl pyrroline (PVP) 1 g/lt. Mi trng c hp v trng nhit 121oC p sut 1,4 atm trong thi gian 20 pht. Chi c nui trong bnh t trn gi c chiu sng 2500 - 3000 lux, nhit trong phng 25oC 2oC. Sau 30 - 40 ngy, khi chi bt nh di 1,5 - 2,0 cm, th ct v cy chuyn sang mi trng nhn chi MS ci tin trong Agar - Agar 7 g/lt c thm BAP (Benzylamino purine) 1,5 mg/lt, sau c 25 ngy cy chuyn vo mi trng mi cho n lc lng chi cn thit ra r.

Cy m (phi) v cy hom (tri) Keo lai ra r (nh on Thi Mai) Cho ra r chi non Keo lai c thc hin c trong mi trng dinh dng ln trc tip trn ct sng. Mi trng ra r cho Keo lai l 1/2 MS ci tin trong 7g/lt Agar-Agar c b sung IBA 2 mg/lt ng sacharo 15g/lt v PVP 1 g/lt. Cho ra r trc tip trn ct sng bng cch ct chi di 2,5 - 3,0 cm b phn gc, ngm trong dung dch Benlat 0,15% trong 10 pht, ri chm thuc bt TTG1 c th t t l ra r 85 - 90%. Cng ngh nhn ging Keo lai bng nui cy m c thc hin thnh cng ti X nghip ging TP. H Ch Minh, Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng v mt s n v khc. n nay Lm nng trng thc nghim Yn Lp Qung Ninh v cc c s nhn ging khc

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cc tnh H Tnh, Qung Tr, Bc Cn v.v. nui cy m cho Keo lai trn quy m ln hng trm nghn cy mi nm. 4.2.3. Nui cy m mt s ging bch n cao sn v bch n lai Mt s ging bch n cao sn c nhp t Trung Quc cng nh cc ging bch n lai ca ta ang c nhn ging bng nui cy m trn quy m sn xut hn 1 triu cy/nm ti mt s c s nh Trung tm nghin cu cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh, Lm nng trng thc nghim Yn Lp (Qung Ninh), x nghip ging TP. H Ch Minh. y cng l nhng c s nhp cng ngh v ging gc ca Trung Quc, cn ging bch n lai c nhn ging thnh cng ti Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng. Nhng nt chnh trong cng ngh nui cy m bch n v bch n lai (Nguyn Ngc Tn, Trn H Quang, 1997, on Thi Mai, 2004; on Th Mai, Nguyn Vit Cng, Ng Minh Duyn, Nguyn Thanh Hng, 2000) l: Kh trng mu vt cc on chi vt ly t cy 6 - 12 thng bng cch ra sch di vi nc chy, sau kh trng bng HgCl2 0,1% trong 10 pht, ri ra bng nc ct kh trng 5-6 ln. Mu kh trng c ct thnh tng on c 1-2 mt ng cy vo mi trng MS (Murashige v Skoog) c bn, sau khi cy 30-45 ngy xut hin chi bt nh. Nhn chi bng cch cy chi bt nh 1,5-2 cm trong mi trng MS ci tin c b sung BAP (benzylaminopurine) 1mg/l + NAA 0,4 mg/l + ng sacharose 30 g/l + thch 6g/l. Sau c 12-15 ngy cy chuyn sang mi trng mi. Cho chi ra r trn mi trng MS b sung IBA 1 mg/l + ABT 0,4mg/l +ng 15g/l+ thch 6,5 g/l, khi chi cao t 2,5-3 cm. Hin nay mt s ni c th cho ra r cy m trn mi trng ct sng. 4.2.4. Nui cy m mt s loi cy khc Ngoi Keo lai v bch n cao sn mt s loi cy khc c nui cy m thnh cng quy m phng th nghim nh Keo l trm - Acacia auriculiformis (Lng Th Hoan, on Th Mai v cs. 2003), Lt hoa - Chukrasia tabularis (Ng Th Minh Duyn, on Th Mai, 2001), D trm - Aquilaria crassna (on Th Mai v cs, 2005), Hng - Pawlonia fortunei (on Th Mai, Ng Th Minh Duyn, 1999), v.v. 5. Mt s vn tn ti v bin php gii quyt 5.1. Mt s vn tn ti Bn cnh nhng thnh cng t c cng tc ci thin ging cy rng Vit Nam c mt s thch thc ln hin nay l: Cng tc ging tuy c rt nhiu c gng, song vn cha th p ng yu cu ngy cng tng ca cc chng trnh trng rng c v s lng v cht lng di truyn ca ging. n nay chng ta mi c mt s rng ging chuyn ho m cha c mt h thng rng ging v vn ging c cht lng c ci thin p ng yu cu ca sn xut, ging c cht lng cao mi chim t l khong 30% trong tng s ging cung cp cho sn xut. Nhiu ni vn s dung ging x b, nng sut rng trng cn thp. Cha kt hp c ba yu t tng nng sut rng trng l s dng ging c ci thin, trng trn iu kin lp a ph hp v p dng y cc bin php k thut thm canh thch ng.

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Cha ch y n vic ci thin ging cho cy bn a v cy lm sn ngoi g. Vic nghin cu v sn xut ging cy ngoi lai mc nhanh c kh nng trng trn t trng i ni trc lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip c mt s kt qu, to c mt s ging cao sn, song cha ch ng mc n ci thin ging cy bn a v ging cy g ln, cha c nhng thnh tu ng k v ci thin ging cy lm sn ngoi g. Vic p dng mt s cng ngh v phng php chn to ging tin tin mi c p dng bc u mt s c quan nghin cu, song nhn chung c s vt cht cn ngho nn, thiu cc thit b hin i cho cng tc chn to ging v nhn ging. Cha ch y n cng tc qun l sn xut ging. Vic sn xut ging cn tu tin, ngun ging khng c qun l cht ch, mt s ging c sn xut cn x b, cht lng di truyn km. i ng cn b lm cng tc ci thin ging cc c s sn xut va thiu s lng va thiu kin thc.

5.2. Mt s bin php gii quyt Trc ht cng vi vic chn to ging mt s loi cy ch yu sn xut nguyn liu cho cng nghip phi ch y n vic chn to ging cho cc loi cy bn a, cy g ln v cy lm sn ngoi g, ng thi phi c cch i ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t v tng cng cng tc qun l ging tng nhanh ngun ging c cht lng di truyn c ci thin cho cc chng trnh trng rng. Cn thy rng to c cc rng trng c nng sut cao cn c ba yu t l ging c cht lng di truyn c ci thin, trng ng lp a v p dng cc bin php k thut thm canh thch ng nhm to iu kin ti u cho s sinh trng ca cy. V th, trc ht cn xc nh vng trng v lp a trng thch hp cho tng loi cy trng rng ch yu theo mc tiu t ra. T tin hnh r sot li cc rng ging v vn ging c u t nng cp thch ng, ng thi loi b nhng rng ging, vn ging khng t yu cu. Tin hnh chn lc cy tri v xy dng cc rng ging v vn ging mi thch hp cho mi vng sinh thi nhm chun b cung cp cho cc chng trnh trng rng trong 7 - 10 nm ti, ng thi p dng cc bin php k thut lm sinh ph hp vi c im sinh thi v yu cu sn phm ca tng ging cy trng. Khn trng xy dng thm cc vn ging v rng ging mi trn c s c cy m c chn lc cn thn v t tiu chun cng nhn ging, tng bc nng cao t l ging co cht lng di truyn c ci thin cung cp cho trng rng. nhanh chng cung cp ging c cht lng di truyn c ci thin v a nhanh cc ging cy rng mi vo sn xut mt mt phi tn dng ti a nhng thnh qu c trong nc v chn to ging, ly ging t cc rng ging, vn ging hoc cc dng v tnh c cng nhn, mt khc phi nhp thm cc xut x c nng sut cao c B NN&PTNT cng nhn m ta cha c ging. Cng vi vic chn to ging v cung cp ging cho cc chng trnh trng rng cn lm tt cng tc qun l ging theo quy nh ca Php lnh ginh cy trng (ban hnh nm 2004), c bit l qun l chui hnh trnh sn xut ging cho cc ging cy trng lm nghip chnh cc c s sn xut ging cy trng lm nghip, chm dt tnh trng s dung ging x b v ging c cht lng km, cha qua nh gi v cng nhn ging ca cc c quan c thm quyn. Tuyn chn thm cc cy ging v lm phn t tiu chun lm ging trong cc rng t nhin, vn quc gia hoc khu bo tn thin nhin cho mt s loi cy bn a c gi tr kinh t

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 chuyn ho thnh khu ly ging (tc rng ging chuyn ho) nhm cung cp ging cho trng rng nhng ni c iu kin. y chnh l s kt hp gia bo tn ngun gen lu di vi vic cung cp ging trc mt. Cng vi vic s dng cc ngun ging cy rng c cn nhp thm cc ging mi c nng sut cao v c kh nng chng chu vi cc iu kin bt li, tin hnh kho nghim ging trc khi gy trng trn din rng tng ngun ging cho trng rng. u t thm thit b xy dng mt s c s chn to ging v nhn ging cy rng c k thut cao tip thu kp cc cng ngh tin tin ca th gii. Lm tt cng tc bo tn ngun gen dng cy ng ti cc vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin (bo tn in situ), cng nh bo tn ti cc khu kho nghim ging v cc rng ging v vn ging, ng thi lm tt vic bo qun ht v bo tn cc vt liu ging khc (bo tn ex situ) lm c s cho cng tc ci thin ging lu di v trao i ging quc t. Gn cng tc ci thin ging vi bo tn ngun gen cy rng v bo tn a dng sinh hc. T chc o to chuyn v tp hun k thut c bn v chn to ging v nhn ging cy rng cho cn b k thut cp tnh v lm trng. Ging l mt trong nhng khu quan trng nht ca trng rng thm canh, khng c ging c ci thin th khng th xy dng rng trng c nng sut cao nh mong mun. Kt hp s dng ging c ci thin vi vic trng ng lp a v p dng cc bin php k thut thm canh thch ng chn chn chng ta s tng bc a nng sut rng trng ln cao, gp phn bo v rng t nhin hin c v ci thin mi trng sinh thi nc ta.

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Phn 3: Bo Tn Ngun Gen Cy rng 1. Suy gim ngun gen Cc ti liu nghin cu gn y ca T chc Bo tn th gii (IUCN) cho thy phm vi ton cu c khong 13% s loi thc vt trn th gii ang ng trc nguy c tuyt chng, e do tim nng s dng ca nhn loi trong tng lai. Qua xem xt d liu t 189 quc gia v vng lnh th, mi y cc nh khoa hc M cho thy c khong 22 - 47% s loi thc vt c th b e do, cao hn nhiu so vi con s d on 13% ca IUCN. Cc s liu cng b nm 1998 cho thy Hoa K, c ti 29% s loi thc vt (4669 loi trong tng s 16.108 loi) c lit k vo danh sch b e do. Con s cc loi thc vt ang b e do Gia-mai-ca l 22,5%; Th Nh K l 21,7%; Ty Ban Nha l 19,5%; xtrylia l 14,4%; Cu Ba 13,6%; P Ru 13,1%; Nht Bn 12,7% v Bradin l 2,4%. 1.1. Suy gim ti nguyn rng Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i nm vng ng Nam , c tng din tch lnh th khong 330.000 km2, ko di t v 8 o Bc ti v 23 o Bc, trong qu t lm nghip l 16,0 triu ha, chim khong 48,3% tng din tch t nhin ton quc, d kin n cui nm 2010 che ph ca rng t 43% (bng 3.1. - Chin lc pht trin lm nghip, giai on 2001 - 2010). Bng 3.1. Mc tiu pht trin lm nghip n nm 2010 Ch tiu che ph rng ton quc Rng phng h Rng c dng Rng sn xut Giai on 2001-2005 39% 5,4 triu ha 1,6 triu ha 6,2 triu ha Giai on 2006-2010 43% 6,0 triu ha 2,0 triu ha 8,0 triu ha

H thc vt rng Vit Nam rt phong ph v a dng song cha c nghin cu y . Theo c tnh ca cc nh khoa hc, nc ta c khong 12.000 loi thc vt, ngoi cc chi v loi c hu, h thc vt nc ta cn c b sung nhiu loi ca cc h thc vt xung quanh, l: H thc vt Malaixia - Innxia: T pha nam ln, m i din l gn 50 loi cy h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) trong phi k n cc loi c gi tr ln nh Du ri (D. alatus), Sao en (Hopea odorata), Vn vn (Anisoptera costata) v mt s loi cy ang b e do nh Sn ct Hm Thun Nam, Du ct phn b dc b bin t Hm Thun Nam n Bnh Chu-Phc Bu, Chai l cong v Sao l hnh tim Cam Ranh. H thc vt Trung Hoa: t pha bc xung, vi cc i din cho h thc vt nhit i v n i nh: Cc loi cy ht trn (Gymnospermae), D (Fagaceae), quyn (Ericaceae), Cng l (Betulaceae), H o (Juglandaceae), Long no (Lauraceae). H thc vt n - Min in: t pha ty sang, gm c cc i din l : Bng (Combretaceae), Go (Bombaceae), Bng lng (Lythraceae).

Theo b Thc vt ch ng Dng (Lecomte, 1905-1952, Flore Gnerale de lIndoChine, cc tp I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII), Vit Nam c trn 7000 loi thc vt c mch thuc 1850 chi, 290 h, trong c 64 chi c hu chim 3% tng s chi v 2084 loi c hu chim 27,5% tng s loi. Vin Sinh thi v ti nguyn sinh vt (Trn nh L, 1993) thng bo ch ring

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ngnh Khuyt thc vt (Ptesidophyta), ngnh Ht trn (Gymnospermae) v ngnh Ht kn (Angiospermae) c khong 11.000 loi ca trn 2500 chi. Xt v phng din quc gia, cc cng trnh nghin cu xut bn trong Thc vt ch ng Dng (Lecomte, 1905 - 1952) nh danh c 7000 loi thc vt bc cao c mch, thuc 1850 chi v 290 h thc vt Vit Nam. Nm 1990, Nguyn Tin Bn thng k c 8500 loi, 2050 chi thc vt Ht kn, trong lp Mt l mm c 2200 loi ca 460 chi cn lp Hai L mm c 6300 loi ca 1590 chi. Phan K Lc (1996) lit k c 10361 loi thc vt c mch thuc 2256 chi v 305 h thc vt. Sau mt nm, Nguyn Ngha Thn (1997) tp hp v chnh l tn theo h thng Brummit (1992) v a ra danh sch gm 11.178 loi ca 2582 chi v 395 h thc vt. Cc nghin cu cng tp trung su hn cho mt s Vn quc gia v khu BTTN chnh nh Bch M, Ct Tin, Cc Phng, Hong Lin, Tam o, Yokdon v.v. (bng 3.2). Ton b h thc vt Vit Nam c c trng bi t l cc loi c hu cao, khong 33% min Bc (Pocs Tamas, 1965). Theo K hoch Hnh ng a dng sinh hc c Chnh ph ph duyt nm 1995, nc ta c khong 12.000 loi thc vt, 275 loi th, 800 loi chim, 180 loi b st, 80 loi lng c, 2470 loi c, 5500 loi cn trng, trong c khong 40% s loi thc vt thuc loi c hu, khng tm thy ni no khc ngoi Vit Nam. Nhn dn ta t hng ngn nm nay s dng hng ngn loi cy lm lng thc, thc phm, thc n chn nui, thuc cha bnh, nguyn liu, cy cnh, cy trang tr v cc mc tiu khc. V Vn Chuyn, L Trn Chn v Trn Hp (1987) chia cc loi thc vt thnh cc nhm nh sau : - Cy cung cp g : 1200 loi ca 100 chi. - Cy nguyn liu giy si : 100 loi - Cy cung cp tinh du : 500 loi,c 160 loi c gi tr cao. - Cy cho du bo : 260 loi. - Cy cho tanin : 600 loi. - Cy lm thuc nhum : 200 loi. - Cy lm thuc : 1000 loi.

