n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

CHNG I: GII THIU V BIA.....................................................................3

I.1. Lch s ca bia................................................................................................3
* S tng qut cng ngh sn xut bia.............................................................4
I.2. Cc k thut chung ca cng ngh sn xut bia.............................................5
I.2.1. Malt..............................................................................................................5
I.2.2. Hoa houblon................................................................................................5
I.2.3. Nguyn liu thay th (go)..........................................................................7
I.2.4. Nc............................................................................................................7
I.2.5. Nm men.....................................................................................................7
I.3. Cc phng php ln men bia........................................................................7
CHNG II: GII THIU V CNG TY C PHN HABADA....................8
II.1. Gii thiu chung v cng ty c phn HABADA Bc Giang.........................8
II.2. C cu t chc ca cng ty.........................................................................10
II.3.1. Nhu cu nguyn liu.................................................................................10
II.3.2. Nhu cu nng lng.................................................................................10
II.4. Sn phm ca cng ty c phn HABADA Bc Giang................................11
II.5. Trang thit b sn xut.................................................................................12
CHNG III: CNG NGH SN XUT BIA................................................14
III.1. S cng ngh sn xut bia ti cng ty c phn HABADA...................14
III.1.1. Nguyn vt liu sn xut bia..............................................................14
1. Malt: ...............................................................................................................14
2. Go..................................................................................................................14
3. Hoa houblon....................................................................................................15
4. Nm men.........................................................................................................15
5. Nc................................................................................................................16
6. Cc cht ph gia khc.....................................................................................17
III.1.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut bia..............................................17
III.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh...............................................................................19
III.2.1. Quy trnh nu..........................................................................................19
1. Giai on giu malt v go trong kho............................................................19
2. Qu trnh nu..................................................................................................19
3. Biu nu bia ..............................................................................................21
4. un si cho...................................................................................................23
5. Ni hm...........................................................................................................23
6. Lc trong thu dch ng................................................................................24
7. un si hm vi houblon................................................................................24
8. Chuyn ti hm...............................................................................................26
III.2.2. Qu trnh nhn ging nm men...............................................................27
III.2.3. Cng ngh ln men v gi men..............................................................28
1. Thng s cho qu trnh ln men......................................................................28
2. Qu trnh ln men...........................................................................................29
2.1. Ln men chnh.............................................................................................29
2.2. Qu trnh thu CO2. ......................................................................................33
2.3. Ln men ph................................................................................................34
2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men..............................................35
1. Cc yu t nh hng n ln men chnh (thi gian, cht lng bia)............35
2. Nhng yu t khc nh hng ti t l nm men...........................................35
3. Tc dng ca vic vn hnh hng ngy..........................................................36
4. nh hng v cht lng...............................................................................36
5. Nhng nhn t nh hng n s chn ca bia...............................................36

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

III.2.4. Lc bia....................................................................................................37
III.2.5. Chit chai................................................................................................39
III.2.6. Thanh trng.............................................................................................41
III.2.7. Dn nhn.................................................................................................41
III.2.8. Cc tiu chun ca bia thnh phm.........................................................42
III.3. u v nhc im trong quy trnh sn xut ti cng ty HABADA..........43
III.3.1. u im..................................................................................................43
III.3.2. Nhc im.............................................................................................44
CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L MI TRNG CNG TY HABADA45
IV.1. Cc cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut bia..................................................45
IV.2. Nhng tc ng v bin php gii quyt cc loi cht thi.......................46
IV.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh......................................................46
IV.2.2. Tc ng do cht thi rn........................................................................47
IV.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng nc..............................................................47
1. Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot..............................................................48
2. Cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut................................................................48
CHNG V: NGHIN CU MT S YU T NH HNG TI HIU
SUT THU HI (%): t l malt/go, t l enzyme trong qu trnh nu..........52
V.1. Phng php nghin cu............................................................................52
V.1.1. t vn ................................................................................................52
V.1.2. B tr th nghim......................................................................................54
V.1.2.1. B tr th nghim xc nh t l malt/go (M/G) nh hng ti hiu sut
thu hi ................................................................................................................54
V.1.2.2. B tr th nghim xc nh t l Enzyme nh hng ti hiu sut thu
hi.......................................................................................................................54
V.1.3. Tin hnh th nghim...............................................................................55
V.1.3. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun..............................................................57
V.1.3.1. Xc nh t l malt/go (M/G) nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi (%).. 57
V.1.3.2. Xc nh t l Enzyme nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi (%)..............59
KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................................61
TI LIU THAM KHO..................................................................................62

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

CHNG I: GII THIU V BIA

I.1. Lch s ca bia
Bia l loi ung b dng, c cn thp, c mn xp, hng v
c trng. Hng v v ca bia do cc nguyn liu t cn, CO 2 v cc sn
phm ln men khc to nn. c bit l CO2 c tc dng lm gim nhanh cn
kht ca ngi ung. Nh nhng u im ny m bia c s dng rng ri
trn th gii v sn lng ngy cng tng.
C th nh ngha mt cch n gin v cch lm bia nh sau:
Dch ng malt + hoa houblon

Nm men
Ln men nhit thp

Bia

T 7000 nm trc cng nguyn, ngi dn Babilon bit sn xut bia

t nhng ht i mch. Tri qua hng nghn nm sn xut bia, ng cha ta
khng bit c nhn t no to nn iu k diu l chuyn ha nguyn
liu thnh sn phm.
Cng ngh s dng cc loi nguyn liu ny nu bia c truyn li
n Ai Cp, Ba T, v cc nc ln cn ri trn xung pha Nam. Cho n nay
mt s vng Etiopia vn cn sn xut bia theo phng php c xa. Ngi
Hi Lp hc c t ngi Ai Cp phng php sn xut bia t i mch,
sn phm gi l sitn hay vang t i mch. Ngi Italia cng sn xut loi
vang i mch ny, nhng khng ch t i mch m cn t bt m v cc loi
ng cc khc. Sau l ngi Ty Ban Nha, ngi Php, ngi c cng
sn xut nc gii kht bng phng php ln men t nc chit i mch.
Nm 2004, cc nh nng nghip ngi Nht Bn ch to bia theo cng
nghip ghi trn vch ti cc lng m gi l bia c.
Nhng sut thi gian c xa ny, bia hon ton c sn xut t malt v
mt s loi ng cc ny mm m cha dng n hoa houblon. Thay vo
ngi ta ch bit n cy ngi cu, lupin gp phn to nn hng v cho
bia.
Khong th k XIX, cc vng c gi l qu hng ca hoa houblon
nh Xibiri, ng nam nc Nga ngi ta mi sn xut ra bia ging nh
ngy nay, l bia t i mch, houblon v nc.
n nm 1857, nh bc hc ngi Php Luis Paster khm ph iu b
mt ny. Sau mt thi gian di nghin cu, ng i n mt khng nh: Nm
men l vi sinh vt duy nht m hot ng sng ca chng lm nn qu trnh

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

ln men bia, nhng Paster v cc hc tr ca ng vn cha lm sng t thc

cht hin tng nh c ch ca qu trnh ln men.
n cui th k XIX, mt s nh khoa hc ngi c, Nga mi chng
minh c rng nm men to nn enzyme v c kh nng chuyn ha ng
thnh ru v CO2, y l 2 thnh phn quan trng nht ca bia. Ring Vit
Nam th ngnh sn xut bia cng c lch s gn mt th k.
Bia l loi ung c cn thp, giu cht dinh dng. Mt lt bia
trong c nhiu cht hu c, alcol, kh CO2.
* S tng qut cng ngh sn xut bia.
Nguyn liu

Nghin Nu (ng ha)

Lc

Nu vi hoa houblon

Nhn ging

Men ging:
Saccharomyces

Lm lnh dch

Ln men chnh
8 12oC

Ra
Ln men ph
1 4oC

B men

Cp
lnh

Lc

CO2

Chai

Ra sch

St khun

Bo ha CO2

ng chai hoc lon

Hp Pasteur

Bia chai, bia lon

Hnh 1.1: S tng qut cng ngh sn xut bia

Bia hi thnh phm

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

I.2. Cc k thut chung ca cng ngh sn xut bia.

* Nguyn vt liu trong sn xut bia
- Malt
- Nguyn liu thay th
- Nc
- Hoa houblon
- Nm men
I.2.1. Malt.
Thnh phn ha hc ca malt theo cht kh:
Thnh phn
% cht kh
Thnh phn
% cht kh
Tinh bt
58
Cc cht cha Nit
10
ng kh
4
Cht bo
2.5
ng Saccharose
5
Cht khong
2.5
Protein ha tan
1
m formol
0.7 1
Pentose khng tan
Cht cha Nit
9
2.5
v hexose
khng ng t
Cellulose
6
Ngoi ra malt cn cha mt t cht inzoit, cht mu, cht ng, tanin
Ngoi h enzyme amylase, protease cn cha enzyme pectinase, xitase
I.2.2. Hoa houblon.
1. Thnh phn ha hc ca houblon theo % cht kh:
Thnh phn
Nc
Cht ng
Tanin
Protein

% cht kh
11 13
15 21
2.5 6
15 21

Thnh phn
Cellulase
Cht khong
Tinh du thm
Cc cht khc

% cht kh
12 21
58
0.3 1
26 28

2. Cht dng
- acid ng
Acid ng
- acid ng
Cht ng
Nha mm
Nha ng
Nha cng

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Thnh phn c trong hoa houblon:

Thnh phn

% cht kh

Thnh phn

% cht kh

- acid ng

69

Nha mm

56

- acid ng

34

Nha cng

12

3. Polyphenol Tanin t houblon

To v hi ha d chu cho bia.
Kt lng cc hp cht protein phn t lng ln ra khi dch ng.
Lm n nh cc thnh phn v tng keo ca bia thnh phm.
Tt c cc hp cht ny thuc nhm flavonoid v nhiu cht khc
4. Tinh du thm t hoa houblon.
To cho bia c mi thm c trng, rt nh nhng v d chu.
L nhng cht trong sut, mu vng hoc khng mu, t trng nh, d
ha tan trong ethanol.
Thnh phn gm: 103 cht kh, t l cao l terpen, ceton, aldehyt, ester.
L cht d bay hi. Khi nu ch cn khong 2% lng tinh du ny tn
ti trong bia. Do cn c bin php gi c lng tinh du ny nng
cao cht lng bia.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

I.2.3. Nguyn liu thay th (go)

Thnh phn cht kh go tnh theo % cht kh.
Thnh phn
Protein
Tinh bt
Cht bo
Cellulose

% cht kh
8
75
1 1.5
0.5 0.8

Thnh phn
Cht khong
ng kh
ng saccharose
m

% cht kh
1 1.2
0.3
0.37
12

I.2.4. Nc.
Thnh phn
cng trung bnh
pH
oxy ha
Hm lng cht kh
S lng t bo VK
Trc khun E.coli

Hm lng
5 6 mg/l
6.8 7.2
2 mg/l
500ml
100 TB/ml
3 TB/ml

Hm lng cc ion kim loi

Ion
mg/l
Ion
mg/l
2+
2+
Fe
0.3
Zn
5
Mn2+
0.05 F1
2+
2+
Mg
0.25 Se
0.05
2+
3Pb
0.1
NO
35
2+
2Cu
3
SO4
60 - 80

I.2.5. Nm men.
Thuc ging Saccharomyces
Nhit sinh trng: 25 30oC
Lc u men cn c oxy sinh trng v pht trin, sau oxy cn dn
chuyn sang pha ym kh.
Chia nm men ra lm 2 loi:
Nm men ni: S.cerevisiae (t bo l lng , nhit ln men 12 13oC)
Nm men chm: S.carlsbergensis (kt chm xung y, nhit ln men
o
6 7 C).
I.3. Cc phng php ln men bia
- Ln men bia theo phng php c truyn.
- Ln men bia theo phng php hin i.
- Ln men bia theo phng php lin tc.
- Ln men bia theo phng php c nh t bo.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

