1

o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo

Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|


Chuong 3
QbAN H IN I0 IkONG M8A

Trong chng nay chung ta se nghin cu s lam vic cua mba luc tai i
xng va moi vn co lin quan u c xet trn mt pha cua mba ba pha hay
trn mba mt pha.
3.1. CAC PHUONG TRINH CN BNG CUA MAY BIN AP
thy ro qua trnh nng lng trong mba, ta hay xet cac quan h in t
trong trng hp nay.
3.1.1. Fhuong trnh cn bng d|n op (sdd)










Trn hnh 3.1 trnh bay mba mt pha hai dy qun, trong o dy qun s cp
ni vi ngun, co s vong N
1
, dy qun th cp ni vi tai co tng tr Z
t
, co s
vong N
2
. Khi ni in ap u
1
vao dy qun s cp, trong dy qun s cp co dong
in i
1
chay qua. Nu pha th cp co tai th trong dy qun th cp se co dong
in i
2
chay qua. Cac dong in i
1
va i
2
se tao nn st s cp i
1
N
1
va st th cp
i
2
N
2
. Phn ln t thng do hai st i
1
N
1
va i
2
N
2
sinh ra c khep mach qua loi thep
moc vong vi ca dy qun s cp va th cp c goi la t thng chnh . T
thng chnh gy nn trong cac dy qun s cp va th cp nhng s e
1
va e
2

nh a bit chng 2 nh sau :
Hnh 3.1 Iu Ihcnc mLc mcI phc hci ccy cucn

u
2
u
1
i
1
+
_
_

Z
t
+

t2

t1
i
2
2
dt
d
dt
d
N e
1
1 1

=

= ; (3.1a)
dt
d
dt
d
N e
2
2 2

=

= . (3.1b)
trong o
1
= N
1
va
2
= N
2
la t thng moc vong vi dy qun s cp va th
cp ng vi t thng chnh .
Ngoai t thng chnh chay trong loi thep, trong mba cac st i
1
N
1
va i
2
N
2
con
sinh ra t thng tan
t1
va
t2
. T thng tan khng chay trong loi thep ma moc
vong vi khng gian khng phai vt liu st t nh du bin ap, vt liu cach in
... Vt liu ny co t thm be, do o t thng tan nho hn rt nhiu so vi t
thng chnh va t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun sinh ra no. T thng tan
t1

do dong in s cp i
1
gy ra va t thng tan
t2
do dong in th cp i
2
gy ra.
Cac t thng tan
t1
va
t2
bin thin theo thi gian nn cung cam ng trong dy
qun s cp s tan e
t1
va th cp s tan e
t2
, ma tr s tc thi la:
dt
d
dt
d
N e
1 t 1 t
1 1 t

=

= ; (3.2a)
dt
d
dt
d
N e
2 t 2 t
2 2 t

=

= . (3.2b)
Trong o: la t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun s cp;
la t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun th c p.
1 t 1 1 t
N =
2 t 2 2 t
N =
Do t thng tan moc vong vi khng gian khng phai vt liu st t nn t l
vi dong in sinh ra no :
; (3.3a)
1 1 t 1 t
i L =
2 2 t 2 t
i L = (3.3b)
Trong o: L
t1
va L
t2
la in cam tan cua dy qun s cp va th cp.
Th (3.3) vao (3.2a,b), ta co:

dt
di
L e
t t
1
1 1
= (3.4a)
dt
di
L e
t t
2
2 2
= (3.4b)
Biu din (3.4) di dang phc s :

1 1 1 1 t 1 t
I jx I L j E
& & &
= = ; (3.5a)
2 2 2 2 t 2 t
I jx I L j E
& & &
= = (3.5b)
trong o: x
1
= L
t1
la in khang tan cua dy qun s cp,
x
2
= L
t2
la in khang tan cua dy qun th cp.
3
1. Fhuong trnh cn bng d|n op dv qun so cp :
Xet mach in s cp gm ngun in ap u
1
, sc in ng e
1
, s tan cua dy
qun s cp e
t1
, in tr dy qun s cp r
1
. Ap dung nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta co
phng trnh in ap s cp vit di dang tr s tc thi la:
u
1
= - e
1
- e
t1
+ r
1
i
1
(3.6a)
Biu din (3.6) di dang s phc:

1 1 1 t 1 1
I r E E U
& & & &
+ = (3.6b)
Thay (3.5a) vao (3.6b), ta co :

1 1 1 1 1 1
I r I jx E U
& & & &
+ + =

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I Z E I ) jx r ( E U
& & & & &
+ = + + = (3.7)
trong o: Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
la tng tr phc cua dy qun s cp.
Con la in ap ri trn dy qun s cp.
1 1
I Z
&
2. Fhuong trnh cn bng d|n op dv qun thu cp
Mach in th cp gm sc in ng e
2
, sc in ng tan dy qun th cp
e
t2
, in tr dy qun th cp r
2
, in ap hai u cua dy qun th cp la u
2
. Ap
dung nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta co phng trnh in ap th cp vit di dang tr s
tc thi la:
u
2
= e
2
+ e
t2
- r
2
i
2
(3.8a)
Biu din (3.8) di dang s phc:

2 2 2 t 2 2
I r E E U
& & & &
+ = (3.8b)
Thay (3.5b) vao (3.8b), ta co :
2 2 2 2 2 2
I r I jx E U
& & & &
= (3.9)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
I Z E I ) jx r ( E U
& & & & &
= + = (3.10)
trong o Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
la tng tr phc cua dy qun th cp.
Con la in ap ri trn dy qun th cp.
2 2
I Z
&
Mt khac ta co: (3.11)
2 t 2
I Z U
& &
=
3.1.2. Fhuong trnh cn bng dong d|n
nh lut Ohm t (0.6), ap dung vao mach t (hnh 3.1) cho ta:
N
1
i
1
- N
2
i
2
= R

(3.12)
Trong biu thc (3.7), thng nn E
1 1 1
E I Z
& &
<<
1
U
1
. Vy theo cng thc
(2.6) t thng cc ai trong loi thep:

1
1
m
fN 44 , 4
U
= (3.13)
y U
1
= U
1m
, tc la U
1
khng i, theo (3.13) t thng
m
cung khng i.
Do o v phai cua (3.12) khng phu thuc dong i
1
va i
2
, ngha la khng phu thuc
4
ch lam vic cua mba. c bit trong ch khng tai dong i
2
= 0 va i
1
= i
0
la
dong in khng tai s cp. Ta suy ra:
N
1
i
1
+ N
2
i
2
= N
1
i
0
(3.14)
Hay: (3.15)
0 1 2 2 1 1
I N I N I N
& & &
= +
Chia hai v cho N
1
va chuyn v, ta co:
) I ( I )
N
N
I ( I I
'
2 0
1
2
2 0 1
& & & & &
+ = + = (3.16)
trong o:
k
I
I
2 '
2
&
&
= la dong in th cp qui i v pha s cp, con k =
2
1
N
N
.
T (3.16) ta thy rng: dong in s cp gm hai thanh phn, thanh phn
dong in khng i dung tao ra t thng chnh trong loi thep mba, thanh
phn dong in dung bu lai dong in th cp , tc la cung cp cho tai.
Khi tai tng th dong in tng, nn tng va dong in cung tng ln.
1
I
&
0
I
&
2
' I
&
2
I
&
2
I
&
2
' I
&
1
I
&
Tom lai, m hnh toan cua mba nh sau:
(3.17a)
1 1 1 1
I Z E U
& & &
+ =
(3.17b)
2 2 2 2
I Z E U
& & &
=
'
2 0 1
I I I
& & &
+ = (3.17c)
3.2. MACH DIN THAY TH CUA MAY BIN AP
c trng va tnh toan cac qua trnh nng lng xay ra trong mba, ngi ta
thay mach in va mach t cua mba bng mt mach in tng ng gm cac
in tr va in khang c trng cho mba goi la mach in thay th mba.