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Bng 3.2. Thnh phn loi cy trong c nc v mt s Vn quc gia quan trng Tt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 loi Chi H 369 272 98 812 472 99 1406 635 170 745 495 149 1362 638 151 882 562 161 1983 915 229 2024 771 200 904 478 213 566 290 108 7000* 1850 290 10.361** 2256 305 11.178*** 2582 395 Lecomte (1905-1952) cho thc vt c mch. ** Phan K Lc (1996) *** Nguyn Ngha Thn (1997) Tn vn Ba B Ba V Bch M Ct B Ct Tin Cn o Cc Phng Hong Lin Tam o Yokdon C nc Cy thuc x 250 108 350 310 165 x 428 x 227 Cy g x x 200 265 440 371 x 123 x 116

Vo nm 1993, Vin Sinh thi v ti nguyn sinh vt gii thiu khong 1.900 loi cy c ch nc ta thuc gn 1.000 chi, 230 loi h (Trn nh L, 1993) song chc chn con s ny cn tng ln na nh cc nghin cu, iu tra t m hn trong tng lai. Ring i vi cy thuc, cc nghin cu iu tra gn y cho thy c khong 3200 loi c s dng vo cha bnh (V Vn Chi, 1997). Do hu qu ca chin tranh ko di, du canh du c v khai thc khng hp l nn din tch rng b gim i ng k. Theo nh nghin cu Php l P. Maurand (1943), vo nm 1943, c khong 43% din tch c nc c rng che ph, song t l che ph ca rng gim xung cn 27,1% vo nm 1980 v 26,2% vo nm 1985 (B Lm nghip, 1991). Uc tnh trong giai on ny c khong trn di 100.000 ha rng b mt i mi nm. ng Nam B cng chnh l ni chng kin s suy gim nhanh chng ca ti nguyn rng ni chung v ca cc loi h Du, h u ni ring. Theo Nguyn Duy Chuyn v Ng An (1995), vo nm 1959, din tch cc loi rng c cy h Du ca ton vng ng Nam B (bao gm 5 tnh l ng Nai, Bnh Phc, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh v B Ra-Vng Tu) l 1.146.275 ha, chim 49% din tch ton vng. n nm 1992, con s ny ch cn l 183.081 ha, bng 8% din tch khu vc. Rng cy h Du b suy kit nghim trng c v din tch v tr lng. Rng b tn ph, b khai thc qu mc tr nn ngho kit; cc h sinh thi rng b ph hu. Nhiu loi thc vt rng qu ang b cht h, thu hi khng c k hoch nn ang ng trc nguy c b tuyt chng nu khng c ngay cc bin php ngn chn, bo v c hiu qu. Do khai thc khng hp l nn khng ch cc loi cy rng m c cc loi ng vt rng cng mt mi trng sng v tr nn b e do. Theo K hoch Hnh ng a dng sinh hc (1995), nc ta c khong 28% loi th, 10% loi chim v 21% b st v ng vt lng c ang phi ng u vi tnh trng tuyt chng.

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Thnh phn chnh ca bin i ton cu hin c ni n nhiu l cc bin i v che ph t, v s dng t v vic lm tng lng kh nh knh (Greenhouse gases) trong kh quyn m ch yu do bi hot ng ca con ngi. Theo d on, c vi tc tn ph mi trng nh hin nay, ti nm 2030, nhit b mt Tri t s tng ln t 0,6 C n 1,7 C, cn ti nm 2070 s l khong 1 - 4 C. i vi cc h sinh thi ven bin, theo d on nm 1990 ca IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change) da vo cc m hnh kh hu th mc nc bin trung bnh ca ton cu s dng ln 20 cm vo nm 2030 v 65 cm vo nm 2100, nu nh con ngi khng c nhng c gng tch cc khc nhm ngn cn qu trnh ny (Bird, 1994). Do tng cy che ph b ph b m mt t b phi ra cho cc tc ng trc tip ca kh quyn; chu trnh C, N v P, v ng thi ca vt cht hu c cng b nh hng. Din tch che ph rng b gim st cn gy nh hng ln n xi mn, l lt v hn hn Vit Nam. Trc thc t , bo tn a dng sinh hc v bo tn ngun gen thc vt rng c coi l mt vic lm cp thit v thng xuyn, va nhm phc v cc mc tiu trc mt v lu di ca s nghip pht trin kinh t x hi, va gp phn quan trng vo cng tc bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng sinh thi ca nc ta. 1.2. Suy gim ngun gen cy rng v mc e do Ba nguy c c bn c lin quan n bo tn ngun gen cy rng l: - Nguy c mt loi, - Nguy c mt mt phn phn b ca loi (ni, xut x), - Xi mn di truyn, suy gim ngun gen. 1.2.1. Nguy c mt loi Thy tng (cn gi l Thng nc - Glyptostrobus pensilis K.Koch) c xem nh l mt trng hp cc oan trong s hng nghn loi cy rng ca nc ta. Thy tng ch c phn b rt hp ti hai vng ca tnh c Lc l Trp Ksor (Krng Nng) v Ea HLeo. Nhng chuyn iu tra kho st cho thy huyn Ea H'leo, qun th thy tng cn li trn 200 cy sau khi p nc c h thp, song 2/3 s cy c th vn sng trong tnh trng cha phc hi hoc khng th phc hi, nhiu cy ch cn tr thn v rt t l cnh. Qun th huyn Krng Nng hin ch cn li 32 cy thy tng cui cng trong Khu bo tn Trp Ksor. Cc cy ny ang ng trc nguy c b tuyt chng bi v t xungng khu bo tn b dn ln chim lm nng nghip, mi trng sng b thu hp, cy sinh trng km v khng tm thy cy ti sinh t ht. Qun th Thng nm l P C (Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang), loi thng nm l th hai thuc h Thng (Pinaceae) hin ch cn khong di 250 cy c th trng thnh phn b rt ri rc trn nh ni vi, ch yu ti P C (Mai Chu, Ho Bnh) v Cao Bng. Mi trng sng l ni vi rt khc nghit khng thun li cho ti sinh t nhin, trong khi nhng cy cui cng cn li vn ang b e do cht ph. Cc loi thng hin ch cn li rt t cy c th phn b ri rc mt s ni v cng ang ng trc nguy c b tuyt chng. S lng cc cy c th trng thnh ca loi Thng P C (Taxus chinensis Rehd.) khng vt qu con s 250, hin ch tm thy 5 c th duy nht vng ni P C (Mai Chu, Ho Bnh) v mt s cy ri rc mt s ni khc nh Bt i Sn v Thi Phn Tng (H Giang). Theo cc s liu iu tra n nay th loi Thng Lm ng (Taxus wallichiana Zucc) cn khong trn di 200 cy c th trng thnh. Thng ni chung l cy rt c gi tr v mt cha tr ung th v ang c pht trin gy trng mnh m ti nhiu

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nc, c bit l Hoa K. Bn cnh cc n lc bo tn cc cy c th cui cng ca loi th cn sm a loi cy c gi tr ny vo gy trng phc v sn xut thuc chng ung th. Trong s cc loi cy h Du, c 2 loi cy hin ang b e do nghim trng, l Sao mng C N v Sao l hnh tim. Sao mng C N (Hopea reticulata) ch cn thy nh v sn ni C N (vng kh Phan Rang) vi 192 cy c th m khng cn tm thy ni no khc. Chng tn ti trn ni kh cn v hng ngy vn b cht ta t than, ly ci. Nu khng c nhng c gng bo tn hu hiu th chnh chng ta l nhng ngi c chng kin s tuyt chng ca loi cy h Du ny trong tng lai khng xa. 1.2.2. Nguy c mt mt s vng phn b Lim xanh (Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv.) thuc h u (Caesalpinioidae, Leguminosae) trc y c phn b tri di sut t Qung Ninh n Qung Bnh trong c cc vng phn b ni ting nh Cu Hai, Chn Mng (Ph Th), Tam o (Vnh Phc), Ba V, Sn Ty (H Ty) hoc Mai Su (Bc Giang), Hu Lng (Lng Sn) song n nay kh tm thy nhng qun th lim rng ln m ch cn mt s cy c th ri rc. Thng nm l Lt (Pinus dalatensis de Ferr) l mt loi thng nm l khc thuc h Thng (Pinaceae) c phn b t nhin mt s vng ca tnh Lm ng. Loi cy ny c pht hin trn c s cc tiu bn thu thp t rng Tri Mt (cch thnh ph Lt 6 - 7 km) m n l mt trong cc loi cy chnh. Hin nay phn phn b ny b ph hy nn vo nm 2000, ch cn tm thy mt cy cui cng ca khu phn b ny. Du ct (c tn khoa hc bc u c xc nh l Dipterocarpus chartaceus Sym.hoc cn c gi l D. condorensis Ashton) c phn b dc theo b bin t Bnh Thun ti B Ra, song b tn ph mnh, ch cn li nhng mnh rng nh Hm Minh (Hm Thun Nam), th trn Lagi (Hm Tn, Bnh Thun) v Bnh Chu - Phc Bu (B Ra - Vng Tu) m thi. Cy mc trn ct trng v ven khe, chu c nhng iu kin khc nghit ca t ct kh cn. 1.2.3. Xi mn di truyn Xi mn di truyn lm gim s a dng ca cc ngun gen bn trong mi loi, lm mt i cc bin d di truyn m cc nh bo tn cn phi c trin khai cng tc bo tn. Xi mn di truyn lm tng nguy c su bnh hi v bt con ngi phi s dng nhiu bin php phng tr. iu ny c th d dng nhn thy qua cc ging cy trng cao sn trong Nng nghip cng nh trong Lm nghip. i vi cc loi bn a, nguy c mt mt s ni, xut x hay mt phn phn b ca loi chnh l tc nhn quan trng gy nn mc suy gim ngun gen, xi mn di truyn. nh gi mc suy kit ngun gen Lim xanh (Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv.)(bng 3.3) cho thy rng hu ht cc vng phn b ca Lim xanh b khai thc cn kit, kh tm thy nhng cy c kch thc ln, ch cn li mt vi khu rng ti sinh t nhin hoc do gy trng v c nhn dn bo v m thi. Lt hoa (Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss) cng l cy lm g ni ting, tng c phn b rng khp pha Bc. Hin nay hu nh khng tm thy cy Lt hoa c kch thc ln trong rng t nhin, ch cn li mt s qun th c gi li lm ging, ch yu l mt s rng trng mt vi tnh nh Sn La, Thanh Ho, Ngh An. Hu ht cc ni c Lt hoa u b cht ta ht, c bit l trn cc ni vi, ni Lt hoa c sinh trng rt chm v ti sinh t nhin rt km. Nhiu nm qua, nhiu a phng th nghim gy trng rng tp trung song vn cn gp nhiu kh khn.

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Xut x Honh B Mai Su Hu Lng Sn Ty Cu Hai Tam o Nh Xun Qu Chu Hng Sn Long i ng Giang

Bng 3.3. Tnh trng suy gim ngun gen ca Lim xanh Tnh Tnh trng ngun gen Quy hoch Qung Ninh Suy gim Rng cm Honh B Bc Giang Suy gim nghim trng 0 Lng Sn Suy gim nghim trng 0 H Ty Suy gim nghim trng Rng ging Bng T Ph Th Suy gim nghim trng Rng trng bo tn Vnh Phc Suy gim VQG Tam o Thanh Ha Suy gim VQG Bn En Ngh An Suy gim Rng ging Yn Thnh H Tnh Suy gim Rng ti sinh Qung Bnh Suy gim Rng ti sinh Bnh Thun Suy gim Rng t nhin

1.3. nh gi mc e do Theo cc ti liu Hoa K th bt c qun th no c s lng c th gim xung di 1000 con (vi ng vt) v 100 cy (vi thc vt) th qun th c coi l b e do. Qun th nh s b nh hng mnh bi s tch t cc t bin gy hi v nh mt dn tim nng thch nghi - c s ca tin ho t nhin, m nguyn nhn chnh vn l mt mt bin d di truyn. Theo nh gi ca IUCN (1994) th loi no cn tng s khng n 250 c th trng thnh m mi trng sng b chia ct mnh ti mc mi qun th ch cn khng qu 50 c th hoc tt c cc c th ch tp trung trong mt qun th duy nht th loi c coi l Rt nguy cp (CR - Critically Endangered). gip cho vic nh gi mc de do ca cc loi cy rng mt cch thun li v thng nht, IUCN a ra cc cp nh gi mc e do vo nm 1994 v 2001. Cc cp nh gi l nh sau (bng 3.4) Bng 3.4. Cc cp nh gi mc e do (IUCN, 2001)

Tuyt chng EX
B e do nh gi t liu Tuyt chng trong hoang d EW Rt nguy cp CR Nguy cp EN Sp nguy cp VU Gn e do NT t lin quan LC

Cha t liu DD Cha c nh gi NE

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Bng 3.5. Mc e do ca mt s loi cytheo phn hng ca IUCN (2001) (Nguyn Hong Ngha, 2004) Loi Sn huyt Sn o Thit inh Trai l nh tng Bch xanh Hong n CL Hong n r P mu Tung Vn vn Du nc Du ct Du song nng Ch nu Du bao Du mt Du t tm Du lng Du ng Sao l hnh tim Sng o Sao en Kin kin Sao mng Kin kin Ch ch Ch en Chai l cong Sn ct Cm lin Ch chai Tu trng Tn khoa hc Melanorrhoea laccifera Pierre Melanorrhoea usitata Wall Markhamia stipulata Seem Garcinia fagraeoides A. Chev. Cephalotaxus mannii Hook.f. Calocedrus microlepis Kurz Cupressus sp. Cupressus funebris Endle Fokienia hodginsii Henry & Thomas Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Anisoptera costata Korth Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb ex G.Don Dipterocarpus chartaceus Sym Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre ex Laness Dipterocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev. Dipterocarpus baudii Korth Dipterocarpus costatus Gaert.f. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb Hopea cordata Vidal Hopea ferrea Pierre Hopea odorata Roxb Hopea pierrei Hance Hopea reticulata Tardieu Hopea siamensis Heim Parashorea chinensis H.Wang Parashorea stellata Kurz Shorea falcata Vidal Shorea roxburghii G.Don Shorea siamensis Miq Shorea guiso (Blco) Bl Vatica odorata (Griff) Sym H Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Bignoniaceae Clusiaceae Cephalotaxaceae Cupressaceae Cupressaceae Cupressaceae Cupressaceae Datiscaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Mc e do CR C CR C VU A1cd NT EN C2a VU A1cd EW EN D VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd NT VU A1cd NT EN A1cd EN D EN C VU B1-3 LC LC CR C VU A1cd NT VU A1cd CR C VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd LC LC VU A1cd

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Loi Tu duyn hi Tu mt Mun Vng trng D Ch i My chu V hng X x Re hng Kho vng G , c te Trc giy Cm lai B Ra Trc ngh Sa Xoay Lim xanh Rng rng mt G mt G bin G lau Ging hng Cm xe Trai Nam B M Ba V Lt hoa Vn sam Fansipng Du sam vi Du sam Thng Lt Thng hai l dt Thng P C Thit sam gi Thit sam

Tn khoa hc Vatica mangachapoi Blanco Vatica cinerea King Diospyros mun A.Chev.ex Lecomte Endospermum chinense Benth. Lithocarpus ducampii A. Chev. Annamocarya sinensis (Dode)J.Leroy Carya tonkinensis Lecomte Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte Cinnamomum glaucescens Drury Cinnamumum parthenoxylum Meisn Machilus odoratissima Nees Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Dalbergia annamensis A.Chev. Dalbergia oliveri Pierre Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv. Ormosia balansae Drake Sindora siamensis Teysm. Ex Miq Sindora siamensis var. maritima Sindora tonkinensis A. Chev. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb) Taub. Fagraea fragrans Roxb. Manglietia hainanensis Dandy Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss Abies delavayi Franchet ssp fansipanensis (Q.P.Xiang) Rushforth Keteleeria daviadiana Beissn Keteleeria evelyniana Masters Pinus dalatensis de Ferre Pinus krempfii H.Lecomte Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode Tsuga chinensis (Franchet) Pritzel ex Diels

H Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Ebenaceae Euphorbiaceae Fagaceae Juglandaceae Juglandaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Loganiaceae Magnoliaceae Meliaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae Pinaceae

Mc e do VU A1cd VU A1cd CR A1cd NT NT NT VU A1cd EN A1cd CR A1cd CR A1cd NT VU A1cd VU A1cd EN A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd EN A1cd VU A1cd EN A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd CR C VU A1cd CR A1cd EN D EN D VU A1cd NT VU A1cd EN D VU A1cd EN D

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Loi Trc vung Trc ho long Trc en Trc dy Thng lng g Hong n gi Kim giao Bc Kim giao Nam Thng tre Thng tre l ngn Hng quang Sn mt

Tn khoa hc Chimonobambusa yunnanensis Hsueh et Zhang Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. et C.Riv. Phyllostachys nigra Munro Ampelocalamus sp. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) de Laubenfels Nageia wallichiana (Presl.) Kuntze Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don Podocarpus pilgeri Foxworthy Rhodoleia championii Hook Madhuca pasquieri H.J.Lam

H Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Rhodoleiaceae Sapotaceae Taxaceae Taxaceae Taxaceae Taxaceae Taxaceae Taxaceae Taxodiaceae Taxodiaceae Taxodiaceae Taxodiaceae Thymeleaceae Thymeleaceae

Mc e do CR D CR D CR D CR D VU A1cd VU A1cd EN B1 VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd VU A1cd NE EN D NE NE EN D CR C2a VU A1cd CR A1cd CR D EN D VU A1cd VU A1cd

D tng sc trng Amentotaxus argotenia Pilg D tng sc nu Amentotaxus hatuyenensis Hiep et Vidal D tng Poalan Amentotaxus poilanei Ferguson D tng Vn Nam Amentotaxus yunnanensis Li Thng Thng Sa mu du Thy tng Bch tn i Loan Bch vng Trm hng D giy Taxus chinensis Pilger Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Cunninghamia konishi Hataya Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton) K.Koch Taiwania cryptomerioides Hataya Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & Hiep Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte Wikstroemia balansae (Drake) Gilg.