CHNG II: GII THIU V CNG TY C PHN HABADA

II.1. Gii thiu chung v cng ty c phn HABADA Bc Giang.
a ch: 80 L Thi T, Phng Trn Ph, Thnh ph Bc Giang, Tnh
Bc Giang. in thoi: (0240)857300 / (0240)856779. Fax: (0240)858269.
Vn phng giao dch: 80 L Thi T, Phng Trn Ph, Thnh ph Bc
Giang, Tnh Bc Giang.
Cng ty c phn HABADA c thnh lp t thng 5 nm 1995, l mt
doanh nghip thuc s Nng nghip tnh Bc Giang sau tin hnh c
phn ho t nm 2005. Nm 2005, Tp on u t Vit Phng u t mua
c phn v lm c ng chnh ca HABADA. Hin nay, sau khi tr thnh mt
thnh vin trong h thng cc cng ty ca Tp on Vit Phng, cc hot
ng kinh doanh ca HABADA c nhng bc pht trin mnh m.
Nm 2007 Bia HABADA t c Huy chng vng danh hiu thc
phm cht lng an ton v sc kho cng ng v Cp vng : thng hiu an
ton v sc kho cng ng. Nm 2008 HABADA tip tc c trao Siu cp
thng hiu ni ting v s nghip bo v sc kho v pht trin cng ng.
Hin nay, Cng ty HABADA ang gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm
cho gn 300 cn b cng nhn vin. Hng nm Cng ty ng gp cho ngn
sch nh nc gn 20 t ng.
Cng ty sn xut da trn s chuyn giao cng ngh, dy chuyn sn
xut bia hin nay ca cng ty l cng ngh an Mch da trn tiu chun
quc t.
Cng ty c phn bia HABADA Bc Giang l doanh nghip nh nc
thuc UBND tnh Bc Giang c c phn ha t nh my bia H Bc. Nh
my bia HABADA chnh thc i vo hot ng sn xut t nm 1995 vi
cng sut thit k ban u l 3 triu lt/nm. Hin nay, cc sn phm ca nh
my to c mt v tr ng tin cy trn th trng Bc Giang v cc tnh
ln cn. Do mc tiu th bia tng mnh trong nhng nm gn y, Cng ty c
phn HABADA Bc Giang tng bc nng cng sut nh my p ng
nhu cu ca th trng, c th: t 6.5 triu lt (nm 2002), 7.0 triu lt (nm
2003), 8.0 triu lt (nm 2004), 10 triu lt (nm 2005) v nm 2006 t 12
triu lt.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

* K hoch kinh doanh ca cng ty cho n nm 2010

- Np ngn sch nh nc:
K hoch np ngn sch nh nc
(t ng)

22

24

26

18
13
6.5
2.5
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

- Thu nhp ca cn b, cng nhn vin trong nh my

Thu nhp ca cn b, cng nhn vin
(triu ng)
2.2

2.4

2.6

1.9
1.5

1.6

2005

2006

0.9

2004

2007

2008

2009

2010

- Sn lng bia:
Sn lng bia (triu lt)
20

2004

10

2005

12

13

2006

2007

15

2008

17

2009

2010

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

II.2. C cu t chc ca cng ty.

C cu chnh ca Cng ty C phn HABADA Bc Giang:
- 1 Gim c
- 3 Ph Gim c:
+ 1 Ph gim c thng trc.
+ 1 Ph gim c ph trch vic kinh doanh va nh my: Nghip v th
trng, qun l cc ca hng bn bun, bn l cc mt hng ca cng ty.
+ 1 Ph gim c ph trch vic sn xut: qun l cc xng, cc t,
KCS. Trong gm c:
KCS: 7 ngi
T men: 12 ngi
T nu: 12 ngi
Thu hi CO2: 12 ngi
T chit chai, chit box, chit bom: hn 80 ngi.
V mt s cng nhn vin cc b phn khc.
II.3. Nhu cu nguyn vt liu v nng lng
II.3.1. Nhu cu nguyn liu.
Nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia l malt, hoa houblon, go, nm men
ging Ngoi ra cn mt s ha cht, vt t cn thit cho qu trnh sn xut
nh cht tr lc, xt, mui n, ha cht kh trng
Malt v hoa houblon, xt v cht tr lc hon ton phi nhp ca nc
ngoi v thng nhp t cc hng sn xut nguyn liu ln.
Go chim t 30 45% nguyn liu chnh v c mua t trong nc.
Bng 2.1: Nhu cu nguyn liu sn xut.
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Nguyn liu
Malt (79% cht ha tan)
Go (89% cht ha tan)
Hoa houblon 8% alpha
Ha cht
B tr lc kiselgur
Giy lc
Ph gia
Kh CO2

II.3.2. Nhu cu nng lng.

1. Nhu cu in

nh mc cho
1000 lt
129 kg
57 kg
1.5 kg
2 kg
2.5 kg
0.5 m2
0.13 kg
10 kg

Nhu cu cho
12 triu lt/nm
1148 tn
684 tn
18 tn
24 tn
30 tn
6000 m2
1560 tn
120 tn

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

in cp sn xut v sinh hot c ly t mng li in quc gia qua

h thng bin p c cng sut 160 kW. Cng sut s dng: 120 150
kWh/1000 lt bia thnh phm. Ngoi ra, cng ty trang b 1 my diezen d
phng 125 kVA.
2. Nhu cu du FO
Du FO l nghin liu chnh t l hi cung cp hi nc cho qu
trnh sn xut. Lng hi nc cn khong 700 kg/1000 l bia. Lp t ni t
1,5 2 tn hi/h. nh mc tiu th 34 kg/1000 l bia. Do , nhu cu s dng
hng nm (vi cng sut l 12 triu lt) l: 408 tn.
3. Nc cp.
Nhu cu nc: 15 m3/1000 l bia, tc khong 180000 m3/nm. Lng
nc ny c cung cp t 2 ngun: nc my t mng cp nc ca thnh
ph v nc ngm qua x l. Nc ngm c x l bng cch cp khng
kh cng bc kh cc hp cht st, mangan thnh dng kt ta, sau lc
loi b cht rn l lng.
II.4. Sn phm ca cng ty c phn HABADA Bc Giang.
Cc sn phm ca cng ty gm:
Sn phm chnh:
- Chai 650 ml, chai 450ml, bia bm, bia chit box.
Cht lng sn phm: t tiu chun quc t (kiu PILSNER)
Nng cht ha tan ban u: 10 12o 0.2oS
ln men thc %: 67 3
Mu sc EBC: 4 1
pH: 4 0.2
USEE EBC: 0.7
VDK mg/l: 0.15
Hm lng CO2 mg/l: 0.5 0.03
Hm lng cn %: 4 0.2
( S l hm lng cht ha tan trong dung dch nc ng)
Cc ch s cm quan bia c mu vng sng, hng v c trng ca hoa
houblon, bt trng mn, thi gian si bt l 2 pht, thi gian gi bt l 10 pht.
Bia hi ng vo thng nhm hoc inox loi 100 lt, 50 lt. Bia chai ng
vo chai c th tch t 0.33 0.5 lt, c bao b ring nhn p.
Sn phm ph:

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Kh CO2: Khong 240 tn/nm v c thu hi cp

cho sn xut.
-

B men bia khong 60 tn/nm.

II.5. Trang thit b sn xut

Vic nng cng sut c thc hin t nm 2002 n nay bng vic lp
t thm cc ni nu, tank ln men, cng mt s hng mc khc.
Bng 2.2: Danh mc mt s thit b chnh trong dy chuyn sn sut bia.
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Thit b
S lng Ghi ch
Ni nu
10
T ng v bn t ng
Tank ln men
25
an Mch, Vit Nam ch to
My lc bia
2
an Mch
Ni hi
2
an Mch, Vit Nam ch to
H thng my lnh
2
an Mch, Vit Nam ch to
H thng thu hi CO2
1
an Mch ch to
H thng chit ra
1
an Mch cung cp
thanh trng
H thng ln men: Tt c cc tank ln men u c iu khin nhit
t ng hon ton v p dng cng ngh tin tin.
H thng lm lnh: Cng ty c 2 h thng my lnh u s dng cht ti
lnh l glycol v tc nhn lm lnh l NH3, trong 1 h thng iu khin
bng tay, 1 h thng iu khin t ng hon ton.
H thng thu hi CO2: T ng hon ton vi cng sut 60 kg/h.
H thng chit ra thanh trng: l h thng my bn t dng vi cng
sut 3000 chai/h, phng php ngm phun.
Nhn chung, trang thit b ca cng ty ch yu l do an Mch ch to v
cung cp, mt s thit b c ch to trong nc p ng c yu cu
cng ngh v cht lng sn phm. Cc thit b my mc c kim nh bo
dng thng xuyn nht l h thng l hi.

S tng qut v cng ngh sn xut bia ti cng ty c phn

HABADA.

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Malt ngm nc

Lm sch malt

Cht rn

Nghin malt
Nc
ng
Go

Phun nc

Hoa bia

Trn

Ra

Thng ngm

Ra

ng Lauter

Ra
Ht dng

Ra

Lc hoa bia

Ra
Hoa bia

Hm lnh

Ra

Vng cun lm lnh

Nm men

B ln men

Ra
Nm men

CO2

B cha bia

Lc

Ra

Cht rn, nm men

Bia

ng chai

Ra chai

Kh trng

Nc nng

Sn phm
Hnh 2.1: S cng ngh sn xut bia

Nc thi ra

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

CHNG III: CNG NGH SN XUT BIA

III.1. S cng ngh sn xut bia ti cng ty c phn HABADA
III.1.1. Nguyn vt liu sn xut bia.
1. Malt:
Malt c ng trong bao xc rn 50 kg v c bo qun trong kho, ri
c vn chuyn n my nghin malt, c gu nng ln qua thi bi v nam
chm, malt c vo phu v i xung, bt u nghin.
425 kg malt vo phu xay malt va dc chuyn ti phu gi malt trn
cao, chy thm my nghin 5 pht m bo h thng nghin ht.
Ly 50 kg malt nghin cho vo bao b ri vo ni cho cng go.
Cn 375 kg malt s c vn chuyn qua vt ti v qua van vn hnh
bng tay xung ni hm nh nu bng cch n nt vt ti trn bng
iu khin khi ngi vn hnh yu cu.
Malt phi c mu vng nht, khng c mi l v cc iu kin sau:
- m: 10%
- T l trch ly (kh) % ng: 75 %(min)
- Min:th = 1.5 3.5
- Thi gian ng ha : 15 pht
- Mu theo n v EBC:3.0 4.5
- Diastase (wk):
200
- Protein (6.25xN) (kh) % max: 11.5
- N ha tan trong malt (kh) %: 0.61 0.74
- nhy cP ti 20oC: 1.5 1.7
- S chuyn i:
80%
- Tnh ng nht: 50%
- Nit:
< 5ppm
- Khng mi mt, khng lp.
2. Go
Go cng c ng trong cc bao ti sau khi c nghin ti mn
theo yu cu th c cha trong cc bao ti v vn chuyn ti nh nu, cho
vo ni cho.
Yu cu ca go ht:
- m %: ti a 15

 n Tt Nghip

-15-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

- trch ly (kh) ng ti thiu: 89

- bo ti a: 1.0
- Kch c: >1.27 mm ti a 3.5%; <0.25 mm ti a 10%
Go v malt trc khi a vo sn xut th phi c kim tra trnh
hin tng nh malt c t l ny mm km (nu malt ny mm th ht thc
malt s xp do cc cht trong malt l ngun dinh dng cho qu trnh ny
mm ca ht v vy lm cho cu trc ca ht b thay i. Nu t ht xp th
cht lng ny mm ca malt km), go cn xem xem c b mc hay khng,
cc chi tiu khc c t hay khng.
3. Hoa houblon
Hoa houblon: C th s dng dng hoa nn cht, hoa nghin nh nn
cht hoc cao hoa ca an Mch, cng ha Sc, CHLB c. Hoa houblon c
mu xanh, hi vng sng, c mi thm c trng.
c ng trong ti kn chng thot kh v mi thm. Cc ti hoa ny
phi c ct gi ni c nhit lnh cao nht l 10 15oC.
3.5 kg hoa houblon (cho m thng) v 4 kg hoa houblon (cho m c)
cho v ni hm khi nhit l 97oC.
Hoa houblon c nhp t nc ngoi v thng c hnh dng nh vin
nh, vi cc iu kin nh sau:
- Hnh dng: vin nh
- Mi: c trng ca hoa houblon.
- Mu: Xanh
- m %: ti a 10
- - acid ng: cng cao cng tt, khong t 8% - 10%
- Mt trong gi (Kg/m3): 350

