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B CNG THNG
Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni
B GIO DC V O TO
Mc lc
Mc lc..............................................................................................................1 M u..............................................................................................................3 1 Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................4 1.1 M t ngnh sn xut bia Vit nam................................................4 1.2 Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut bia ...........................................5 1.2.1 Cc cng on sn xut chnh ......................................................6 1.2.2 Cc b phn ph tr......................................................................9 2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng ............................................11 2.1 Tiu th nguyn, nhin liu .............................................................12 2.1.1 Malt v nguyn liu thay th........................................................12 2.1.2 Tiu th nhit...............................................................................14 2.1.3 Tiu th nc ..............................................................................14 2.1.4 Tiu th in................................................................................15 2.1.5 Cc nguyn liu ph....................................................................15 2.2 Cc vn mi trng....................................................................16 2.2.1 Nc thi.....................................................................................17 2.2.2 Kh thi ........................................................................................19 2.2.3 Cht thi rn ................................................................................20 2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn ..................................................21 3 C hi sn xut sch hn........................................................................22 3.1 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc nh nu ..........................22 3.1.1 La chn thit b nghin v lc....................................................22 3.1.2 Thu hi dch nha long ................................................................22 3.1.3 Tch dch nha khi cn lng nng...............................................23 3.1.4 Thu hi hi t ni nu hoa ..........................................................23 3.2 C hi SXSH ti khu vc ln men, hon thin sn phm ...............24 3.2.1 Thu hi nm men.........................................................................24 3.2.2 Thu hi bia tn tht theo nm men..............................................24 3.2.3 Gim tiu hao bt tr lc .............................................................25 3.2.4 Gim thiu lng bia d .............................................................25 3.2.5 p dng h thng lm lnh tng..................................................26 3.2.6 p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao, gim mc tiu hao nng lng ..............................................................................................26 3.2.7 ng dng cng ngh mi (bao gm c s dng enzyme) rt ngn thi gian sn sut, tng hiu sut...................................................26 3.3 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc chit chai........................26 3.3.1 Tit kim nc trong ra chai, kt ..............................................26 3.3.2 Thit b thanh trng kiu tuy nen .................................................27 3.4 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n b phn ph tr ...........................28 3.4.1 Thu hi nc lm mt t qu trnh lnh nhanh...........................28 3.4.2 Thu hi nc ngng....................................................................28 3.4.3 Bo n .........................................................................................28 3.4.4 Tit kim nc v ha cht v sinh ............................................29 3.4.5 Tit kim in ..............................................................................29 3.4.6 Duy tr bo tr...............................................................................29 3.4.7 Trnh r r kh nn .......................................................................30 3.4.8 Kim sot nhit bc hi ca h thng my lnh ....................30 3.4.9 Gim p my nn kh ..................................................................30 3.4.10 Thu hi nhit t h my nn....................................................30 3.4.11 Lp t thit b lm nng nc cp cho ni hi ......................30
3.4.12 S dng cc ha cht dit khun thn thin mi trng kh trng thit b thay v dng hi nng .........................................................31 3.4.13 Kt hp cung cp nhit v pht in (CHP) ............................31 4 Thc hin sn xut sch hn ..................................................................31 4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng ..........................................................................32 4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH.............................32 4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph........36 4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut ....................................40 4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut......................40 4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu ....................................................42 4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi ................................44 4.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi ...............47 4.3 Bc 3: ra cc c hi SXSH .....................................................49 4.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH........................................49 4.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c ...........51 4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH...........................................51 4.4.1 Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut ............................52 4.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t .....................53 4.4.3 Nhim v 11: nh gi nh hng n mi trng ...................54 4.4.4 Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin .........................54 4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH .........................................55 4.5.1 Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin ................................................55 4.5.2 Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php ........................................56 4.5.3 Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu........................56 4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH .....................................................................57 5 Cc yu t cn tr v h tr SXSH bn vng .........................................58 5.1 Cc yu t cn tr ...........................................................................58 5.2 Cc yu t h tr thc hin thnh cng SXSH ...............................58
M u
Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng. Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut bia c bin son trong khun kh hp tc gia Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit nam an mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng thng v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni. Ti liu ny c cc chuyn gia trong ngnh ca Vit Nam bin son nhm cung cp cc kin thc c bn cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh nn tham kho v trnh t trin khai p dng sn xut sch hn. Cc chuyn gia dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan n hin trng sn xut ca Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kin nc ta. Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca TS. Nguyn Th Thu Vinh, cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph an mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA, v Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO h tr thc hin ti liu ny. Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip, email: cpi-cde@vnn.vn hoc Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, email: vncpc@vncpc.org.
Theo s liu thng k ca B Cng nghip (nay l B Cng Thng) tng sn lng bia ca Vit Nam qua 5 nm gn y th hin trong hnh 2. Mc d, n nm 2005 s c s sn xut ch cn 329, nhng quy m ca cc doanh
4 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
nghip tng ln. S liu thng k cho thy trong ngnh sn xut bia c 3 doanh nghip c sn lng trn 100 triu lt/nm l Sabeco (nng lc sn xut trn 300 triu lt/nm), Habeco (trn 200 triu lt/nm) v cng ty lin doanh nh my bia Vit Nam (trn 100 triu lt/nm). C 15 doanh nghip bia c cng sut ln hn 15 triu lt v 19 doanh nghip c sn lng sn xut thc t trn 20 triu lt. Khong 268 c s cn li c nng lc sn xut di 1 triu lt/nm
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2003 2004 2005 2006
Theo l trnh pht trin d kin n nm 2010 c nc s sn xut khong 2,5 3 t lt bia v mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi khong 28-30 lt/ngi/nm. Vi tc pht trin nhanh hin nay, nhiu nh my bia bia m ln ang c u t v cng ko theo nhiu vn ny sinh nh tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim mi trng. Nu p dng tip cn sn xut sch hn ngay t khi u t cc nh my mi th s mang li hiu qu cao cho qu trnh sn xut ti cc nh my mi ny ng thi phng nga c ri ro tc ng mi trng.
th gii nh Anheuser Busch, Inbev, Carlsberg, Heineken, Asahi, Kirin tin hnh. Cc nh my mi c th c cng sut 200-500 triu lt/nm. Cc k thut sn xut trong mi nh my mi cng on sn xut ca cc hng rt khc nhau do cc quan im v cng ngh, to sn phm khc bit v cng c nhiu gii php cng ngh c la chn c xut pht im l l do mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
CHUN B
in
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Nghin
Bi Ting n
ng Nc Hoa Houplon in Hi
NU
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Nc thi B hm Nhit Mi
LN MEN
Men in
Lm lnh
HON THIN
Bt tr lc CO2 in
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Nc thi Bt tr lc Men
Hnh 3. S cng ngh sn xut bia 1.2.1.1. Chun b Malt v go (gi tt l nguyn liu) c a n b phn nghin nguyn liu thnh cc mnh nh, sau c chuyn sang ni nu to iu kin cho
6 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
qu trnh chuyn ha nguyn liu v trch ly ti a cc cht ho tan trong nguyn liu. Cc nh sn xut bia thng s dng cc thit b nghin kh hoc nghin t. 1.2.1.2. Nu Qu trnh nu gm 4 cng on: H ha v ng ha: nguyn liu sau khi xay nghin c chuyn ti thit b h ha v ng ha bng cch iu chnh hn hp cc nhit khc nhau. H enzyme thch hp chuyn ha cc cht d tr c trong nguyn liu thnh dng ha tan trong dch: cc enzyme thy phn tinh bt to thnh ng, thy phn cc cht protein thnh axt amin v cc cht ho tan khc sau c a qua lc hm tch ng v cc cht ho tan khi b bia. Lc dch ng: dch hm c a qua my lc nhm tch b hm ra khi nc nha. Thit b lc dch ng ph bin c 2 loi l ni lc lng hoc my p lc khung bn. un si vi hoa houblon: dch ng sau khi lc c nu vi hoa houblon v un si trong 60-90 pht. Mc ch ca qu trnh nhm n nh thnh phn ca dch ng, to cho sn phm c mi thm c trng ca hoa hublon. Lng nng dch ng: dch sau khi nu c a qua bn lng xoy nhm tch cn trc khi chuyn vo ln men.