Nghin Burretiodendron tonkinense Kost Tiliaceae EN A2d CR = Critically Endangered (criteria A-E); EN = Endangered (criteria A-E); VU = Vulnerable (criteria A-D); NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern. Trong s 94 loi cy rng c nh gi trong nhng nm va qua (Nguyn Hong Ngha, 2004) c 1 loi c xp vo hng Tuyt chng trong hoang d l Hong n Chi Lng, 20 loi vo hng Rt nguy cp, 28 loi Nguy cp v 30 loi Sp nguy cp (bng 3.5). Nh vy l c th c v s loi b tuyt dit trc khi chng ta kp nh gi, nhiu loi ang b e do m ta cha c iu kin nh gi v nhiu loi cn thiu nhiu thng tin cn thit. nh gi mc e do l mt qu trnh ng, da vo qu trnh cp nht thng tin hng nm p mc e do ph hp cho tng loi. Loi Chai l cong (Shorea falcata) l mt th d. Trc nm 2004, loi cy ny c xp vo mc Rt nguy cp (CR) v ch tm thy hai im trong c nc, l Ph Yn (7 cy) v Cam Ranh (6 cy) v vi chc cy chi. Nay tm

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thy mt khu phn b khc ca loi hin cn M Ca (Cam Ranh, Khnh Ho) vi din tch c trm ha, nn mc e do ca loi c h 2 cp, a xung mc Sp nguy cp (VU). Loi Sao l hnh tim (Hopea cordata) trc nm 2004 c xp mc Nguy cp (EN) do ch cn tm thy mt im phn b duy nht Cam Ranh vi s lng cy c th khng nhiu. Nay loi c xp ln hng Rt nguy cp (CR) v khu phn b duy nht ny hin b ph rt mnh do lm ng cao tc t Cam Ranh i Nha Trang. Loi Hong n Chi Lng (Cupressus sp. m trc y gi l C. torulosa) trc y c xp vo hng Rt nguy cp (CR) do b tn ph rt nng, song theo cc thng tin thu c vo u nm 2004 th cy con cui cng ca loi trong rng b cht do chy rng, nn loi c xp ln hng Tuyt chng trong hoang d (EW). 2. Phng php bo tn ngun gen 2.1. Nguyn tc chung v bo tn ngun gen cy rng Theo nh ngha c cc nh nghin cu v hoch nh chin lc bo tn trn th gii chp nhn th Bo tn l qun l s dng ti nguyn sinh hc sao cho chng c th to ra li ch lu bn ln nht cho cc th h hin ti trong khi vn duy tr tim nng p ng nhu cu v nguyn vng ca cc th h tng lai. Bo tn cc ti nguyn sng m thc cht l bo tn a dng sinh hc (Biodiversity Conservation) c ba mc tiu ch yu, l: - Bo v cc h sinh thi (bo tn thin nhin), - Bo v s a dng di truyn (bo tn ngun gen), - Bo m s dng lu bn cc ngun ti nguyn. Nh vy c th d dng nhn thy v tr v vai tr c bit quan trng ca bo tn ngun gen (ti nguyn di truyn) trong chin lc bo v s a dng sinh hc, bi v n c trin khai nhm thc hin hai mc tiu cui v gp phn thc hin mc tiu u. Khi mt loi ang ng trc nguy c b tuyt chng, th cng vic quan trng nht l lm sao bo v c cng nhiu vng cn li v cng nhanh cng tt. Song bo tn ngun gen khng ch nhm ngn chn s tuyt chng ca mt loi. Thng thng ch mt phn ca loi l b e do, bi v vn gen ca n b suy gim nghim trng ti mc m mt s gen hoc mt s phc hp gen c th b mt i, tim nng di truyn ca loi b gim mnh. V vy bo tn ngun gen nhm ngn chn s mt mt ca cc gen, cc phc hp gen v cc genotp, ngn chn s tuyt chng ca cc ni a l (landraces), cc xut x (provenances) v trong trng hp cc oan, l s tuyt chng ca loi. Bin d di truyn hin tn ti gia cc xut x, cc qun th, cc gia nh v cc cy c th trong loi; l ngun gc ca s a dng v m bo cho s n nh ca loi. Qu trnh thch nghi ca loi, ca xut x vi mi trng sng c coi l mt qu trnh tin ho m bin d di truyn l yu t quyt nh. Nu lng bin d di truyn b gim mnh th tin ho ca loi cng b hn ch v nh hng trc tip n s tn ti lu di ca loi. Bin d di truyn cng l ngun nguyn liu ch yu ca cng tc ci thin ging cy rng. Lng bin d di truyn trong mt qun th cng ln th cng c nhiu c hi chn c cc cy c th c cc c tnh mong mun. V vy i vi cng tc ci thin ging cng nh i vi nh chn ging, mun t c tng thu di truyn ti a v lu di, bo tn ngun gen, bo tn vt liu di truyn l yu t c ngha sng cn. Mc d c chung mnh t hot ng v mc tiu bo v, song gia bo tn ngun gen v bo tn thin nhin c mt s khc bit quan trng gip ta phn bit v ra cc phng sch thch hp. Nhng khc bit l:

89

Mc tiu ca bo tn thin nhin l bo v nguyn vn h thc vt v ng vt hin tn ti trong cc mi trng sng nht nh; l bo v cc h sinh thi, nhng n khng quan tm n vic lu gi cc bin d di truyn trong loi nh mc tiu c bn ca bo tn ngun gen. Cc h sinh thi, cc mi trng sng trong bo tn thin nhin thng d nhn bit, ngc li, cc bin d di truyn trong bo tn ngun gen li rt kh nhn bit. Bo tn ngun gen va c mc tiu bo v, va c mc tiu lu di l nh gi, khai thc, s dng lu bn cc ngun gen c gi tr phc v con ngi. Trong bo tn thin nhin, mc tiu ny thng b xem nh hoc b b qua.

2.2. Xc nh i tng bo tn v nh gi ngun gen Nm 1987, U ban KHKT Nh nc (nay l B Khoa hc Cng ngh) ban hnh Quy ch tm thi v Bo tn ngun gen, lm c s cho cc nghin cu bo tn ngun gen, trong c ngun gen cy rng nc ta. Mi nm sau, vo nm 1997, B Khoa hc Cng ngh ban hnh chnh thc Quy ch ny. Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip c ch nh lm c quan u mi ca cng tc bo tn ngun gen cy rng v l c quan ch tr ti nghin cu Bo tn ngun gen cy rng t nm 1988 ti nay. Ni dung cc nghin cu bao gm: Kho st thc vt hc v kho st sinh thi - di truyn, nh gi a dng di truyn ca cc loi thc vt hin c coi l b e do bng ch s dng cc ch th phn t (RAPD, AN lc lp), nh gi mc e do ca loi theo phn hng ca IUCN (2001), t xut danh sch cc loi b e do xut cc phng n/gii php bo tn (in situ v ex situ) cho mt s loi c th, Xy dng cc khu bo tn ex situ (vn su tp, vn thc vt, qun th bo tn).

Mt mt khng th bo tn tt c cc loi hin c, mt khc bo tn ngun gen nhm phc v mc tiu lu di ca cng tc ci thin ging, v vy cng tc bo tn ngun gen Vit Nam nh hng tp trung vo cc loi cy u tin theo 4 nhm i tng chnh, xp theo th t u tin nh sau: Cc loi cy c ngha kinh t cao, ang c nguy c b tiu dit, Cc loi cy c gi tr khoa hc cao, ang c nguy c tuyt chng, Cc loi cy bn a qu phc v trng rng, u tin cc loi b e do, Cc loi cy nhp ni qu phc v trng rng.

2.3. Cc bc bo tn Bn bc i chnh ca cng tc bo tn ti nguyn di truyn l 1. iu tra kho st, 2. nh gi, 3. Bo tn v 4. S dng. 2.3.1. iu tra kho st C s khoa hc bo tn loi v ti nguyn di truyn ca cc loi cy rng ph thuc ch yu vo kt qu nghin c v gii thch thng tin v phn b t nhin, c s sinh thi ca phn b v bin d di truyn, t ra chin lc bo tn. Qu trnh iu tra kho st bao gm pht hin v xem xt phm vi phn b t nhin ca loi, thu thp cc mu i din v ht ging, mu vt tiu bn thc vt, g, t ai v cc vct th phn. Qu trnh kho st c th chia thnh 2 bc c th l:

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Kho st thc vt hc (Botanic inventory) Kho st sinh thi-di truyn (Genecological inventory).

Kho st thc vt hc bao gm vic xc nh chnh xc loi, gii hn phn b ca loi lm c s cho cc bc iu tra sau. Kho st sinh thi-di truyn xem xt cc dng bin ng sinh thi v kiu hnh bn trong khu phn b t nhin nhm to c s cho vic xc nh cc xut x, cc qun th quan trng thu hi ht cho nh gi v kho nghim xut x, cho bo tn ngun gen sau ny. 2.3.2. nh gi y l qu trnh c bit quan trng v phi xc nh cho c cc loi v cc qun th c xp vo cc hng u tin cao ca cng tc bo tn, nhm c c mt chin lc bo tn hp l, vi cc i tng bo tn r rng v chnh xc. Bc ny nhm xc nh hin trng, nguy c e do, mc de do, mc v kiu mu bin d ca qun th v ca loi. gip cho vic xem xt cc loi cy rng mt cch thun li v thng nht, IUCN (1994, 2001) a ra cc cp nh gi mc e do. Sau khi c gy trng, sinh trng v kh nng thch nghi cng l nhng ch tiu u tin cn c xem xt nh gi, lm c s khoa hc cho nhng khuyn ngh sau ny v tim nng ca loi. 2.3.3. Bo tn V thc cht, bo tn ti nguyn di truyn l duy tr a dng di truyn mc mong mun trong cc qun th c chn t rng t nhin, rng trng hoc cc dng khc ca bo tn gen. Tm li, bn cnh cc khu bo tn hin c la chn, th vic s dng lu bn ti nguyn rng v ti nguyn di truyn l iu kin ti cn thit ca bo tn, trong duy tr s a dng di truyn l nhn t ch o. Mun thc hin tt bo tn ti nguyn di truyn, cn p ng tt cc yu cu sau : Qun th phi c bo v tt, Cc th h mi phi c bt ngun t mt s lng ln cy b m, Ch s dng ti sinh t nhin hoc ti sinh bng ht c ngun gc a phng.

Hng chc loi cy a phng c trng trong khu su tp v cc khu trng th mt s Vn quc gia chng t chng c tim nng to ln trong cng tc trng rng. Ngun ht ging c thu hi, gieo m, gy trng ti ch m bo cho ngun gen a phng c bo v, khng b pha tp v cn c dng cung cp ging trong tng lai. Cc loi cy sng trong cc Vn Quc gia v vn thc vt (bng 3.6) phi c coi l cc ngun gen quan trng cho hin ti v tng lai. Bng 3.6. Mt s vn su tp cy g v tre trc a im Cu Hai, Ph Th Trng Bom, ng Nai Bu Bng, Bnh Dng Lang Hanh, Lm ng Mang Linh, Lm ng VQG Cc Phng s loi 250 loi cy g v 80 loi tre 120 loi cy g v 20 loi tre 60 loi cy g 20 loi cy g qu him 30 loi cy g qu him >100 loi cy g din tch 40 ha 8 ha 5 ha 10 ha 10 ha >100 ha

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2.3.4. Bo tn thng qua qun l rng Trn c s ca l thuyt Tng bng tri m chng ta c th thy nc ta, cng tc bo tn mi ch dng li cc khu rng c dng v xy dng mt s khu bo tn ngun gen ex situ, song li cha quan tm n bo tn ngun gen trong cc loi hnh rng khc. Nu nhn thc c ng vn ny v c k hoch trin khai c th th chc chn ngun gen ng thc vt rng ca nc ta s c bo tn theo ng ngha ca n. Thng qua qun l cc rng sn xut v rng phng h th vn c th bo v c cc loi v cc ngun gen qu khi nguy c e do tuyt chng. Bradin c cc cng ty v cc chng trnh trng rng nguyn liu rt mnh m, song vic bo tn thin nhin v bo tn ngun gen c quy hoch rt c th. Ngi ta thng ch a vo s dng 75% din tch t ca khu vc vo trng rng, cn li cho bo tn 25%, l cc mnh rng t nhin chy dc theo khe, ven sng, sui; nhng mnh rng quan trng i vi ngun nc a phng; nhng cnh rng ginh cho chim th tr n, sinh sng hoc ni c loi cy, con qu cn bo v v.v. Bn cnh cc khu bo tn rng ln, nhiu nc chu u cn gn cng vic bo tn ti cc khu rng ca t nhn, ngay c trn cc din tch nh, i khi ch l 2 - 3 ha, song thc t ny cho thy cng tc bo tn em li hiu qu to ln. Xu th hin nay l gia cc khu rng sn xut vi nhau hoc gia cc khu rng sn xut vi rng phng h v khu bo tn, ngi ta lp nn cc hnh lang sinh thi hay hnh lang sinh vt (Biological/Ecological Corridor) to nn mt mi trng lin tc cho cc loi ng v thc vt. Nhng iu cn lu trong cng tc bo tn thng qua qun l rng l : C th bo tn a dng di truyn ca cc loi cy c gi tr kinh t thng qua trng rng v bo qun ht, song iu quan trng nht chnh l khu thu hi ht. Khng nn cht ph ton b trng rng, m nn li din tch cho bo tn cc loi cy, con a phng v coi chng l cc khu bo tn a dng di truyn. Ngay c khi loi cy quan tm ch cn li 15 - 20 cy c th th mnh rng vn cn c bo v v n vn duy tr phn kh ln a dng di truyn ca loi .

3. H thng cc khu bo tn 3.1. Quy hoch h thng cc khu bo tn Nhng c gng u tin nhm bo tn thin nhin c bt u t u nhng nm 1960 vi vic hnh thnh Vn quc gia u tin trong c nc: Vn quc gia Cc Phng vo thng 7 nm 1962. Nm 1972, php lnh v Bo v rng dn n vic xy dng h thng kim lm vi i ng 10.000 cn b kim lm trn khp c nc. Cng trong php lnh ny, nhc n ln u tin khi nim Rng cm. Trn c s quyt nh 194/CT ca Hi ng B trng k ngy 9/8/1986, Nh nc thnh lp h thng rng c dng gm 87 rng cm trong khp c nc vi tng din tch t khong 1 triu ha v ba loi hnh rng chnh l: Vn quc gia, Khu bo tn thin nhin v Rng Vn ha - Lch s - Mi trng. Hin nay quy hoch h thng rng c dng ny bao gm 27 VQG, 60 khu BTTN (49 khu d tr TN, 11 khu bo tn loi/sinh cnh), 39 khu bo v cnh quan (Chin lc qun l h thng khu BTTN Vit Nam - Chnh ph Vit Nam, 2003). Cng t , nhiu c quan khc nhau nh cc Vin nghin cu, Trng i hc v Vn quc gia v.v. trin khai nhiu nghin cu lin quan n ti nguyn thin nhin, bo tn a dng sinh hc v bo tn ngun gen, bao gm: iu tra kho st, nh gi a dng qun x thc vt hin c,

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nh gi a dng cc n v phn loi v lit k danh sch cc loi thc vt hin c, nh gi mc e do ca loi theo phn hng ca IUCN (1994 v 2001) t xut Sch thc vt, xut h thng cc khu bo tn thin nhin v chin lc qun l, xut cc phng n/gii php bo tn cho tng vng c th (gm tng th cc gii php k thut, kinh t, x hi).