Trong qu trnh sn xut ty theo thnh phn nguyn liu m iu chnh s

lng cho ph hp.
4. Nm men
S dng chng nm men Sacchomyces cerevisiae.
Chng nm men ny c cng ty mua nc ngoi, mi nm mua 1
ng chng gc. Sau t chng gc ny cng ty cy chuyn ra, v dng
nhn ging cho qu trnh ln men.
cng ty nu khi cc tank kt thc qu trnh ln men, sau khi rt ht
men va em i soi men, nu thy men sn sng nhiu, cn khe mnh, cht

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

lng men cn tt th c th a men sang tank sau tip tc 1 qu trnh ln

men mi.
M

Tank
cha
men
6hl
Glycol hi lu
Glycol -4oC

T1
YT1
Hnh 3.1: Thit b cha nm men (G)

5. Nc
Nc l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng trong sn xut bia. Trong
cng ty, ngi ta cn mt lng nc rt ln dng un si, h ha, ng
ha, lm lnh, ra dng c, thit b v lm cng tc v sinh.
Nc dng trong sn xut bia cn t cc tiu chun k thut theo quy
nh t ra.
Nc trong sn xut bia trc kh a vo sn xut bia cn phi x l sao
cho cng ph hp, m bo pH to iu kin tt cho qu trnh nu v
ln men.
Nc cn phi mt lng ion Ca2+ ph hp. Do , trong qu trnh nu
thi cng nhn ca cng ty thng b sung mt s cht nh CaSO4.2H2O,
CaCl2.2H2O vo trong cc ni nu.
V ion Ca2+: gip enzyme -amylase (ch phm Termamyl) bn di tc
dng nhit nm m bo cho qu trnh dch ha khi thm vo ni cho; kch

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

thch s hot dng ca cc enzyme protease v amylase nh vy hiu sut cc

m nu s tng ln; v gip n nh pH thch hp cho cc m nu; h tr cho
vic kt lng cc cht protein trong qu trnh un si.
Ngun nc trong nh my s dng l nc my.
6. Cc cht ph gia khc
Cht ph gia nhm nng cao v phc v cc yu cu cng ngh t ra:
- Nhm cht st trng nc v iu chnh pH (nc, dch ng):
Dung dch Clo, acid H2SO4, H3PO4,
- Nhm cht st trng, ty ra (v sinh ng ng, thit b, ra chai):
HCl, KCl, NaOH, Trimetan, Oxnia
- Nhm cht dng cho qu trnh thu hi CO2: than hot tnh,
- Nhm cc ch phm enzyme dng cho qu trnh ng ha v ln men:
Dng ch phm enzyme amylase cho qu trnh dch ha v ng ha, cc ch
phm ny y nhanh cc qu trnh ln men bia v chn sinh hc ca bia nh
enzyme Malturex, enzyme Termamyl, Cereflo
- Nhm cc hp cht cn thit cho vic x l nm men thu hi v phn
lp, nui cy nm men, nhn ging.
- Nhm cc cht trong phng th nghim.
- Nhm cc hp cht tr lc: diatomite, bt mn, bt th.

III.1.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut bia.

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Malt kh
Ch thch:
1. Sn xut dung dch ln
men
2. Ln men bia
3. Lc trong, chit v
hon tt sn phm.
4. Phn xng thu hi
CO2.
5. Phn xng s l chai,
lon, chit chai, lon.

Nguyn liu thay th

Nghin xay

Nghin xay

Dch ha

Ngm (ng ha)

(1)

Lc thu hi dch ng

Nu chn

Ra b

Hoa houblon

B dng
chn nui
un si vi hoa Houblon

Nc ra

Men
ging
Lng trong
Khng kh v
trng

Nhn ging
Chn nui,
lm vic khc

Lm lnh
(2)

Nm men
ti

(4)
Ln men chnh

CO

Thu hi CO

Np chai CO

Ln men ph v tng tr
X l

B men

Bc hi
Lc trong bia ti
(3)

(5)
Ra, kh trng

Bia ti

Chit chai, lon

CO

Chit thng

Thanh trng

Chai, lon

Dn nhn, xp thng, hp

Xut xng

Hnh 3.2: S dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

III.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

III.2.1. Quy trnh nu
1. Giai on giu malt v go trong kho
- Malt va go c cha trong cc bao 50 kg
- Nghin malt kh
- Cho malt v go vo trong ni
- Lc qua thng lc
- un si hm to nhit bn trong ni hm
- Thng khuy tch hm trong v cn ring bit
- Thu hi x b
- V sinh Cip
2. Qu trnh nu
Cng thc nu cho 1 m:
Go (trch ly 89%): 320 kg
Malt (trch ly 79%): 425 kg
Termamyl: 200 ml
Cereflo: 200 ml
Houblon: 3.5 kg (thng), 4.5 kg (c)
Cng thc hoa houblon:
Loi
Tip ng 10
Tip thm 5.5
c ng 10

CaSO4.2H2O: 0.7 kg
CaCl2.2H2O: 0.7 kg
Hexanethylen tetramyl: 0.18 kg
H3PO4: 0.5 l

Thng
2 kg
1 kg
0.5 kg
3.5 kg

c
2 kg
1 kg
1.5 kg
4.5 kg

425 kg malt tng ng vi 8.5 bao loi 50 kg c nghin qua cc my

nghin, trong 375 kg c chuyn ln thng cha malt. Trong qu trnh
nghin malt phi ly mu xem xt vic nghin malt c tt khng. 50 kg cn
li c b vo bao v mang sang vo ni cho cng vi 320 kg go
nghin, nhit nc l 50oC v lng nc lc l 13 hl, b ch phm
Termamyl v ni cho. Hn hp cho ny c nu ti 90oC v gi 90oC
trong 10 pht, ri nng nhit ln 100oC v nhit 100oC un si 20
pht.

 n Tt Nghip

-20-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

375 kg malt thng cha malt c xung ni hm qua van iu

khin bng tay cng vi lng nc l 18 hl nhit 45oC, khi cho ht malt
v nc vo ni th b ph gia: CaSO4.2H2O, CaCl2.2H2O, enzyme cereflo v
hexanethylen tetramyl vo. Hn hp ny c gi ni vi nhit 45oC
trong 10 pht, y l qu trnh ngh protein. Sau bm hn hp cho t ni
cho sang ni hm trn hn hp c trong ni hm, hn hp chung trong
ni hm c nhit 67oC, v qu trnh ng ha c bt u, qu trnh
ng ha din ra trong 60 pht. Sau nhit ni hm c nng ln 76oC
trong 5 10 pht cho n khi khng cn phn ng vi Iod (khng lm mt
mu Iod).
Tng lng hm c bm sang ni lc v gi li 10 pht th cng
vic lc s tin hnh.
Sau khi ly ht hm t 1, s hm ny c chuyn sang ni si hoa
(nu vi hoa houblon), tin hnh ra b, nhit nc ra l 76oC (thng ra
2 ln) cho n khi t trng ni hm c ng vo khong 10 11 oP v
tng lng hm t 58 64 hl.
Trong sut qu trnh ra b th nng nhit ni n gn 100oC th b acis
H3PO4 vo iu chnh pH v 5.25 trong ni si hoa v ng thi cho 4.5
kg ha houblon vo, sau un si lin tc trong vng t 70 90 pht cho
n khi t trng l 12 12.5 oP.
B c lc trong thng lc c x ra ngoi bng bm x ti b cha
b. Ri bn cho nng dn lm thc n gia sc.
Sau khi un si ha xong hm c bm sang ni lng trong tch cn.
Qu trnh lng cn trong 20 pht trong thng lng. Hm c bm qua my
lnh nhanh v x cn ra ngoi.
Nh nu phi v sinh bng xt khong 1 tun 1 ln. V d: hn hp 2%
NaOH hn hp xt nng c bm qua cc ni v cc ng ng chnh,
ng bm hm nng, lnh nhanh v ng ng dng chuyn ti lnh
nhanh.
Hn hp xt cho nh nu gm 2% NaOH c chun b ni cho bng
cch trn 40 kg NaOH tinh th vi khong 2200 l nc. Hn hp ny c
bm qua ni hm ti thng lc v ri vo ni lng, trc khi bm sang cc
thng th hn hp ny c un si t nht l 30 pht mi thng (ni cho v
ni hm), nhng thng khng th un si c th hn hp ny phi c
ngm trong thng t nht 2h (thng lc v ni lng), phi b thm xt vo sau

 n Tt Nghip

-21-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

bm tt c cc ni c th y lng xt thm vo ni hm l 10 kg NaOH

tinh th vi lng nc thm l 5000 l.
Sau khi v sinh tt c cc ni, h thng ca nh nu bng xt th ra li
bng nc v x xung rnh. Nu cn vt bn cha sch th dng bn chi lm
sch hoc dng xt nng nu cn thit.
Malt

Go
Malt

.......
7

....... 7

Hi
t

2
6
Nc ngng

Ghi ch:
1: Ni malt lt
2: Bm
3: Ni nu go
4: Ni nu malt

6
2

Lc

Nc ngng

5: Ni nc dung nu
6: ng c
7: H thng v sinh thit b

Hnh 3.3: S thit b nu nguyn liu

3. Biu nu bia
Cng thc nu cho tng ni nh sau:
Ni cho
- Go: 320 kg
- Malt lt: 50 kg
- Termamyl: 200ml
- CaSO4.2H2O: 350g

*Ni hm
- Malt: 375 kg
- Cereflo: 200ml
- CaSO4.2H2O: 350g
- CaCl2.2H2O: 350g
- Hexamethylen tertramyl
(C6H12N4): 180g

Ni si hoa
- CaCl2.2H2O: 350g
- H3PO4: 500ml
- Houblon: 4.5 kg

 n Tt Nghip

-22-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

BIU NU
O

Lng
xoy

Ni si hoa
100

100
90

Ni
cho

80

20

90

80

Ni
hm

10

70
35
50

50 10
40

Ni
mal
t

15

20

76
10 10 10 5

67

60

100

Ni lc

70

55

35

25

60
60
25

15

ng
ha

Thu hm u
Lnh
nhanh

30
20

Ln men
chnh

15

10
Pht
20
40
60

80
100

120

140
160

180

200

220
240

260

280
300

320

340

360
380

400

420
440

460

480
500

520
540

Hnh 3.4: Biu nu

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

4. un si cho
Trong qu trnh un si cho b sung ch phm Termamyl vo ni.
Termamyl l enzyme -amylase chu nhit, pH trung tnh dng lng, c sn
xut t dch nui cy vi khun Bacillus licheniformis trong phn t c ion Ca2+.
Enzyme ny thy phn lin kt - 1,4 glucosid trong phn t amylose v
amylopectin, nh vy m phn t nhanh chng b phn gii thnh dextrin tan trong
nc. Enzyme c tc dng dch ha lng tinh bt b h ha c th y l khi
go c un rt d b h ha v qunh li, y l nguyn nhn lm cho cnh
khuy hay b gy lm cho me nu b chy. Nay b sung enzyme ny vo lm long
khi h tinh bt ny va lm ch qu trnh khuy tr nn d dng va to iu
kin thch hp cho qu trnh un si cho.
T khi c cc ch phm enzyme ny th lng nguyn liu tinh bt thay th
cho malt ngy cng vi t l cao. Do gip cng ty va lm gim thi gian nu,
va lm gim gi thnh kinh t.
Sau khi cho ch phm ny vo, n s cng vi lng enzyme amylase c sn
trong malt dch ha hn hp tinh bt trong ni cho.
S lng enzyme cho vo ni th ty vo m nu nhiu hay t.
5. Ni hm
Trong qu trnh nu hm trong ni hm th b thm mt s cht ph gia vo
(hexamethylen tetramyl) n nh bia. S lng thm vo 150g. CaSO4.2H2O,
CaCl2.2H2O cho vo m bo nng Ca2+ l 40 ppm (yu cu ti thiu l 60
ppm hm lnh).
Loi Ca2+ ny rt quan trng n lm n nh cc phn ng phn tch lm lng
ng cht phosphat v c th n nh pH trong hm, to iu kin lng ng
men v lng cn bia CaCO3 trc khi chit chai, trnh c bia tro ra ngoi.
Nguyn nhn dng CaSO4.2H2O, CaCl2.2H2O trc ht l trnh c tnh
trng qu nhiu ion SO42- v Cl- to mi thm cho bia.
S lng ha cht thm vo l 700g CaSO4.2H2O v 700g CaCl2.2H2O,
chng to ra nng 90 ppm ion Ca2+, 70 ppm Cl- v 90 ppm SO42- trong hm.
Cereflo l ch phm enzyme -glucanase c thu nhn t dch nui cy vi
khun Bacillus subtilis theo phng php chm. Enzyme ny l endo-glucan c tc

