1.

Tin t hu t trong ting anh

aCch dng: ph nh t i sau hoc gc t i sau. V d: atypical, apolitical, asocial, aseptic, asexual = khng in hnh, phi chnh tr, khng mang tnh cht x hi, v trng, v tnh. -able Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to tnh t. Ting Vit thng dch l d..., ng..., c th ... c, kh... Cch vit: 1. T tn cng l e th b e trc khi thm able (c 1 s ngoi l). ee th khng b 2. T tn cng l ate th b ate i trc khi thm able. V d: lovable, enjoyable, readable, breakable, differentiable, desirable, notable = ng yu (d thng), th v, d c (c c), d v, (Ton) kh vi, ng ao c, ng ch . Ch : mt s t c thay i cch pht m so vi t gc (v do du nhn cng chy i ch khc). Cc bc chu kh tra t in. prefer - preferrable compare - comparable Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t to tnh t. Cch vit: t tn cng l y th b y. V d: comfortable, miserable, honorable = thoi mi, au kh, ng knh -ability Cch dng: kt hp vi tnh t -able tr thnh danh t. V d: lovability, ability, differentiability, readability Ch : 1. unable --> inability, unstable --> instability. 2. du nhn lun ability -ant Cch dng 1: vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi thc hin hnh ng Cch vit: nh -able V d: accountant, servant, combatant, assistant, assailant = k tan, k hu, ngi tham chin (bn tham chin), tr t, k tn cng Ch : confidant l ngi c ngi ta tm s ch ko phi l ngi tm s. Cch dng 2: vi ng t --> danh t ch vt c chc nng m ng t m t V d: deodorant (ngh c c 1 ci ) = cht kh mi Cch dng 3: vi danh t --> tnh t lin quan V d: combatant, tolerant = thuc v nh nhau, kin nhn (bit chu ng) -ance Cch dng: vi ng t (thng l tn cng -ant) --> danh t lin quan V d: performance, tolerance, entrance, assistance = cuc trnh din, s chu ng, li vo, s gip antiCch dng: kt hp vi hu ht danh t to tnh t c ngha l "chng, chn, ngn" hay "ngc li" V d: anti-Bush, anti-terrorist, anti-goverment, anti-war, anti-clockwise = chng Bush, chng khng b, chng chin tranh, ngc chiu kim ng h. ante-

Cch dng: trong tnh t, ngha l "trc", tin t tri ngha l post- (sau) V d: ante-war (tin chin), post-war (hu chin) SinoCch dng: ngha l "thuc v Trung Quc, lin quan ti Trung Quc, v pha Trung Quc" V d: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit - Trung), Sino-Japanese War (chin tranh Trung - Nht), Sino-Soviet (X - Trung) Ch : cc tin t sau c ngha tng t: Filipino- (Philppin), Anglo- (Anh), Hispano- (Ty Ban Nha), Indo- (n ), v.v.

1.

aeroCch dng: xut hin trong nhng t c ngha l "khng trung, bng ng khng" V d: aerodrome (sn bay), aerodynamic (kh ng lc), aeronaut (phi hnh gia), aeroengines (ng c my bay), aerograph (biu ng hng khng) -age - Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to thnh danh t lin quan - VD: assemblage (s tp hp), blockage (s tc nghn), shortage (s thiu ht), seepage (s r qua), shrinkage (s co li), wreckage (s nt, ng nt), storage (s tn tr) - Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch n v o lng to thnh danh t mi. Danh t ny ni n khong lng - VD: mileage (tng s dm i), poundage (lng cn), tonnage (trng ti tnh bng tn. Cars with high mileage should not be driven. = Xe chy nhiu mile ri khng nn chy na (= nn mua xe mi ) agro- Trong cc t c ngha l "t" hay "nng nghip" - VD: agrochemical (ha cht trong nng nghip), agronomy (nng hc), agrology (th nhng hc) -aholic, -oholic - Kt hp vi danh t to danh t mi ngha l "ngi nghin" - VD: chocoholic (ngi nghin scla), workaholic (ngi ham lm vic), shopaholic (ngi hay mua sm), cashaholic (k hm tin), bookaholic (k mt sch) - Ch : nhng t ny xut hin nhiu trn bo ch, tra t in cha chc c. anthrop- Trong cc t c ngha l "ngi, con ngi" - VD: anthropology (nhn chng hc), philanthropic (nhn c, phi- c ngha l "tt, hay, t t") aqua- Trong cc t c ngha l "nc" - VD: aqualung (bnh hi th ln), aquarium (h c cnh) arch- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi cc danh t ch tc v trong gii qu tc hoc gio hi to danh t mi ch ngi c a v cao nht, c ngha l "tng, i" - VD: archbishop (tng gim mc), archduke (i cng tc), archangel (tng lnh thin thn)

- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t tuyt i ha danh t - VD: arch-enemy (k th khng i tri chung), arch-rival (i th s mt), arch-traitor (k phn phc), arch-villain (tn cn khn nn), archexploiter (k bc lt qu sc) -archy - Trong cc t c ngha l "s cai tr" hoc "chnh ph" - VD: anarchy (tnh trng v chnh ph), matriarchy (ch mu h, matrc ngha l "m, mu"), patriarchy (ch ph h, patr- c ngha l "cha, ph") astr- Trong cc t c ngha l "sao, ngi sao" hoc "khng gian" - VD: astrology (chim tinh), astronaut (nh du hnh), astrophysics (vt l khng gian), astronomy (thin vn hc) -based - Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi danh t thnh tnh t. Tnh t ny din t mt s vt m thnh phn quan trng v ni bt l danh t gc. - VD: acid-based powder (bt c thnh phn chnh l axt), coal-based industrial economy (kinh t cng nghip da vo khai thc than l chnh), market-based (theo th trng), computer-based TOEFL (TOEFL thi trn my tnh, tri vi paper-based l thi trn giy) -Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ni chn to tnh t. Tnh t ny din t s vic c t chc hoc xut x t ni . Ting Vit dch nm na l "..." - VD: British-based engineering group (nhm c kh Anh), home-based industry (nn cng nghip sn xut t gia), Reuters is the London-based news agency (Reuters l 1 hng thng tn t ti London), ground-based telescopes (knh thin vn t trn mt t) bi- Cch dng 1: Trong cc t c ngha l "hai, i, song" - VD: bifocals (knh 2 trng), bilateral (song phng), bigamy (ch song phu hoc song th), bilingual (song ng) - Cch dng 2: kt hp vi 1 tn s thi gian ch "bao lu hai ln" - VD: , bi-monthly (mt thng 2 ln), bi-weekly (1 tun 2 ln). - Ghi ch: bit c ngha ca bi- gip ta phn bit c biannual (1 nm 2 ln) v biennial (2 nm 1 ln) bio- Trong cc t c ngha l "sinh vt, i sng, s sng" hay "thuc v sinh hc" - VD: biology (sinh hc), antibiotics (thuc khng sinh), biochemical (ha sinh), biochip (con chip sinh hc), biography (tiu s), symbiotic (cng sinh, sym- c ngha "ng, cng")

2.

cardio- VD: cardioid (hnh tim), cardiac (thuc v tim), cardiograph (my in tm ) chron- Ch "thi gian" - VD: chronicle (s bin nin), chronic (kinh nin), anachronistic (li thi) -cide

