TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).

2010

NGHIN CU V NH GI CC TC NG N MI TRNG CA KHU VC HNG LI H TRUI.

RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON THE BENEFICIAL SURROUNDINGS OF TRUOI LAKE Trn Ct
Trng i hc Kin trc Nng
TM TT: S dng phng php Chp bn v Ma trn Mi trng c nh lng Nghin cu nh gi cc tc ng ca h cha Trui n Mi trng khu hng li nhm cung cp thm nhng ti liu cn thit c phn tch, nh gi qua xc nh nhng nh hng c li v c hi ca h Trui i vi i sng kinh t - x hi, ti nguyn mi trng n khu vc hng li ni ring v tnh Tha Thin Hu ni chung, xut cc bin php pht huy nhng tc ng tch cc, hn ch v ngn nga nhng tc ng tiu cc, nng cao v pht huy hiu qu s dng ca cng trnh, phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi mt cch bn vng.. ABSTRACT This article deals with the use of Map Pile method and Quantitative environment matrix in order to study and assess the impacts of Truoi Lake on the beneficial environment so as to provide some more analyzed and assessed necessary documents, through which all advantages and disadvantages from Truoi Lake towards the residents social-economic life, environmental natural resources of Thua Thien Hue Province in general and the beneficial surrounding areas in particular are determined. This paper also deals with the suggestion of some measures in the prevention and restriction of negative impacts, the improvement and promotion of the utility of the Lake, serving the sustainability of socio-economic development.

Nguyn Ph Th
Trng Cao ng c Tr Nng

1. M u H Trui l cng trnh thy li tng i ln c nh hng tch cc v tiu cc v nhiu mt trn mt phm vi rng ln ca tnh Tha Thin Hu, cng trnh c xy dng xong v ang trong giai on vn hnh. Mc ch ca bi bo nhm cung cp thm nhng ti liu cn thit c phn tch, nh gi mt cch khoa hc cho vic quyt nh cc hot ng pht trin, v nhng li ch v thit hi do cng trnh em li, gip cho cc c quan ch qun a ra cc bin php khai thc v s dng hiu qu. 2. Mc tiu v phng php nghin cu 2.1. Mc tiu nghin cu: nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) khu vc hng li nhm xy dng lun c khoa hc h tr cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch a ra nhng ch trng ph hp pht trin kinh t x hi trong khu vc hng li, ng thi ti u ha hiu qu ca cng trnh, pht huy cc hiu qu v gim thiu cc tc ng c hi n mi trng.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

- i tng: H cha Trui. - Phm vi nghin cu: Mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x ca khu vc c hng li. 2.2. Phng php nghin cu: - Phng php Chp bn - Phng php Ma trn Mi trng c nh lng" v phng php iu tra thu thp ti liu t kho st, thit k k thut, d ton ca Cng ty T vn Xy dng Thy Li 1 B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng Thn, cc ti liu phc v cng tc thi cng cng trnh, Nin gim thng k Kinh t - x hi ca UBND cc huyn khu vc hng li v Thnh ph Hu. 3. S lc v khi qut v nhng tc ng ca H Trui n mi trng khu vc hng li 3.1. Tn cng trnh, c quan Ch qun, T vn thit k: - Tn cng trnh: Nam sng Hng - H Trui. - a im xy dng: X Lc Ha, huyn Ph Lc, tnh Tha Thin Hu. - C quan Ch qun u t: B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn. - T vn thit k: Cng ty T vn Xy dng Thy li 1 (HEC 1). - n v thi cng chnh: Tng Cng ty Xy dng Thy li 1. 3.2. Mc tiu kinh t x hi, ngha chnh tr ca cng trnh. 3.2.1. Mc tiu kinh t x hi: Mc tiu trc mt ca cng trnh l m bo ti ch ng cho 10.042 ha la mu hai v. 3.2.2. ngha chnh tr: iu ho c ngun nc ti, tng nng sut cy trng tng cao, y nhanh qu trnh xo i gim ngho, thc y pht trin kinh t trong khu vc, tng thm thu nhp cho ngi dn v pht trin thm nhiu ngnh ngh mi. Gim tnh trng ngp lt i vi khu vc Nam sng Hng. Gp phn phn b li dn c v lao ng. Cng c vng chc lng tin ca nhn dn vo ng v Nh nc, gp phn n nh an ninh, chnh tr, trt t v an ton x hi. 3.2.3. Li ch kinh t - x hi ca cng trnh mang li. Li ch kinh t ca cng trnh l sn lng nng nghip tng thm hng nm, nh m bo nc ti ch ng m din tch gieo trng v nng sut cy trng u tng ln, do lm gia tng gi tr sn lng nng nghip hng nm l khong 16.843,8 triu ng [6].
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