Xy dng v hon thin h thng cc khu bo tn thin nhin (bng 3.7 v 3.8) l vic lm quan trng u tin ca cng tc bo tn a dng sinh hc v bo tn ngun gen cy rng. Cho ti thng 2/2003, c nc c 126 khu rng c dng vi din tch 2.541.675 ha. y l ni l tng bo tn cc h sinh thi, cc loi v bin d di truyn ca tng loi. Bng 3.7. H thng cc khu BTTN hin c (Chnh ph Vit Nam, 2003) Phn hng I. Vn quc gia II. Khu BTTN II.a. Khu d tr TN II.b. Khu bo tn loi/sinh cnh III. Khu bo v cnh quan Tng cng S lng 27 khu 60 khu 49 khu 11 khu 39 khu 126 khu Din tch 957.330 ha 1.369.058 ha 1.283.209 ha 85.849 ha 215.287 ha 2.541.675 ha

Bng 3.8. H thng cc khu BTTN c quy hoch (Chnh ph Vit Nam, 2003) Phn hng I. Vn quc gia II. Khu d tr TN III. Khu bo tn loi/sinh cnh IV. Khu bo v cnh quan Tng cng S lng 32 khu 52 khu 28 khu 21 khu 133 khu

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Bng 3.9. Thnh phn loi thc vt bc cao mt s Vn quc gia quan trng Tt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tn vn Ba B Ba V Bch M Ct B Ct Tin Cn o Cc Phng Hong Lin P Mt Tam o Trm Chim Yokdon Vit Nam Loi 369 812 1406 745 1362 882 1983 2024 1165 904 130 Chi 272 472 635 495 638 562 915 771 x 478 x H 98 99 170 149 151 161 229 200 x 213 x 108 290 305 395 Thuc x 250 108 350 310 165 x 428 x x x 227 3800 Cy g x X 200 265 440 371 x 123 x x x 116

566 290 7000* 1850 10.361** 2256 11.178*** 2582 * Lecomte (1905-1952) cho thc vt c mch. ** Phan K Lc (1996) *** Nguyn Ngha Thn (1997) x: cha c s liu

Nh vy l trong s 27 Vn quc gia, mi ch c khong trn mt chc vn l c nhng nghin cu c bn v k hn v ti nguyn v a dng sinh hc (bng 3.9), cn li u da vo ngun ti liu t Lun chng KTKT ca tng vn. R rng l khi khng c s liu c bn v s loi, chi, h thc vt ca vn hay khu BTTN, khng c cc thng tin v cc loi c hu, cc loi ang b e do v nguyn nhn gy e do th khng th c quyt sch kh thi cho cng tc nghin cu bo tn v pht trin ngun gen. 3.2. Cng tc qun l v tnh hiu qu ca vic bo tn cc khu rng c dng H thng rng c dng bao gm 87 rng cm c xy dng vi mc ch bo tn cc h sinh thi rng Vit Nam; bo tn cc ti nguyn di truyn ng vt v thc vt, nht l cc loi ng, thc vt qu him v ang b e do tuyt chng; bo v cc khu rng lch s, vn ho, cnh quan; bo v mi trng; phc v nghin cu khoa hc, du lch sinh thi, th thao. y l mt h thng bo v thin nhin tng i hon chnh, bao gm cc khu rng i din cho hu ht cc h sinh thi rng, vi hu ht cc loi ng, thc vt rng hin c, gp phn bo v s a dng sinh hc ca Vit Nam. Vi h thng ny, phn ln cc loi thc vt b e do, trn 40 loi th v hng trm loi chim c hy vng c bo v an ton. Cho ti nm 1995, c 34 trn tng s 87 khu bo tn thin nhin c t chc qun l v lun chng kinh t k thut lm c s bc u cho cng tc u t. Chng trnh 327 v bo v rng v ph xanh t trng i trc ginh mt khon tin ln cho vic iu tra v xy dng lun chng KTKT cho cc khu rng c dng. Gn y chng trnh ny ch tp trung u t cho phc hi rng cc rng c dng v rng phng h.

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B Lm nghip trc y v B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ngy nay quy hoch trn 2 triu ha rng, bng trn 10% din tch t rng v 6% din tch lnh th xy dng h thng rng c dng. Thng qua quyt nh 1171/Q ngy 30 thng 12 nm 1986, B Lm nghip ban hnh quy ch qun l rng c dng. Quyt nh s 08/2001/Q-Ttg ngy 11 thng 11 nm 2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph ghi r rng c dng c xy dng nhm cc mc tiu sau y: - Bo tn thin nhin - Bo tn cc mu chun h sinh thi rng, - Bo tn ngun gen thc vt v ng vt rng, - Nghin cu khoa hc, - Bo v cc di tch lch s, vn ho v danh lam thng cnh, - Phc v ngh ngi, du lch. Bn quy ch cng ra cc tiu chun c th ca ba loi rng c dng c xut l: Vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin v rng vn ha - lch s - mi trng cng nh ch qun l v bo v chng. Hin nay cc Vn quc gia c c cu t chc v qun l kh hon thin v thng c phn chia thnh cc phn khu hon chnh l: phn khu bo v nghim ngt (Core Zone hay strictly protected Zone), phn khu phc hi sinh thi (Restoration Zone) v vng m (Buffer Zone), trong vai tr ca vng m l c bit quan trng v lun lun c nhn mnh. Nhm bo v, khai thc v s dng hp l ngun li ng, thc vt rng, c bit l cc loi qu him, cc loi c hu; ngn chn s khai thc ba bi, Hi ng B trng (nay l Chnh ph) ban hnh Ngh nh 18/HBT ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1992 nhm quy nh danh mc cc loi ng, thc vt qu him v ch qun l bo v chng. Danh mc ny bao gm 2 nhm, trong nhm 1 c 13 loi thc vt v 49 loi ng vt c xng sng b cm khai thc; nhm 2 c 19 loi v nhm loi (tng cng l 27 loi) thc vt v 15 loi ng vt b hn ch khai thc. Ngh nh ny c b sung thay i thnh Ngh nh 42, 2002. 4. Nhng vn t ra 4.1. Nhng vn v chnh sch, th ch Cng tc bo tn ngun gen, c bit l bo tn ngun gen cy rng phi c coi l cng vic thng xuyn, lin tc, lu di v cn c u t hp l. Cc loi cy cng cn c iu tra, kho st, nh gi, thu thp ht v xy dng khu bo tn trong mt thi gian tng i di theo cc nh hng vch ra, trong u tin cc loi cy qu him v ang c nguy c b e do. H thng lut php bao gm nhiu vn bn t nhiu cp song vn thiu, cha ng b, chng cho v km hiu lc, Vic qun l ngun gen ng thc vt rng ni chung trong cc VQG, khu bo tn thin nhin cn cha phn cp r hoc cn chng cho gia B NN - PTNT v cc tnh cng nh gia B NN - PTNT vi cc B khc, chng hn qun l ngun gen cy thuc trong rng li do ai qun l, khai thc, s dng: B NN - PTNT hay B Y t ? i vi cy thuc chng hn, mt s c quan chc nng ch quan tm n khai thc ly sn phm lm dc liu m khng mun quan tm n bo tn v u t cho bo tn. i ng kim lm mi ch quan tm n cy g v ng vt hoang di v cn b st hu ht cc loi cy v con khc. Nhiu ngun gen cn b coi nh, b b ri hoc khng c ai quan tm.

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4.1.1. Nhng vn tn ti Cc Vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin c mc tiu bo tn ngun gen cc loi thc vt qu him cho tng lai, song vic bo tn cn nhiu bt cp, l : Bo tn l phc v pht trin, song mt s Vn v khu bo tn li quan tm nhiu n bo v m qun i trch nhim pht trin ngun gen ra ngoi vng phn b, do vy cha khuyn khch cc c gng su tp, pht trin ngun gen ca cc nh nghin cu v ng nghip, Cc vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin hin ang l ni l tng cho cc hot ng thu thp ngun gen bt hp php. Mt mt do kh qun l hoc trnh qun l yu, mt khc do hiu lc ca php lut thp nn yu t rn e km, kt qu hn ch. Mt dn c sng quanh cc khu bo tn l cao v c mc sng thp, c ni dn nh c sinh sng ngay trong vng li ca khu bo tn, trong khi lc lng bo v li rt mng v thiu cc phng tin cn thit. Do vy mun thc thi php lut tt cn phi gn vi pht trin kinh t x hi cho ngi dn a phng. Chnh ph cn sm ban hnh mt Php lnh v qun l, bo tn, s dng v trao i ngun gen nc ta trong c quy nh r nhim v, trch nhim v quyn li ca tng B, ngnh v chnh quyn a phng cng nh ca ngi dn a phng. Phi c cc quy ch v quyn hn ca tng B, ngnh v tng cp v trao i ngun gen cng nh trch nhim ca tng ngnh v c quan v ngun gen trong phm vi mnh qun l. Phi coi ngun gen - ti nguyn di truyn ng thc vt rng l ti nguyn quc gia cn c bo tn v s dng lu bn cho hin ti v cho cc th h tng lai. Vic tip cn vi cc ngun gen phi thc s cng bng, t gy tc ng xu cho mi trng v cho chnh ngun gen . Cn c phn bit i vi cc ngun gen cy trng nng nghip v cc ngun gen cy rng v cc i tng ny khc nhau rt nhiu. Cc c gng tp trung vo bo v thin nhin, bo v cc rng c dng song cha quan tm n bo tn ngun gen ca tng loi c th, v vy cc khu bo tn cn phi c quy hoch sao cho c th bo v c mi dng bin d di truyn hin c ca loi. Xc nh r bo tn ti ch (in situ) l hnh thc bo tn c u tin song li cha quan tm su v u t nhiu n bo tn ni khc (ex situ) cho cc loi cy u tin, cy c tim nng trng rng. Vic xy dng cc khu bo tn ni khc kt hp vi rng ging l rt cn thit. Cn pht trin bo tn ti trang tri (on-farm conservation) cho mt s loi cy c kinh nghim truyn thng nh Hi, Qu, D Trng Khnh, D Bc Giang, S, Xoan ta, My sao, tre trc v.v. Qun l rng c dng vn cn gp nhiu kh khn c v t chc (cha phi tt c cc khu bo tn l c ban qun l), bo v (dn vn ph nhiu ni), kinh ph u t thp, thiu cn b, thiu quy hoch. Cn thc hin cc nh gi li ch x hi v mi trng nhn c t cc loi hay cc h sinh thi ring bit, cc dch v h sinh thi v trin khai cc nghin cu v chnh sch kinh t x hi i vi vng m lm c s cho bo v lu bn h thng rng c dng. Nng cao hiu lc, tnh nghim minh v cng bng ca cc vn bn php lut lin quan n bo tn, s dng v trao i ngun gen. X l nghim cc hot ng ph hoi ngun gen song khng c coi Ban qun l l ch duy nht ca ngun gen cn ngi dn cng nh cc nh nghin cu l ngi ngoi o. Ban qun l v cc c quan chc nng v thng mi ho

4.1.2. Mt s vn cn c gii quyt -

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khng c cn tr vic s dng truyn thng cc ngun gen m phi to iu kin pht trin tip tc ngun gen trong nhn dn. Cn phi c quy ch v qun l, bo v, khai thc v s dng hp l cc ngun gen ng thc vt hoang d cng nh cc chnh sch gy nui, pht trin kinh doanh, xut khu chng nh i vi cc loi c su, trn, phong lan, cy dc liu, cy cnh khc. Cn c cc quy nh c th v kinh ph v c ch cp vn ginh ring cho bo tn ngun gen bn cnh ngun kinh ph chung cho bo tn thin nhin. Nn thnh lp cc qu ginh cho bo tn ngun gen nhm ti tr cho cc nghin cu v cc c gng bo tn ngun gen Cn c quy ch v trao i ngun gen vi nc ngoi trong quy nh r cc ngun gen c trao i, khng c trao i hoc hn ch trao i; trch nhim v li ch ca cc bn; nhng rng buc mang tnh nguyn tc nh khng c cung cp cho bn th ba; bn quyn v chia li ch khi ngun gen c a vo kinh doanh ln v.v. Cn c mt c quan quc gia chnh thc c giao nhim v thu thp, lu tr, trao i thng tin lin quan n bo tn ngun gen (t iu tra, nh gi, nghin cu n bo tn) trong c nc. Cn thnh lp mt mng li bo tn ngun gen theo tng chuyn hay loi/nhm loi hay vng sinh thi khu ni, iu phi cc cng vic c lin quan n bo tn trong nc v quc t.

4.2. Nhng vn v k thut Hin cha c nhiu nghin cu v bin d di truyn lm c s cho cng tc bo tn a dng di truyn cy rng. Cn sm trin khai cc nghin cu lin quan n nhn dng, nh tn v phn loi, nghin cu a dng di truyn trong loi v nguyn nhn gy nn suy gim ca cc dng bin d, phm vi phn b t nhin, kch thc qun th hu hiu, Thu thp ht ging l yu t quyt nh i vi cng tc bo tn ngun gen v xy dng rng ging, vn ging bi v y l bc i c bn duy tr bin d di truyn. Thu thp ht ging khng ch l bin php quan trng ca bo tn ex situ xy dng cc qun th bo tn ex situ, m cn l bin php tch cc ca bo tn in situ. Ht ging thu hi t vng tm ca khu bo tn in situ c dng ti sinh nhn to khu bo tn khi cn, trong khi vn m bo lu gi vn gen cn thit. Hin nay, cc nguyn tc c bn cho vic thu thp ht ging phc v kho nghim xut x v bo tn ngun gen c ra v mi c s cn phi tun th nghim ngt cc nguyn tc ny. Ht thu hi cho xy dng rng bo tn hoc cho trng rng din rng phi i din cho chnh qun th . Cn i su nghin cu kiu sinh sn, vt hu hc ca ra hoa v kt qu, kh nng nhn ging hu tnh v v tnh, kh nng ti sinh t nhin, kh nng gy trng, tm hiu cc k thut bo qun ht, c bit l cho cc loi c ht a m, t khu thu hi, ch bin, bo qun v kch thch ny mm cho n cc iu kin bo qun c th c th sm a cc loi cy qu ca rng t nhin vo gy trng rng nhm phc hi cc h sinh thi rng nhit i nhiu loi, a tng tn, gp phn bo tn cc loi ng vt hoang d. Nguyn tc qun l rng c dng v rng phng h l s dng tng hp ti nguyn song vn cha c nhiu nghin cu lin quan n khai thc s dng hp l vn rng trong khi vn duy tr chc nng bo v v bo tn a dng sinh hc cng nh a dng di truyn. Cha c nghin cu v lng gi gi tr kinh t ca cc ngun gen lm c s cho bo tn, cn b ca cc c s nghin cu v qun l a phng, cc Vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin c nhng hiu bit nht nh v cng tc bo tn thin nhin song cn cha c

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hiu bit su v bo tn ngun gen, v vy vic t chc cc lp tp hun, hi tho nng cao nhn thc v kin thc l rt cn thit v cn c m rng cho nhiu i tng. Cng tc tuyn truyn v bo tn a dng sinh hc v bo tn ngun gen cc loi cy rng cha c quan tm u t ng mc nn nhn thc ca cc c quan qun l cng nh ca qung i qun chng v vn ny cn cha su. Cng tc ny cn c lm lin tc v c t chc, vi s tr gip ca cc c quan thng tin i chng.