- Trong cc danh t c ngha l "git" - VD: homicide (ti git ngi), infanticide (ti git tr con), insecticide (thuc dit cn trng), pesticide (thuc tr su), herbicide (thuc dit c), genocide (ti dit chng) circum- C ngha "vng quanh" - VD: circumspect (thn trng, gc spect ngha l "nhn"), circumference (chu vi), circumlocution (s quanh co) co- C ngha "ng, cng" - VD: co-author (ng tc gi), co-founder (ng sng lp vin), co-exist (cng tn ti, tn ti song song) counter- Vi ng t v danh t. C ngha "phn li, chng li, ngc li" - VD: counter-attack (phn cng), counterstrike (phn cng), counterterrorism (chng khng b), counterblow (c m tr), counterfire (bn tr), counter-productive (phn tc dng), counter-clockwise (ngc chiu kim ng h) - Ghi ch: anti- cng c ngha tng t nhng nh hn. C ngi phn bit anti-terrorism c ngha l "chng v quan im m ko lm g", cn counter-terrorism c ngha l "chng i km vi hnh ng (v lc chng hn)" -craft - Cch dng 1: vi danh t hoc hin ti phn t to danh t mi. Danh t mi ny ni v "phng tin di chuyn" - VD: aircraft (my bay), hovercraft (thy phi c), landing-craft (tu b), spacecraft (tu khng gian) - Cch dng 2: vi danh t, ngha l "kh nng, k nng, k thut" - VD: filmcraft (k thut phim nh), bushcraft (k thut chm bn cy cnh), needlecraft (k nng may v), witchcraft (ma thut, yu thut), woodcraft (ti i rng; ngh mc), statecraft (s qun l nh nc) cross- Cch dng 1: ngha l "xuyn, xuyn sut, xuyn qua" - VD: a large cross-national survey (cuc thm d trn c nc), crossborder (xuyn bin gii), cross-town (xuyn tnh thnh), cross-country (xuyn min ng qu) - Cch dng 2: ngha l "cho" - VD: cross-reference (tra cu cho), cross-cultural study (cuc nghin cu v s tng tc, ha nhp vn ha), cross-breed (ging lai cho) crypto- Ngha l "ngm, b mt, cha uc bit" - VD: crypto-coalition (lin qun b mt), crypto-fascist (tn pht xt b mt), crypto-democrat (ng vin ng Dn ch ngm)

3.

-cy - Cch dng 1: vi tnh t (thng tn cng l T)--> danh t lin quan ch "tnh trng, trng thi". - Cch vit: b T hay TE cui t gc trc - VD: accuracy (s chnh xc), privacy (s ring t), dependency (s ph thuc), infancy (la tui s sanh), proficiency (s tinh thng), hesitancy (s do d)

- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch "tc hiu, chc v" hay "ngh" - VD: presidency (chc tng thng), accountancy (ngh k ton), piracy (ngh n cp), bureaucracy (s quan liu), captaincy (bc i y), candidacy (s ng c) de- CD1: Vi ng t --> ng t ch hnh ng i nghch li ng t gc - VD: deactivate (v hiu ha), deallocate (t ny trong ngnh Tin, ko bit ), decentralize (phn quyn v a phng), decompress (bung nn), decontaminate (kh nhim), decouple (tch ra), de-emphasize (khng nhn mnh), decolonize (tr li c lp), decongest (lm cho lu thng, ht tc nghn), dehydrate (loi nc) - CD2: vi danh t --> "xa b, ty tr" - VD: de*** (tm v sa li), defrost (lm tan bng), descale (nh vy), deskill (coi thng) deca- Ngha l "mi, thp" - VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), decahedron (khi thp din), decametre ( = 10 metres) My ci ny gp trong n v o lng hoi, chc ai cng bit --> khi ni na demi- Ngha l "bn, 1 na" - VD: demi-god (na ngi na thn), demi-world (na th gii) derm- ngha l "da, b" - VD: dermal (thuc da), dermatitis (vim da), dermatology (khoa da liu), epidermis (lp biu b, epi c ngha l " trn, b mt") dis- Vi danh t (c khi tnh t) hay ng t --> ch "s i nghch, tri ngc" - VD: disconnect, disagree (bt ng), disallow (ko cho fp), disarm (gii gip), disband (gii tn), discredit (lm mt uy tn), disprove (phn chng, bc b), disobey (ko nghe theo), dislike (ko thch), disadvantage (s bt li), disorder (s ln xn), disrespect (s bt knh), dissimilar (khc nhau) -dom - "Tnh trng, trng thi" (tru tng ha danh t hoc tnh t) - VD: freedom, stardom (gii ngi sao), princedom (tc hong thn), wisdom (s thng thi), martyrdom (s t v o) dys- "khc thng, bnh hon, kh chu" - VD: dysfunction (ri lon), dysentery (bnh l), dystrophy (s yu c bp) eco- Lin quan ti "mi sinh, sinh thi" - VD: ecology (sinh thi hc), ecosystem (h sinh thi), ecosphere (sinh quyn), eco-disaster (thm ha sinh thi) -ectomy - Vi danh t ch b phn c th, thng trong cc t y hc, ngha l "phu