Trn hnh 3.2a trnh bay MBA ma tn hao trong dy qun va t thng tan
c c trng bng in tr R va in cam L mc ni tip vi dy qun s va th
cp. co th ni trc tip mach s cp va th cp vi nhau thanh mt mach in,
L
1t
i
2
r
2

u
2
u
1
i
1
r
1
(a)
L
2t
Z
t
e
1
e
2
+

+

+

Hnh 3-2. M8/ khcnc Iu Ihcnc Icn vc Ic n hcc I(cnc ccy cucn

5
cac dy qun s cp va th cp phai co cung mt cp in ap. Trn thc t, i n ap
cua cac dy qun o lai khac nhau. V vy phai qui di mt trong hai dy qun v
dy qun kia cho chung co cung mt cp in ap. Mun vy hai dy qun phai
co s vong dy nh nhau. Thng ngi ta qui i dy qun th cp v dy qun
s cp, ngha la coi dy qun th cp co s vong dy bng s vong dy cua dy
qun s cp. Vic qui i ch thun tin cho vic nghin cu va tnh toan mba,
v vy yu cu cua vic qui i la qua trnh vt ly va nng lng xay ra trong may
mba tr c va sau khi qui i la khng i.
3.2.1. Qu| d| coc do| |uong thu cp v so cp.
Nhn phng trnh (3.15b) vi k, ta co:

k
I
) Z k (
k
I
) Z k ( E k U k
2
t
2 2
2
2
2 2
& &
& &
= = (3.18)
t : (3.19)
2
'
2
E k E
& &
=
(3.20)
2
'
2
U k U
& &
=
(3.21) k / I I
2
'
2
& &
=
; ; (3.22)
2
2 '
2
Z k Z =
2
2 '
2
r k r =
2
2 '
2
x k x =
; ; (3.23)
t
2 '
t
Z k Z =
t
2 '
t
r k r =
t
2 '
t
x k x =
Phng trnh (3.12b) vit lai thanh:
(3.24)
'
2
'
t
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
I Z I Z E U
& & & &
= =
Trong o: , , , , tng ng la s, in ap, dong in, tng tr
dy qun va tng tr tai th cp qui i v s cp.
'
2
E
&
'
2
U
&
'
2
I
&
'
2
Z
'
t
Z
Tom lai m hnh toan mba sau khi qui i la :
(3.25a)
1 1 1 1
I Z E U
& & &
+ =
(3.25b)
2
'
t
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
I Z I Z E U
& & & &
= =
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ = (3.25c)
3.2.2. Moch d|n thov th chnh xoc cuo M8A.
Da vao h phng trnh qui i (3.25a,b,c) ta suy ra mt mach in tng
ng goi la mach in thay th cua MBA nh trnh bay trn hnh 3.3.
Xet phng trnh (3.23a), v phai phng trnh co Z
1 1
I
&
la in ap ri trn tng tr
dy qun s cp Z
1
va la in ap ri trn tng tr Z
1
E
&

m
, c trng cho t thng
chnh va tn hao st t. T thng chnh do dong in khng tai sinh ra, do o ta co
th vit :
6

0 0 1
I Z I ) jx r ( E
m m m
& & &
= + = (3.26)
trong o: Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
la tng tr t hoa c trng cho mach t.
r
m
la in tr t hoa c trng cho tn hao st t.
p
Fe
= r
m
2
0
I (3.27)
x
m
la in khang t hoa c trng cho t thng chnh .


Hnh 3-3. Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe cuc M8/ mcI phc hci ccy cucn

2
' U
&
1
U
&
1
I
&
x
1
r
1
) I (
'
2
&

x
2
r
2
Z
t
+

+

o
I
&
r
m
x
m
1
E
&
+

3.2.3. Moch d|n thov th gn dung cuo M8A.
Trn thc t thng tng tr nhanh t hoa rt ln (Z
m
>> Z
1
va Z
2
), do o
trong nhiu trng hp co th bo qua nhanh t hoa (Z
m
= ) va thanh lp lai s
thay th gn ung trnh bay trn hnh 3.3a.
Khi bo qua tng tr nhanh t hoa, ta co:
Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n
+ jx
n
(3.28)
Trong o Z
n
= r
n
+ jx
n
la tng tr ngn mach cua mba; r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
la in tr ngn
mach cua mba; x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
la in khang ngn mach cua mba.
Trong MBA thng r
n
<< x
n
, nn co th bo qua in tr ngn mach (r
n
= 0).
Trong trng hp nay mach in thay th MBA trnh bay trn hnh 3.3b.