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Phn 4:H Thng Sn Xut v Cung ng Ging Cy Lm Nghip Chng trnh ging lm nghip quc gia ca Vit Nam bao gm 4 yu t chnh: Sn xut ging gm c sn xut ht ging v sn xut cy con (c cy m, cy hom) Ci thin ging cy rng (cc chng trnh chn ging, ci thin ging, thit lp ngun ging) Bo tn cc ngun gen (ti ch v ngoi vi) Pht trin th ch (v qun l cc vt liu trng rng: chnh sch, khung php l)

Bn yu t kt hp trn to thnh mt h thng thng nht nhm Qun l, s dng v pht trin ti nguyn di truyn cy rng. H thng sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip ti Vit Nam c hnh thnh t nhng nm 60 ca th k trc. Cng vi s tng trng khng ngng ca cc chng trnh trng rng, khoanh nui v bo v rng, cng tc ging ngy cng pht trin, h thng sn xut, cung ng v s dng ging c m rng t trung ng n a phng k c v qui m, s lng v cht lng. 1. Hin trng h thng sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip 1.1. Nhu cu v ging cy lm nghip Trong nhng nm 1990, vi d n 327, din tch trng rng hng nm ngy mt gia tng: nm 1991 trng c 126.576 ha; 1992: 128.702 ha; 1993: 131.663 ha, ti nm 1994 tng ln 165.596 ha; 1995: 201.605 ha; nm 1997 trng c 240.000 ha rng tp trung v khong 300 triu cy phn tn. Nhu cu ging cng tng ln hng nm theo qui m trng rng. Hin nay, i tng phc v chnh ca ngnh ging l d n trng mi 5 triu hecta rng (d n 661) v mt s d n trng rng khc c vn u t hoc h tr ca nc ngoi (nh D n trng rng WB, ADB, KfW, JICA, ); trong nhu cu v ging ca d n 5 triu hecta l quan trng nht. Ngoi ra, vic gieo m, cung cp cy con cho phong tro trng cy phn tn cng khng km phn quan trng. m bo cho cc chng trnh trng rng thnh cng, nhim v ca ngnh ging l phi sn xut v cung ng ging c cht lng tt nhm p ng cho nhu cu trng rng cho cc loi rng sn xut, rng phng h v rng c dng K hoch trng rng v nhu cu ging cho d n trng mi 5 triu ha rng tng ln theo tng giai on. Ch tiu k hoch trng rng ca d n c phn chia nh sau:

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Bng 4.1. D kin din tch trng rng Vit Nam trong giai on 1998 - 2010 Giai on 1998 - 2000 2001 - 2005 2006 - 2010 Tng s 1.000.000 Khoanh nui 350.000 650.000 Trng mi 700.000 1.300.000 1.700.000 3.700.000 Bnh qun mi nm 260.000 ha Bnh qun mi nm 380.000 ha Ch thch

Trong 5.000.000 ha rng trng mi c 1.920.000 ha rng phng h (trong c 1.000.000 ha khoanh nui), 80.000 ha rng c dng v 3.000.000 ha rng sn xut. Din tch rng trng trong tng giai on nh bng 4.1. Trng cy phn tn cung cp g ci ti ch bnh qun mi nm trng 350 - 400 triu cy. Cc nhm loi cy c s dng theo tng mc ch trng rng l: Rng sn xut + Cc loi cy nhp ni, mc nhanh, chu k ngn, cung cp nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip: giy, vn sn, dn, lng, g tr m. + Cc loi cy cung cp g ch bin mc gia dng v trang tr ni tht: ch yu l cc loi bn a, g tt. + Cc loi cy cung cp g xy dng c bn: cy bn a, cy nhp ni. + Cc loi cy c sn: Qu, Hi, Thng nha. + Cc loi tre trc, song my Rng phng h v rng c dng + Cc loi bn a qu him, b khai thc kit, loi cy b e da hoc c nguy c tuyt chng. + Cc loi cy bn a v cc loi cy khc c dng cho trng rng phng h. Trng cy phn tn gm cc loi cy n qu, cy rng bn a v nhp ni. 1.1.1. D tnh nhu cu ging hng nm theo tng giai on trng rng ca d n 661 Nhu cu ging bnh qun hng nm phc v cho d n 661 theo ba mc ch trng rng trong tng giai on c khi qut nh bng 4.2. Trong 4 nm qua (2001-2004), theo s liu thng k ca Cc lm nghip, d n 661 trng c 759.000ha (bnh qun 190.000ha/nm) v 1,1 t cy phn tn (275.000.000 cy/nm). Nu tnh c din tch rng trng do cc d n khc thc hin (khong 50.000ha/nm) th hng nm c nc trng c khong 250.000ha rng mi v 250 - 280 triu cy phn tn. Sn xut v cung ng ging ca chng ta c th p ng nhu cu cho din tch trng rng nh trn, song v cht lng ging th vn cn nhiu vn tn ti, c bit l cht lng di truyn v phng thc sn xut, cung ng cng nh v t chc ca ngnh ging cy lm nghip.

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Bng 4.2. D kin nhu cu ging hng nm trong giai on 1998-2010 (Theo tnh ton ca Cng ty ging lm nghip TW nm 1998) Giai on trng rng 1. Cho cc chng trnh trng rng - Nm 1998-2000 - Nm 2001-2005 - Nm 2006-2010 Chung cho 3 giai on 2. Cho trng rng sn xut - Nm 1998-2000 - Nm 2001-2005 - Nm 2006-2010 Chung cho 3 giai on 3. Cho trng rng phng h v c dng - Nm 1998-2000 - Nm 2001-2005 - Nm 2006-2010 Chung cho 3 giai on 128.308 103.648 115.494 1.408.634 226.057 182.584 203.451 2.608.350 117.362 152.037 257.663 2.400.588 248.172 321.496 544.851 5.076.255 245.675 255.691 373.149 3.881.222 474.338 504.215 748.103 7.684.605 Ht ging (kg) Cy ging (1.000cy)

c th sn xut v cung ng ging cn phi tp trung gii quyt cc vn sau: Chuyn ha cc lm phn tuyn chn c thnh rng sn xut ging. Tin hnh tuyn chn b sung thm cc lm phn tt (t rng t nhin hoc rng trng kinh t), c tiu chun chuyn ha thnh rng ging. Trong giai on va qua, khi iu tra, tuyn chn ngun ging c nhng din tch rng trng tt nhng cha n tui ra hoa kt qu nn cha thuc din thng k. Xy dng thm cc lm phn ging c cht lng cao nh rng ging, vn ging thay th dn cc lm phn c cht lng thp, c bit l cho cc loi cy g ln mc nhanh. M rng h thng vn m, c bit l u t cho cc vn cy u dng, ng thi vi vic chn, to thm nhiu dng v tnh cho cc loi cy c kh nng nhn ging v tnh phc v trng rng nguyn liu cng nghip.

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Cung cp s lng ging cho cc chng trnh trng rng l iu khng kh, song p ng cht lng ging ngy cng cao l mt vic ht sc kh khn, i hi nhng ngi lm cng tc ging phi c n lc vt bc v phi c s u t ln ca Nh nc.

1.1.2. D tnh nhu cu ging hng nm theo cc d n trng rng giai on 2006-2010 Theo k hoch 5 nm ti (2006 - 2010), din tch trng mi ca d n 661 l 1.557.000 ha rng tp trung (rng phng h v c dng: 291.000ha, rng nguyn liu: 1.266.000 ha; bnh qun: 310.000 ha/nm), 1.000.000.000 cy phn tn (mi nm trng 200.000.000 cy, tng ng vi khong 80.000 ha/nm rng tp trung), khoanh nui v xc tin ti sinh t nhin c trng b sung 100.000ha (c tnh qui i din tch trng rng bng 50%, tc l khong 10.000 ha/nm), cng vi khong 50.000 ha/nm l din tch trng rng ca cc d n khc th c nc s trng khong 370.000 ha/nm v 200 triu cy phn tn. Cn c vo cc ch tiu k hoch trng rng trn, cn c vo thnh phn loi cy cc a phng s dng trng rng theo tng mc ch khc nhau trong thi gian qua, d kin din tch trng rng hng nm v c tnh nhu cu ging cn c nh bng 4.3. Bng 4.3. D kin din tch trng rng hng nm v nhu cu ging theo cc d n (Giai on 2006-2010) Loi rng Tng din tch Din tch trng Nhu cu ht Nhu cu cy c giai on rng (ha/nm) ging (kg/nm) ging(cy/nm (ha) ) 68.000 252.000 50.000 200.000.000 100.600 201.600 40.000 64.000 177.400.000 426.400.000 84.600.000 200.000.000 888.400.000

Phng h, c dng 391.000 v trng b sung Sn xut Cc d n khc Cy phn tn Tng cng 1.266.000 250.000 1.000.000.000

1.907.000ha & 370.000ha & 406.200 1.000.000.000 200.000.000 cy phn tn cy phn tn

1.2. Hin trng v h thng ngun ging v vn m cy lm nghip 1.2.1. Ngun ging Theo kt qu iu tra, tuyn chn v cng nhn ngun ging cy lm nghip t nm 2000 -2004 th c nc hin c 7.106,9 ha c th sn xut ging gm 185 ngun ging (bng 4.4 - xem cui bi). V c cu phn loi cht lng ngun ging Theo phn loi tm thi ca Cng ty ging lm nghip trung ng hin nay c 5 loi ngun ging l lm phn xc nh, lm phn tuyn chn, rng ging chuyn ha, rng ging v vn ging (bng 4.5). Lm phn xc nh: 24 lm phn, 1.289,6 ha (chim 13% v s lng ngun ging v 18,3% v din tch)

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Lm phn tuyn chn: 27 lm phn, 813,7 ha (chim 14,6% v s lng ngun ging v 11,4% v din tch) Rng ging chuyn ha: 82 lm phn, 4.618,75 ha (chim 44,3% v s lng ngun ging v 65% v din tch) Rng ging: 25 lm phn, 215,2 ha (chim 13,5% v s lng ngun ging v 3% v din tch) Vn ging: 27 vn, 169,7 ha (chim 14,6% v s lng ngun ging v 2,3% v din tch), gm: + Vn ging v tnh: 18 vn, 123,7 ha + Vn ging t cy ht: 3 vn, 38 ha + Vn cy u dng: 6 vn, 8 ha (khng thng k din tch cc vn cy u dng cha ng k, cng nhn v cc vn c din tch nh phn b rng khp trn phm vi cc vng lm nghip).

Trong 5 loi ngun ging (khng k ging x b) hin c (bng 4.5) th ging sn xut t cc lm phn xc nh c cht lng di truyn km nht, gn nh tng ng vi ging thu hi x b (tuy c bit r v tr phn b) do cha c nh gi v cht lng lm phn, cng nh cha c s so snh, chn lc v p dng cc bin php k thut lm sinh nng cao cht lng v sn lng ging. Din tch cc lm phn tuyn chn (din tch c th tc ng chuyn ha thnh rng ging) cn thiu nhiu v cha c tc ng sn xut ging c cht lng cao hn. Hng nm, cn c s iu tra, tuyn chn thm b sung cho h thng ngun ging cn hn ch (c nhng din tch rng trng tt, trong qu trnh iu tra, tuyn chn cc nm trc y cha n tui ra hoa kt qu nn cha thuc din thng k). Bng 4.5. C cu ngun ging cy lm nghip hin c Vit Nam TT Loi ngun ging S ngun ging S lng 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lm phn xc nh (LPX) Lm phn tuyn chn (LPTC) Rng ging chuyn ha (RGCH) Rng ging (RG) Vn ging (VG) Vn ging v tnh (VGVT) Vn ging hu tnh (VGHT) Vn cy u dng (VCDD) 24 27 82 25 27 18 3 6 Din tch ngun ging

T l (%) S lng (ha) T l (%) 13,0 14,6 44,3 13,5 14,6 9,8 1,6 3,2 1.289,6 813,7 4.618,75 215,2 169,7 123,7 38,0 8,0 18,3 11,4 65,0 3,0 2,3 1,7 0,5 0,1

104

Tng cng

185

100,0

7.106,9

100,0

Din tch rng ging chuyn ha chim t trng cao nht (65% tng din tch). y l loi ngun ging quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut v cung ng ging hin nay. Cht lng di truyn ca loi ngun ging ny cng c nng ln mt bc do c qu trnh chn lc lm phn v p dng mt s bin php k thut lm sinh nh ta tha, loi b cy xu, xy dng h thng phng chng chy, lp h s theo di. Tuy nhin, y ch l bc trung gian trong khi chng ta cha thit lp c cc khu rng - vn ging cht lng cao hn thay th. Mt khc, s liu thng k v cc khu rng ging chuyn ha cha phn nh ng thc t v kh nng sn xut ging ca cc lm phn ny. Phn ln cc din tch ny l rng t nhin hn giao nhiu loi cy, cy mc ch c t thnh rt thp v mt khng cao (25 - 30 cy/ha), do , din tch tuy nhiu nhng kh nng sn xut rt thp. C mt s trong nhng ngun ging ny li nm trong nhng vn quc gia, khu bo tn thin nhin hoc nhng khu vc bo v nghim ngt nn kh nng ci to, tc ng nng cao cht lng khng th tin hnh c, v v vy cht lng v sn lng ging sn xut c hng nm s rt hn ch. Cc loi ngun ging c cht lng cao (rng ging, vn ging) chim t trng qu nh (5,3% trong tng s din tch ngun ging), cha th p ng c nhu cu sn xut v cung ng ging cht lng cao cho trng rng. c bit l cc vn cy u dng cn qu t, cn phi c s quan tm u t pht trin trn din rng nhiu a phng trong c nc. V thnh phn loi cy v kh nng sn xut ging Tng s loi cy c ngun ging tng i phong ph: 56 loi (bn a 41, nhp ni 15). Tuy nhin, vn cn thiu nhiu loi cha c ngun ging trong khi cc a phng ang s dng cc loi cy ny trng rng (bng 4.6). Bng 4.6. Din tch cc ngun ging hin c ca cc loi cy S TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Loi cy Bch n caman Bch n uro Bch tng B Cng l Cm xe Cm lin Ch ch NG 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 Din tch ngun ging (ha) Tng 11 5,9 25 35,8 5 36,8 100 87 2 5 31,8 100 80 5 30 4,9 25 5,8 5 LP X LP TC RG CH 9 RG VG VT VG HT VC D 2 1

105

S TT 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Loi cy Ch nu C phn Cng trng Du con ri D gai D Khnh NG 1 1 1 7 2 Trng 1 7 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 10 1 6 2

Din tch ngun ging (ha) Tng 192,8 2 15 481,8 21 15 21,7 217,2 27 202,8 100 70 10 1 24,3 1 1 17,8 95,8 192,8 130 218,2 25 70 25,4 26 18,5 192,8 35 192,8 1 17,8 29,3 22 5,8 18,5 1 100 20 50 10 1 10 217,2 17 192,8 10 15 15 5 12,7 4 LP X LP TC RG CH 192,8 2 15 461,8 6 20 RG VG VT VG HT VC D

o ln ht c Ging hng Gii nhung Gii xanh Hi Hunh Keo lai Keo l trm Keo liu Keo ln Keo li lim Keo tai tng Kin kin Lt hoa Lim xanh

106

S TT 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Loi cy M Mung en Phi lao P mu Qu Sao en Sa mc Sng l Sn mt Sn m S Thng ba l Thng caribe Thng m v Thng nha Tch Tng qu s Trm trng Trm ta Trm c Tru nhn Trc so NG 2 1 7 3 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 11 14 10 29 2 1 3 2 2 1 1

Din tch ngun ging (ha) Tng 120 49,6 140,9 95 110 188 95 15 150 100 7 1.722 232 257 571,7 264,5 50 170 71,8 2,4 20 15 2,4 20 15 100 50 50 20 46,8 25 500 38 28 40 30 192 80 7 1.193 111,9 33 393,8 264,5 5 52,1 4 52,9 29,1 150 100 18 40 15 80 49,6 50 15 50 60 169 40 1 15 55,4 10,5 25 LP X LP TC 100 RG CH 20 RG VG VT VG HT VC D

107

S TT 53 54 55 56 Loi cy Vng trng Vn vn Vi thuc Xoan chu hn NG 1 2 1 2

Din tch ngun ging (ha) Tng 15 150 50 80 7.107 1.289 814 50 80 4.619 215 124 38 8 LP X LP TC RG CH 15 150 RG VG VT VG HT VC D

Tng s 185

Mt s loi c din tch ngun ging kh ln, sn lng ging sn xut hng nm cao (Thng ba l, Tch) nhng yu cu trng rng khng ln, hng nm ch s dng mt phn nh lng ging c th thu c t cc lm phn ny (bng 4.6). Trong khi , c nhiu loi c nhu cu s dng ging cao nhng din tch ngun ging qu hn ch v cht lng ngun ging cn thp, cha p ng c nhu cu.