thut ct b" b phn m danh t gc cp - VD: appendectomy (PTCB rut tha), splenectomy (PTCB l lch), tonsillectomy (PTCB amian) -ee - Vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi nhn hnh ng . - VD: interviewee (ngi c phng vn), trainee (thc tp vin), employee (nhn vin), addressee (ngi nhn th), appointee (ngui c b nhim), examinee (th sinh) - Ghi ch: 1. du nhn lun lun vn EE 2. tri ngha vi gc ny l ER (ngi thc hin hnh ng), VD: trainer, examiner, interviewer, employer. 3. Vi 1 s ng t th li c ngha l "ngi thc hin hnh ng" (c thy tu cha? ): devotee (ngi nhit tnh), returnee (ngi tr v), retiree (ngi v hu), escapee (k o tu), divorcee (ngi li d) em-, en- Vi danh t hoc tnh t --> "lm cho" c c tnh m danh hoc tnh t m t - VD: enrich (lm giu thm), enfeeble (lm cho yu t), enjoy (thng thc), ensure (bo m), entitle (t ta) -en - Vi tnh t --> ng t, ngha l "lm cho" - VD: darken, blacken, sharpen, sadden, strengthen, moisten - Ghi ch: 1 s t c c 2 gc en- v -en ---> li tu na VD: enlighten (lm sng t), enliven (lm si ni)

4.

equi- "bng, bng nhau" - VD: equidistant (c khong cch bng nhau), equilateral (u, trong Hnh hc) -ery - Ch "ni chn" - VD: bakery (l bnh m), nursery (nh tr), nunnery (nh dng n), winery (nh my ru) -ese - Trong tnh t ni v ci cht in hnh, hay "phong cch" ca danh t m n kt hp - VD: Americanese (phong cch ngi M), journalese (vn vit bo, vn phong nh bo), officialese (ging iu quan liu) - Du nhn lun ESE. -esque - Vi danh t ---> tnh t ch "mang phong cch", hay "ging nh phong cch" ca danh t gc - VD: Beethovenesque (ging nhc ca Beethoven), Tarzanesque, picturesque (p nh tranh) - Du nhn lun ESQUE -ess - Vi danh t ---> danh t ging ci - VD: lioness (s t ci), tigress (cp ci), hostess (n gia ch), actress, waitress (n hu bn) ex- Vi danh t ---> ch "cu, c"