3.3. Nhng tc ng ca cng trnh n mi trng v s pht trin kinh t - x hi trong khu vc hng li. 3.3.1. Tc ng c li: a. i vi cng ng dn c: - Thun li cho nui trng v nh bt thu sn, pht trin du lch trn thuyn v phng thc kim sng. - B sung v ci thin ngun nc ngm cc h dng nc ging trong vng hng li. - Hiu qu sn xut nng nghip c nng cao - Pht trin kinh t cho cc khu vc khc nh: pht trin th trn Ph Bi v ni thnh Hu. - Ct v gim cng cc trn l chnh v. - Gi ngt, ngn mn xm nhp. - Phn b li dn c v lao ng . - Xu hng pht trin du lch. b.i vi khu vc hng li: - Sn lng nng nghip tng ln v a dng. To thm vic lm cho nng dn, pht trin v khi phc cc ngnh ngh. - To ra mt mi trng sng mi tt v n nh hn. - Vi mi trng n nh, ngi dn s p dng tin b khoa hc k thut vo nng nghip, to iu kin c cu li cy trng mt cch thch hp hn. - Kt hp khu du lch Bch M pht trin du lch. 3.3.2. Tc ng bt li:[7] a. i vi khu vc hng li: Khi xy dng cng trnh, c 297 h dn vi khong 1.485 nhn khu phi di di n ni mi. Khi cng trnh bn giao, s phn b khng cng bng nhng thit hi v li ch gia cc thnh phn dn c l iu khng th trnh khi. Nhng tc ng trn y phn no c gii quyt tng i tt i vi khu vc u mi, tuy nhin do trong giai on nghin cu kh thi khng cp n din tch chim ch ca h thng knh ti, dn n khu vc ny cng tc gii to n b rt chm do thiu ngun vn. b. i vi ti nguyn t, cng trnh kin trc: Hn 40 ha t nng nghip, 848 ha t t nhin v lm nghip, v 10 ha t chuyn dng v t , 8.369 m2 nh ca, 7 km ng giao thng,... b mt phi di di. c. i vi h ng vt thc vt: Mt i mi trng sng v sinh sn, lm gim i s a dng. Khi h cha nc y lm ngp khong 65 ha ca rng vng m, ngi dn ni y tip cn trc tip vi vn Bch M, dn n vic khai thc ng, thc vt
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