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

dng ct mi lin kt - 1,3 v - 1,4 glucan trong bt i mch t

oligosaccharid thnh nhng mch c t 3 5 gc glucose. N c dng trong
nu malt vi bt lm gim nht ca dch, do vy lc d dng hn. Khong
hot ng ti u ca enzyme nay t 50 70oC vi pH = 6.5 7.5.
Cereflo c b vo to d dng cho qu trnh lc bia. Lng b vo th ty
vo tng m nu (lng cho vo theo m con: go 320kg, malt 425 kg th cereflo
l 200ml).
Sau khi o pH trong ni hm, nu pH <= 5.5 5.8 th thm H3PO4 vo, nhit
ng ha c iu chnh t mc ln men ph hp (68 70%), nu
ln men qu thp th nhit d ng ha phi gim xung, cn nu qu cao th
nhit phi tng ln.
Khng c chuyn hm sang ni lc nu cha c kim tra Iod. Kim tra
Iod m cha t th thm termamyl vo.
6. Lc trong thu dch ng.
Ni hm sau ki thc hin qu trnh ng ha xong gm 2 phn: phn c
(b) v phn dch long (cha nhng cht ha tan ca malt v go).
Lc nhm tch phn long ring ra khi phn b. Trong qu trnh lc ny
nhng phn t rn ca malt to thnh mt mng lc, gip cho qu trnh lc c
d dng hn.
Qu trnh lc qua 2 giai on: lc dch ng v ra b.
Ra b nhm mc ch thu hi cc cht cn thit cn st li trong b. Trong
cng ty qu trnh ra b din ra khong 3 ln sau khi thu dch ng u. Sau khi
lc tt c dch ng u hay dch r b u c vo ni si hoa. tng s
khuch tn ca cc cht cn thit cn st li vo dung dch, lp b cn phi xo
trn cho xp v dng nc nng khong 76oC ra, khng dng nc nng c
nhit qu cao v s lm bt hot enzyme amylase v bt cn st li c h ha
nhng cha ng ha kt qu lm cho dch ln men b c.
7. un si hm vi houblon.
Mc ch ca qu trnh un si vi houblon: n nh thnh phn nc hm
v lm cho dch hm c mi thm v v ng ca houblon. y chnh l qu trnh
trch ly cc cht thm, cht ng c trong hoa, lm keo t cc protein, v hot cc
enzyme v thanh trng dch ng.

 n Tt Nghip

-25-

...

....

CIP

CIP

...

4
6
7

12

11

10

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Ghi ch:
1: ng thng hi
2: Np
3: H thng CIP
4: Cu phn phi
5: H thng gia nhit ng chm
6: ng chm
7: ng trung tm
8: Nn ngng t
9: ng hi t
10: ng nc ngng
11: ng tho cn
12: ng dch vo

Hnh 3.5: Thit b nu hoa.

Dch hm sau khi lc c bm vo ni si hoa, nng nhit ln 100oC.
Hoa houblon v acid H3PO4 phi c b vo ng lc trc khi t nhit
si.
S ph v cu trc din ra trong qu trnh un si hm, thc hin tt nht
pH = 5.25, cho H3PO4 vo ni 1 lng 500ml. Tuy nhin cng phi da vo cc
sai s trong qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh th nghim cn bit lng cho vo.
Thi gian trong ni si hoa l 80 pht, ng u khong 15 17 oP, v
thng xuyn theo di mu sc ca dch nu.
Sau khi kt thc nu vi hoa houblon, dch c a vo thit b lng xoy
Whirlpool loi b hoa.
* S thay i ca dch hm sau khi nu vi hoa houblon.
- Mi thm ca dch hm: Do s trch ly cc cht thm, tinh du thm c
trong hoa houblon vo dch ng, cc phn ng maillard v phn ng caramel
ha khi un si. Ngoi ra, t cc phn ng ha hc ny cn lm thay i mu ca
dch ng t mu nht sang mu m hn.
- V ng: Do s ha tan cht ng lm thay mi, v ca dch ng.
Trong khi si d ha tan ca cht ng vo dung dch d dng hn.
- S kt ta v keo t protein: y l qu trnh quan trng khi un si dch
ng. S c mt ca protein ha tan trong dch ln men c th l nguyn nhn
lm c bia v lm gim bn sinh hc ca bia. Di cc tc nhn nh pH, nng

 n Tt Nghip

-26-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

dch ng, thi gian, nhit v s c mt ca cht cht Tanin trong houblon
s lm kt ta protein c trong dch ng. Mt khc, phn ng gia cc Canxi v
Phosphat s lm gim pH ca dch ng cng gip cho qu trnh kt ta protein.
8. Chuyn ti hm
Dch hm c lnh nhanh v c sc kh. Mc ch l h nhit ca dch
ng xung nhit ln men , bo ha oxy cho dch ln men v kt ta huyn
ph.
Dch hm t ni si hoa ang nhit l 100oC s c ngh trong 10 pht
nhit s gim xung 95oC v bt u qu trnh lnh nhanh h nhit xung
15oC trong 30 pht.
Hm nng 52 hl vi ng l 12 12,5oP c lm lnh ti 15oC my
lnh nhanh hm c nc lnh 25 30oC lm mt, nc ny c nng nhit ln
khong 78oC ln 1 v lm lnh ti -4oC bi cht lm lnh glycol ln 2. Hm
c sc kh trc khi cho men vo, lng O2 khong 8 ppm/l hm bng cch
thm khng kh v trng vo 40l/h, lnh nhanh c khng ch v iu khin van
tit lu bng tay, nhit ca hm lnh c khng ch bi b phn PI, dng tay
iu chnh b phn sc v t l khng kh vo bao nhiu th xem b phn o dng.
* Cc qu trnh hoa l xy ra khi lm lnh nhanh:
- S ha tan oxy vo dch ln men: khi dch ng tip xc vi oxy v cc
cht hu c, nha hoa houblon v tanin s b oxy ha tng phn. Ngoi ra, oxy
chnh l iu kin cn thit cho s sinh sn v pht trin ca nm men trong qu
trnh ln men sau ny.
- S to thnh v tch cc kt ta: Trong qu trnh lm lnh s hnh thnh cc
cht cn dng huyn ph, chng xut hin trong qu trnh nu si hoa v qu
trnh lm lnh. Cc cht cn ny s lm nh hng ti qu trnh sinh l v sinh hc
ca nm men v sau. V chn c loi b bng vic lng.
- S bay hi nc: Khi lm lnh mt phn nc b bc hi, do th tch
dch ln men s gim v nng ca n tng ln.
Ch : B phn lc kh my lc phi c tho ra v kh trng trong
phng th nghim nhit 120oC trong 2h. Vic kh trng b phn lc ny c
tin hnh thng xuyn 1 tun 1 ln.

 n Tt Nghip

-27-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

III.2.2. Qu trnh nhn ging nm men.

Nguyn tc: Nhn ging nm men c tin hnh trong thng kt hp gi
men v nhn men.
Nhn ging iu kin v trng bt u vic nhn ging trong phng th
nghim v kt thc cho men dng c vo trong cc tank ln men.
Ty vo yu cu ca con men trong cc tank, thng th nhn ging 2
thng 1 ln.
Cht lng nm men chp nhn c khi:
+ S i l ln hn 8.
+ tinh khit ca vi sinh thp.
+ S lng men cht cao (20%)
* Cc bc nhn ging trong phng th nghim:
L ng
men
a cy
men
Bnh
Carlsberg

Th tch
ban u
Nui cy
b mt
18l dch
hm

Thm vo
0.12l dch
hm
0.12l men
huyn ph

Thi gian
ln men

Nhit
ln men

3 ngy

25oC

5 8 ngy

25oC

Chuyn ti
Bnh
Carlsberg 25l
Thng ln
men 600l

Nm men c nui cy trong bnh lc 1 ngy, dch hm trong bnh c sc

kh v trng 1h trc khi cho nm men vo, sut thi gian 3 ngy u ln men,
mi ngy phi sc kh v trng 20 pht ng thi lc nh trong sut qu trnh.
* Qu trnh nui
Thng
cha

Th tch ban
u

Thm
vo

Thi gian Nhit

ln men ln men

Thng 600l

130 l hm

18 l men

3 ngy

20oC

Thng 600l
Tank kt
hp 175 hl
Tank kt
hp 175 hl
Tank kt
hp 175 hl

150 l men

150 l

3 ngy

18oC

300 l men

50 hl

2 ngy

18oC

53 hl

50 hl hm 2 ngy

18oC

103 hl

50 hl hm 2 ngy

18oC

Chuyn ti
Khng
chuyn
Tank 175 hl
Khng
chuyn
Khng
chuyn
Tank cha
men dng dc

 n Tt Nghip

-28-

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Trong qu trnh nhn men tank ln men, thi gian sc kh 60 pht vo tng
bui sng vi khng kh sch kh trng qua y (u vo v u ra). Khng
ch nhit ca thng ln men bng tay. Vic nhn men trong tank kt hp 175 hl
phi tin hnh tank c b phn lm lnh y c iu kin khng ch nhit
vi 1 m nu trong tank.
Ngay khi m nu th 2 c bm vo tank th nhit c khng ch t
ng, mi m cho hm vo u phi c sc kh.
* Gi, thu hoch v bm men.
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men trong tank th men c thu hoch bng
cch dng bm, ng mm, ng hnh ch T chuyn ti thng cha men. Dng
thc o lng men thu hoch c bao nhiu.
Nu d tha nm men, th ch chn loi nm men tt, s cn li th loi b.
Nu l men tha khng b nhim th loi b i men cao.
Nhit trong thng cha men gi 4oC, nhit ny c khng ch bi
van iu tit lm lnh cho thng cha lnh v ng h.
Nm men thu hoch thng thng gi thng cha men trong thi gian
khng qu 1 tun. Thi gian v s lng men trong thng cha c khng ch
bng thc o.
III.2.3. Cng ngh ln men v gi men
1. Thng s cho qu trnh ln men
- Nhit t: 15oC 0.5oC
- Nhit ln men: 16oC
- Thi gian ln men: 7 ngy
- Lm lnh xung: 4oC
- Thi gian h lnh: 1 ngy
- Nhit thu hoch men: 4oC
- H lnh xung: -1oC
- Thi gian lm lnh: 1 ngy
- Nhit tng tr: -1oC
- Thi gian tng tr: 1 2 ngy

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

10
1

11
-1

12

13

14

15
Ngy

Hnh 3.6: Biu ln men

2. Qu trnh ln men.
2.1. Ln men chnh.
M 1,2 cn c thng kh v trng vi lu lng kh l 14 l/h. M 3 khng
cn sc kh do lng kh khi sc m 1 v 2.
Nng t bo t 10 18 triu t bo/1 ml c a vo dch hm ln
men. Bnh thng c khong 150 l men c a vo (tng ng khong 1%
so vi th tch dch a vo ln men).
Qu trnh ln men trong tank vi p sut P = 0.8 bar, iu chnh bi van
iu p.
Da vo biu nu ta thy rng sau khi dch hm c lm lnh nhanh t
95oC xung 15oC th c chuyn sang giai on ln men chnh. Sau khi chuyn
sang ln men chnh th nhit c tng ln 16oC v gi 16oC ln men trong
7 ngy. y thng ngy theo di s pht trin ca nm men bng vic o s
thay i hm lng ng trong cc tank ln men. Cng vi vic th cng theo
di s thay i ca pH, nhit . pH thay i l do trong qu trnh ln men ngoi
qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh ru m cn hnh thnh mt s cc acid hu c,