Vn ging cy ghp thng nha c lng nha cao ti Ba V (1990 2002) (nh L nh Kh)

V din tch v loi cy trong cc ngun ging cc a phng Theo thng k ca cc tnh n nay 35 trong 64 tnh, thnh ph c ngun ging (bng 4.4 cui bi). 1.2.2. H thng vn m S lng vn m hin c (theo s liu ca Cc Lm nghip) + Vn m sn xut cy con t ht: 783 vn. + Vn m sn xut cy hom: 192 vn (nh gim hom).

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+ Phng nui cy m: Kh nng sn xut cy ging

43

Theo cng sut thit k ban u, t h thng vn m trn, c th sn xut c s lng cy ging nh sau: + Cy con t ht: + Cy hom: + Cy m: Tng s: 291.840.000 cy/nm 114.960.000 cy/nm 17.290.000 cy/nm 424.409.000 cy/nm

Vi din tch trng rng trong giai on ti l khong 370.000 ha rng tp trung v 200 triu cy phn tn mi nm, c th sn xut v cung ng ging cn phi tp trung gii quyt cc vn sau: Cn chuyn ha cc lm phn tuyn chn c thnh rng sn xut ging. Tin hnh tuyn chn b sung thm cc lm phn tt (t rng t nhin hoc rng trng kinh t), c tiu chun chuyn ha thnh rng ging. Trong giai on va qua, khi iu tra, tuyn chn ngun ging c nhng din tch rng trng tt nhng cha n tui ra hoa kt qu nn cha thuc din thng k. Xy dng thm cc lm phn ging c cht lng cao nh: rng ging, vn ging thay th dn cc lm phn c cht lng thp. M rng h thng vn m, c bit l u t cho cc vn cy u dng, ng thi vi vic chn, to thm nhiu dng v tnh cho cc loi cy c kh nng nhn ging v tnh phc v trng rng cung cp nguyn liu cho cng nghip.

1.3. Hin trng h thng t chc sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip H thng t chc sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip hin nay c chia thnh ba cp l cp trung ng, cp vng v cp tnh i vi tng cp, vic phn b k hoch hng nm v u t pht trin sn xut cng khc nhau do chc nng, nhim v v i tng phc v ca tng cp cng c s khc nhau. 1.3.1. Cp trung ng (Cng ty ging lm nghip trung ng) Tuyn chn v xut h thng cc ngun ging v vn m quy m ln trnh B xem xt, u t v cng nhn. D bo v xy dng k hoch cung ng ging trn c s cn i kh nng v nhu cu s dng ging trong phm vi ton quc. Tin hnh lm vic vi cc a phng t chc thc hin k hoch cung cp ging, l trung tm iu ho v cung cp ging trong phm vi ton ngnh thng qua s ch o ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Nhp ging mi, pht trin cng ngh nhn ging v chuyn giao cho a phng. Xy dng v t chc thc hin cc d n iu tra, tuyn chn v xy dng cc ngun ging mi c th kp thi a vo s dng phc v sn xut. o to k thut, xy dng, qun l, cp nht h s v hng dn sn xut cho cc n v c ngun ging (rng ging, vn ging, vn cy u dng, vn m) v hng dn thc hin theo cc th tc hnh chnh trong qun l ngun ging.

109

Phi hp vi cc c quan o to v ph cp chuyn giao kin thc c bn v s dng ging cho ngi trng rng. Tham gia hp tc quc t v sn xut, bo tn v pht trin cc ngun ging, k thut ht ging v cng ngh nhn ging.

1.3.2. Cp vng Do cc x nghip ging lm nghip vng trc thuc Cty ging LNTW, cc n v ging thuc Tng Cng ty LNVN, Tng Cty nguyn liu giy, v.v m nhn cung cp ging vi cc nhim v c xc nh l: Qun l v pht trin cc ngun ging v vn m ca n v, phi hp vi t chc ging ca a phng trong vic qun l v pht trin cc ngun ging v h thng vn m trn a bn cc tnh trong vng. Hng dn thc hin quy trnh k thut v xy dng, qun l cc ngun ging, cc hot ng thu hi ht ging, sn xut cy con. Kim nghim ht ging, lp h s v phiu kim nghim cho cc l ht ging. D bo sn lng, xy dng k hoch sn xut ging. Sn xut, iu ho v cung ng ging trong vng. Bo qun cc loi ht ging cn d tr.

110

1.3.3. Cp tnh S nng nghip v pht trin nng thn (hoc Chi cc lm nghip) Qun l v pht trin cc ngun ging v vn m ca a phng. Lp v cp nht h s lu tr cho cc ngun ging c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v S NN&PTNT tnh cng nhn. Phi hp vi Cng ty ging lm nghip trung ng lp k hoch cung ng ging hng nm cho a phng. Cng tc vi x nghip ging vng d tnh, d bo sn lng ging hng nm, ch o sn xut ging trong phm vi lnh th. Hng dn v gim st vic thc hin quy trnh k thut v xy dng, qun l cc ngun ging v cc hot ng thu hi ging cng nh sn xut cy con. D bo sn lng, xy dng k hoch sn xut ging. iu phi vic sn xut v cung ng ging trong tnh. Qun l v pht trin cc ngun ging v h thng vn m ca tnh. Hng dn v gim st vic thc hin quy trnh k thut xy dng, qun l cc ngun ging v cc hot ng thu hi ging, sn xut cy con. D bo sn lng, xy dng k hoch sn xut ging, iu ho v cung ng ging trong tnh. Tin hnh thu hi ht ging, sn xut cy con cung cp cho cc n v trng rng. Kim nghim nhanh phm cht ht ging, lp h s v phiu kim nghim cho cc l ht ging. Bo qun ngn hn cc loi ht ging cn d tr. Qun l, bo v v t chc thc hin quy trnh k thut xy dng v qun l ngun ging. D tnh sn lng, xc nh thi gian thu hoch v t chc sn xut ging. Ch bin, bo qun v cung ng ging. Kt hp cng cn b ca n v chuyn trch ging tin hnh kim nghim nhanh v ghi nhn ngun gc l ht ging.

n v ging ca tnh

Ch ngun ging

Cc vn m Sn xut v cung ng cy ging cho cc n v trng rng (cy con gieo m t ht v nhn ging sinh dng). Cc n v khc Ngoi cc n v ch cht nu trn, cc vng, cc tnh trong ton quc hnh thnh nhng n v trung gian, thc hin vic bun bn ging (ht ging, cy con) v cc loi vt t trng rng khc (nh ti bu, phn bn, thuc tr su, ). c th l cc doanh nghip nh nc, t nhn hoc cc h c th sn xut nh. c cp trung ng v cp vng cn c cc n v lm cng tc nghin cu, xy dng qui phm, qui trnh k thut, o to, hng dn v chuyn giao cng ngh, k thut ging cho

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a phng. l cc trung tm nghin cu ca Vin khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam v mt s trung tm nghin cu v trung tm khuyn nng khuyn lm ca cc tnh cng tham gia vo cc hot ng trong lnh vc ging cy lm nghip a phng. 2. Cng tc qun l sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip Trong giai on va qua, vic sn xut v cung ng ging (ht ging, cy con) cho cc chng trnh trng rng ngy mt gia tng. Din tch trng rng bnh qun hng nm tng dn, i hi phi cung ng mt khi lng ging rt ln, i i vi vic khng ngng ci thin cht lng ging, c bit l cht lng di truyn. Nhn thc r tm quan trng v mc nh hng ca vic s dng ging tt i vi s thnh bi ca cng tc trng rng, Nh nc ta ni chung v ngnh lm nghip ni ring ban hnh cc vn bn php qui v nhng chnh sch h tr nhm tng cng vic qun l cht ch qu trnh sn xut v cung ng, ng thi khuyn khch s dng ging c cht lng dn dn c ci thin trong trng rng. Ni bt nht l cc vn bn php qui v chnh sch h tr pht trin ging theo thng k phn I. Ngoi ra, vic tng sut u t cho trng rng ca d n 661 (t 2,5 triu /ha ln 4 triu /ha) cng to iu kin thun li cho cc n v trng rng c th s dng c ging tt. Khung php l v chnh sch thch hp nhm qun l v khuyn khch pht trin ging cy lm nghip bao gm cc mc khc nhau t Php lnh (Ch tch nc ban hnh), Ngh nh (Chnh ph ban hnh) n cc thng t hng dn (B ban hnh) v nhng vn bn do cp tnh ban hnh thc hin cc a phng. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng qui nh trong cc vn bn php qui do Nh nc ban hnh v B NN&PTNT ch o trin khai l phi c th ha cc chng mc tng qut thnh nhng iu hng dn chi tit, d hiu, d thc hin v ph bin cho mi thnh phn tham gia sn xut, cung ng v s dng ging trong ton quc thng hiu v nghim chnh chp hnh th mi mang li hiu qu thit thc. V vy, ngay sau khi Php lnh ging cy trng ban hnh, vi s h tr ca D n ging lm nghip Vit Nam (do t chc DANIDA - Vng quc an Mch ti tr), Cng ty ging lm nghip TW phi hp vi cc S NN&PTNT 7 tnh min Trung tin hnh son tho Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip cp tnh, c UBND 7 tnh ph duyt, ban hnh v a vo thc hin t cui nm 2004, bc u thu c nhng kt qu kh quan: Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh Ngh An (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 2182/QUB.NN ngy 16/6/2004 ca UBND tnh). Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh tnh Bnh nh (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 71/2004/Q-UB-27/7/2004 ca UBND tnh). Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh Ph Yn (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 2590/2004/Q-UB-17/9/2004 ca UBND tnh). Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh Qung Ngi (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 216/2004/Q-UB-12/10/2004 ca UBND tnh). Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh Thanh Ha (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 3388/2004/Q-UB-28/10/2004 ca UBND tnh). Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh Tha Thin-Hu (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 4301/2004/Q-UB- 20/12/2004 ca UBND tnh).

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Qui ch qun l ging cy lm nghip tnh Qung Nam (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 115/2004/Q-UB-30/12/2004 ca UBND tnh).

2.1. Qun l sn xut v cung ng ht ging Qun l sn xut v cung ng ht ging thc cht l qun l ngun ging, qun l cht lng di truyn v cht lng sinh l ca ht, trong cht lng sinh l ca l ht ph thuc vo k thut thu hi, ch bin, bo qun ca n v sn xut v cung ng ging. V ngun ging Cng ty lm nghip trung ng tm phn chia cc sau y: Vn ging (v tnh, hu tnh) hoc t cc cy tri. Rng ging. Rng ging chuyn ho (t rng t nhin hoc rng trng kinh t). Lm phn xc nh l loi lm phn c kh nng cung cp ging nhng cha qua nh gi v tuyn chn. Lm phn tuyn chn l lm phn c sinh trng v cht lng thn cy tt c chn t rng t nhin hoc rng trng. Ging thu hi x b cc khu rng t nhin, rng trng hoc cc cy phn tn khng bit r ngun gc.

Cht lng di truyn c im ny ca ging ph thuc vo cht lng ngun ging c xy dng. Theo phn loi tm thi ca Cng ty ging lm nghip trung ng c th chia cc loi ging nh sau: Loi IA: Ging c thu t cc vn ging, cy tri c kho nghim hu th v c khng nh c cht lng di truyn tt. Loi IB: Ging c thu t cc vn ging, cy tri cha qua kho nghim hu th hoc kt qu kho nghim cha c. Loi II: Ging thu hi cc khu rng ging, c cht lng tt. Loi III: Ging c thu t rng ging chuyn ho c so snh, tuyn chn v tc ng, c cht lng kh. Loi IV: Ging c thu t cc lm phn tuyn chn trn c s kho st, so snh vi cc lm phn cng loi trong vng nhng cha c tc ng cc bin php k thut lm sinh nng cao sn lng v ci thin cht lng. Loi V: Ging thu t lm phn tuyn chn. Loi VI: Ging thu hi x b, l lch ging khng r rng.

Qu trnh sn xut, bo qun, cung ng v s dng ht ging l mt dy chuyn, c nhiu cng on k tip, nhiu n v tham gia, t khu xy dng v qun l ngun ging, qua qu trnh thu hi, ch bin, kim nghim, bo qun n khu gieo m to cy con ti vn m ri vn chuyn n hin trng trng rng. l cha k n cc khu trung gian khc nh: mua bn, trao i ht ging gia ch ngun ging, n v sn xut ging vi doanh nghip bun bn ht ging trc khi ht ging n tay ch vn m; ri giai on mua bn cy m gia ngi m cy vi mt ch vn m khc; hoc vic mua bn cy con gia ch vn m vi ngi bun bn cy ging trc khi cy con n tay ngi trng rng, v.v C th ni qu trnh ny l

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mt chui hnh trnh di, ging nh mt dy xch kt hp nhiu mt xch li vi nhau, vic qun l khng th coi nh bt c mt mt xch no. V vy, c th qun l cht ch c cht lng ging trng rng, cn xy dng mt ch qun l c chui hnh trnh cho cc l ht ging t ngun ging n rng trng. Qu trnh qun l chui hnh trnh ny bao gm cc cng on nh sau: ng k, kim tra, lp h s v cng nhn, cp giy chng nhn cho cc ngun ging t cht lng sn xut ht ging. ng k, kim tra v cng nhn doanh nghip t tiu chun sn xut, cung ng, kinh doanh ht ging.

Trc khi thu hi ht ging, ch ngun ging phi thng bo k hoch sn xut (thi gian, a im, chng loi, s lng ht ging) ti Chi cc lm nghip. Trong qu trnh sn xut ht ging, Chi cc lm nghip c th kim tra hin trng sn xut (v cc mt: a im ngun ging, k thut sn xut, s lng, cht lng ca l ht ging, v.v.). Chi cc lm nghip cp chng ch gc cho l ht ging nu t tiu chun, trong c ghi y cc mc, nh: cc m t v ngun ging, m s cng nhn ngun ging, trng lng ca l ht ging, cc ch tiu v cht lng sinh l, ngy sn xut. Khi ht ging c bn cho ngi m cy hoc cc doanh nghip trung gian, ngoi ha n bn hng thng thng, phi km theo bn sao chng ch gc ca l ht ging vi y nhn mc cn thit. Trong qu trnh sn xut cy con ti vn m, ch vn m phi c nht k theo di gieo m, cp nht s liu, ghi chp y cc din bin t lc nhn ht n khi xut cy. Cy con, khi bn cho ngi trng rng, ngoi ha n bn hng thng thng, phi km theo bn sao chng ch gc ca l ht ging vi y nhn mc cn thit. n v trng rng lu li ton b h s v l ht ging, l cy con. Khi cn thit, c th kim tra li bit r v ngun gc, cht lng di truyn, sinh l ca l ging, ngun ging m mnh s dng, hoc khi c quan ch qun kim tra c th xut trnh y ti liu ca l ging. 2.2. Qun l sn xut v cung ng cy con Cng tc qun l qu trnh sn xut, cung ng v s dng cy con v c bn ging nh vic qun l chui hnh trnh ca l ht ging. Vic qun l qu trnh sn xut cy con bng ht c m t phn trn. Qu trnh sn xut cy con bng phng thc nhn ging sinh dng c mt s nt khc bit v thi im cp chng ch gc cng nh vic theo di cy con trong vn m. Qun l chui hnh trnh ca l cy con sn xut bng phng thc nhn ging sinh dng bao gm cc cng on sau: ng k, kim tra, lp h s v cng nhn, cp giy chng nhn cho cc vn cy u dng t cht lng nhn ging hng lot. ng k, kim tra v cng nhn doanh nghip t tiu chun sn xut, cung ng, kinh doanh cy ging.

Trc khi tin hnh nhn ging, ch vn m phi thng bo k hoch sn xut (thi gian, a im, s dng v tnh, s lng cy ging) ti Chi cc lm nghip.