Qu trnh nu s dng nhiu nng lng di dng nhit nng v in nng cho vic vn hnh cc thit b; hi nc phc v mc ch gia nhit v un si. 1.2.1.3. Ln men Lm lnh v b sung xy: dch ng sau lng c nhit khong 9095oC c h nhit nhanh n 8 - 10oC v b sung xy vi nng 68 mg O2/lt.Qu trnh lnh nhanh c thc hin trong cc thit b trao i nhit vi mi cht lnh l nc lnh 1-2oC. Chun b men ging: Nm men c nui cy trong phng th nghim, sau c nhn trong cc iu kin thch hp t c mt nm men cn thit cho ln men Ln men chnh: dch ng c cp b sung xy, lm lnh n nhit thch hp tin hnh qu trnh ln men chnh vi thi gian v iu kin ph hp. Vic ln men c th c thc hin trong cc tank khng c bo n v t trong nh lnh c kim sot nhit theo ch nhit chung ca phng ln men. Cng ngh ln men trong phng lnh hin nay khng cn ph bin do tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic chy lnh cho phng ln men v kh khn trong vic thao tc vn hnh. Ngy nay vic
ln men ph bin c tin hnh trong cc tank lin hon c thit k ph hp cho cng ngh ln men ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau vi h thng kim sot nhit v d dng t ng ha. Kh CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men c thu hi. Thi gian ln men chnh thng l 5-7 ngy. Trong trng hp ln men chm, sau khi kt thc ln men chnh nm men kt lng xung y cc tank ln men v c ly ra ngoi gi l men sa. Nm men s c ly mt phn ti s dng cho ln men cc tank tip theo hoc c thi b. Trong trng hp ln men ni, nm men tp trung ln b mt v cng c tch mt phn khi dch ln men. Ln men ph: dch sau khi kt thc giai on ln men chnh c chuyn sang giai on ln men ph hon thin cht lng bia (to hng v v c trng). Qu trnh ln men ny din ra chm, tiu hao mt lng ng khng ng k, bia c lng trong v bo ho CO2. Thi gian ln men t 14-21 ngy hoc hn tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng loi bia.
1.2.1.4. Lc bia v hon thin sn phm Lc bia: Sau ln men, bia c em lc t c trong theo yu cu. Lc bia c tin hnh bng nhiu loi thit b khc nhau. Cc loi my lc bia thng dng l my p lc khung bn c s dng giy hoc vi lc. Trong nhng nm trc y nhiu nh my s dng cc my lc a nm ngang vi cc thit k khc nhau. Gn y cc nh sn xut bia trong cc nh my quy m ln s dng my lc nn vi cc ct lc l cc ct li inox c b mt lc rng, kch thc my gn, vn hnh hon ton t ng, d kim sot trong ca bia v cht lng bia n nh hn. Vic lc trong bia lun thc hin vi s duy tr nhit lnh cho bia trc v sau khi lc khong -1 oC n 1 oC. Tc nhn quan trng lc bia l cc loi bt tr lc khc nhau. Sau khi lc chng tr thnh cht thi v l vn gy nhim ln trong qu trnh sn xut. Hon thin sn phm: bia c th c lc hoc x l qua mt s cng on nh qua h thng lc trao i cha PVPP hoc silicagel loi bt polyphenol v protein trong bia, tng tnh n nh ca bia trong qu trnh bo qun. Nhm mc ch tng tnh n nh ca bia ngi ta c th s dng thm cc enzyme hoc cht bo qun c php s dng trong sn xut bia. Pha bia: Trong cng ngh sn xut bia gn y cc nh sn xut tin hnh ln men bia nng cao (ph bin trong khong 12,5 16 plato) tng hiu sut thit b v tit kim nng lng. Trong qu trnh lc v hon thin sn phm h s pha long bia v nng mong mun theo tiu chun sn phm trn nhng thit b chuyn dng. Qu trnh pha long bia lun yu cu nc tiu chun cao trong hm lng xy ha tan di 0,05 ppm.
Bo ho CO2: Bia trong v sau khi lc c bo ha thm CO2 m bo tiu chun bia thnh phm trc khi ng chai, lon. Lc bia v trng: c nhiu nh my bia trang b h thng lc mng sn xut bia ti ng chai/lon khng thanh trng.
Nh vy h thng lc bia trong nh my sn xut bia c nhiu cp khc nhau. Ty theo mc ch m nh sn xut trang b thit b v cht lng thit b n mc cn thit. 1.2.1.5. ng chai, lon, keg v thanh trng sn phm p ng nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi tiu dng v m bo vic vn chuyn bia n ni tiu th, cc nh sn xut bia phi tin hnh khu bao gi. Cc bao b phi c ra sch s tit trng trc khi chit rt. Khu ra bao b tn nhiu ha cht v nng lng km theo nc thi vi ti lng BOD cao. Bia c chit vo chai, lon, keg bng cc thit b chit rt. Ty theo yu cu ca th trng, thi gian lu hnh sn phm trn th trng c th t 1 thng n hng nm. Do vy yu cu cht lng ca bia sau khi ng vo bao b cng rt khc nhau. Vic kim sot tt cc thng s trong qu trnh chit nh hm lng xy/khng kh trong chai/lon i hi nghim ngt v nh vy cn phi la chn tt thit b chit rt ngay t khi u t. Qu trnh ng chai/lon cn chnh xc cao v hm lng xy/khng kh, mc bia trong chai. Nu thit b lm vic khng chnh xc s dn n nhiu sn phm hng, mc hao ht bia cao, gy ti lng hu c cao trong nc thi. Sau khi chit, sn phm c thanh trng. Qu trnh thanh trng c thc hin nh hi nc qua cc thang nhit yu cu. Yu cu k thut cho khu thanh trng c tnh bng n v thanh trng. n v thanh trng (PE) = t x 1,393 (T - 60) trong : t l thi gian thanh trng (pht); T l nhit thanh trng (C)
1.2.2 Cc b phn ph tr
1.2.2.1. Cc qu trnh v sinh Trong sn xut bia qu trnh v sinh ng vai tr quan trng m bo cc yu cu cng ngh v an ton v sinh thc phm cho sn phm. Ngoi ra, vic v sinh cn cha ng nhiu vn gy nhim mi trng nu khng c thit lp quy trnh v qun l ng mc. V sinh bao gm cc cng vic lin quan n khu vc sn xut v v sinh thit b. Cc thit b c ch to gn y lun trang b cc b phn c th cho php khu lm v sinh c th tin hnh hon ton t ng trong thit b (gi l CIP).
V sinh nh xng, khu vc sn xut phi c lm thng xuyn trnh nhim cho t mi trng vo sn phm. Cng vic ch yu thc hin bng tay v nh s tr gip ca cc bm, vi phun cao p. V sinh thit b nh h thng v sinh trong thit b (CIP) c th t ng ho cc mc khc nhau. Cc giai on trong quy trnh CIP bao gm: Khu trng ra ban u: Cc bn cha v ng ng c ra bng nc thng loi cc cht bn bm trn b mt. Nc ra khng c ti s dng m thi ra h thng x l nc thi. Mc nhim ca nc thi ph thuc vo bn ca cc bn v ng ng. Khu ra bng ho cht: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ra ban u, cc bn cha v ng ng c sc ra bng dung dch xt nng nhit 7085oC ty sch cc cht bn cn bm b mt. Thi gian tun hon xt nng 15-30 pht tu thuc vo mc bn ca thit b. Xt nng c thu hi v thit b cha ti s dng. Sau khi tun hon xt nng, thit b c trng ra bng nc. Mt s thit b sau khi ra bng xt v trng ra c th phi ra tip bng dung dch axit v sau c trng ra bng nc nhiu ln n khi sch. Khu sc ra cui cng: Cc bn v ng ng c sc ra ln cui vi dung dch nc nhit mi trng lm sch cc cht ty ra cn li. Phn nc ny c thu hi v ti s dng cho khu sc ra s b. Do vy, ngoi kh nng m bo mc v sinh thc phm, quy trnh sc ra, ti s dng cho php tit kim ti nguyn nc v ha cht s dng. 1.2.2.2 Qu trnh cung cp hi H thng ni hi t than hoc du vi p sut ti a l 10 bar, p sut lm vic trong khong 4-6 bar. Thit b cung cp hi l ni hi chy bng nhin liu ha thch (than , ga), kh sinh hc, hoc bng in. T ni hi, hi nc c dn trong cc ng chu p cung cp cho cc thit b cn gia nhit. Hiu sut ca ni hi, cc ch vn hnh, vic bo n cch nhit, vic tn thu v s dng nc ngng c ngha ln trong vic xem xt hiu qu ca h thng cung cp nhit trong nh my bia. 1.2.2.3 Qu trnh cung cp lnh cho sn xut Trong nh my bia cc qu trnh c s dng lnh l qu trnh lm lnh dch ng t khu nu, qu trnh ln men, qu trnh nhn v bo qun ging men, qu trnh lm lnh bia thnh phm trong cc bn cha bia thnh phm, qu trnh lm lnh nc phc v ln men v v sinh... H thng my lnh vi mi cht hin nay thng s dng l ammoniac s lm lnh glycol hoc nc l cc mi cht th cp cho cc thit b ln men v trao i nhit. Vic tnh
10 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
ton cng sut my lnh, thit k h thng cung cp lnh hp l s m bo chi ph vn hnh thp, hiu qu sn xut cao. 1.2.2.4. Qu trnh cung cp kh nn Kh nn c dng trong nhiu qu trnh trong nh my sn xut bia. Kh nn c cung cp bi my nn kh, cha sn trong cc bnh cha. My nn kh tiu tn nhiu in nng, kh nn c d tr p sut cao trong cc balng cha kh, rt d b r r, hao ph do thot ra ngoi trn ng ng . 1.2.2.5. Qu trnh thu hi v s dng CO2 Bao gm balng cha, thit b ra, my nn CO2 , thit b loi nc, lc than hot tnh, thit b lnh, thit b ngng t CO2, 1 tank cha CO2 , 1 thit b bay hi CO2, h thng ng ng, ph kin. Ton b CO2 trong qu trnh ln men s c thu li v s dng cho vic bo ha CO2 ca bia thnh phm trong qu trnh lc.