- VD: ex-wife (v c), ex-chairman (cu ch tch), ex-pupil (cu hc sinh) extra- CD1: vi tnh t --> "rt" - VD: extra-fine (rt mn), extra-bright (rt sng), extra-large (rt rng), extra-long - CD2: "ngoi, ngoi" - VD: extra-curricular (ngoi kha), extra-European (ngoi Chu u), extraterrestrial (ngoi tri t), extra-marital (ngoi hn nhn), extra-territorial (ngoi lnh th) -first - Kt hp vi danh t ch b phn c th to trng t (adverb) ch "theo hng ca b phn " - VD: fall head-first (ng chi u). When gorillas descend, they do so feetfirst, lowering themselves with their arms. (Khi kh tut xung, chng tut chn xung trc ri h thp ngi bng cnh tay.) -fold 1. Vi s m -> tnh t ch gp bao nhiu ln - VD: twofold (gp i), fourfold (gp t) 2. Vi s m -> tnh t ch c bao nhiu thnh phn quan trng. - VD: The aims of the new organization are eight-fold. (Mc tiu ca t chc mi c 8 phn.) fore- Ngha l "trc", "pha trc ca" - VD: forearm (cnh tay), foredeck (boong tu pha trc), forefoot (chn trc), forepart (phn trc), forefathers (t tin), foresee (thy trc), forewarn (cnh bo trc), foreword (li ni u) Franco- "Thuc v Php" -free - Vi danh t -> tnh t ch "khng c trong thnh phn" - VD: cholesterol-free cooking oil (du n khng cha cholesterol), meatfree diet (ch n king khng tht), risk-free investment (s u t khng ri ro), carefree (v t l), debt-free (khng mc n) - Ghi ch: -less cng c ngha l "khng c", nhng khc vi -free ch -less ch "ng ra phi c m khng c". VD: careless (bt cn, ng l phi "care" nhng khng "care"), carefree (khng "care" g ht, v t l), a childless couple = 1 cp v chng khng c con (mun c con m khng c), a childfree couple = 1 cp v chng khng (mun) c con (khng mun b con ci rng buc)

5.

-ful - Vi danh t ch vt cha --> danh t mi ch s o lng - VD: a teaspoonful of salt (mt mung mui), a boxful of chocolates (mt hp y scla), mouthful (y 1 ming), handful (y 1 nm tay) full- "ton, trn, ht mc" - VD: full-color (ton l mu, y mu), full-size (c ln), full-year (trn nm) geo- "t" - VD: geography (a l hc), geology (a cht hc), geophysics (vt l hc

a cu) -gon - "gc" - VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), polygon (hnh a gic, poly- = nhiu, a), hexagon (hnh lc gic) -graph - ch "v", "thu", "vit - VD: autograph (ch k), photograph (hnh chp) great- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh -> danh t mi ch thnh vin cch hai hay nhiu th h vi bn (ch khng phi danh t gc). - VD: great-grandmother (b c), great-aunt (b thm), great-grandson (chu c), great-great-great-great-grandfather (????????) haem- "mu" - VD: haematology (huyt hc), haemoglobin (huyt cu t) half- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh --> mi quan h khng phi cng cha v m - VD: half-brother (anh/em trai cng cha khc m (hay cng m khc cha) -hand 1. "tay cm" - VD: cup-hand (tay cm tch), gun-hand (tay cm sng). The blond man held his bloody knife-hand over him. (G tc vng cha tay cm dao vy y mu vo chng) 2. "ngi lm" - VD: cowhand (ngi qun l b sa), factory-hand (ngi lm trong nh my), fieldhand (ngi lm vic trn ng) -headed - vi tnh t -> "c u c" - VD: big-headed (kiu ngo), empty-headed (dt), hard-headed (cng u), soft-headed (kh kho), level-headed (im m) hetero- "khc", tri vi "homo" - VD: heterodox (khng chnh thng), heterosexual (tnh dc khc gii), heterogeneous (hn tp) hom-, homo- "ng, cng" - VD: homosexual (ng tnh), homogeneous (ng nht), homonym (t ng m khc ngha) -hood 1. Vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch tnh trng, thi im mt vic kinh qua. i khi nm na ch "thi..." - VD: adulthood (tui trng thnh), bachelorhood (tnh trng c thn), girlhood (thi con gi), childhood (thi th u), studenthood (thi sinh vin), wifehood (cng v lm v, s lm v), parenthood (cng v lm cha m) 2. "tnh" - VD: brotherhood (tnh anh em), sisterhood (tnh ch em), neighborhood