114

Trong qu trnh sn xut cy ging, Chi cc lm nghip c th kim tra hin trng sn xut (v cc mt: phng nui cy m, vn cy u dng, k thut sn xut, s lng, cht lng ca l cy ging, v.v). Chi cc lm nghip cp chng ch gc cho l cy ging nu t tiu chun, trong c ghi y cc mc, nh: cc m t v vn cy u dng, m s cng nhn, s lng ca l ging, cc ch tiu v cht lng sinh l, ngy sn xut. Khi ging gc c bn cho ngi m cy hoc cc doanh nghip trung gian, ngoi ha n bn hng thng thng, ch vn phi gi km theo bn sao chng ch gc ca vn u dng vi y nhn mc cn thit. Trong qu trnh sn xut cy con ti vn m, ch vn m phi c nht k theo di, cp nht s liu, ghi chp y cc din bin t lc nhn vt liu ging gc n khi xut cy. Cy con, khi bn cho ngi trng rng, ngoi ha n bn hng thng thng, phi km theo bn sao chng ch gc ca l cy ging vi y nhn mc cn thit. n v trng rng lu li ton b h s v l cy con. Khi cn thit, c th kim tra li bit r v ngun gc, cht lng di truyn, sinh l ca l cy ging, cc dng v tnh m mnh s dng trng rng, hoc khi c quan ch qun kim tra c th xut trnh y ti liu v l cy ging. 2.3. Qun l theo h thng m s Theo d tho Quy ch qun l ging cy rng c B Nng nghip v PTNT cng b trong nm 2005 th h thng m s ngun ging (bng 4.7) c xc nh theo m s gm 5 ch s. S u biu th ngun ging: ging do B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn cng nhn c s 0, giing do cp tnh cng nhn c s 1. Hai ch s tip theo (s th 2 v th 3) l m s tnh c ngun ging v c ly theo m s dng cho bin xe c gii (V d, Cao Bng s 11, Lng Sn s 12); Hai ch s cui cng l s ngun ging c cng nhn theo th t trc sau v thi gian. Theo d tho Quy ch qun l ging cy rng c B Nng nghip v PTNT cng b trong nm 2005 th h thng m s ngun ging (bng 4.7) c xc nh theo m s gm 5 ch s. S u biu th ngun ging: ging do B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn cng nhn c s 0, giing do cp tnh cng nhn c s 1. Hai ch s tip theo (s th 2 v th 3) l m s tnh c ngun ging v c ly theo m s dng cho bin xe c gii (V d, Cao Bng s 11, Lng Sn s 12); Hai ch s cui cng l s ngun ging c cng nhn theo th t trc sau v thi gian.

115

Bng 4.7. M s tm thi v ging cy rng cc vng v cc tnh TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Tnh Cao Bng Bc Cn Lng Sn Bc Giang Bc Ninh Qung Ninh TP.Hi Phng H Giang Lo Cai Tuyn Quang Yn Bi Thi Nguyen Ph Th Vnh Phc in Bin Lai Chu Sn La Ho Bnh TP.H Ni Hi Dng H Ty Hng Yn H Nam M s 11 97 12 98 99 14 15 23 24 22 21 20 19 88 27 25 26 28 29 34 33 89 90 TT 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Tnh TP. Nng Qung Nam Qung Ngi Bnh nh Ph Yn Khnh Ho Ninh Thun Bnh Thun Kon Tum Gia Lai c Nng c Lc Lm ng Bnh Phc Ty Ninh Bnh Dng TP.H Ch Minh B Ra Vng Tu ng Nai Long An An Giang ng Thp Tin Giang M s 43 92 76 77 78 79 85 86 82 81 48 47 49 93 70 61 50 72 60 62 67 66 63

116

TT 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Tnh Nam nh Ninh Bnh Thi Bnh Thanh Ho Ngh An H Tnh Qung Bnh Qung Tr Tha Thin Hu

M s 18 35 17 36 37 38 73 74 75

TT 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Tnh Vnh Long Kin Giang Hu Giang Cn Th Bn Tre Tr Vinh Sc Trng Bc Liu C Mau

M s 64 68 87 65 71 84 83 94 69

V d Rng ging Tch nh Qun tnh ng Nai l ngun ging c B Nng nghip v PTNT thm nh v cng nhn th 5 th c m s l 0.60.05; Rng ging Phi lao Tuy Phong tnh Bnh Thun l ngun gng do S Nng nghip & PTNT tnh Bnh Thun t chc thm nh v cng nhn th 2 th c m s 1.86.02. 3. Nhng vn tn ti v gii php pht trin h thng sn xut v cung ng ging cy trng lm nghip 3.1. Nhng kt qu t c Trong nhng nm qua, cng vi vic m rng qui m trng rng, Nh nc ta ni chung v ngnh lm nghip ni ring quan tm u t pht trin ngnh ging nhm mc ch sn xut v cung ng ging tt cho cc chng trnh trng rng, gp phn nng cao nng sut v cht lng rng trng, ci thin mi trng v i sng cho nhng ngi tham gia lm ngh rng: 3.1.1. V chnh sch h tr v khung php l C nhiu vn bn v chnh sch h tr v th ch ca Nh nc v cc hng dn thc hin ca B NN&PTNT nhm tng cng cng tc qun l v khuyn khch pht trin cng tc ging cy lm nghip ban hnh nh cp phn trn. Trong , nhng vn bn php qui c nh hng ln nht n ngnh ging l: Ngh nh 07/CP ca Chnh ph Thng t 02/TT ca B NN&PTNT Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v bo h ging cy trng mi. Php lnh ging cy trng ca Nh nc Ngh nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh v ging cy trng ca Chnh ph

Trn c s , cc a phng c s quan tm v chuyn bin v nhn thc, tng cng cng tc qun l v h tr c c ging tt cho trng rng. Cc S NN&PTNT ph bin v hng dn vic trin khai thc hin cc vn bn php qui ca Nh nc cho cc n v

117

lm nghip trong tnh, mt s ni xy dng, ban hnh v a vo thc hin Qui ch qun l ging lm nghip cp tnh, thc hin qun l chui hnh trnh ca l ging lu thng, s dng trong sn xut, cho vay vn vi li sut u i pht trin ging, v.v. 3.1.2. Cc chng trnh pht trin ging v xy dng h thng ngun ging cy lm nghip phc v cho d n trng rng 327, B Lm nghip u t 40 d n ging cc a phng trong ton quc. Trn c s , trn 900 ha lm phn tuyn chn v rng ging chuyn ha c xc nh v thit lp, hng trm vn m c xy dng, gp phn cung cp mt phn ging tt cho trng rng. Trong cc nm t 1995-2004, nhiu d n iu tra, tuyn chn ngun ging c u t thc hin. Tng din tch ngun ging hin c 7.106ha, bao gm nhiu din tch rng, vn ging c ci thin, cung cp ging cht lng cao. Chng trnh pht trin ging cy trng, ging vt nui v ging cy lm nghip mang li nhng thun li v c hi ln cc c s nghin cu, sn xut ging pht trin. Chng trnh pht trin cng ngh nhn ging sinh dng (m, hom) thu c cc kt qu ng khch l qua vic xy dng cc Trung tm nhn ging sinh dng cy rng, tuyn chn cc dng v tnh, pht trin cng ngh v o to cn b nhanh chng a cng ngh mi vo sn xut. n nay, mt s kt qu ng k t c ti cc trung tm nghin cu nh Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng - Vin khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam, Trung tm nghin c v thc nghim k thut lm nghip Yn Lp - Qung Ninh, Trung tm nghin cu cy nguyn liu giy Ph Ninh - Ph Th, cc X nghip ging lm nghip vng trc thuc Cng ty ging lm nghip TW, cc c s sn xut ging thuc Tng cng ty lm nghip Vit Nam, cng hng trm c s nhn ging ti cc tnh gp phn ng k trong vic sn xut cy ging cht lng cao phc v cho trng rng, c bit l trng rng sn xut cc a phng, rng khp trong ton quc. Mt trong nhng hng mc c c bit u tin c ghi nhn trong d n 661 v Chng trnh hin i ha - cng nghip ha ngnh lm nghip l u t pht trin cho cng tc sn xut v cung ng ging tt cho trng rng. Trong Chin lc pht trin lm nghip giai on ti, Chng trnh pht trin ging cy trng lm nghip cng c cao, vi mc tiu: m bo ging cc loi cy lm nghip ch lc c cht lng tt cung cp cho nhu cu pht trin sn xut, p dng khoa hc cng ngh mi v truyn thng theo hng s dng u th lai, ng thi gi c tnh a dng sinh hc, tng bc p dng cng ngh sinh hc trong lai to ging. Hnh thnh h thng sn xut v dch v ging cy lm nghip ph hp vi c ch th trng. 3.1.3. V u t xy dng c s h tng, trang thit b hin i Hng lot phng nui cy m c u t xy dng ti cc trung tm nhn ging trung ng cng nh ti a phng. T nm 1993 vi s quan tm ca B lm nghip (nay l B Nng nghip & Pht trin nng thn), vic nhn ging cy rng bng cng ngh m-hom c c bit ch . Chng ta tin hnh nhp thit b, vt liu ging v cng ngh sn xut cy con bng m-hom ca Trung Quc cho mt s c s va sn xut va nghin cu, to iu kin pht trin mnh m cng ngh tin tin ny vo phc v k hoch trng mi 5 triu ha rng. Mt h thng vn m, nh gim hom c xy dng hu khp cc vng gy trng rng, phn b trn ton quc.

118

Mt s phng kim nghim ging c nng cp hoc xy dng mi cc vng lm nghip trng im vi cc trang thit b cn thit tin hnh phn tch cc ch tiu cht lng sinh l cho cc l ht ging s dng gieo m phc v trng rng. 3.1.4. V pht trin khoa hc k thut, cng ngh mi Hot ng nghin cu v ging cy rng trong nhng nm qua cng c tng cng, gn lin nghin cu vi nhu cu ca sn xut. Nhng kt qu nghin cu c a vo p dng trong thc tin sn xut, c bit l trong lnh vc chn, to, a ging c cht lng cao v nhp ging cng dy truyn cng ngh mi phc v sn xut (xem phn II). Vi s c gng ca nhng ngi lm cng tc ging t trung ng n a phng, trong nhng nm qua, mt khi lng ht ging v cy con rt ln c sn xut, cung ng v kp thi cho trng rng. 3.2. Nhng vn tn ti Cui thp nin 90, khi d n 661 bt u trin khai, theo tnh ton ca Cng ty ging lm nghip TW, ging loi I v loi II ch chim khong 3% trong tng khi lng ging c th sn xut, loi III chim 30%, cn li l loi IV v loi V c cht lng thp. Vi kh nng sn xut ging nh trn, v c bn c th p ng c nhu cu ca cc d n trng rng v mt s lng. Ht ging c cht lng tng i tt ch p ng c khong 20% yu cu trng rng (trong cha ti 5% l ging c cung cp t cc vn ging, rng ging v cy ging c tuyn chn), cn li khong 80% phi dng ging thu t cc ngun khc, a s l ly x b, khng r l lch, ngun gc ging. Ngay c phm cht sinh l ca ht ging cng cha c qun l cht ch, nhiu l ht ging cha qua kim nghim c a vo s dng. T h thng ngun ging hin c v h thng cy phn tn cc a phng, trong giai on hin nay c th sn xut v cung ng ging cho cc d n trng rng theo k hoch hng nm. Tuy nhin, cht lng ging, c bit l cht lng di truyn cha m bo. Vic s dng ging cht lng cao l yu cu cp thit ca tt c cc chng trnh trng rng, c bit l trng rng sn xut. Song, trong iu kin hin nay ca ngnh ging cy rng, mc d c rt nhiu c gng, nhng vic sn xut v cung ng ging c cht lng tng i tt mi ch p ng c khong 35-40%. T l ging tt cn rt thp, cha p ng c nhu cu s dng ging cht lng cao cho cc d n trng rng. C th thy cng tc ging phc v trng rng cn mt s hn ch sau: Cha xy dng c chin lc quc gia thng nht v sn xut, cung ng v ci thin ging. T chc sn xut v cung ng ging t trung ng n a phng cn yu, khng n nh. Nng lc t chc ca ngnh ging cha c kin ton, thiu s iu phi thng nht gia cc n v ging t trung ng n a phng, thm ch trong mt tnh cng cha c s phi hp cht ch gia cc c s sn xut, cung ng v s dng ging. Cha gn c gia k hoch trng rng vi k hoch sn xut, cung ng ging dn n cung v cu khng khp nhau, vic xy dng v thc hin k hoch sn xut ging thng b ng, lng tng trong vic m bo ging tt cho trng rng. H thng ngun ging cn thiu v s lng, chng loi, cht lng ca cc ngun ging cha cao, cha p ng c nhu cu s dng ging c ci thin cho cc chng trnh trng rng. H thng ngun vt liu sinh dng cha phong ph, tp on cc loi cy s dng nhn ging sinh dng cn t, s lng cc dng v tnh u vit cn hn ch, k thut sn xut cy con

119

bng cc phng php nhn ging sinh dng cn c nng cao hn. H thng ti liu ha ca cc ngun ging cha c s dng rng ri, nhiu vn cy u dng cung cp vt liu nhn ging cho cc vn m a phng cha c ch chm sc ng mc, tnh trng ln dng cn kh ph bin. Nhn thc ca ngi trng rng, ngi s dng ging v tm quan trng v li ch ca vic s dng ging tt trong trng rng cha cao, cn coi trng s lng hn cht lng ging. mt s a phng, ngi qun l cha thc s coi cng tc ging l then cht trong vic nng cao nng sut v cht lng rng trng. Mt khc, sut u t cho rng trng thp cng l yu t hn ch n vic s dng ging c cht lng cao. Thiu nhng thng tin c bn v cc c s chuyn doanh ging, ngun ging hin c c v quy m, din tch, cht lng, sn lng, chng loi cng nh v k thut thu hi, ch bin, bo qun v gy trng, c bit l cc loi cy l rng bn a. Nhng chnh sch v cc vn bn php quy trong vic qun l, sn xut v s dng ging cn cha c hon thin, hiu lc thc thi khng cao, do vy vic sn xut cn thiu s ch o thng nht v gim st cht ch t trung ng n a phng. Vic kinh doanh ging trong iu kin th trng m kh kim sot cn c hin tng tranh mua, tranh bn, nhiu doanh nghip t nhn v ngi bun bn c th thiu kin thc c bn v ging cy lm nghip, khng c giy php sn xut, kinh doanh ging vn t do hot ng, gy nn s ln xn trong vic qun l, sn xut v cung ng ging, tc ng xu n k hoch v cht lng rng trng. u t cho ngnh ging cha cao, c s vt cht, phng tin sn xut v trang thit b chuyn dng cho ngnh cn thiu v lc hu. Trang thit b chnh phc v cho cng tc sn xut v kim nghim phm cht ht ging cn rt thiu, c bit l cc a phng. 3.3. Cc gii php pht trin sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip Qu trnh sn xut v cung ng ging cy lm nghip c nhng c th ring, khc vi ging cy trng nng nghip, ng thi cng chnh l nhng kh khn cn phi khc phc nh: Cy lm nghip l nhng loi cy di ngy, t khi gieo m to cy con n khi thu hoch c sn phm rng trng phi tnh n hng chc, thm ch c loi cy hng trm nm. V vy, qu trnh ci thin ging, qu trnh thit lp ngun ging cng phi ko di hng thp k. Cc ngun ging cy lm nghip thng phn b cc vng su, vng xa, vic i li, sn xut v vn chuyn ging rt kh khn, tn km, gi ging, v vy cng tng cao. Cy rng c chu k sai qu di, c bit l cc loi cy l rng bn a. Ht ging cy rng nhit i ca nhiu loi thuc loi ht a m, kh bo qun, trong khi iu kin bo qun ca cc c s sn xut, cung ng ging rt hn ch nh hng khng nh n cht lng sinh l ca nhng l ht cn lu tr. Cht lng ca ht ging, c bit l cht lng di truyn rt kh kim tra, nh gi, tn km thi gian v vn u t, v vy cc c quan qun l cht lng ging cng kh a ra cc quyt nh x l trong mt thi gian ngn. Cc d n thng s dng kh nhiu loi cy trng rng, do , mun c ging tt p ng nhu cu ca sn xut cng l mt vn kh thc hin ng thi trong cng mt lc. K hoch trng rng thng xuyn thay i, loi cy trng lun bin ng theo xu th th trng tiu th sn phm, y thc s l mt vn kh khn cho ngnh ging khi son tho k hoch pht trin cc chng trnh ging di hn.