Trong phn ny m t cc hot ng m c tiu th v tiu tn ti nguyn v pht thi. Hnh 4 miu t cc ngun ti nguyn c s dng v cc ngun thi pht sinh trong nh my sn xut bia.
Khi Hi Bi Mi Ting n
NH MY SN XUT BIA
Nc thi
11
Malt/nguyn liu thay th Nhit Nhin liu (tnh theo du FO) in Nc NaOH Bt tr lc
kg MJ lt
18 390 11
16 250 7
15 150 4
kWh m
3
kg g
Chi tit ca vic tiu th nguyn nhin liu cng nh pht thi c c th ho di y.
Hublon dng to hng v cho bia, c s dng di dng hoa t nhin, hoa vin hoc cao. Mc tiu hao nguyn liu ph thuc vo loi bia m nh sn xut nh sn xut; hiu sut s dng nguyn liu; mc hao ph nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut.
12 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
Phn nguyn liu hao ph thng nm di cc dng sau: 2.1.1.1. B hm B hm l phn cn li ca nguyn liu sau khi chit xut v tch ht dch nha khi b hm. B hm vn cn cha mt lng ng v nc. Lng b hm thng khong 140 kg/1000 lt dch ng v c hm lng nc khong 80%. Trong nc b hm vn cn mt lng cht ha tan cn st li (thng khong 1-5%). Trong nh nu c thit k v vn hnh tt, hiu s gia hiu sut trong sn xut v hiu sut trong phng th nghim ca nguyn liu nh hn 1%. Thng hiu s ny ln hn v c ngha l hao ph mt mt trong qu trnh nu theo b hm ln hn do hiu sut trch ly nguyn liu trong qu trnh nu, ng ha, qu trnh lc dch ng v ra b cha t hiu sut cao. 2.1.1.2. Nc ra b Trong khi lc, dch ng c thu v ni nu hoa, ngi ta dng nc nng ra b hm, tn thu c cht cn trong b. Lng nc ra b c xc nh bng lng dch cn thit trong ni nu hoa; nng dch ng trong qu trnh ra b cng gim dn. Tuy nhin sau khi ra b, trong b vn cn mt lng ln dch ng long nm trong b. Dch ng long chim 2-6% tng lng dch cha nng cht ha tan 1-1,5%. Nu tn thu nc ra b cho cc m nu sau s gp phn lm tng hiu sut ca qu trnh nu. Nu dch ng long i vo h thng nc thi s lm ti lng BOD ca nc thi tng ln. 2.1.1.3. Cn nng Dch ng sau khi chuyn sang thit b lng xoy, dch trong c chuyn qua thit b lnh nhanh vo h thng ln men, cn cn li trong y thit b gi l cn nng. Cn nng cn cha dch nha, b hoa, cc cht keo t t protein. i vi thit b lng xoy hiu qu cao th lng cn nng ch chim 0,2-0,4% tng lng dch, c hm lng c cht 15-20%. Trong cn nng c cha dch ng, t l hao ph dch ng ph thuc vo hiu qu ca vic lc v lng xoy dch ng. Cn nng c th c x l bng nhiu cch, hoc em trn vi b, hoc thi vo h thng nc thi. Nu cn nng i vo h thng nc thi s lm tng ti lng BOD ca nc thi ln 110.000 mg/kg cn nng. 2.1.1.4. Nm men Nm men sinh khi trong qu trnh ln men c s dng li mt phn vo qu trnh ln men. Lng nm men tha khong 20-40 kg/1000 lt bia. Trong nm men cn cha bia; c ti lng BOD khong 120.000-140.000 mg/l.
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2.1.1.5. Hao ph bia Bia thng b mt mt trong nhng cng on sau ca sn xut Qu trnh lm trng tank: Sau khi cc tank c bm ht, thng trong tank cn mt lng bia nht nh. Ngi sn xut thng dng nc y vo tank lm trng tank. Lng bia mt mt ph thuc vo hiu qu v phng php ca qu trnh lm trng tank. Qu trnh lc bia: Khi bt u lm mng lc, mt lng ln nc ln vi bia c x b cng nh khi kt thc lc ngi ta dng nc y bia ra khi my. Tt c dch bia long ny nu khng c tn thu s l tn tht ln trong qu trnh sn xut v gy ra nhim cho ngun nc thi. Cc ng ng: Trong cc ng ng c bia hay c dng nc y, gy ra lng ph bia. Bia tht thot trong qu trnh chit chai: Do li ca my chit, do chai v, bia b phun ra ngoi. T l hao ph ny ph thuc vo chnh xc ca my chit, my thanh trng v thao tc vn hnh ca cng nhn. Bia quay v: Trong qu trnh tiu th nu c vn , trong qu trnh kim tra cht lng nu cc ch tiu khng m bo bia s c quay tr v nh my.
Lng bia b tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut chim khong 1-5%, trong mt s trng hp cn cao hn. Nu bia khng c tn thu trong nh my, chng b x vo dng nc thi, gy ra nhim nng v chi ph cho x l nc thi ln.
Tiu hao nng lng trong nh my bia ph thuc vo c tnh ca nh my nh qu trnh cng ngh, phng php ng gi sn phm, k thut v loi thit b thanh trng, cng ngh x l sn phm ph. Cc qu trnh tiu hao nng lng nh my bia bao gm: Nu v ng ha, nu hoa, h thng v sinh (CIP) v tit trng, h thng ra chai, keg, h thng thanh trng bia. Trong tiu th nhit nhiu nht l ni nu hoa, chim n 30-40% tng lng hi dng trong nh my.
2.1.3 Tiu th nc
Mc tiu th nc trong nh my bia vn hnh tt nm trong khong 4-10 hl/hl bia.
Mc tiu th nc ph thuc vo h thng ng gi bia thnh phm, h thng thit b. Nhit ca nc cng quyt nh mc tiu th nc.
14 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
Cc qu trnh s dng nc trong nh my bia l: lm lnh, ra chai/keg, thanh trng lm ngui, trng v v sinh thit b (CIP), nu v ra b, v sinh nh xng, v sinh h thng bng ti c du nhn khu vc chit chai, lm mt cc bm chn khng, v phun ra bt tr lc.
Cc s liu gn y ca nh sau: Khu vc nguyn liu: V sinh: Truyn nhit Khc Tng cng
Hng Heineken cho thy mc tiu th nc cc b phn sn xut 1,3 hl/hl 2,9 hl/hl 0,7 hl/hl 1,6 hl/hl 6,5 hl/hl trong n 45% lng nc dng cho v sinh
2.1.4 Tiu th in
in tiu th cho nh my bia vn hnh tt trung bnh 8-12 kWh/hl, ph thuc vo qu trnh v c tnh ca sn phm.
Nhiu nh my c mc tiu th in gp i do sn xut khng hiu qu v thiu thc trong qun l nng lng. Hin nay nhiu nh my c mc tiu th in thp hn do cc thit b th h mi c mc tiu th in nng thp v kh nng t ng ha cao. Cc khu vc tiu th in nng l: khu vc chit chai, my lnh, kh nn, thu hi CO2, x l nc thi, iu ha khng kh, cc khu vc khc nh bm, qut, in chiu sng.
15
CO2 do ni hi pht thi khi t nhin liu ha thch th khng c thu hi. Lng CO2 pht thi t ni hi khong 16 kg/hl bia (nhu cu nhit cho bia l 200 MJ/hl). Lng ny ln hn lng CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men bia. Nh my bia c th thu hi v s dng lng CO2 cn thit trong qu trnh sn xut nu h thng thu hi CO2 t h thng ln men c tnh ton tt. Nguyn liu ng gi: chai, lon, nt, np, mng co, phi nhm, nhn, h dn, cc ph gia nh cc cht chng xy ha, cc enzyme, cc cht to bt, cc cht n nh
2.2 Cc vn mi trng
Vn mi trng ln nht trong nh my bia l lng nc thi rt ln cha nhiu cht hu c, pH cao, nhit cao. Vic lu gi v thi b lng men thi ln v bt tr lc, vi lc c ln nm men sau mi ln lc lm ti lng hu c trong nc thi rt ln. Ngun nc thi khng c kim sot v khng c x l s dn n phn hy cc cht hu c, lm gim xy ha tan trong nc cn thit cho thy sinh. Ngoi ra qu trnh ny cn gy ra mi kh chu. Cc thnh phn khc c trong nc thi nh nitrat, photphat gy ra hin tng ph dng cho cc thc vt thy sinh. Theo s hnh 4, qu trnh sn xut bia pht thi ra mi trng di c ba dng rn, lng v kh. Bng 2 tm tt cc vn mi trng theo khu vc sn xut.