Hnh 3-3. Mcch cien Iucnc cucnc ccn cunc cuc M8/ mcI phc hci ccy cucn

1
U
&

1
I
&

(a)
jx
n r
n
'
2
U
&

'
2
I
&
Z
t
1
U
&
1
I
&
(b)
jx
n
'
2
U
&

'
2
I
&

Z
t







7
3.3. D THI VECTO CUA MAY BIN AP
Ve th vect cua mba nhm muc ch thy ro quan h v tr s va goc lch
pha gia ca c ai lng vt ly , , , ... trong MBA, ng thi thy ro c
s thay i cac ai lng vt ly o cac ch lam vic khac nhau.

&
U
&
I
&


Hnh 3-4 c Ihi vecIc( cuc mcy Lien cp
c. Ici I|nh ccm: L. Ici I|nh cunc
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&

&

0
I
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1
'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&

'
2
U
&

1 1
I Z
&


1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&
1 1
I r
&

&

0
I
&

1
I
&
'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1
'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&

'
2
U
&
1 1
I Z
&
'
2
'
2
I Z
&

Hnh 3-4a la th vect mba trong trng hp phu tai co tnh cht in cam.
th vect c ve da vao cac phng trnh cn bng in ap va st cua MBA.
Cach ve th vect nh sau :
+ t vect t thng theo chiu dng truc hoanh truc hoanh.
m

&
+ Ve vect dong in khng tai ,vt trc mt goc .
0
I
&
m

&
+ Ve cac vect s va do sinh ra, chm sau no mt goc 90
1
E
&
1
'
2
E E
& &
=
m

&
o
.
+ Do tai co tnh in cam nn dong in chm sau mt goc
'
2
I
&
'
2
E
&
2
.

'
t
'
2
'
t
'
2
2
r r
x x
arctg
+
+
= (3.29)
+ Theo phng trnh (3.25c), ta ve vect dong in bng vect dong in
cng vi vect dong in .
1
I
&
0
I
&
) I (
'
2
&

+ Ve cac vect khac da vao cac phng trnh cn bng (3.25a,b).

th vect mba khi phu tai co tnh dung ve tng t, nhng dong in
vt trc mt goc
'
2
I
&
'
2
E
&
2
(hnh 3-4b).
8
D thi vecto don gian mba
Hnh 3-5 c Ihi vecIc ccn cicn mLc
1
U
&
1 n
I r
&

'
2 1
I I
& &
=
1 n
I jx
&

2
) U (
'
2
&

3-5
o
1 n
I Z
&
x

2
1
U
&
r
1
r

2
r
m
x
1
x
m
0 1
I I
& &
=
0
I
&
Hnh 3-. Sc cc Ihcy Ihe mLc khi khcnc Ici

0 I
2
=
&
'
=
& & &
+ =
Trong s thay th gn ung (hnh 3-
3a), ta cho la dong in
&
, nn :
&
. 0 I
o
=
2 1
I I
&
Phng trnh cn bng in ap :
U (3.30)
n 1
'
2 1
Z I U
Ta ve c th vector tng ng khi
phu tai co tnh cam nh hnh 3.5.

3.4. XAC DINH CAC THAM S CUA MAY BIN AP
Cac tham s cua MBA co th xac nh bng th nghim hoc bng tnh toan.
3.4.1. Xoc d|nh coc thom s bng th ngh|m
Hai th nghim dung xac nh cac tham s la th nghim khng tai va th
nghim ngn mach.
1. Thi nghim khng tai mba.
Ch khng tai mba la ch ma th cp h mach (I
2
= 0), con s cp c
cung cp bi mt in ap U
1
. Trn hnh 3.6 la mach in thay th may bin ap khi
khng tai.


1
E
&

V
W A
Hnh 3-7. Sc cc Ih| nchiem khcnc Ici
V



Khi khng tai (hinh 3.6) dong in th cp I
2
= 0, ta co phng trnh la:
(3.31a)
1 0 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =
hoc (3.31b)
0 0 1 0 1
Z I ) Z Z ( I U
m
& & &
= + =
trong o: Z
0
= Z
1
+ Z
m
= r
o
+ jx
o
la tng tr khng cua tai mba;
r
o
= r
1
+ r
m
la in tr khng cua tai mba;
x
o
= x
1
+ x
m
la in khang khng cua tai mba;
9
xac nh h s bin ap k, tn hao st t trong loi thep p
Fe
, va ca c thng s
cua mba ch khng tai, ta th nghim khng tai. S ni dy th nghim
khng tai nh trn hnh 3.7. t in ap U
1
= U
1m
vao dy qun s cp, th cp
h mach, cac dung cu o cho ta cac s liu sau: oat k W o c P
0
la cng sut
khng tai; Ampe k o I
0
la dong in khng tai; con vn k ni pha s cp va th
cp ln lc o U
1m


va U
20
la in ap s cp va th cp.
T cac s liu o c, ta tnh :
a) T s bin ap k:
'
2 1
E E
& &
=
1
E
&