(tnh hng xm) hydr- "nc" - VD: hydrant (vi nc cha chy), hydro-electric (thy in), hydro-power (thy lc), hydrology (thy hc), hydrophobia (chng s nc, phobia- = chng s) hyper- "qu mc cn thit", i khi dng nh super- VD: hyper-active child (a b qu hot bt), hypersensitive (qu nhy cm), hyperdevoted (qu tn tm) hypo- " di" - VD: hypodermic (di da, derm- = da) -ian 1. Ch ngi lm cng vic - VD: beautician (chuyn vin sc p), comedian (ngh s hi), historian (s gia), magician (nh o thut, ph thy), mathematician (nh ton hc) - Du nhn lun vn ngay trc -ian: mathemaTICian 2. Vi danh t ring --> danh t hoc tnh t ch "theo phong cch ca ngi , chu nh hng ca ngi " - CV: tn cng l E thung kt hp vi -AN hn l -IAN - VD: Darwinian (theo hc thuyt c-uyn, Shakespearean (thuc Shakespeare), Victorian clock (ng h thuc thi Victoria), Jeffersonian democracy (nn dn ch theo hc thuyt Jefferson) -iana, -ana - Vi danh t ch ngi hoc ni chn --> danh t mi ch "tp hp vt th hay tin tc lin quan ti danh t gc" - VD: the middle-class disdain for Americana (thi coi thng ca giai cp trung lu i vi hng Hoa K), the display of Wellingtoniana (s trng by nhng tc phm ca Wellington) -ibility - To danh t t tnh t tn cng -ible - VD: possible -> possibility, eligible -> eligibility (d c) -ible - Nh -able - CV: trc khi thm -ible: tn cng l E -> b E, tn cng D hay DE -> chuyn thnh S, tn cng l IT th chuyn thnh ISS - VD: collapse -> collapsible (c th gp li), divide -> divisible (c th chia c, chia ht cho), permit -> permissible (chp nhn c) -ic - To tnh t lin quan danh t gc, thng i vi danh t tn cng bng -IST - VD: demon -> demonic (thuc ma qu), atomic (thuc nguyn t), diplomatic (ngoi giao), symbolic (tng trng), optimist (ngi lc quan) -> optimistic, moralist (ngi c hnh) -> moralistic, capitalistic (theo ch ngha t bn) -ics - Trong t c ngha lin quan ti mt b mn hay ngnh khoa hc - VD: physics, athletics, politics, acoustics (m hc), electronics (in t hc)

-ide - C trong nhng t ch hp cht ha hc - VD: bromide (cht brm), cloride (cht clorua), hydroxide (hirxit), oxide (xt) -ify - To ng t lin quan danh t hoc tnh t gc. - VD: classify (phn loi), falsify (gi mo), horrify (lm khip s), intensify (tng cng), purify (lm tinh khit), simplify (n gin ha), solidify (lm cho rn li; on kt) il-, im-, in-, ir- Dng rt thng dng ph nh tnh t gc - CV: IL- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng L, IR- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng R, IM- thng i vi tnh t bt u bng M hay P, cn i vi IN- th l A hoc C, D hoc S. - VD: illegal (phm php), illegible (kh c), illiterate (m ch, khng bit ch), illogical (phi l), immature (non nt), impatient (khng kin nhn), impossible (bt kh thi), imperfect (khng hon ho), impratical (khng thc t), inaccurate (khng chnh xc), incorrect (khng ng), insecure (khng an ton), irresponsible (v trch nhim), irregular (khng theo quy lut), irrational (phi l) Indo- "thuc v n " infra- "di, di" - VD: infra-red (tia hng ngoi), infrasonic (siu m), infrastructure (c s h tng) inter1. Vi danh t --> tnh t ch lin quan gia ci ny vi ci khc - VD: inter-city (lin thnh ph, gia cc thnh ph vi nhau), intercontinental (lin lc a), international (quc t, gia cc nc), interstate (gia cc bang, lin bang) 2. Vi ng t, danh t, tnh t --> ng/danh/tnh t mi ch s lin kt - VD: interlock (mc vo nhau, ***g vo nhau), interact (tng tc), interlink (ni lin nhau), intertwine (xon vi nhau), interchange (trao i), interplay (s phi hp), interdependence (ph thuc ln nhau)