16
Khu vc
Tiu hao/Thi/Pht thi - Tiu tn nng lng (nhit) - Tiu tn nhiu nc - Xt v axt cho h CIP - Thi lng hu c cao - Pht thi bi - Gy mi ra cc khu vc xung quanh - Tiu tn nng lng (lnh) - Tiu tn nhiu nc - Xt v axt cho h CIP - Pht thi CO2 - Thi lng hu c cao (do nm men v vic v sinh thit b gy nn, nc thi c nng cht hu c, nitrat v phot pho cao)
Cc vn mi trng - Tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim khng kh. - Gp phn vo vic lm m ln ton cu do pht thi CO2 - Gy kh chu cho c dn xung quanh. - Ph dng sng, h, bin v nguy c cho c dn xung quanh, - nh hng n a dng sinh hc
Nu
Ln men
Lc bia
- Tiu tn nhiu nc - Tiu tn bt tr lc - Tiu tn lnh, CO2 - Thi lng hu c cao (nm men, bt tr lc)
- Ph dng sng, h, bin v nguy c cho c dn xung quanh, - nh hng n a dng sinh hc
ng gi Thanh trng
- Tiu hao nng lng (hi nc) - Nc thi c pH cao v cht l lng nhiu. - Tiu hao nhiu nc nng v nc lnh. - Ting n
- Tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim khng kh. - Gp phn vo vic lm m ln ton cu do pht thi CO2 - Nguy c tc ng xu n thy sinh. - Gy kh chu hoc dn v ngi lao ng - nhim nc v t - Lm hi sc kho con ngi - CFC l cht ph hu tng ozon
- Tiu th nhiu nng lng, -- Pht thi CO2, NOx v PAH (polyaromatic hydrocacbon) - Nguy c r r du - Nguy c r r v pht thi NH3 - Nguy c r r v pht thi CFC
2.2.1 Nc thi
Lng nc thi ph thuc vo lng nc s dng trong sn xut. Ch c mt lng nc trong bia, nc bay hi, nc trong b hm, b bia khng i vo h thng nc thi. Lng nc khng i vo h thng nc thi khong 1,5 hl/hl, c ngha l lng nc thi trong sn xut bia bng lng nc s dng tr i 1,5 hl/hl bia.
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Nc thi nh my bia bao gm: Nc thi v sinh cc thit b Nc thi t cng on ra chai, thanh trng bia chai Nc thi t phng th nghim Nc thi v sinh nh xng Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn nh my
TCVN 5945:2005*
Tc ng n mi trng
mg/l
13-16
10
15
Ghi ch: * Cc thng s quy nh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quan n dung tch ngun tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thi A - Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hot B - Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A C - Ngun tip nhn c quy nh
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Bng 4: Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut bia (i vi nh my bia cng sut 100 triu lt/nm)
Cc cht nhim SS COD BOD5 Tng ni t Tng pht pho Ti lng (kg/ngy) 2.300-2.500 10.000-11.000 6.500-7.000 130-150 110-130
Thnh phn nc thi nh my bia vt rt nhiu ln mc cho php theo tiu chun Vit Nam, cn phi qua x l. Cng sut ca h thng x l nc thi nh my bia cng cn tnh ton ln v ph hp vi cng sut sn xut bia km theo tiu tn nhiu nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Xin tham kho thng tin x l nc thi trong phn 5. Vy vic tit kim nc v p dng cc k thut sn xut sch hn rt cn thit gim lng nc pht thi cng nh nng c cht hu c trong nc thi.
2.2.2 Kh thi
Kh thi ca nh my bia bao gm kh thi pht sinh do s dng ni hi, hi v mi ho cht s dng, mi sinh ra trong qu trnh nu v ca cc cht thi hu c nh b hm, men... cha c x l kp thi. Qua thc t kim tra nng cc cht thi CO, SO2, NOx, H2S, CO2, NH3 ti cc khu vc sn xut khc nhau trong nh my nh ngoi phn xng ln men, ti trung tm nh my, ti khu vc my lnh, khu vc ng khi ni hi v i chiu vi Cht lng khng kh - Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip vi bi v cc cht v c (TCNV 5939:2005) cho thy nh my sn xut khng c vn ln v nhim khng kh. C 2 khu vc cn quan tm l ng khi ni hi v my lnh. Bng 5 cho bit mt s thng s kh thi ca ni hi t du v ni hi t than.
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TCVN 5939:2005 A 400 1500 1000 1000 B 200 500 580 1000
Nng cc cht nhim cn ph thuc vo cht lng nhin liu v cao ca ng khi, hiu sut vn hnh ni hi. Tuy nhin s liu cng cho thy khi s dng nhin liu l than th nng bi pht tn ra mi trng ln hn mc cho php 1,5-3 ln v cn thit phi u t h thng lc bi. C 2 trng hp nhin liu l than v du u cho nng pht thi SO2 cao hn mc cho php 1,3-4 ln v cn thit phi u t h thng x l SO2. H thng my lnh s dng mi cht NH3 t gy nh hng n mi trng. Cc s c c th xy ra l n bn cha hoc r r NH3. Kh NH3 gy kch thch ng h hp, c mi khai v gy ngt v c th gy cht ngi. Nng ti a cho php trong khng kh khu vc sn xut l 0,02 mg/l.
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Bng 6: Lng cht thi rn pht sinh khi sn xut 1 hectolt bia
Cht nhim B hm Nm men V chai v Bn hot tnh Nhn, giy Bt tr lc Plastic Kim loi n v kg kg chai kg kg kg kg kg Lng 21-27 3-4 0,9 0,3-0,4 1,5 0,2-0,6 Tc ng Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu gy tai nn cho ngi vn hnh Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu To ra ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln To ra ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln
Chit chai/lon
tht
Ph tr
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3 C hi sn xut sch hn
Chng ny dn ra mt s v d v gii php sn xut sch hn c th p dng thnh cng trong ngnh sn xut bia. Danh sch ny s tip tc c cp nht khi c thm cc doanh nghip p dng sn xut sch hn.
Cc nh my bia c c trng bi vic tiu th ti nguyn ng k nhng s dng rt t cc ha cht c hi. C th phn loi cc c hi sn xut sch hn lin quan n cc khu vc chnh l (1) nu, (2) ln men v hon thin, (3) chit chai v (4) ph tr nh sau:
Nu chnh lch v hiu sut chit ca malt trong phng th nghim v thc t sn xut ln hn 1% th cht chit b tn tht trong b hm v c ngha l nguyn liu u vo cha c s dng ht. Nu gim c tn tht nguyn liu 1% th c ngha l gim c 2 kg malt cho 1000 lit bia.
nng cao s lm tit kim nc v nguyn liu u vo. Nu dch nha long b thi vo h thng nc thi s lm tng ti lng COD ca h thng ln 20-60 g/hl dch ng c sn xut.
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Mt nh my hiu qu c mc s dng nng lng cho 1 hl bia khong 150 MJ cn nh my km hiu qu mc s dng c th n 350 MJ.
Cng ty Lin hp thc phm H Ty c cng sut 5 triu lt/nm. Khi tch nm men t y tank, chng thng ri vi ra sn nh, dn n cc chi ph nc ra sn, ha cht v sinh nn nh, tng ti lng dng thi. Nm 2000 cng ty lp t thit b thu hi men, kt qu trit rt c men khi tank v khng ri vi ra nn nh, gim 30 m3 nc ra sn v cc ha cht, nhn cng, gim ti COD khong 74 kg/ngy.. Chi ph u t: Thi gian hon vn : 2100 USD tng ng 29,4 triu VN. 0,5 nm
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p dng lp thit b ly tm men Mt nh my bia chu u c cng sut 100 triu lt/nm. gim lng men thi vo h thng nc thi v gim lng bia hao ph h tnh ton nh sau: Lp t thm thit b 2 tank 50 hl cha men sau ly tm 1 my ly tm 20 hl/gi 2 tank 50 hl cha bia thu hi ng ng, bm, h thng CIP Vn u t: Chi ph vn hnh Thi gian khu hao thit b Tit kim c Thi gian thu hi vn 500.000-700.000 USD 20.000 USD/nm 15 nm 20.000 hl bia hay 10 USD/hl bia 3-4 nm
25
cn mt lng bia d rt nh nht cn trong tank khi khng th ly ra c thm. BOD ca bia l 80.000mg/l ph thuc vo nng v hm lng cn ca bia. Nu bia d b thi vo h thng nc thi th khng ch lm tng BOD m mt lng sn phm c gi tr b mt.