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

mt s cht thmv vy lm cho pH ca dch ln men gim xung. Cn nhit

do trong qu trnh ln men n cn thi ra 1 lng nhit, lm cho nhit trong cc
tank ln nhng cc tank c cc o lnh iu chnh nhit , gi nhit trong
tank khng i, tc nhn lm lnh l glycol.
* Phng trnh chuyn ha trong tank ln men:
2g dch 1g alcohol + 1g CO2
Maltose + H2O Glucose Ethanol + CO2 + Q
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + CO2 + 2 ATP + Q
1.86g + 0.1g
1.96g 1.0g
+ 0.96g
Qu trnh ln men chnh kt thc khi kim tra thy hm lng ng trong
dch thay i 0.2oP/24h th s c chuyn qua ln men ph (thng l 7 ngy).
* C ch hnh thnh Ethanol:
Glucose
C6H12 O6
NAD+

Acid pyruvic
CH3 CO - COOH

Acetaldehyt
CH3 - CHO

ETHANOL
CH3 CH2 OH

NADH2

* C ch hnh thnh cc ru bc cao khc:

- Chuyn ha acid amin vi acid pyruvic trong c th nm men.
Treonin

Leucin
Xetobutyric

Propionic

Acetyl - CoA

Butanol

- xeto -
methylvaleric
Amylic

Treonin

Valin
Aldehyt isobutyric

Leucin

Isobutyric

- Qu trnh hnh thnh ru bc cao do hot ng sng ca nm men.

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2CH3 C COOH + 2R C COOH

NH2
O

Hong Vn Nh - 46SH
CH3 CH COOH + R C COOH

NH2
O

Acid hu c
R COOH
R: gc acid amin

CO2
+ H2O

R CH2OH
Ru cao
R: gc acid amin

* C ch hnh thnh diacetyl trong qu trnh ln men bia:

CH3 CH COOH

OH
Acid lactic

CH3 COOH
Acid acetic
VSV

- H2O
OH

CH3 C COOH

C=O

CH3
- Acatolatat
- CO2
VSV

- H2

CH3 C C CH3

O O
DIACETYL

* C ch hnh thnh Glycerin trong qa trnh ln men bia:

2 R CHO

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Glucose
Phosphoglyceraldehyt

Phosphoglycerin

Phosphoglycerinic
NADH2

Glycerin
CH2 CH CH2

OH

CO2
Acetaldehyt

NAD

Ethanol
OH

OH

* S thay i pH, ng trong qu trnh ln men:

o

Ngy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

9.6
9.4
4.1
2.6
2.3
2
2

pH
5.5
4.78
3.87
3.78
3.72
3.7
3.75

S thay i pH, ng trong dch ln men

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1

3
pH

ng (oP)

7
Ngy

Cui giai on ny s ln men gim xung, phn ln men lng xung y

thng. Sn phm l bia non, trong co ru, mt t CO2 v cn t ng.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

2.2. Qu trnh thu CO2.

Tank ln men
Bnh cha CO2
Bnh by bt
Lm lnh
P = 15 kg/cm3
Nhit : -10 -30oC

Ra bng nc

My nn 2 cp

Tch nc 2 giai on

Lc bng than hot

tnh
P = 2 3 kg/cm3
t honnguyn = 60 pht

Nn P=15 kg/cm3

Tch nc 2 giai on

Qu trnh ny c iu chnh sao cho ph hp tinh khit phi t 98%.

Thu CO2 trong cc tank ln men:
+ i vi tank 3 m: Sau m 3 l 3 h
+ i vi tank 5 m: Sau m 3 l 4 h
+ i vi tank 6 m: Sau m 4 l 4 h
* Qu trnh thu hi CO2:
CO2 cc tank ln men c thu hi bng cch cho chng i qua mt bnh
gi l bnh by bt, v sau CO2 c ra bng nc sch trong ng c hnh tr
thng ng, bng cch cho kh CO2 i ln trn cn nc sch i t trn xung
di, y cc cn bn s c gi li bi lng nc xung cn CO2 thot ra v
i qua my nn cp 1, ri my nn cp 2. Tch nc trong CO 2. Tch cc kh c
bng vic cho kh CO2 i qua than hot tnh. Ri li cho tch nc qua 2 giai on
mt ln na. Cui xng nn v lm lnh nhit -10 -30 oC, ta thu c CO2
dng tinh khit, CO2 c cha trong cc bnh phc v cho qu trnh hon thin
bia thnh phm sau ny.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

2.3. Ln men ph.

Bia non c bm vo cc thng ln men ph. Sau khi t ln men chnh
chuyn sang ln men ph th nhit c h xung 4oC trong vng 1 2 ngy.
Trong giai on ny vn tip tc ln men, CO2 sinh ra c gi li trong thng v
ha tan dn vo dch, pH dch bia tng dn, acid gim, cc ester phc tp c to
thnh. y l qu trnh to ra hng v, kt thc qu trnh n gip to mu v lm
chn bia (loi diacetyl ra khi bia).
Ngoi ra, men bia dn kt li vi nhau dng bng hoc bi, cc cn vn
cng vi men lng xung y thng lm cho bia trong v sng mu.
Mu c ly hng ngy kim tra ng, pH, nhit ca mi tank ln
men, tt c c ghi vo s nht k.
Khi lm lnh xung 4oC trong 20 24h, men c thu hoch 4oC thng qua
van y tank n c ni vi bm, ng cng v ng cao su mm, men c thu
hoch v thng cha men (G), khi lng xp x 300l men (nhit ca G phi
c duy tr 2 4oC), thi gian lu tr men khng nn lu.
Men thu hoch c th ti s dng nu cn thit.
Mt t bo nm men sau khi thu hoch men phi t xp x 5 triu 10
triu t bo/ml.
Qu trnh lm lnh t 16oC xung 4oC khng c tim CO2 vo.
Sau khi thu hoch men xong, CO2 c tim vo khong 10 pht, n lm cho
nhit trong tank ln men c o trn ng u. Sau khi nhit c o
trn ng u th nhit trong tank c th tng ln khong 8oC. Sau nhit
li c h xung 4oC, CO2 khng cn c tim vo thm.
Qu trnh lm lnh t 4oC xung -1oC, CO2 c tim vo lin tc trong 1h
sc 1 ln, mi ln 10 15 pht, P = 1 bar lm cho s i lu b mt c tt hn
(lm cho nhit trong tank c o trn u).
Sut trong qu trnh duy tr nhit -1oC tank cha, men bn c x ra
ngoi qua van y, tank men ny khng c ti s dng.
Khi nhit bia h -1oC sau 3 ngy, bia c duy tr nhit ny trong 2
ngy, sau lc th qu trnh lc vn m bo. Tng thi gian ln men l 11 13
ngy.
Tt c cc tank sau ln men c v sinh, khong 14 ngy v sinh tank ln
men 1 ln.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Nh vy, ln men ph l hon thin hng v, trong ca bia, lm cho

bia chn, bo ha CO2, tng kh nng to bt v c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt ngoi lai co hi b nhim vo dch bia.
2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men.
1. Cc yu t nh hng n ln men chnh (thi gian, cht lng bia).
Mt men sng, hot ng ca men tri ni hoc thm vo trong bia.
Nhn t nh hng n vic cho men vo bia ang ln men.
Dng men c xu hng to chm.
Chuyn ng trong tank.
Mt cao khi cho men vo nh khng c qu cao.
Kh nng sng ti a ca men ph thuc vo:
+ Loi men.
+ Thi gian lu gi trong tank.
+ Nhit gi men G.
+ Loi men bia sng trc.
Phng php cho men vo:
S phn b ca men ( c, thi gian v ni ly men vo).
Nhit trong giai on men pht trin.
Sc kh hm, lu lng kh, thi gian sc kh.
2. Nhng yu t khc nh hng ti t l nm men.
+Nhit ca qu trnh trao i ca ln men tng ln l do cc phn ng sinh

ha. V d: nu tng nhit 10oC th t l bin i ln gp i.

+ Dung dch hm.
+ c ca hm.
+ Nha acid amin c bn c trong dch hm.
+ Vitamin v cc thnh phn ph.
+ sng ca hm.
+ Nhng yu t nh hng ngc ti t l nm men:
+p sut cao lm tng lng CO2 bia dang ln men v s con men, dn n
s gim pht trin ca con men.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

+ Lng cn c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men bia s hn ch t l

chuyn ha ca nm men.
3. Tc dng ca vic vn hnh hng ngy
+ Tng t l nm men do t l cao hn v s men pht trin.
+ Kh nng lm gim thi gian cng ngh.
+ Bt to hn trong cc tank ln men (lm lng bia trong tank gim).
+ Tng sinh khi.
+ Bia ng hn, trao i cht gim v tng lng hp ph tng lng
con men.
4. nh hng v cht lng
+ Nhit d cao: Tng qu trnh to thm cn v ester.
+ Lng men pht trin: lng cn tng nhng ester b gim lm nh
hng ti mi, v ca bia thnh phm v tng s ri ro v qu trnh t phn.
5. Nhng nhn t nh hng n s chn ca bia.
+ nh hng t nm men.
+ S ng ha v d ha do qu trnh trao i cht.
+ S bi tit ca nm men sau giai on ln men kt thc.
+Chuyn bia do qu trnh to bt CO2.
+S bo ha CO2.
+ S hp th trn b mt t bo nm men.
+ Cc phn ng ha hc bn ngoi cc con men, c bit l khi nhit h
thp th to s lng bia.

Ch :

- Trong qu trnh ln men ph, nhng vn sau xy ra :

+ Nhng trch ly cn li cha ln men (maltose, maltriose) s ln men. Do
vy, ngt gim.
+ To thm lng ru ethylicv to ra mt s ester thm.
+ To ra v lm mt i diacetyl.
+ To ra v lm mt i H2SO4 cng nh cc hn hp ca lu hunh.
- Khi qu trnh ln men chm dt to ra cc hp cht khng th bay hi:
+ Acid amin.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

+ Peptid.
+ Acid nucleic.
+ Cc loi enzyme protolytic.
+ Cc hp cht phosphat.
- S bi tit tip tc da vo s sng ca con men ( thm thu ca mng t
bo nm men) v ph thuc vo lu hunh c trong protein v cui cng l khi
men cht ph thuc vo s t phn hy ca s nm men .
- S hnh thnh CO2 v vic bay hi ca n qua bia nn mt phn cc hp
cht c th bay hi s c y ra ngoi theo phng php khuch tn, c bit l
cc hp cht nh (aldehyt v ceton) v cc hp cht c cha lu hunh nh
metacaptan v hydrosulfit.
- Cc hp cht c hot tnh b mt nh cht c v ng v to mu c hp
th trn b mt ca nm men. Nh vy, lng nm men cng cao trong bia th
mc hp th cng cao (cng gim cht c v ng v mu qu trnh ln men).
- S lng ng bia do qu trnh h nhit l phc h ca polyphenol
protein.
- S to thnh cc phn t ln v s lng ng l mt qu trnh din ra trong
nhiu gi, s lng ng ny mang tnh cht thun ngch (ngha l nhit cng
tng cao th s lng ng ny khng cn v n ha tan tr li).
III.2.4. Lc bia.
- Mc ch: Bia sau khi ln men ph vn cn c, lng t bo nm men cn
nhiu nn chng ta phi lc bia trc khi xut xng.
Bia sau khi tng tr cc tank c bm y vo tng phi liu, ti y bia
c trn vi t lc (bt diatomit) theo mt t l nht nh vo to thnh dung
dch huyn ph.
t lc c ch bin t xc mt loi sinh sng bin thnh phn ch yu l
SiO2.
t lc cng ty s dng l loi tt nht theo tiu chun nu bia chu u,
gm: t lc mn v t lc th.
lc bia ta c th s dng: my lc t v ti lc
- Nguyn tc chung cho my lc:

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Sau khi ht giai on ln men, bia c bm t cc tank ln men qua bm,

bng dng, qua h thng ng cng v ng cao su mm ti my lc, qua t lc,
qua ti lc v sau c bm vo tank cha bia trong gi trc khi ng
chai.
Lu : Vic ni cc tank ln men bia vi CO2 hoc kh nn gi p
sut trong tank l 1 bar trong qu trnh lc bia l rt quan trng trnh to chn
khng trong tank ln men.
Trc khi lc bia phi h nhit ti -1oC n -1.5oC trong tank ln men
trnh vic to vn c trong bia lc, iu quan trng l nhit ca bia trc
khi lc phi gi -1oC.
1. My lc t
- To mng s b:
t lc dng to mng s b giai on 1 v 2 l hn hp c c to ra
trong thng cha t lc ca bm nh hng bng cch pha 1 phn t lc vi 6
phn nc, my lc c to mng s b vi t l dng khong 60 hl/gi v bm
nh lng m vi tc cao v s to mng c 100 1200 g/m2 din tch lc.
To mng s b s dng 100% t th, khong 6kg, to mng s b ln 2 s dng
50% t th v 50% t mn mi loi.
*Vic to mng s b c 3 mc ch:
+ Ngn chn vic tp cht bt kn cc phn t lc.
+ Chp nhn cc phn t sch i qua.
+ Sau khi lc kt thc to mng th d dng bia i qua.
- To mng chnh:
t lc to mng chnh cng c pha trn thng cha t ca bm
nh hng, ha tan 1 phn t vo nc, lng bm vo khong 100 120 g/l.
Mng chnh lm nhim v gi cho cc bnh t lc c xp v trnh to ra
mt lp tp cht lm bt kn cc k h ngn cn hoc lm kh khn cho dng bia
chy qua.
Mng lc chnh to ra bng cch pha trn 50% t mn v 50% t th, nu
bia sau khi lc thy qu c th phi chy tun hon cho bia quay li my lc.
Trong qu trnh lc nu p sut gim th dng tay iu chnh. Thng thng qu
trnh lc th p sut tng t 0.2 0.3 bar. Nu p sut tng ln qu 0.4 bar th phi

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

thm t th vo, mt khc nu p sut tng t di 0.1 bar th phi cho thm t
mn vo.
- Vic lc thng thng dng li sao 6 7 gi khi p sut qu 6 bar hoc
tng s t lc (c to mng s b v mng chnh) bm vo trong my lc cao
hn 90 kg, khi lng t lc bm vo khong 90 kg th vic dng li l quan trng
nu khng my lc s b hng.
- Dng my nn thy lc, h p sut nn sau khi lc xong m giy lc v
x t lc xung rnh x. Dng nc nng v nc lnh v sinh my lc.
2. Ti lc
Ti lc c lp vo trong ng lc sau lc t vi mc ch l gi li t
lc trong bia nhng ph phm khng ha tan hoc bt b v c th lc qua mng
lc ca t lc v ngoi ra to iu kin chng tc trn ng bm n tank bia
trong.
Nguyn tc chung: iu quan trng l trc khi thay giy lc v ti lc th
phi v sinh xt nng v sinh my lc v ti lc, khi thay giy lc v ti lc th
giy mi v ti lc mi phi c ti nc lm mm li trc khi lp vo my
lc.
III.2.5. Chit chai.

Quy trnh ra chai.

V chai bn

Ngm

Ra xt
Ra sch bng nc nng

V chai sch

ro

Kim tra xt d

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

M hnh ca qu trnh ra chai.

Chai bn sau khi c nhng s b vo nc, nhit nc l 40oC, sau

chuyn qua khoang xt 2 vi 65oC, qua khoang xt 1 vi 75oC vi nng xt l
8 10% v tip tc v chai c i qua khoang nc nng 2 vi 50oC, qua nc
m 1 vi 25oC v c trng qua nc sch 12oC, P = 4 bar, sau chai c
lm kh v theo dy chuyn i ra.

40oC:

Nhng

25oC:

Nc m 1

65oC:

Nhng qua xt

12oC:

Nc sch

80oC:

Phun xt

15oC:

Ngng nh git

50oC:

Nc m 2

20oC:

Chai i qua

10

12

Ch thanh trng
trong 12 gi.

12

15

18

Ch thanh trng
trong 12 gi.

24

Ch thanh trng
trong 12 gi

12

16

20

Hnh 3.7: S qu trnh ra chai

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Trc khi cho v ng chai bia th phi kim tra xem lng xt d trong chai
c t c theo yu cu hay khng (lng xt d trong chai sau khi ra c
chun bng HCl 0.1N, l 0.3ml HCl tiu tn).
Chai sau khi lm sch, a n my chit chai. y chai c ht chn
khng v np CO2 cn bng p sut. Sau tin hnh chit chai.
Trong qu trnh chit chai tin hnh kim tra xem chai sau khi chit c b vn
c hay khng, nu c th loi ngay.
Ri chai c a i qua my thanh trng.
III.2.6. Thanh trng.
Trong bia thnh phm sau khi chit chai thng thng lun cha cc t bo
cn sng gm t bo nm men, vi khun acetic, nm si. Do , chng ta cn x
l nhit nhm m bo rng c th tiu dit vi sinh vt gy hi cho bia.
Ch thanh trng ti nh my bia HABADA gm 5 bung thanh trng:
Bung 1 c nhit : 30oC
Bung 2 c nhit : 45oC
Bung 3 c nhit : 58oC
Bung 4 c nhit : 60oC
Bung 5 c nhit : 40oC
III.2.7. Dn nhn.
Bia sau khi thanh trng theo bng ti qua b phn soi chai loi nhng chai
cha t yu cu v th tch.
Bia tiu chun l nhn dn phi thng, khng c lch sang mt bn, c phun
mc ghi ngy thng sn xut, hn s dng phi r rng.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

III.2.8. Cc tiu chun ca bia thnh phm

Bia phi c v dc trng, mu vng sng v ng nh, mi ca hoa houblon v
malt to nn, bn cnh bia phi c bt phi mn, c v bn lu.
- Trch ly gc:
12.0 0.2 oP
- ln men thc %: 67 3
- Mu EBC:
41
- pH:
4.0 0.2
- ng:
21 3
- c:
0.7
- VDK, ppm:
0.15
- CO2% :
0.5 0.03
- cn %:
4 0.2

S phn xng ra chai, chit chai, thanh trng v dn nhn sn.

ng kt

Chai bn

My chit chai
My
dn nhn
+

Thanh trng bia

Ra chai
Hnh 3.8: S phn xng ra chai, chit chai, thanh trng, dn nhn.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

III.3. u v nhc im trong quy trnh sn xut ti cng ty HABADA.

III.3.1. u im.
Nhn chung nh my ang sn xut da theo dy chuyn cng ngh an
Mch, s dng nhiu thit b hin i cng nh cng cn b sung thm mt s
thit b khc nn cng c nhng u im v nhc im ring.
Tt c cc ni nu, ni ln men u lm bng Inox v nu bng cc ng dn
hi nn cht lng c m bo.
C cc thit b chuyn dng lng nn thi gian lng c gim xung. V
d: Thit b lng xoy Whirlpool dng trong qu trnh nu.
Qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph u thc hin trong cng mt tank
ln men nn khi ht thi gian ln men chnh th cho h nhit xung tip tc
ln men ph.
Cc tank ln men c b tr cc o lnh, tc nhn lm lnh l glycol -4oC
nn c th m bo c vic trao i nhit ng u v khng nh hng nhiu
n cht lng bia nu chng may glycol c b r r.
Thit b lc gm lc bng ti lc, ng lc, s dng cc cht tr lc nh
diatomit, cng vi my lc khung bn m bo c th lc bia c trong phc
v cho qu trnh chit chai, cng nh cht lng bia sau ny.
Tt c cc thit b u c v sinh sch s khng lm nhim ti qu trnh
ln men.
Trong qu trnh chit chai u c cc nhn vin kim tra cht lng, mu
m trc khi ng kt v xut xng. Ni chung cc cng on ca qu trnh lun
c gim st cht ch, m bo ng theo yu cu dt ra.
Nh my c h thng thi hi CO2 mt cch t ng, t y s lm gim mt
cch ng k vic s dng ngun CO2 t bn ngoi.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

III.3.2. Nhc im.

Nh my s dng nguyn liu thay th cn vi t l l cao, s lm cho mi, v
ca bia s gim nn s gy nh hng ti cht lng bia sau ny.
phng KCS cn thiu nhiu dng c, thit b phc v cho qu trnh
kim tra cht lng bia, cng nh kim tra cc iu kin trong qu trnh ln men.
Do , s khng xc nh c chnh xc qu trnh pht trin, sinh trng ca nm
men.
Ngun nc u vo l nc my m thnh phn trong nc cha c xc
nh thnh phn mt cc chnh xc. V vy, cha nh gi c tc ng ca
ngun nc nh hng n nh th no ti qu trnh nu, cng nh qu trnh ln
men.
Hi nng to ra t vic t du FO c th hi s mang theo du m nh
hng ti cht lng bia nu thit b r r.
Trong qu trnh sn xut nu thi gian mt in qu lu hay t xut th cha
c cch gii quyt cho cc thit b lnh, c bit l cc tank ln men, mt in th
nhit s ln cao nh hng ti s pht trin ca nm men. Do , nh hng ti
cc qu trnh chuyn ha trong ln men.
My chit chai, ghp np hay b hng trong qu trnh chit. My chit m
ngh trong thi gian di, nu sau khi chit tip s gy ra hin tng vn c trong
bia m cha c cch no gii quyt.
V trong qu trnh chit chai cng hay c hin n chai, c th do hm lng
CO2 c sc vo nhiu, p sut cao, hay cht lng chai cha c tt.
Sau khi chit th lng bia trong tng chai khng ng u, chai nhiu, chai
t. Nu nhiu qu c th b n trong qu trnh thanh trng.
Cha c thit b soi chai t ng m vn soi bng th cng.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L MI TRNG CNG TY HABADA

Nc cp
ra thit b, sn.

Go

IV.1. Cc cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut bia.

Malt

T hot ng thc t hin nay c th

nhnbthy
3 ngun
Chun
nguyn
liu gy nhim chnh
gm:
Nc
cng
- Nc
thingh
sn xut: y l ngun gy nhim ch yu
Nc nng
Enzyme
Nu ng ha
- Kh thi
l hi do t du FO
- Cht thiHi
n gm: b malt, b men bia, bn t h thng x l nc thi.

STT
1

Ngun pht thi

Nghin nguyn
liu
Nu, ng ha
Hoa houblon
Ni hiHi
Ra ni nu

Tc nhn gy nhim
Lc trong
Bi nguyn liu

Tc ng n mi
trng

malt
nhim khngB
kh
Nu hoa

SO2, CO, NO2, bi, nhit nhim khng kh

Nc thi cha cht hu nhim nc
c, cht rn l lng
Tch b hoa, lng
Nc
Lng lc
B
malt,
b
hoa
nhim nc
Nc
3
lm lnh
Ra thit b
Nc
thi
nhim nc B hoa, cn
lm
lnh
4
My lnh
NH3 r r
nhim khng kh
Ln men My lnh CO2, nhit thp
Nc nng
nhim khng kh
cho
h
nhit
5
Ra thit b
Nc thi cha chtLm
hulnh
Mi cht
ri tun
nhim nc
c, nm men
lm lnh
hon.
Lc bia ti
Men bia, cn protein
nhim nc
6
Ra thit b
Nc thi cha bia
nhim nc
7
Bo ha CO2
CO2 tht thot
Ln men nhim khng kh
Ra bom, chit
Men ging
8
Bia tht thot
nhim nc
bom
Nc tun hon
V sinh cng
9
Nc thi
nhim nc
CO2
nghip
10
X l nc thi
Nc thi, bn thi
nhim nc
Lc trong
Cht thi sinh hot Rc thi
nhim khng kh
11
Cht tr lc
Nc thi
nhim nc Cn lc
2

Bo ha CO2

Chit chai, box

Hnh 4.1: S pht thi t dy chuyn cng ngh

Bia ri vi

Nc thi

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

IV.2. Nhng tc ng v bin php gii quyt cc loi cht thi.