1
U
&
o 1
I r
&

&

0
I
&

o 1
I jx
&

o
o 1
I Z
&

Hnh 3.8 c Ihi vecIc cuc
M8/ khcnc Ici
20
m 1
2
1
2
1
U
U
E
E
N
N
k = = (3.32)
b) Dong in khng tai phn trm
% 10 % 1 100
I
I
% i
dm 1
0
0
= = (3.33)
c) Tng tr nhanh t hoa
+ in tr khng tai :
r
o
=
2
o
o
m 1
I
P
r r = + (3.34)
in tr t hoa r
m
>> r
1
nn ly gn ung bng:
r
m
= r
0
(3.35)
+ Tng tr khng tai :

0
dm 1
0
I
U
Z = (3.36)
+ in khang khng tai :

2
0
2
0 m 1 0
r Z x x x = + = (3.37)
in khang t hoa x
m
>> x
1
nn ly gn ung bng:
x
m
= x
0
(3.38)
d) Tn hao khng tai
T mach in thay th hnh 3.6, ta thy tn hao khng tai la tn hao ng trn
dy qun s va tn hao st trong loi thep. Nh vy tn hao khng tai :
P
0
= r
m
I
o
2
+ r
1
I
0
2
p
Fe
(3. 39)
Do in tr cua dy qun s va dong in khng tai nho nn ta bo qua tn hao
ng trn dy qun s luc khng tai. Nh vy t hao khng tai P
o
thc t co th
xem la tn hao st p
Fe
do t tr va dong in xoay trong loi thep gy nn.
10
V in ap t vao dy qun s khng i, nn , do o B cung khng i,
ngha la tn hao st, tc tn hao khng tai khng i.
e) H s cng sut khng tai.
0 dm 1
0
0
I U
P
cos = ( 0,1) (3.40)
T th vect MBA khng tai hnh (3.8), ta thy goc lc pha gia va
la
1
U
&
o
I
&
o
90
o
, ngha la h s cng sut luc khng tai r t thp, thng cos
o
0,1.
iu nay co y ngha thc t rt ln la khng nn MBA lam vic khng tai hoc
non tai, v luc o se la m xu h s cng sut cua li in.
2. Thi nghim ngn mach mba
Ch ngn mach mba la ch ma pha th cp b ni tt, s cp t vao
mt in ap U
1
. Trong vn hanh, nhiu nguyn nhn lam may bin ap b ngn
mach nh hai dy dn pha th c p chp vao nhau, ri xung t hoc ni vi nhau
bng tng tr rt nho. y la tnh trang ngn mach s c, cn tranh.

1
U
&

r
n
x
n
n
I I
& &
=
1
Hnh 3.8 Mcch cien Ihcy
Ihe m.L.c khi nccn mcch

A
W A
Hnh 3. Sc cc Ih| nchiem nccn mcch
V
I
2m
I
1m
U
n
P
n
B
iu
chnh
in
ap

U
1







Khi m.b.a ngn mach U
2
= 0, mach in thay th m.b.a ve trn hnh 3.8.
Dong in s cp la dong in ngn mach I
n
.
Phng trnh in ap cua mba ngn mach:

n n n n n n 1
Z I I ) jx r ( I U
& & & &
= + = (3.41)
T phng trnh (3.41), ta co dong in ngn mach khi U
1
= U
m
:

n
m
n
Z
U
I = (3.42)
hay
% u
100 I
100
100
U
I z
I
100
100
I
I
z
U
I
n
m
m
m n
m
m
m
n
m
n