3.2.6 p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao, gim mc tiu hao nng lng
Ln men truyn thng bt u t dch ng c nng 10-12%. Cc nghin cu v ng dng a ra cng ngh ln men nng cao hn n 16% (c nhiu nghin cu tin hnh nng n 22% nhng vic ng dng cha rng ri). Kt qu thc t nhiu nc, Vit Nam c Tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn, Cng ty Bia Vit Nam, Nh my bia H Ty p dng cho thy c th nng cng sut nh my ln 10-15%, gim in nng, nng lng 15-18% trong khi c th linh hot sn xut nhiu loi bia c cc nng ban u khc nhau.
3.2.7 ng dng cng ngh mi (bao gm c s dng enzyme) rt ngn thi gian sn sut, tng hiu sut
Vic s dng cc loi enzyme trong qu trnh nu nh enzyme dch ha, ng ha, cho php rt nng thi gian nu t 30-45 pht mi m, gim in, hi nc, tng cng sut; Enzyme trong ln men nh s dng enzyme Maturex gip lm gim hm lng diacetyl trong bia ln men ph, cho php rt ngn thi gian ln men ph t 3-5 ngy m vn m bo cht lng; v cc cht tr lng gip lm gim thi gian ln men, gim tiu hao lnh, in.
ra chai. pH ca nc ra c kim sot tit kim ha cht v nc trng. Do vy tit kim c nng lng v gim chi ph cho x l nc thi. Cc my ra chai mi cho php gim ti hn 50% nc ra chai (t mc 530 ml/chai xung 264 ml/chai). My ra chai s dng nc v xt lm sch. Mc tiu th nc ca my ra chai ch yu ph thuc vo cu to ca my. Cc my th h mi c mc tiu th nc (0,5 hl/hl v chai) v nng lng thp hn so vi cc my c (34 hl/hl v chai). Cc ci thin v tit kim nc bao gm: Lp cc van t ng ngng cp nc khi dy chuyn khng hot ng; Lp cc vi phun cao p; Ti s dng dng nc trng chai 2 hng cui vo vic ra chai cc hng u; Tn dng nc thi t h thng ra chai ra kt; Tit kim xt trong ra chai.
Xt trong qu trnh ra chai c th thu hi v ti s dng. Cn lp t tank lng xt ra t h thng ra chai, c bit trong nhng ngy dng hot ng ca my ra chai. Xt c bm vo tank lng, tt c cc cht cn s c tch ra khi xt v c th ti s dng.
45.000 USD 1 nm
27
S dng nc nng hiu qu l mt trong nhng vn mu cht ca tit kim nng lng. Nc lm mt dch ng trong qu trnh lnh nhanh (t 100C v 10C) c th t 85oC (vi cc thit b trao i nhit tt) cn c tun hon v ti s dng tn dng nc v nhit. S dng tank c bo n tr trc khi s dng. Nc ny c th s dng li nhng khu vc c nhu cu nh lm nc nu, nc cp ni hi, h thng v sinh CIP, ra chai v thanh trng. Thng cha nc nng cn tnh ton cn i vi quy m thu hi cho khng c tha nc nng thi vo h thng nc thi.
V d v ti u ha h thng nc nng Mt nh my bia chu u c cng sut 100 triu lt/nm c h thng lm lnh dch ng kiu c. Sau khi trao i nhit trong qu trnh lnh nhanh, nhit nc c lm nng ln n 60C v dng vo h thng nu. Lng nc d tha s b thi vo h thng nc thi Mt h thng lnh nhanh mi c lp t, c kh nng lm nng nc n 85C. Tank cha nc nng ln hn c lp t. Nc 85C c dng nu, v sinh, ra chai. Kt qu nh sau: Lng du gim mi nm Lng nc gim mi nm u t Thi gian thu hi vn 340 tn 40.000 m
3
120.000 USD 3 nm
3.4.3 Bo n
Bo n cc b mt nng v lnh l gii php n gin v d lm nht, ng thi mang li hiu qu cao trong tit kim nng lng. Cc b mt ny gm thn ni hi, ni nu, cc ng cp hi nng, hi lnh, cc tank ln men v cha bia thnh phm
Bo n 1 mt di ng ng hi 89 mm s dng trong 6.000 gi/nm s gip tit kim c 450 kg du/nm (tng ng 18.000 MJ/nm) nng lng cho sn xut 120 hl bia.
28
Cng ty C phn Bia Kim Bi (H Ty) c cng sut 30 triu lt/nm. m bo lnh cho sn xut cng ty s dng 4 my lnh mi my c cng sut 90 KW. Nm 2007 cng ty lp thm bin tn cho cc ng c my lnh v u t h thng iu khin t ng cho h thng my lnh. S vn u t ban u l 1,4 t VN. Qua thi gian vn hnh cho thy cc my gim c 1012% in nng. Thi gian thu hi vn c tnh 4 nm
3.4.6 Duy tr bo tr
Vic bo tr h thng c ngha ln trong vic duy tr mc tiu hao in, nc thp. Vic bo tr tt cn c tc dng lm cho hiu qu dy chuyn tng ln do gim s ln v thi gian b dng sn xut do s c. Thi gian hon vn ca vic bo tr thng rt ngn c khi ch vi tun.
29
S r r ch gy ra ting x nh, khng nhn r hi thot ra t cc van hi c th dn n lm mt 1kg hi/gi, tng ng vi tiu th 700 kg du mi nm hay nng lng ny cho sn xut 200 hl bia vi mc tiu hao thp. R r mc nhn r hi thot ra cc mt bch c th dn n lm mt 3-5 kg hi/gi, tng ng 2.100-3.500 kg du/nm, nng lng sn xut 580-1000 hl bia mc tiu hao thp
3.4.7 Trnh r r kh nn
Tc ng ca r r kh nn (p lc kh 6 bar) tng ng mc tiu th in Kch thc l (mm) l/s kWh/ngy MWh/nm 1 1 6,2 3 19 74,4 5 27 199,0 thng h thng c th mang li kt qu tit kim khong 10%
3.4.9 Gim p my nn kh
p lc ca my nn cng thp trong gii hn c th cng tt.
Nu p ca my nn kh t thp hn c t 7-8 bar th mc tiu th in ca my nn gim c 7%.
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3.4.12 S dng cc ha cht dit khun thn thin mi trng kh trng thit b thay v dng hi nng
Mt s nh my bia thng dng hi nng thanh trng thit b. Gii php ny tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic thanh trng v lm ngui thit b. Hin nay c nhiu ha cht thn thin mi trng cha xy nguyn t, khi phun vo thit b chng c kh nng dit khun, sau chng c chuyn ha v dng xy phn t, khng c hi cho qu trnh ln men v mi trng xung quanh. Cc ha cht cha xy nguyn t c th l nc zn, hn hp peracetic v hydrogen peroxide (trong sn phm thng mi c tn l SOPUROXID ca hng SOPURA) hoc cc sn phm thng mi tng t ca ECOLAB.
Cht thi chnh l nguyn nhin liu u vo khng c t ng ch. Vic thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn tun theo nguyn tc c bn l mi nguyn nhin liu vo quy trnh sn xut, nu khng nm li trong sn phm s b thi ra mi trng, di dng ny hoc dng khc. Vic trin khai nh gi sn xut sch hn mt cch bi bn s h tr doanh nghip tm c ng i cng nh dng chuyn i ca cc loi nguyn liu , tm ra cc phng php gim thiu lng s dng mt cch hu hiu nht, ng thi thm ch c th tng c nng sut v cht lng ca sn phm, v tit kim chi ph x l mi trng. cng chnh l mc tiu ca vic p dng sn xut sch hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn yu cu thi gian v n lc ca cc b phn trong ton doanh nghip, do s cam kt v h tr mnh m ca Ban lnh o cng ty s l yu t quyt nh cho thnh cng ca chng trnh. Chng ti khuyn co p dng sn xut sch hn ln lt theo 6 bc hay 16 nhim v sau y: Bc 1: Khi ng Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia 31
Bc 3: a ra cc c hi sn xut sch hn Bc 4: Chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php sn xut sch hn Bc 6: Duy tr sn xut sch hn
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm: - Xy dng c nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn - Thu thp s liu sn xut lm c s ban u - Tm kim cc bin php ci tin n gin, hiu qu c th thc hin ngay
32
Nhm SXSH
Tn 1 2 3 4 5 Chc v - b phn Nhim v nhm
Tn/nm Xt Axit
Cng sut Ni hi du 1 Ni hi du 2 Ni hi than 1 Ni hi than 2 My pht in My nn kh My lnh tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi KVA Kwh Kwh
Sau y l v d c trch t bo co nh gi sn xut sch hn ti Cng ty C phn Bia H Ni - Bia Hng H, l doanh nghip sn xut bia u tin thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn trong khun kh hp phn sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip ca B Cng thng.