IV.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh.
Cc ngun thi c kh nng gy nhim khng kh do sn xut bia, gm:
- Kh thi do t du FO: Sau khi t du FO s sinh ra cc kh c nh CO,
NOx, SO2 v bi gy nhim ngun khng kh.
- Bi do qu trnh nghin nguyn liu (c tnh chim 0.25% nguyn liu),
trung bnh lng bi do nghin nguyn liu l 100 kg/ngy. Cc loi kh pht sinh
trong dy chuyn sn xut: kh CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men chnh; kh
NH3, glycol c th sinh ra khi h thng lm lnh b r r.
- Mi hi thi v kh c hi do qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c c trong
b malt, b men bia v nc thi. Hin tng ny xy ra ch yu ti khu vc thu
hi b bia, b men v h thng x l nc thi.
* Cch khc phc:
- i vi cc kh thi do t du FO gy ra th cng ty cho xy dng h
thng l hi, 90 95% lng bi, CO, NOx, SO2 s c giu li trong h thng.
Do hn ch c lng cht thi pht tn vo trong khng kh.
* S cng ngh:

ng khi

B phn kh mi
Dn phun

Valve
hng dng

Thit b hp th
dng Ventury

Dung dch hp th
b sung

Hnh 4.2: Cng

ngh x l khBm
thi
B cha

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Cn trong qu trnh nghin th bi nghin c thu hi ti s dng lm cho

mc nhim khng ng k.
Tin hnh kim tra v bo dng tt cc h thng khc phc hin tng r
r NH3, CO2, glycol
IV.2.2. Tc ng do cht thi rn.
- B malt: Trung bnh c 100 lg nguyn liu ban u sinh ra 125 kg b ti.
- B men bia, b hoa houblon v cn protein:c gi tr dinh dng cao, lm
thc n b sung cho gia sc.
- Rc thi sinh hot: Ty vo s lng cng nhn.
- Cc cht thi rn khc: v chai v, bao b ph liu, np chai ph phm, cht
tr lc, nhn mc hng
* Cch khc phc:
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6

Loi cht thi rn

B hm
Bt tr lc
Cn men
Nhn, b hoa
Bao b, chai v
Cht thi sinh hot

Bin php qun l, x l

Bn lm thc n cho gia sc
Thu gom thu cng ty mi trng th x l
Bn lm thc n cho gia sc
Thu gom thu cng ty mi trng th x l
Bn cho cc c s ti ch
Thu gom thu cng ty mi trng th x l

IV.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng nc.

- Nc t cc nh v sinh, nh bp.
- Do trong cht thi cha nhiu cht dinh dng, cht hu c nn khi phn
hy chng sinh ra mi hi thi kh chu. Nc m tch t lu ngy c mu en.
- Tc ng chnh do nc thi xut pht t lng N va P. N, P l cht dinh
dng cn thit cho cc loi thy sinh vt. Tuy nhin, khi hm lng N v P trong
nc d tha s gy ra hin tng ph dng lm cho nc c. To d tha,
cht v phn hy gy nn mi kh chu nh hng trc tip n sinh vt thy sinh
v mi trng xung quanh.
- Qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c v to s lm gim nng O2 ha tan
trong nc, v vy hn ch s pht trin ca cc sinh vt thy sinh. Xy ra hin
tng phn hy k kh s sinh ra mi hi thi.
- Do , nc thi sau khi thi ra cc ao h nh ao Lan Q, h nh Du v
sng Thng gy nhim rt nng ngun nc cc khu vc ny. Song vn

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

rt kh nh gi c mc nhim do nh my pht sinh v cc ao, h, sng

ny cng l ni tip nhn nc thi t mt lng ln dn c trong thnh ph cng
cc ngnh dch v khc
* Cch khc phc:
1. Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi nh bp

Nc thi nh v sinh

Song chn rc

B t hoi

H THNG THOT
NC

Nc thi t nh bp, nh tm sau khi qua song chn rc cng vi nc thi

t nh v sinh c x l bng t hoi.
B t hoi c xy ngm di t l mt cng trnh lm hai chc nng: lng
v phn hy cn. Cn c gi li trong b, di tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt k
kh, cc cht hu c b phn hy, to ra cc cht kh v cht v c ha tan.
Cc b t hoi c thit k v xy dng thnh 3 ngn c kch thc ph
hp.
2. Cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut.
Trc y nh my x l nc thi bng h thng b lc sinh hc biofil nh
git.

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng Biofil nh git ny:

Sau khi lng, nc thi c a vo b biofil bng cch ti ln b mt

b v thm qua lp vt liu lc. b mt ca ht vt liu lc v gia cc khe h
ca chng, cc ht bn c gi li v hnh thnh nn mng vi sinh. Lng oxy
cn thit oxy ha cht bn hu c c thm nhp v b cng vi lu lng
nc thi khi ti hoc qua cc khe h thnh b. Vi sinh hp th cht hu c v
nh c oxy m qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c thnh sn phm khng c l:
CO2 v H2O xy ra. Tuy nhin, h thng ny c xy dng t nm 1996 cho

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

dy chuyn sn xut c cng sut 3 triu lt/nm nn b xung cp. V nh my

thay th bng h thng x l nc thi bi b hiu kh AEROTEN vi kinh ph
gn 1 t ng.

Nguyn l Cng ngh x l nc thi bng AEROTEN.

Nc thi

B iu ha

B lng

B aeroten

B lng

Thi

B phn hy bn

X l cng cht thi sinh hot

Cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut l mt qu trnh kt hp 2 phng php:

ha hc v sinh hc.
Phng php ha hc: B sung cc cht tr lng loi b bt cc cht lng
l lng. Phng php ny tin hnh trc phng php sinh hc.
Phng php sinh hc (b aeroten): S dng bn hot tnh oxy ha cht
hu c trong iu kin oxy cn thit.
- Gii thch cng ngh v cch thc hin:
Ci to b lng ngm hin c vi dung tch 30 m3 thnh b iu ha dung tch
60 m3. Ti y, nc thi c lu gi n nh v bn cht trc khi a vo
x l. Tn dng din tch cn trng xy nh iu hnh 15 m2 v t b phn
hy bn.
T b diu ha, nc thi c bm ln b lng 1. Ti y, b sung cc ha
cht tr lng lng cc cht l lng. Cng on ny c vai tr rt quan trng,
quyt nh hiu qu x l v sau khi lng hm lng cht rn l lng trong nc
gim i 80%, nng BOD v COD gim i khong 50 60%. Phn lng c
bm sang b phn hy bn. B lng 1 c ci to t b phn phi ca h thng
biofil nh git trc y dung tch 50 m3. Thi gian lu b lng 1 khong 1h.
Phn nc t b lng 1 c chuyn sang b AEROTEN. B AEROTEN
c xy dng v ci to t b biofil gm 2 ngn vi tng dung tch 200 m 3. Thi
gian lu ca nc thi trong b AEROTEN khong 6 8h. Nguyn l hot ng

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

ca b AEROTEN l da trn kh nng oxy ha v khong ha ca cc loi vi

sinh cha trong bn hot tnh. Ngoi ra, tng cng hiu qu phn hy, b sung
oxy khng kh bng bm nn kh v h thng phn phi kh u khp b. Qu
trnh sc kh khng ch nhm mc ch cp oxy ch qu trnh oxy ha m cn
c tc dng duy tr cc ht bn hot tnh trng thi l lng tip xc nhiu nht
vi cc cht nhim hu c, to iu kin thun li cho phn ng oxy ha. Sau
cng on ny khong 90% BOD cn li s c phn hy. Phn nc trong c
bm sang b lng 2. Bn sinh khi ti b ny c bm sang b nn bn.
Ti b lng 2 nc c lng t nhin nhm sa lng cc ht cht rn cn
li trc khi thi ra mi trng. Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong b AEROTEN
rt ngn 6 8h. B AEROTEN cho php x l lu lng nc thi 600 m3/ngy.
B phn hy bn theo dng lng 2 v lm tng hiu qu x l. B lm bng
thp khng g c dung tch 10 m3.
Thc cht ca b phn hy bn l qu trnh phn hy cht rn hu c trong
iu kin ym kh. B gm 2 phn: phn trn ca b c mng lng v phn di l
b t hoi. Thao tc ny quyt nh hiu qu x l l: khng ch c lng bn
a vo b m bo qu trnh phn hy din ra thun li, khng b qu ti. B
lng 2 v gii quyt cng mt lc 2 nhim v: lng cn v ln men cn lng. Qu
trnh ln men s sinh ra kh metan. nh k (10 ngy) cn s c x b ra ngoi.
Th tch cn sau x l gim xung cn 32% so vi th tch bn ti.
Khi bn y v t n dc nht nh, bn ti s c bm ht, vn
chuyn n bi x l cht thi.
Hiu qu x l nc thi sn xut nh sau:
Thng
s

Nc thi
cha x l

Nc thi
sau b lng 1

Nc thi sau
b AEROTEN

Nc thi
sau b lng 2

TCVN
5945-1955

pH

7.8 8.0

7.8 8.0

7.0 7.5

7.0 7.5

5.5 9.0

SS

150 226

50 70

70 80

40 50

100

BOD5

350 485

140 200

40 50

35 45

50

COD

450 650

180 250

80 90

60 85

100

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Nc thi bia
5

Lng 1

3
6

7
100m

9
8

Lng 2
1

2
Nc ra

Dng thi nc ma

1: H ga, song chn rc;

5: B phn hy AEROTEN

Hnh 4.3: KHU X L NC THI NH MY BIA HABADA

2: B phn hy k kh;
3: Nh iu hnh khu x l 4: B lng t 1 s dng ha cht keo t kt hp
3
6: B lng trung gian 6 m
7: B lng t 2
8: B cha bn toi
9: Thit b phn hy bn

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

CHNG V: NGHIN CU MT S YU T NH HNG TI HIU

SUT THU HI (%): t l malt/go, t l enzyme trong qu trnh
nu.
V.1. Phng php nghin cu.
V.1.1. t vn
Trong quy trnh sn xut bia, c th ni khu nu l quan trng. khu ny
qu trnh dch ha, ng ha, hay lc tt th s gip tit kim c thi gian nu,
tng hiu sut trch ly, ko theo gim c s tiu hao v nng lng, gip
chuyn sang qu trnh ln men nhanh hn. Do , vic nghin cu lm sao tng
c hiu sut thu hi cao l rt cn thit. Nu hiu sut thu hi cao: mt l lm
tng hm lng ng trong dch lanh nhanh m bo iu kin cho qu trnh ln
men, hai l ci thin c qu trnh lc do nht gim. Trong phn nghin cu
ny em i tm hiu xem t l malt/go, t l enzyme cho vo l bao nhiu
hiu sut thu hi l cao nht.
T l malt/go nh hng ti nng cht kh c trong dch ln men (malt
c trch ly l 79%, go c trch ly l 89%), lng cht kh ny sau khi qua
cc cng on nu cho, ng ha s c trch ly ra ngoi, khi chuyn sang qu
trnh ln men th lng cht kh ny s c hp th qua t bo nm men v l
nguyn liu chnh m nm men s dng sinh ra ethanol v CO 2 trong qu trnh
ln men. V vy, chng ta cn tm hiu xem t l malt/go bao nhiu l ph hp
nht, c hiu sut trch ly l cao nht. Nu nng cht kh qu t th nh
hng ti vic s dng c cht ca nm men, sn phm to thnh t, dn n cht
lng bia gim.
T l enzyme cho vo trong qu trnh nu, ng ha s nh hng rt ln
ti hiu sut thu hi dch ng t malt v go. Nu t l enzyme cho vo m
nhiu th s rt ngn c thi gian dch ha trong ni nu, thi gian ng ha
trong qu trnh ng ha, v vy vic chuyn lng s nhanh hn. Mt khc, tng
hm lng enzyme lm tng hiu sut trch ly, lm gim nht ca dch hm.
Nh vy, to iu kin cho qu trnh lc c nhanh hn. Trong ti ny em th
nghim vic thay i t l enzyme Termamyl cho qu trnh nu, t l enzyme

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Cereflo cho qu trnh ng ha xem t l no th hiu sut thu hi l cao

nht.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

V.1.2. B tr th nghim
V.1.2.1. B tr th nghim xc nh t l malt/go (M/G) nh hng ti
hiu sut thu hi

Nguyn liu cho nu.