120

Cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, cung ng ging lm nghip din ra trn mt phm vi rng, nhiu tnh, nhiu vng trong c nc, c nhiu doanh nghip, nhiu c quan v nhiu thnh phn tham gia, do , nng cao nhn thc ng n v vic s dng ging tt cho mi ngi v qun l cht ch cht lng ging i hi cc c quan chc nng phi tm ra nhng gii php thch hp, ty ni, ty lc thay i mi mang li nhng kt qu nh mong mun. Mc tiu ca ngnh ging cy lm nghip trong giai on hin nay l: Sn xut v cung ng ging c cht lng di truyn c ci thin vi phm cht sinh l cao cho cc chng trnh trng rng.

p ng cc nhu cu ht ging v cy ging cht lng cao, cc gii php c bn trong vic pht trin cung ng ging phc v cho chin lc pht trin lm nghip c th nu ra nh sau: 3.3.1. C chnh sch ph hp Tng cng cng tc qun l cht ch, khung php l c hiu lc v ng b t trung ng n a phng thng qua vic trin khai thc hin nghim tc nhng vn bn php qui ca Nh nc, B NN&PTNT, UBND cc tnh nh: Php lnh, Ngh nh, Hng dn, Qui ch qun l. C h thng chnh sch h tr, khuyn khch cc hot ng nghin cu, sn xut v s dng ging tt trong trng rng mt cch hu hiu v kp thi. Tng cng nng lc v c cu t chc cho ngnh ging t trung ng n a phng. 3.3.2. Xy dng v thc thi cc chin lc quc gia di hn Chin lc chn ging, ci thin ging cho nhng loi cy u tin, mi nhn phc v hiu qu cho cc chng trnh trng rng quc gia. Chin lc sn xut, cung ng v s dng ging thng nht. Chin lc bo tn ti nguyn di truyn cy rng, khai thc v s dng mt cch hiu qu nht ngun gen qu quc gia phc v cho cng tc chn ging, ci thin ging trong tng lai. Xy dng mt h thng ngun ging c ci thin tng bc, dn dn p ng nhu cu s dng ging cht lng cao cho cc chng trnh trng rng.

3.3.3. Thit lp v a vo hot ng mng li ging cy lm nghip vi s iu phi thng nht trong ton quc Xy dng mng li ging cy lm nghip cp tnh, cp quc gia, son tho, ph duyt v a vo thc hin Qui ch qun l ging c hiu lc thi hnh cao. Qun l cht ch cht lng v ngun gc ging thng qua thc hin cng tc qun l chui hnh trnh l ging t ngun ging n rng trng. Phn cng trch nhim c th cho cc thnh vin tham gia mng li, bao gm: C quan qun l Nh nc. C quan nghin cu, pht trin. C quan kim tra, kim sot. Ch ngun ging n v sn xut ging

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n v dch v Ngi s dng ging Th trng m, nhiu thnh phn tham gia C s cnh tranh v cht lng ging, c bit l cht lng di truyn cao phng thc phc v v li ch cho ngi s dng ging Tp hun, o to Hi tho Thng tin, t liu v ph cp C s vt cht, k thut Trang thit b hin i Cng ngh mi Bng 4.4. Danh mc ngun ging cc tnh trong c nc (do Cng ty ging lm nghip Trung ng cung cp)

3.3.4. To th trng ging a dng v m rng

3.3.5. Pht trin ngun lc

3.3.6. u t thch ng cho cng tc ging cy rng

Tnh Cao Bng

No.

Tn cy D Trng Khnh Trc so Thng m v Thng m v Sa mc Hi Hi Thng m v Thng m v Bch n caman D gai

Tn khoa hc Castanopsis mollissima Phylostachys sp Pinus massoniana Pinus massoniana Cunninghamia lanceolata Illicium verum Illicium verum Pinus massoniana Pinus massoniana Eucalyptus camaldulensis Castanopsis indica

M quyt Ngun nh ging 10-06-01 10-07-01 12-00-01 12-00-02 12-00-03 12-06-01 12-06-02 12-08-01 12-09-01 12-11-01 12-11-02 ISS(1) CSS(2) CSS CSO(3) CSO CSS SSS(4) SSS SSS CSS ISS

Din tch (ha) 15 15 10 4 15 50 20 60 30 5 15

001 002

Lng Sn

003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011

122

Tnh Ph Th

No.

Tn cy Thng carib B Keo tai tng Thng carib Keo tai tng Thng nha Thng nha Sa mc Sa mc M Vi thuc Tng qu s Thng m v Trm trng P mu P mu Ch ch M Keo tai tng Qu B Thng m v Thng m v Thng m v

Tn khoa hc Pinus caribaea Styrax tonkinensis Acacia mangium Pinus caribaea Acacia mangium Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii C. lanceolata C. lanceolata Manglietia conifera Schima wallichii Alnus nepalensis Pinus massoniana Canarium album Fokienia hodginsii Fokienia hodginsii Parashorea chinensis Manglietia conifera Acacia mangium Cinnamomum cassia Styrax tonkinensis Pinus massoniana Pinus massoniana Pinus massoniana

M quyt Ngun nh ging 25-00-02 25-00-03 25-00-06 15-03-01 15-03-02 15-13-02 15-13-03 21-05-01 21-05-02 21-06-01 21-06-02 21-07-01 21-08-01 21-09-01 21-10-01 21-10-02 22-02-02 22-02-01 22-02-02 23-04-01 23-04-02 23-05-01 23-05-02 26-03-01 CSS CSS SSO(5) ISS ISS SSS CSO CSS IS SSS ISS SSS SSS SSS SSS ISS SSS CSS ISS SSS SSS ISS SSS SSS

Din tch (ha) 9 5.8 22 30 6 23 5 40 40 100 50 50 30 50 15 50 2 20 20 50 30 28 32 10

012 013 014

Qung Ninh

015 016 017 018

Lo Cai

019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027

Tuyn Quang

028 029 030

Yn Bi

031 032 033 034

Vnh Phc

035

123

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Lt hoa Thng nha Thng nha Thng carib Thng m v Ch ch Tru nhn Lt hoa Lt hoa Thng m v Trm trng Qu Lim xanh Lt hoa Sn mt Thng nha Lt hoa Lt hoa C phn P mu Ging hng Sng l Qu S

Tn khoa hc Chukrasia tabularis Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus caribaea Pinus massoniana Parashorea chinensis Vernicia montana Chukrasia tabularis Chukrasia tabularis Pinus massoniana Canarium album Cinnamomum cassia Erythrophloeum fordii Chukrasia tabularis Madhuca pasquieri Pinus merkusii Chukrasia tabularis Chukrasia tabularis Protium serratum Fokienia hodginsii Pterocarpus macrocarpus Lagerstroemia calyculata Cinnamomum cassia Camellia sasanqua

M quyt Ngun nh ging 26-03-02 26-06-01 26-06-02 26-06-03 30-02-01 30-02-02 30-04-01 31-03-01 31-10-01 31-10-02 32-10-01 50-01-01 50-03-01 50-06-01 50-09-01 50-09-02 51-02-01 51-03-01 51-03-02 51-03-03 51-04-01 51-04-02 51-05-01 51-06-02 SSS CSO CSS CSS CSS CSS SSS ISS CSS SSS CSS CSS SSS CSS ISS CSS ISS CSS CSS ISS CSS SSS CSS SSS

Din tch (ha) 70 2 10 40 23 20 20 15 20 30 20 30 25.4 10 150 10 10 5 2 30 17 15 30 7

036 037 038 039 Lai Chu 040 041 042 Sn La 043 044 045 Ho Bnh Thanh Ha 046 047 048 049 050 051 Ngh An 052 053 054 055 056 057 058 059

124

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Thng carib Thng nha D gai Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Keo tai tng Cng trng Thng nha Thng carib Keo tai tng Thng carib Thng carib Thng carib Thng carib Thng carib Thng carib Hunh Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Phi lao

Tn khoa hc Pinus caribaea Pinus merkusii Castanopsis indica Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Acacia mangium Calophyllum soulatti Pinus merkusii Pinus caribaea Acacia mangium Pinus caribaea Pinus caribaea Pinus caribaea Pinus caribaea Pinus caribaea Pinus caribaea Tarrietia javanica Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Casuariana equisetifolia

M quyt Ngun nh ging 51-10-01 51-10-02 51-10-04 51-14-01 51-17-01 51-17-02 51-17-03 52-03-01 52-06-01 52-06-02 52-07-01 52-07-03 53-00-01 53-00-02 53-00-03 53-00-04 53-00-05 53-00-06 53-00-07 53-00-08 53-00-09 53-00-10 53-00-11 53-00-12 CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSO CSS CSS CSS ISS CSS SSS CSS(6) CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSO CSO SCO CSS CSS CSO

Din tch (ha) 5 7 6 25 8 3.5 5 15 50 8 3 30 3 1 10 10 10 10 14 11.9 1 47.9 43.2 5

060 061 062 063 064 065 066 H Tinh 067 068 069 070 071 Qung Bnh 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083

125

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Phi lao Vng trng Thng nha Phi lao Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Thng nha Keo tai tng Thng carib Thng nha Keo li lim Keo tai tng Keo tai tng Bch n uro Phi lao Thng carib Keo l trm Keo li lim Keo tai tng Thng carib Ch ch

Tn khoa hc C. equisetifolia Endospermum chinense Pinus merkusii C. equisetifolia Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Acacia mangium Pinus caribaea Pinus merkusii Acacia crassicarpa Acacia mangium Acacia mangium Eucalyptus urophylla C. equisetifolia Pinus caribaea Acacia auriculiformic A. crasicarpa Acacia mangium Pinus caribaea Parashorea chinensis

M quyt Ngun nh ging 53-00-13 53-04-02 53-04-03 53-06-01 53-07-01 54-01-01 54-01-02 54-02-01 54-05-01 55-01-01 55-01-02 55-04-01 55-04-02 55-04-03 55-04-04 55-04-05 55-04-06 55-04-07 55-08-01 55-08-02 55-08-03 55-08-04 60-01-01 60-02-01 CSO CSS SSS SSS SSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS SPA SPA CSS SPA SPA SPA ISS CSS CSS CSS SPA CSS CSS CSS

Din tch (ha) 20 15 30 50 27 10 70 10 16.7 32 10 18.1 42.6 2.3 5.1 7 4.9 5.4 1.9 5.8 15.5 10.5 56 60

084 085 086 087 088 Qung Tr 089 090 091 092 T.Thin - Hu 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 101 102 103 104 105 Nng 106 107

126

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Bch tng Lim xanh Kin kin Du con ri Gii nhung Ch nu o ln ht Keo l trm Keo tai tng Bch n caman Cng l Gii nhung Thng nha o ln ht o ln ht Bch n caman Bch n caman Keo lai Phi lao o ln ht Ch ch Bch n uro Du con ri Cm xe

Tn khoa hc Dacrycarpus imbricatus Erythrophloeum fordii Hopea siamensis Dipterocarpus alatus Paramichelia braianensis Dipterocarpus alatus Anacardium occidentale Acacia auriculiformis Acacia mangium Eucalyptus camaldulensis Betula alnoides Paramichelia braianensis Pinus merkusii Anacardium occidentale A. occidentale Eucalyptus camaldulensis E. camaldulensis A. auri x A. Mangium Casuariana equisetifolia Anacardium occidentale Parashorea chinensis Eucalyptus urophylla Dipterocarpus alatus Xylia xylocarpa

M quyt Ngun nh ging 60-02-03 61-01-11 61-01-21 61-01-31 61-01-41 61-01-51 61-08-01 61-09-11 61-09-12 62-01-01 63-02-01 63-02-02 63-03-01 63-05-01 63-06-01 63-06-02 63-10-11 63-10-12 63-11-01 63-11-02 63-12-01 63-12-11 64-06-01 65-02-01 CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSO1 SPA SPA CSS SPA SPA SPA CSO CSO Clone(7) Clone Clone SPA Clone SPA Clone CSS CSS

Din tch (ha) 25 192.8 192.8 192.8 192.8 192.8 2 18.5 7.2 4 5 10 5 1 1.7 1 1 1 10 2 5 1 20 31.8

108 Qung Nam 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 Qung Ngi Bnh nh 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 Ph Yn Khnh Ho 130 131

127

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Thng nha Xoan chu hn Xoan chu hn Phi lao Keo ln Keo liu Phi lao Sao en Du con ri Vn vn o ln ht o ln ht o ln ht Sao en Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng nha Trm trng Gii xanh Sao en Sao en Mung en Thng nha Thng nha

Tn khoa hc Pinus merkusii Azadirachta indica Azadirachta indica Casuariana equisetifolia Acacia torulosa Acacia difficilis Casuariana equisetifolia Hopea odorata Dipterocarpus alatus Anisoptera costata Anacardium occidentale A. occidentale A. occidentale Hopea odorata Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus merkusii Canarium album Michelia mediocris Hopea odorata Hopea odorata Cassia siamea Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii

M quyt Ngun nh ging 65-05-01 66-05-11 66-05-21 67-01-01 67-01-02 67-01-04 67-01-05 67-03-01 67-03-02 67-01-03 67-06-01 67-06-02 67-06-03 67-06-04 70-02-01 70-01-01 70-03-01 71-01-01 71-01-02 71-06-01 71-04-01 72-05-01 74-01-01 73-00-01 CSS CSS CSS SPA SPA SSO CSS CSS CSS CSS CSO Clone SPA SPA CSS ISS ISS ISS ISS ISS ISS ISS ISS CSO

Din tch (ha) 11.4 70 10 0.5 1 1 50 50 50 50 8 2 5 1 97 500 30 100 100 8 10 49.6 10 6.5

132 Ninh Thun 133 134 Bnh Thun 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Kon Tum 146 147 148 Gia Lai 149 150 151 152 c Lc c Nng Lm ng 153 154 155

128

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Thng nha Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Thng ba l Sao en Du con ri Tch Du con ri Du con ri Tch Du con ri Sn m Vn vn Cm lin Sao en Trm l di Trm l di Trm ta

Tn khoa hc Pinus merkusii Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya Hopea odorata Dipterocarpus alatus Tectona grandis Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus alatus Tectona grandis Dipterocarpus alatus Shorea roxburghii Anisoptera costata Shorea siamensis Hopea odorata Melaleuca leucadendra Melaleuca leucadendra Melaleuca cajuputi

M quyt Ngun nh ging 73-00-02 73-00-03 73-00-04 73-00-05 73-00-06 73-00-07 73-00-08 73-00-10 73-00-11 73-00-12 80-04-11 80-04-21 80-05-01 81-03-11 81-03-12 85-00-01 84-01-11 84-01-12 84-01-13 84-01-14 84-02-01 91-09-01 91-09-02 91-06-01 CSO CSO CSO CSO CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS SPA CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS CSS SSS SSS SPA

Din tch (ha) 9 11.3 12.8 5 39.1 90.5 89.5 334.7 310.5 232.1 19 19 94.5 80 20 170 100 100 100 100 100 1.4 1 25

156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 Bnh Phc 166 167 168 Ty Ninh 169 170 ng Nai 171

BRa-V.Tu 172 173 174 175 176 An Giang 177 178 179

129

Tnh

No.

Tn cy Ging hng Cm xe Trm ta c c c

Tn khoa hc Pterocarpus macrocarpus Xylia xylocarpa Melaleuca cajuputi Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora apiculata

M quyt Ngun nh ging 91-06-02 91-06-03 912-02-01 912-07-01 912-07-02 912-07-03 ISS ISS CSS CSS CSS CSS

Din tch (ha) 10 5 46.8 76.2 70.4 70.6 7107

180 181 C Mau 182 183 184 185 Tng s

Ch thch: (1) Lm phn xc nh, (2) Rng ging chuyn ho, (3) Vn ging v tnh, (4) Lm phn tuyn chn, (5) Vn ging hu tnh, (6) Rng ging, (7) Dng v tnh. S th t v m s trong bng ny c ghi theo s th t ngun ging c B Nng nghip v PTNTcng nhn theo quyt nh. Tuy nhin cc ging thuc nhm Lm phn xc nh n nay c cc c quan qun l ca B Nng nghip v PTNT coi nh khng cn c gi tr thc t.

130

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