33
Nhm SXSH
Tn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dng Vn Hoan Trnh V c Nguyn Th Thu Hng o Hi Nam L Quang H Nguyn Khc Cng Nguyn Trng Hiu Hng Dng Chc v - b phn Ph Gim c Cng ty Trng phng KCS Ph phng KT Cn b KCS T trng t men Q phn xng PQ phn xng TT. T xut hng Nhim v nhm Ch o chung Trng ban thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin
Nguyn nhin liu s dng Kg/2006 Nguyn liu chnh Malt Go ng Houblon 2.000 395.000 220.000 Kg/QI 2007 19.900 11.100 450 116 Kg/T3 2007 19.200 10.700 450 111
tn Mwh
34
Nhn xt: - Nhm sn xut sch hn c thnh lp vi i din ca tt c cc phng ban, v c s tham gia ca Ban lnh o (Ph Gim c). S lng thnh vin dng nh qu ln so vi sn lng. C th thnh lp nhm quy m nh hn v huy ng cc thnh phn khi c hot ng lin quan n b phn trnh vic vng mt cc thnh vin khi tho lun/hp bn v sn xut sch hn. Vic Ph Gim c Cng ty trc tip iu hnh hot ng nhm (tham gia su hn) c th s c tc ng mnh m hn. - S liu c thu thp theo nm, theo qu, theo thng trong trng hp ny l c bit cn thit do c s bin ng ln v sn lng (3.8 triu lt/nm trong nm 2006 nhng k hoch 2007 l 6 triu lt/nm). Thnh phn v lng nguyn nhin liu s dng trn mt n v sn phm cng thay i ng k. Trong trng hp ny, nn s dng s liu nn trc khi trin khai chng trnh bng s liu trung bnh ca nm 2006 v qu 1 nm 2007. - Nn tch sn lng bia hi v bia chai. Cc s liu v ha cht, nguyn liu ph, nng lng cha c ch trng nn khng so snh c cc thng s ny vi cc doanh nghip khc cng nh lm c s o mc ci tin.
Vic tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn cn yu cu c thng tin nn, da trn mt s ti liu, h s. Nu khng c y thng tin th cn x l, tnh ton hoc thng nht xy dng. Bng kim tra trong phiu cng tc 2 s gip cho nhm xem xt v tnh sn c ca thng tin.
35
Nhn xt: Rt nhiu doanh nghip khng c thng tin trn, v cc thnh vin trong nhm s lm nhim v tho lun cch thc thu thp nhng thng tin ny. Ch c cc ti liu phn nh hin trng sn xut thc mi c gi tr trong nh gi ny.
S dng sut tiu hao xem xt hin trng v hiu qu ca chng trnh nh sut tiu hao l cng c o lng nguyn nhin liu tiu th v pht thi thc t trn mt n v sn phm. Cc thng s thng dng l mc tiu dng nc, mc tiu dng in, than/du, ha cht, ti lng nhim COD, BOD, SS trn mt n v sn phm nh 1 hl bia hoc 1000 lt bia. Hiu sut thu hi dch nu, hiu sut thu hi sn phm, cht lng sn phm cng l nhng ch s tham kho trong nh gi sn xut sch hn. Cc sut tiu hao khng ch c xy dng cho ton nh my, m cn xy dng cho tng cng on, b phn. Vic c c thng tin y lin quan n mc tiu th v pht thi ng gp phn quan trng trong thnh cng ca nh gi sn xut sch hn. Chng ti khuyn co cc nh my xc nh cc sut tiu hao quan trng v lp t cc thit b o c trc khi trin khai su chng trnh. Bng 1 c th c s dng nhn din kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip so vi cc doanh nghip khc Vit nam v trn th gii.
36
Cc quan st v lng ph nguyn nhin liu ti mi cng on (phiu cng tc 4). y l cc quan st ban u, nhm s tip tc khai thc cc c hi ci tin. i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut bia, vic qun l ni vi km l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tn tht nguyn nhin liu. ng nhn hot ng sn xut nh nhng iu hin nhin, m xem xt t gc c th thay i nh th no cho c li. iu ny gip d dng nh ra nhiu phng n v thc hin trong giai on sm. Chi ph cho nguyn nhin liu c bn (phiu cng tc 5) ghi li gi nguyn nhin liu s dng lm c s tnh ton tip theo.
Phiu cng tc s 3. Cng on sn xut vi cc dng nguyn nhin liu v pht thi
Malt Go
CHUN B
in
-
Nghin
Bi Ting n
ng Nc Hoa Houblon in Hi
NU
-
Nc thi B hm Nhit Mi
LN MEN
Men in
Lm lnh
Men Kh CO2
HON THIN
Bt tr lc CO2 in
-
Nc thi Bt tr lc Men
37
Lu cc dng u vo v u ra c lit k cho tt c cc cng on ph ca quy trnh sn xut. Pht thi gin tip nh pht thi kh nh knh do s dng in s khng lit k y m c tnh vo kt qu chung cui cng.
Rt nhiu gii php sn xut sch hn c xut ngay t bc ny m cha cn s dng cc k thut phn tch tip theo. y l cc gii php hin th r rng m cha c lu tm khi vn hnh. Vic mi cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia tham quan kho st bc ny l c bit c hiu qu. Phiu cng tc s 4. Hin trng qun l ni vi
Khu vc Kho nguyn liu & chun b Quan st - B tr kho - B mt sn - Kch thc ht sau nghin - Bi nguyn liu Khu nh nu - Cc van hi - S dng nc - ng h o p lc, nhit ni nu - Thu hi nc ngng - Ni v cch thc t nguyn liu - Bo n Khu vc ln men - ng ng mm - Ha cht ty ra - Men thi - S dng nc - Bo n Khu vc chit - Nhit s dng thanh trng - S dng nc thanh trng, v sinh - S dng ha cht ra chai - Tc chit chai - Bia mt mt Khu vc ph tr - Cc gin tn nhit - Kch c than - Thnh phn than trong x - Nc cp cho ni hi - Thu hi nhit t khi l ca ni hi - Kho nhin liu - Kho vt t, ha cht - Tp kt ph thi - Khu vc my lnh - Khu vc ni hi, my nn, - Khu vc x l nc
38
Qun l ni vi km l nguyn nhn sinh ra lng ph nh my sn xut bia. iu thng b b qua v l phn n gin nht, hp dn nht bt u cc bc tip cn SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu, nhm SXSH nn ch c bit ti cc nh hng do qu trnh qun l mt bng sn xut km. Tip cn nh gi SXSH nh my ca nhm SXSH l bt u bng vic thm phn xng sn xut kiu nh vy. Hn na, rt nhiu phng n SXSH c xc nh l nhng phng n c th thc hin trng thi gian ngn, chi ph thp ch cn nhng thay i nh v thit b hoc ci thin v duy tr bo dng. Vic p dng nhng bin php ny chng minh l mt khi u tt cho cc c gng SXSH ca nh my, khuyn khch nh qun l cng nh cc cn b c gng hn na khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Phiu cng tc s 5. Chi ph nguyn liu u vo
B phn/ nguyn liu n v n gi, /n v Lng s dng, n v/nm Lng s dng, n v/1000 lt bia Chi ph /1000 bia lt
Chun b nguyn liu Malt Go ng Hoa Houblon Nc in Ln men v hon thin Nc in Men Bt tr lc CO2 Chit chai, chit keg V chai V lon V keg Nhn H in Ni hi Than Nc H thng lm lnh in Cht ti lnh H thng cp nc in H thng v sinh Nc Axit Xt
39
Lu bng trn ch bao gm chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh. y l c s dng o c hiu qu chng trnh, ng thi cng phn no ch ra t l tng quan gia cc loi nguyn liu. Bc tranh chi ph sn xut tng th cn c b sung bi chi ph nhn s, nng lng v vn hnh h thng x l mi trng.