Malt v go

M/G = 69/31

M/G = 57/43

M/G = 54/46

M/G = 50/50

M/G = 40/60

Xc nh oP, Vhmlnh
Tnh %

Xc nh t l M/G thch hp

V.1.2.2. B tr th nghim xc nh t l Enzyme nh hng ti hiu sut

thu hi

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

Nguyn liu cho nu.

Malt v go

TN1
Termamyl: 150ml
Cereflo: 150 ml

TN2
Termamyl: 200ml
Cereflo: 200 ml

TN3
Termamyl: 250ml
Cereflo: 250 ml

TN4
Termamyl: 300ml
Cereflo: 300 ml

Xc nh oP, Vhmlnh
Tnh %

Xc nh t l enzyme thch hp

V.1.3. Tin hnh th nghim

Tin hnh cn nguyn liu cho 1 m nu, mi m nu ta cho thay i t l
nguyn liu.
Cng thc nu cho tng ni nh sau:
* Ni cho:
- Go: 320 kg
- Malt lt: 50 kg
- Termamyl: 200ml
- CaSO4.2H2O: 350g
* Ni hm:
- Malt: 375 kg
- Cereflo: 200ml
- CaSO4.2H2O: 350g
- CaCl2.2H2O: 350g
- Hexamethylen tertramyl (C6H12N4): 180g
* Ni si hoa:
- CaCl2.2H2O: 350g
- H3PO4: 500ml
- Houblon: 4.5 kg

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

T cng thc nu ny ta tin hnh nu nh biu nu (Chng III).

Go c nghin v malt lt c cho vo ni cho 50oC, sau n
qu trnh gia nhit ni cho ln 90oC trong 35 pht v gi 90oC trong 10 pht
nhm cho s hot ng ca enzyme - amylase qu trnh dch ha c din
ra, lm cho long dung dch trong ni cho to iu kin cho vic un si 100oC.
Sau ni cho c vo ni malt ang 45oC c ni hm, dung dch
trong ni hm c nhit l 67oC, qu trnh chuyn ny din ra trong 5 pht v
tin hnh qu trnh ng ha trong 60 pht, ri gia nhit ln 76 oC v gi nhit
ny trong 10 pht v sau chuyn ton b dch trong ni hm sang ni lc.
Tin hnh lc thu hm u, ta tin hnh lc 3 ln thu c 62hl. Lc hm
u c na th chuyn sang ni si hoa.
Dch trong ni si hoa c un si 100oC trong 80 pht, khi si ny th
lng dch b mt i 10hl cn li 52hl.
Sau cho vo lng xoy trong 15 pht, ri ngh khong 20 pht cho nhit
trong ni lng gim xung 90oC, v thc hin qu trnh lnh nhanh trong 60
pht xung 15oC, ri dch lnh nhanh ny c bm sang cc tank ln men
thc hin qu trnh ln men chnh.
Trong qu trnh lnh nhanh ta i ly dch lnh nhanh v o ng ( oP),
cn th tch hm lnh nhanh c c da trn vch ch ghi trn ni.
Sau khi xc nh c ng (oP) v th tch ca dch lnh nhanh (VHL), ta
i xc nh hiu sut thu hi.
Hiu sut thu hi c tnh theo cng thc sau:
% =

VHL O P
0.89mG 0.79 mM

Trong :
VHL: Th tch hm lnh nhanh o c.
o
P : ng o c.
mG, mM : Ln lt l khi lng ban u ca go v malt em i nu.
0.89, 0.79: ln lt l trch ly ca go v malt.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

V.1.3. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun.

V.1.3.1. Xc nh t l malt/go (M/G) nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi (
%).
Sau khi xc nh hiu sut thu hi, kt qu c th hin theo hnh 5.1:
Bng 5.1: Kt qu sau khi xc nh hiu sut thu hi.
STT
1
2
3
4
5

Malt (kg)
550
425
240
227
225

Go (kg)
250
320
255
226
330

T l
69/31
57/43
54/46
50/50
40/60

Co (oP)
11.0
9.82
9.8
9.75
9.7

Vhm lnh
16600
28840
17200
17420
17210

(%)
92.6
91.3
90.9
89.3
88.5

Biu th hin s t
93
92

92.6
91.3

Hiu sut thu hi

Hnh 5.1: Biu th hin kt qu s thay i t l Malt/Go

Nhn xt:
Da vo th ta thy rng t l M/G = 69/31 c hiu sut thu hi l cao
nht, sau l t l M/G = 57/43, cn cc t l sau c hiu sut thu hi l thp
dn. Nh t l M/G = 40/60 c hiu sut thu hi l thp nht v, t l M/G =
54/46 v t l M/G = 50/50 cng vy c hiu sut thu hi thp hn 90%, tuy lng
malt gim, go thay th nhiu c th lm gim gi thnh sn phm u ra nhng
cht lng bia s khng c tt v n cn nh hng ti qu trnh lc, lm cho
vic lc dch ban u chm li, mt khc c th lm rch mng do lng malt qu
t (v khi cho malt vo th c c v cuat malt, v ny c tch dng to mng cho
qu trnh lc, gip qu trnh lc c tt hn). Do , chng ta khng chn 3 t l
ny. Cn 2 t l u tin th c hiu sut thu hi cao hn c. Tuy t l M/G =

91
90
89
88
87
86

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

69/31 cho cht lng bia ra sau ny thm ngon nhng lng malt s dng qu
nhiu nn gia thnh bia thnh phm s cao, gi thnh nh vy th rt kh m cnh
tranh c vi cc hng bia ln khc nh bia H Ni, bia Vit HNh vy, t l
57/43 l ph hp vi iu kin cng ty hin ti. Mt khc, sn phm cng ty sn
xut ra thng bn ch yu l trong ni tnh v mt s tnh ln cn, m tnh Bc
Giang l mt tnh ch yu l min ni, thu nhp ca nhn dn cha cao nn bia vi
gi thnh thp s l ph hp hn vi thu nhp ca nhn dn hin nay.
V vy, t l thch hp nht l Malt/Go = 57/43.

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

V.1.3.2. Xc nh t l Enzyme nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi (%).

Sau khi xc nh hiu sut thu hi, kt qu c th hin theo hnh 5.2:
Bng 5.2: Kt qu sau khi xc nh hiu sut thu hi.
STT
1
2
3
4

Termamyl
150
200
250
300

Cereflo
150
200
250
300

Co (oP)
9.4
9.8
9.9
9.9

Vhm lnh
5880
5700
5780
5780

(%)
89.07
90.02
92.21
92.21

Biu th hin s thay i enzyme

93

92.21

92.21

92
91
90

90.02
89.07

89
88
87

150ml

200ml 1

250ml

300ml

Hnh 5.2: Biu th hin kt qu s thay i t l enzyme

Nhn xt:
Nhn vo th ta nhn thy hiu sut thu hi tng dn nu chng ta tng dn
t l enzyme Termamyl v Cereflo. Hiu sut thu hi tng ln t 89.07% ln
92.21% l khong hn 2% l rt tt. iu ny rt d hiu v nu ta tng lng
enzyme vo th lm rt ngn qu trnh nu cng nh qu trnh ng ha gim,
bnh thng qu trnh ng ha trong khu nu din ra khong trong 1 gi, nay
tng hm lng enzyme lm cho qu trnh ng ha gim xung khong t 45
-50 pht. Mt khc, n cn lm tng hiu sut trch ly (bng chng l hiu sut thu
hi tng dn), lm gim nht, qu trnh lc c nhanh chng. Nhng nu ta
tng dn n mt gii hn th hiu sut thu hi s khng tng nhiu nh t l
enzyme l 250 ml v 300ml u c hiu sut thu hi l 92.21%. Ta thy nu tng
ln 50ml enzyme hiu sut thu hi tng ln khong 2% nh t 200ml ln 250ml l

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

chp nhn c. Tng lng enzyme t 250ml ln 300ml nhng hiu sut thu hi
khng chnh lch nhau, nn chn lng enzyme cho vo Termamyl 250ml v
Cereflo 250ml. Cn t l enzyme 150ml hiu sut thu hi l thp s nh hng
ti cht lng bia sau ny.
V vy, nu ta tng lng enzyme Termamyl l 250ml, Cereflo l 250ml th
thch hp c c hiu sut thu hi cao.
Kt lun chung:
Vy chng ta chn ra c vic cp nguyn liu nu sao cho hiu sut thu hi
c cao nht xc nh c. Kt qu thch hp c xc nh trong qu trnh
thc tp v th nghim ti cng ty nh sau:
- T l malt/go ban u cho vo: 57/43.
- T l enzyme cho vo: Termamyl 250ml, Cereflo 250ml.

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. Kt lun.
Sau mt thi gian thc tp v tm hiu cng ngh ti cng ty c phn
HABADA Bc Giang ti rt ra nhng nhn xt sau:
- tm hiu c cng ngh sn xut bia ti cng ty c phn HABADA Bc
Giang, t ngun nghuyn liu u vo n sn phm ra, cng vi cng tc x l
mi trng ca nh my.
- Cng ty tuy c xy dng trn mt din tch cha tht rng, vn gn khu
dn c nhng trong qu trnh lm vic khng b nh hng nhiu ca cc tc nhn
bn ngoi n vic sn xut v cht lng sn phm.
- Ngun nguyn liu c ch ng, cht lng nc c m bo cho qu
trnh sinh hot v sn xut.
- My mc c v sinh v bo dng nh k. i ng k s, cng nhn
vin lnh ngh, nhit tnh, c nhiu kinh nghim. y l mt nhn t quan trng
trong cng ty gp phn lm nng cao cht lng ca sn phm.
- Qu trnh sn xut lun m bo an ton cao, c th mi phn xng
c t cc bnh cha chy, nhng ni quy quy nh nhng iu bt buc cng,
nhn vin thc hin nghim tc.
- Nh my u t mt h thng x l nc thi vi vn u t gn 1 t
ng, da trn b hiu kh AEROTEN, m bo x l nc thi trc khi thi ra
ngoi ao, sng.
2. Kin ngh
- Cng ty nn quan tm v u t nhiu hn cho cc phng th nghim c
c cc my mc thit b hin i phc v cho vic kim tra cht lng nguyn
liu u vo, cc thng s, cc ch tiu cho bia, v cho vic cm quan. V theo tnh
hnh thc t th cng ty cha c mt phng th nghim cm quan theo ng ngha.
- Cng ty nn gim lng nguyn liu thay th m cn tng lng malt
cho cht lng bia c tt hn.
- Cng ty cn phi c mt a im rng ri hn, nm cch xa khu dn c,
mt mt trnh c cc nhim nh hng ti vic sn xut, mt mt cng trnh
lm nh hng ti mi trng cnh quan cc khu dn c xung quanh.

 n Tt Nghip

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Hong Vn Nh - 46SH

TI LIU THAM KHO

Cng ty c phn HABADA, Trung tm x l mi trng B t lnh Ha

hc, Bc Giang. Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng nh my bia HABADA
(2006).
2. PGS. PTS. Hong nh Ha (2002), Cng ngh sn xut malt & bia,
NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni.
3. PGS.TS. Lng c Phm (2004), Cng ngh vi sinh vt, NXB Nng
Nghip H Ni.
4. PGS.TS. Lng c Phm, Nm men cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v
K thut H Ni.
5. Nguyn Vn Tng (bin son), Gio trnh Cng ngh sn xut cc sn
phm ln men, H Nha Trang 2007.
6. Cao Th Thanh Tm 42TP 2 (2004), n tt nghip, H Nha Trang.
7. K s Ng Duy Tun, Cng ngh sn xut bia HABADA (dch theo bn
ting Anh), Cng ty C phn HABADA Bc Giang.
1.