qu him. Tuy nhin, v lu di, s tc ng tch cc n h thc vt trong h, nht l khu vc rng bo v u ngun. d. i vi cc thnh phn mi trng, cc h sinh thi: Nhim bn nc mt v nc ngm, nh hng n cht lng nc, cht lng khng kh, gim tnh a dng sinh hc. e. i vi di sn vn ha: H Trui xy dng cch thnh ph Hu khong 30km v pha h lu, iu kin thi tit din bin ngy cng phc tp, tr thnh nguy c cao vi s an ton ca mt di sn vn ha th gii. f. i vi nn kinh t: Tn km cho vic nh gi tc ng v x l khc phc cc hu qu v Mi trng do vic xy dng cng trnh gy nn. * Nhng tc ng chnh trong giai on vn hnh: - Khu ti v vng h lu sng s b tc ng ch yu. - Ch dng chy ca sng thay i do iu tit ca h, lm xi l mt s on ngay sau p v hai bn b sng, nh hng trc tip n cc cng trnh ly nc trn sng. - Trong ma kh, nu h Trui khng cung cp nc cho h du s lm thiu nc, lm tng nhim mn nc sng, tc ng bt li n nhng ngi dn. - Vo ma ma dung tch ca h b gim. Mt khc, do kh nng ct l, nn lng ph sa v h lu t, gim ph nhiu, tng thm su b ph hoi ma mng. 3.3.3. H qu i vi mi trng x hi v HST: iu quan trng nht cng chnh l h qu ca cc tc ng c li nu trn l s bin i ngy cng tt hn v Mi trng v sinh thi, thay i ng k b mt x hi ton vng nh: - Thay i cc iu kin kh hu, thi tit trong vng. - To ra mt vng sinh thi mi a dng v phong ph. - Tng sn lng, sn phm v tng thu nhp. - To ra ca ci cho ngi lao ng. - To thm vic lm, pht trin c ngnh ngh mi. 4. nh gi tc ng n mi trng ca khu vc hng li h Trui. 4.1. Mc ch ca vic TM ca h Trui. Mc ch ca bo co TM nhm cung cp thm nhng t liu cn thit c phn tch, nh gi mt cch khoa hc cho vic quyt nh cc hot ng pht trin, v nhng li ch v thit hi do cng trnh em li, gip cho c quan xt duyt a ra mt quyt nh ton din hn, ng n hn. Bo co TM l mt ti liu c c s khoa hc gip la chn quyt nh phng n xy dng cng trnh ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin bn vng, gn cng trnh thu li vi bo v v pht trin ti nguyn nc, ci to v bo v ti nguyn t, pht trin cy
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

trng, vt nui, bo v v pht trin Mi trng sinh thi, tnh a dng sinh hc, hin i ha nng nghip v nng thn. 4.2. Thc trng nhng bin ng n mi trng t nhin - Bin ng v ti nguyn t: - Bin ng v ti nguyn ng, thc vt: 4.3. La chn phng php TM:[9] 4.3.1. La chn cc phng php TM cng trnh h Trui Xut pht t tnh cht ca cc phng php trn v c tnh kinh t - k thut cng trnh h Trui, cng vi ngun ti liu iu tra, thu thp, tc gi chn hai phng php TM: Phng php Chp bn mi trng v phng php Ma trn Mi trng c nh lng".[9] 4.3.2 Theo phng php chp bn mi trng: K hiu ta khu vc nghin cu hnh 4.1 gm cc s t (1,1) cho n (6,8) v cc ta c s (1,4), (1,5); (2,4), (2,5); (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7); (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7); (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6) v (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5) nm trong khu vc hng li.

Hnh 1. Bn v to khu vc hng li.

+ Xc nh h s gia cc nhn t Mi trng v kt qu nh gi: - Mc nc ngm: K1 = 2,5 - Pht trin nui trng thy sn: K2 = 3. - Mn xm nhp: :K3 = 2. - Xi l b: ta chn K4 = 1,5. - Pht trin nng nghip: K5 = 4. Kt qu TM: im s cui cng cho mi khu vc c nh gi theo cng thc:
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

M = (M K
1

+ M 21 K 2 + M 3 K 3 + M 4 K 4 + M 51 K 5 )

Vi h s

M : Mc , K =

Tng hp c 5 nhn t Mi trng c kt qu: - Tt nht : L khu vc thng ngun u mi (2,4) vi im s 57, (1,4), (1,5) vi im s l 53 - Khng tt l khu vc (6,2) vi im s l 33. 4.3.2. Theo phng php ma trn mi trng c nh lng: a. Phng php ma trn theo im s: - Lit k cc hnh ng theo trong giai on vn hnh cng trnh. - Lit k v sp xp th t cc vn thnh phn mi trng: - Lp ma trn quan h gia cc hnh ng v nhn t mi trng. - Lp ma trn im s cc hot ng pht trin: - Sp xp th t quan trng ca cc hot ng pht trin: Kh nng ngn nga > Qui m tc ng > Phm vi tc ng - Sp xp th t quan trng theo tng nhm hot ng: b. Phng php ma trn theo trng s: - Ma trn quan h gia nhn t mi trng v cc hnh ng: Tng s cc du + biu th mc quan h ca hnh ng pht trin i vi Mi trng (c gi l Ai). Gi Ki l trng s ca hnh ng pht trin nh hng n mi trng th: Ki = Ai : (Ai)*100 - Kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng theo vng: + Khu vc lng h: Cc tc ng c li ch yu giai on vn hnh, lm cho Mi trng khng kh, sinh hc, kinh t - x hi c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc. im s tc ng i vi mi trng trong giai on ny nh sau: * Mi trng sinh hc * Mi trng nc * Mi trng t * Mi trng khng kh
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: 52 dim : 40 im : - 88 im : 170 im