Lu s cng ngh tt nht cn t c cc im sau: Cng on sn xut c m t bng hp ch nht gia, bao gm tn quy trnh v iu kin vn hnh Lit k y cc dng u vo, u ra. Dng u vo ghi bn phi, u ra ghi bn tri ca hp m t cng on . Vi cc dng lin tc c th dng nt lin, dng gin on c th dng nt t. Nguyn liu chnh ban u (malt, go) c th c a vo t pha trn ca s hoc bn tri nh cc dng nguyn liu khc Bao gm cc dng tun hon nguyn liu
40
Malt
Go
Malt
Nc in Hi Nc
Nghin
in
Nghin
H ha
in
ng ha
Lc dch ng
Nu hoa
Lng trong
Men ging
Lm lnh
Nhn ging
Nhit lnh
Ln men chnh
Ln men ph
Men (R) Bia (L) Men (R) Bia (L) Bia (L) CO2 (K) Nc thi (L) Bia (L) Chai v (R) Nc thi (L) Chai v (R)
in
Lc trong
CO2 in
Bo ha CO2
Ra chai
Nc in Hi Nhn H
Chit chai
Chit keg
Thanh trng
Dn nhn
Nhp kho
41
Trn y l v d v s cng ngh in hnh ti Vit nam. S ny cha xt n cc dng tun hon trong dy chuyn v v sinh thit b, nh xng, cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh trong mi cng on. Vic lit k y dng thi nhim v ny s h tr cho nhim v cn bng vt liu cng nh xc nh chi ph dng thi nhim v tip sau.
i vi qu trnh sn xut bia, l cng ngh s dng t nguyn liu, cn bng tng th l ph bin hn. Nn s dng Phiu Cng tc s 6 ghi li cn bng vt liu. C hai cch ghi th hin cn bng vt liu: theo bng hoc theo s cng ngh. Khi s dng s cng ngh ghi li cn bng vt liu cn ghi r thnh phn, nng ca tng loi nguyn liu vo, ra. Cn bng vt liu c th da trn o c, ghi chp ca mt ngy, mt thng hoc mt nm sn xut.
Men ging Dch ng Bia non Bia trc lc Bt tr lc CO2 Bia sau lc Bia thnh phm Chai, nt, nhn Bia chai trong Bia chai sau TT Nhn
Bo ha CO2
Bt lc thi CO2
Chai v Bia chai trong Bia sau TT Bia chai thnh phm Bia Bia Bia Chai v Chai v, nhn hng
Cn bng vt liu tt i vi nh gi sn xut sch hn l cn bng c s liu tin cy v tn tht nguyn nhin liu i theo dng thi. Cn c trn s liu cn bng v kim chng trong phn c trng dng thi ta s c s liu v chi ph mt theo dng thi. Khng c cn bng no l hon thin c. Khi ghp s liu ca tng cng on v s liu tng th ca c dy chuyn s xut hin sai s do tnh chnh xc ca s liu, do tng ca nhiu dng thi nh cha c k n nh bay hi, ri vi.... Mc ch ca cn bng vt liu l tm ra cc dng thi lng ph ln nht tp trung gim thiu. S liu dng trong cn bng vt liu c th c thu thp t: s sch ghi chp hoc o c trc tip. Cc s liu s dng cn quy i v cng mt n v sn phm. Ring i vi bt phi quy i dng kh tuyt i trnh m nguyn liu th l khc nhau S liu dng thi trong cn bng vt liu l tng nht l c km thm thng s v nguyn liu hoc dng bin i mi ca nguyn liu b mt theo dng thi tin cho vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bc tip theo. Mi dng thi nn c nh s (v d L1, L2, L3 cho dng thi lng, K cho kh v R cho rn) tin cho vic xc nh chi ph cng nh phn tch nguyn nhn tip theo.
43
Cc phiu cng tc s 7(A-C) c th c s dng thu thp thng tin v c tnh mi trng ca dng thi.
ng ha
44
V d: Nc thi t lc dch ng l mt dng thi, khng ch n thun c thnh phn l nc m c cc thnh phn c gi tr khc nh dch ng mt theo, b hm. Lng ca cc thnh phn ny c xc nh trong cn bng vt liu.
Nu Ln men Lc
Chit chai
45
Phiu cng tc s 8 tng hp chi ph dng thi. Chi ph dng thi c tnh bng tng chi ph nguyn liu mt mt (nh r trong phiu cng tc s 7) v chi ph x l dng thi (Phiu cng tc s 7A-7C).
ng ha Lc dch ng
46
Ln men chnh Ln men ph, tch men Lc trong bia Bo ha CO2 Chit chai Thanh trng
V d: xc nh chi ph ca dng thi t lc dch ng, cn xc nh chi ph do nguyn liu ban u mt i theo dng thi (phn khng chuyn xung cng on tip theo) d di dng ny hay dng khc cng chi ph x l dng thi . B hm chnh l malt v go khng c chuyn vo dch ng nn n gi ca thnh phn ny vn c tnh nh n gi mua malt, go. Vic p dng n gi theo nguyn tc ny s l cng bng i vi tt c cc cng on.
Lu : Chi ph dng thi xc nh trn cha tnh n chi ph nng lng. Cn lm cn bng nng lng hoc cn bng tn tht nng lng xc nh chi ph y ca ton nh my. Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi nhm ch ra tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi tp trung tm kim gii php, ng thi cho thy tim nng u t thc hin sn xut sch hn. V d khi xc nh c tng chi ph ca dng thi lng trong ln men l 1 triu ng/ngy, vi 300 ngy lm vic/nm, cng ty c th sn sng u t gii php 300 triu ng c th gim dng thi ny xung cn mt na. Thi gian hon vn gin n cho gii php , nu kh thi v mt k thut, s ch l 1 nm. Cc gii php sn xut sch hn khng cn ch n thun l cc gii php khng tn hoc tn chi ph thp. Tuy nhin cc gii php sn xut sch hn vn l nhng gii php c thi gian hon vn ngn.
47
Nguyn nhn ca dng thi c xc nh mt cch c h thng v y nht khi s dng phng php tho lun nhm v biu Ishikawa (hay cn gi l biu xng c). Biu Ishikawa l mt trong by loi biu kim sot cht lng, c coi l cng c ph bin nht thc hin phn tch nhn-qu. xy dng biu ny cn dng phng php xem xt 4M1E, bao gm con ngi (man), phng php thc hin (method), nguyn liu (material), my mc (machine) v mi trng (environment). Cng c th xc nh nguyn nhn dng thi da trn cc cu hi c bn sau: bn cht ca cng on l g (vy dng thi sinh ra c phi p ng mc ch ca cng on khng), ti sao sinh ra nhiu nh th (c phi do nh hng ca cng on trc hay do cng on ny dng lng ph), v c th lm g c vi dng thi ny (c thc hin tun hon ti s dng c khng). D thc hin theo cch ny hay cch khc, cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn cho mi dng thi theo cng mt h thng, v truy n tn nguyn nhn cui cng bng cch t cu hi ti sao.
Lu : cch r sot nguyn nhn y nht l theo dng thi c nh s phiu cng tc 9. Mi mt dng thi s c th c mt hoc mt vi nguyn nhn tng ng. Cc nguyn nhn ny cng s c nh s th t theo s th t ca dng thi. Trong mt s trng hp cn nh gi nhanh, nguyn nhn c xc nh theo nguyn liu tiu th chnh (nh in, nc... tiu th cao). Khng khuyn co xc nh nguyn nhn theo cng on m khng bm theo dng thi v s khng m bo xem xt ht c cc nguyn nhn tim nng. Vic a ra cc nguyn nhn cng chi tit th cc gii php c xut cng phong ph.
Phiu cng tc s 9 c th c dng ghi li cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi. Phiu cng tc s 9. Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi
Dng s 1 2 thi Cng on Nguyn nhn 1.1. 2.1 Ch quan Khch quan
V d v Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi ti Cng ty C phn Bia H ni Hng h Dng thi s 1-Tn tht bt go v malt 2- Bi go v malt 3. Dch ng theo cn hoa trong Cng on Bo qun Nghin Lng trong Nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cc loi cn trng n 2.1. Cha c h thng ht lc bi 3.1. Dch ng b lng ln vo cn hoa do cng ngh Ch quan Khch quan
48
4. Mt bia 5. Mt bia
Ln ph
men
4.1. Bia ln vo men sa khi rt men di y thng 5.1. Bia ln vo nc khi ui nc vo u chu trnh v ui bia vo cui chu trnh 5.2. Bia mt khi x l my lc khi my b
Lc trong
6. Mt bia 7. Mt bia
Bo CO2
ha
6.1. Qu p lm tro bia theo ng x p 7.1. Chit bia th cng nn khng m bo cn bng p sut 7.2. K nng v thao tc ca cng nhn khi chit bom 7.3.Np bom b x h 7.4. Th tch bom ln hn danh ngha
Chit bom
Nhn xt: 1. Bng trn ch lit k dng thi chnh m b qua rt nhiu dng thi t c gi tr hn 2. Phn ln cc nguyn nhn a ra mang tnh quan st, khng mang tnh ch trch. Nn c thm s liu c th v d nh 7.4. th tch bom ln hn danh ngha vy ln hn n mc no 3. Mc phn tch nguyn nhn c th khai thc thm nhiu gc bng cch t cu hi ti sao. V d khi c nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cn trng n, c th khai thc tip ti sao chng n? C phi do con ngi, do vt liu, do nh xng, cch thc lu kho hay do thi tit (4M1E). Vi nguyn nhn chut n, cha th xc nh c do ch quan hay khch quan.
4.3 Bc 3: ra cc c hi SXSH
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm thu c ng gp kin v: Cc c hi sn xut sch hn Phn loi s b cc c hi theo kh nng thc hin Trin khai cc c hi c th lm ngay
49
nhiu c hi. Cc c hi nn c tip tc nh s theo s ca nguyn nhn/ dng thi tng ng. Phiu cng tc s 10. Cc c hi SXSH
Cng on Nghin C hi 1.1.1 1.1.2 QLNV NL QT TB CN TH SP
TNG Ghi ch: QLNV: Qun l ni vi, NL: thay i nguyn liu, QT: Ci tin qu trnh, TB: ci tin thit b, CN: thay i cng ngh, TH: tun hon, ti s dng, SP: ci tin sn phm
V d v c hi sn xut sch hn ca Cng ty C phn bia H ni-Hng H TT 1 Dng thi/vn Bt go v malt mt trong khu bo qun Bt go v malt mt trong khu nghin Dch ng mt trong khu lng nng Nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cn trng n 2.1. Cha c thng ht lc bi h Gii php SXSH 1.1.1. Gia c kho chng chut 1.1.2. S dng cc bin php dit chut 1.1.3. u t si l 2.1.1. Lp h thng ht, lc bi, thu hi bt
3.1.1. Gim lng dch mt bng cch tng cng kh nng lng ca dch bng cch s dng cht tr lng 3.1.2. Thu hi dch cn a v ni lc 3.1.3. u t my ly tm dch lng nng
4.1.1. Tng cng kh nng kt lng ca nm men khi kt thc ln men: chn chng ging ; la chn quy trnh cng ngh ti u 4.1.2. u t h thng rt men ng p 4.1.3. Ly tm men sau khi rt
5.1. Bia ln vo nc khi ui nc u chu trnh v ui bia cui chu trnh 5.2. Mt bia do khu tho ra my mi ln my b
5.1.1. S dng bnh trung gian cha bia ln nc phi trong sut qu trnh lc 5.1.2. p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao tng vic s dng nc ln bia trong qu trnh lc 5.2.1. Tng cng kh nng lc ca dch bia bng cc gii php cng ngh: la chn chng ging, s dng cht tr lng trong qu trnh ln men; cp lnh cho bia trc khi lc 5.2.2. u t thit b lc ph hp 6.1.1. u t h thng np CO2 trn ng ng 6.1.2. Thu hi v ti s dng bia tro 7.1.1. Kim sot nng CO2 v nhit ca bia trc khi bo ha CO2 7.2.1. Ci to hoc u t thit b chit
6.1. Do qu p lm bia tro theo ng x p 7.1 CO2 trong bia qu nhiu, nhit cao 7.2. Thit b chit cha m bo
50
Nhn xt: Vic phn tch nguyn nhn cng su th kh nng thu c cng nhiu tng v c hi sn xut sch hn. Nhim v xc nh chi ph dng thi trn cho thy tng quan gia cc dng thi tp trung phn tch vo dng thi c chi ph ln. Lu : trong cc bo co nh gi sn xut sch hn, phn nguyn nhn v c hi SXSH thng c trnh by trong cng mt bng. Phn phn loi cc c hi cng nh kh nng thc hin c trnh by trong bng khc. Ni dung ca phng php lun l nh nhau, ch khc bit cch trnh by.
TNG
V d v sng lc cc c hi sn xut sch hn ca Cng ty C phn bia H ni-Hng H TT 1.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.3. 2.1.1. Cc gii php Bt cc l h chng chut Cc bin php dit chut u t si l Lp h thng ht bi thu hi bt go, malt X Thc hin ngay G 1 X X X Thc hin G 2 Cn phn tch thm B loi b L do
Cc gii php SXSH khng ch n thun l kh thi v mt k thut, kinh t, m cn cn mang li li ch v mt mi trng.
51
52
M t gii php
VND
Ph tr Lp t Vn chuyn Khc
TNG Chi ph vn hnh nm Khu hao Bo dng Nhn s Hi in Nc Ho cht Khc TNG
Lu vic in thng tin cho mi gii php SXSH vo mt phiu cng tc l l tng trc khi tng hp danh mc cc gii php kh thi.
53
Nc
Rn
Ngy nay, vic trin khai gii php SXSH c tc ng tch cc n mi trng ngy cng c coi trng, thm ch c th c thc hin ngay c khi khng kh thi v mt kinh t.
im cho cc mc thp (L: 0-5), trung bnh (M: 6-14), cao (H: 15-20) Trng s 25 (kh thi k thut), 50 (kh thi kinh t), 25 (kh thi mi trng) ch l v d
54
Hin ti cc doanh nghip Vit nam trng s 30, 40, 30 cho tnh kh thi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng.
Cc gii php c la chn cn a vo thc hin. Song song vi cc gii php xc nh ny, c mt s cc gii php c chi ph thp hoc khng cn chi ph, c th c thc hin ngay sau khi c xut (nh bt r r, kho van khi khng s dng...). Vi cc gii php cn li, cn c mt k hoch thc hin mt cch c h thng.
Dng Vn Hoan
2008
Cui nm 2008
Nhn xt: Cch thc quan trc, nh gi vic thc hin d n nn ghi c th hn (v d quan trc thng s g, tn sut nh th no)
55
Li ch k thut cho 1000 lt bia Li ch mi trng Trc SXSH Sau SXSH 46,4 kg 67,7 kg 9m
3
Go Malt Nc Than in
50 kg 73 kg 12 m
3
3m3 nc sch/ 1000 lt SP, ~18.000 m3 nc sch/nm 2.575 kg bi, 1.648 kg SO2, 189,2 tn CO2/nm
80 kg 164 kW
64 kg 140 kW
Nhn xt: Cch thc tng kt ny s gip cho doanh nghip c c s theo di v so snh trong nhng nm sau. 56 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
Vic duy tr cng c chng trnh SXSH thc s l mt thch thc. Vic cn phi lm l hp nht chng trnh SXSH vi quy trnh sn xut bnh thng ca doanh nghip. Cha kha cho thnh cng lu di l phi thu ht s tham gia ca cng nhiu nhn vin cng tt, cng nh c mt ch khen thng cho nhng ngi c bit xut sc, lm cho SXSH tr thnh mt hot ng lin tc trong nh my. Nhim v 16: Duy tr SXSH S c gng cho SXSH khng bao gi ngng. Lun lun c nhng c hi mi ci thin sn xut v cn phi thng xuyn t chc vic nh gi li SXSH. Nhm nh gi SXSH ti nh my sn xut bia cn la chn mt chin lc to s pht trin sn xut bn vng v n nh cho nh my. Chin lc ny bao gm nhng ni dung sau: B nhim mt nhm lm vic lu di v nh gi SXSH, trong c nhng ngi ng u l cp lnh o ca nh my. Kt hp cc c gng SXSH vi k hoch pht trin chung ca nh my. Ph bin cc k hoch SXSH ti cc phng ban ca nh my. To ra mt phng thc cn nhc tc ng ca cc d n mi v cc cng tc ci t v SXSH trong nh my. Cc d n v nhng thay i cng c th dn ti lm tng nhim hay gim hiu qu trong cng vic s dng nguyn vt liu v nng lng trong nh my. Khuyn khch nhn vin c nhng sng kin mi v nhng xut cho c hi SXSH. T chc cc tp hun cho cn b v cc lnh o nh my.
Ngay sau khi trin khai thc hin cc gii php SXSH, nhm chng trnh SXSH nn quay tr li bc 2: Phn tch cc bc thc hin, xc nh v chn la cng on lng ph nht tip theo trong nh my. Chu k ny tip tc cho ti khi tt c cc cng on c hon thnh v sau bt u mt chu k mi.
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5 Cc yu t cn tr v h tr SXSH bn vng
5.1 Cc yu t cn tr
Mc d hu ht cc nh gi SXSH u dn n doanh thu tng, tc ng xu ti mi trng gim v c cc sn phm tt hn. Tuy nhin, nhng c gng SXSH c th b gim dn hoc bin mt sau giai on hng khi ban u. Nhng yu t gy tc ng xu cho chng trnh SXSH thng bao gm: Cc tr ngi v ti chnh trong vic thc hin mt s cc phng n mong mun, iu ny dn ti gi thit ng lo ngi l khng nn lm cc nh gi SXSH nu nh khng c vn thc hin cc phng n. C nhng thay i trong trch nhim ca cc thnh vin ca nhm dn ti mt s gin on v mai mt kin thc ca nhm SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm chng trnh SXSH i lc sang cc nhim v khc m h cho l khn cp hn. Tham vng qu nhiu dn ti vic rt nhiu phng n cng c thc hin mt lc, lm mt mi nhm cng tc. Kh khn trong vic lm cn bng cc h s v kinh t ca cc gii php SXSH. Thiu chuyn nghip v kinh nghim.
Mt trit l SXSH phi c cao trong ni b cng ty l s hp nht trong cc hot ng. Cho ti nay tt c cc chng trnh SXSH thnh cng u thc hin theo nguyn tc ny.
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