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

* Mi trng kinh t x hi

: 483 im

T kt qu tnh ton cho chng ta bit cc hot ng pht trin n mi trng, nhm c bin php hn ch, gim st phng nga mt cch chnh xc, trnh sai st dn ti tn tht ti nguyn, hn ch tc hi ca cc hot ng gy ra i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi. + Khu hng li : Kt qu tnh ton cho thy cc tc ng ca cng trnh n vng hng li theo chiu hng c li rt ln cho mi trng, vi tng im tc ng l +1.113 im, th hin nh sau: * Mi trng kinh t x hi : +591 im * Mi trng nc * Mi trng khng kh * Mi trngt * Mi trng sinh thi : +155 im : +237 im : +11 im : +119 im

Vng sinh thi mi tt hn hnh thnh lm cho mi mt c ci thin v pht trin. Hn ch c l lt, khc phc tnh trng kh hn thiu nc, ng ngp v nhim mn gii quyt c c bn cc iu kin bt li ca mi trng t nhin n nh m rng sn xut, pht trin kinh t, lm cho i sng ngi dn ngy cng tt hn, b mt x hi ngy ci thin. 4.4. Nhn xt cc tc ng ca cng trnh 4.4.1. Tc ng tch cc: a Vng lng h: - Tc ng u tin l mi trng sinh thi v kh hu vng h c ci thin - H tch nc lm nng cao mc nc ngm cho cc vng ln cn, to iu kin thun li cho cc h dng ging nc. - Gp phn phn b li dn c v lao ng; cng c vng chc thm lng tin ca nhn dn v ng v Nh nc, xy dng pht trin nng thn mi, thc hin y cc chnh sch, ch trng ca Nh nc; gp phn n nh an ninh, chnh tr, trt t v an ton x hi. - Mt h kh rng lm tng cng giao thng thy. - To iu kin pht trin kinh t vn i quanh lng h, ci to vn tp thnh vn cy n tri, trng cy cng nghip nh cao su, c ph, ... b Khu hng li: Mc tiu nhim v ca cng trnh nh sau: Ct v gim l bo v h lu, cp nc ti, ngn mn, cp nc m bo yu cu h sinh thi. 4.4.2. Tc ng tiu cc: a Vng lng h: - Cc tn tht xy ra nh trnh by mc (3.3.2) i vi mi trng, vi ngi dn l kh ln. H Trui lm gim kh nng sinh sn, s a dng sinh hc.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

- Cht lng nc thay i v xu i do phn hy cc cht hu c, gy ra mi hi thi trong vng mt thi gian do khng dn lng h sch s. b Khu vc hng li: - Thi cng knh, lm mt mt s din tch t sn xut, c s h tng, nh ca v mt s h phi di di, mt din tch canh tc, nh hng n cc cng trnh, nh ca dc hai b sng. - Tch nc, ct l cho h du th ng thi cng lm gim ng k lng ph sa cung cp ph nhiu cho cc cnh ng. - Nu h cha khng an ton c th tr thnh nguy c rt ln cho vng h du, bao gm c tnh Tha Thin Hu. 4.5. xut mt s gii php hn ch, ngn nga cc tc ng tiu cc v pht huy tc ng tch cc ca cng trnh. 4.5.1. Gii php hn ch, ngn nga cc tc ng tiu cc: - Tng cng bo v rng v trng mi rng phng h u ngun, giao t, giao rng cho ngi dn chm sc, bo v. - Tch nc vn hnh chng l, lm thay i dng chy trn sng, mt i s n nh tng i hnh thnh trn sng, cn c bin php hng dng hn ch thit hi c th xy ra. - n v qun l khai thc phi hp tt vi chnh quyn a phng cc cp t chc bin rng ri n ngi dn bit v thc hin Php lnh khai thc v bo v cng trnh thy li. - Tuyn truyn gio dc nhn dn s dng nc tit kim, hiu qu, chng lng ph ngun ti nguyn nc. 4.5.2. Cc gii php khai thc, pht huy tc ng tch cc: - T chc nui c nc ngt trong lng h vi qui m ln . - Hon chnh ng b c s h tng v c cu li dn c thng qua ti nh c cho ph hp vi quy hoch tng th . - Tn dng mt thong rt ln ca lng h, xy dng cc bn phc v i li, vn chuyn, tng cng giao thng. - Pht trin v m rng nui trng thy sn trn sng, dc theo cc tuyn knh v nht l khu vc m ph. 5. Kt lun v kin ngh: Bi bo: Nghin cu v nh gi cc tc ng n mi trng ca khu hng li h Trui cung cp nhng t liu c c s khoa hc gii quyt nhng vn c bn nu trn. Bn cnh hiu ch kinh t to ln, h Trui cn gp phn rt tch cc cho s pht trin bn vng v kinh t x hi trong khu vc, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ngi dn khu hng li ni ring v c tnh Tha Thin Hu ni chung. ng
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

thi ti cng nu ra mt s cc hot ng pht trin ch yu tc ng tch cc n mi trng c bin php pht huy cng nh nh gi c cc tc ng xu n mi trng c bin php hn ch, ngn nga. Vic xy dng h Trui mang li hiu qu rt cao, khng nhng v mt kinh t, phc v gim l, pht trin nng, lm, ng nghip, m cn to ra c mt vng sinh thi mi, ci to Mi trng sinh thi t nhin v nht l mi trng kinh t-x hi, lm c s cho pht trin bn vng mt vng kinh t kh rng ln ca khu hng li ni ring v c tnh Tha Thin Hu ni chung. c th pht huy c hiu qu cng trnh mt cch tt nht, m bo cho cng trnh thc hin c cc mc tiu trn, tc gi c kin ngh cc gii php hn ch ngn nga cc tc ng tiu cc v cc gii php khai thc, pht huy cc mt tc ng tch cc. Nhng gii php ny cn c cc c quan qun l quan tm u t, t chc thc hin nhm gim st cng tc bo v mi trng trong giai on hin nay. TI LIU THAM KHO: [1] PGS. TS Trn Ct, Gio trnh Bo v mi trng, Trng i hc Bch khoa - i hc Nng, thng 8 - 1996. [2] L Thc Cn, nh gi tc ng mi trng, phng php lun v kinh nghim thc tin, chng trnh ti nguyn v mi trng, Hoa K, 1988. [3] PGS.TS Nguyn Quang on, Kinh t Thu li, Bi ging dnh cho lp Cao hc K thut Thu li, i hc nng, 1997. [4] PGS.TS Nguyn Th Kim Thi, Sinh thi hc v Bo v mi trng, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni - 2003. [5] Cc thng k Tha Thin Hu, Nin gim thng k 2007, Hu 2008. [6] Trung tm nghin cu Kinh t, Vin Khoa hc Thy li, B thy li, Bo co gim nh u t cng trnh thy li Nam sng Hng - h Trui tnh Tha Thin Hu, H Ni 2001. [7] Cng ty t vn xy dng thu li 1 (HEC 1), H s iu tra n b, No180 09B01, cng trnh thy li Nam sng Hng - h Trui tnh Tha Thin Hu, H Ni 1999. [8] on kho st SAPROF (2002), Ngn hng hip tc quc t Nht Bn, Bo co H tr c bit nhm hon thnh d n, d n H cha nc T Trch, Giai on 1, thng 10-2002. [9] Nguyn Ph Th, nh gi tc ng ca h Trui n mi trng khu vc hng li, lun vn thc s khoa hc k thut. Nng 2006.

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