= = = (3.43)
Do tng tr ngn mach rt nho nn dong in ngn mach rt ln khoang bng
(10 25)I
m
. y la trng hp s c, rt nguy him cho may bin ap. Khi s dung
mba cn tranh tnh trang ngn mach ny.
11
Tin hanh thi nghim NM nhu sau: Dy qun th cp ni ngn mach, dy
qun s cp ni vi ngun qua b iu chnh in ap. Ta iu chnh in ap vao
dy qun s cp sao cho dong in trong cac dy qun bng nh mc. in ap o
goi la in ap ngn mach U
n
. Luc o cac dung cu o cho ta cac s liu sau: Vn k
ch U
n
la in ap ngn mach; oat k ch P
n
la tn hao ngn mach; Ampe k ch I
1m

va I
2m
la dong in s cp va th cp nh mc. T cac s liu o c, ta tnh :
a) Tn hao ngn mach
Luc th nghim ngn mach, in ap ngn mach U
n
nho (u
n
= 4-15%U
m
) nn t
thng nho, co th bo qua tn hao st t. Cng sut o c trong th nghim
ngn mach P
n
la :
P
n
= r
n
I
n
2

= r
1
I
2
1m
+ r
2
I
2
2m
(3.44)
Nh vy tn hao ngn mach chnh la tn hao ng trn hai dy qun s cp va
dy qun th cp khi tai nh mc.
b) Tng tr, in tr va in khang ngn mach.
+ Tng tr ngn mach:
Z
n
=
m 1
n
I
U
(3.45)
+ in tr ngn mach:
r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
=
2
1m
n
I
P
(3.46)
+ in khang ngn mach:
x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
=
2
n
2
n
r Z (3.47)
Trong m.b.a thng r
1
= r
2
va x
1
= x
2
. Vy in tr va in khang tan cua dy
qun s cp:
r
1
= r
2
=
2
r
n

(3.48)
x
1
= x
2
=
2
x
n

va in tr va in khang tan cua dy qun th cp:
r
2
=
2
'
2
k
r
; x
2
=
2
'
2
k
x
(3.49)
c) H s cng sut ngn mach
n
n
m 1 m
n
n
Z
r
I U
P
cos = = (3.50)
d) in ap ngn mach
12
in ap ngn mach phn trm:
U
n
% = % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I Z
1
n
1
1 n
m m
m
= (3.51)
in ap ngn mach U
n
gm hai thanh phn: Thanh phn trn in tr r
n
, goi la
in ap ngn mach ta c dung , Thanh phn trn in khang x
nr
U
n
, goi la in ap
ngn mach phan khang .
nx
U
+ in ap ngn mach tac dung phn trm:
u
nr
% =
n n
m 1
nr
m 1
m 1 n
cos % u % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I r
= = (3.52)
+ in ap ngn mach phan khang phn trm:
u
nx
% =
n nx
m 1
nx
m 1
m 1 n
sin % u % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I x
= = (3.53)
in ap ngn mach tac dung cung co th tnh :

) kVA ( S . 10
) W ( P
100
I
I
U
r I
100
U
U
% u
m
n
m
m
m
n m
m
nr
nr
= = = (3.54)
3.4.2. Xoc d|nh coc thom s bng tnh toon
1. Tng tro nhanh tu hoa
in tr nhanh t hoa :

2
0
Fe
m
I
P
r = (3.55)
vi W ;
50
f
) G B G B ( p p
3 , 1
g
2
g t
2
t 50 / 1 Fe

+ = va
2
ox
2
or o
I I I + = (3.56)
in khang nhanh t hoa :

x 0
1
m
I
E
x = (3.57)
vi
1
g g . t t t . t
1
0
x 0
mU
S nq G q G q
mU
Q
I

+ +
= = (3.58)
2. Tng tro ngn mach
in tr ngn mach
= ,
S
l N
k r
1
1 . tb 1
75 r 1
0 ; = ,
S
l N
k r
2
2 . tb 2
75 r 2
0 (3.59)
13

2
2
2
1
1 n
r )
N
N
( r r + = (3.60)
k
r
: h s la m tng tn hao do t trng tan

75
: in tr sut cua dy dn lam dy qun.
in khang ngn mach
Vic xac nh x
1
va x
2
lin quan n vic xac nh s phn b t trng tan
cua tng dy qun. dy ta xac nh x
1
va x
2
gn ung vi gia thit n gian.
Xet cho trng hp dy qun hnh tru (hnh 3-8). Chiu dai tnh toan cua dy
qun l

ln hn chiu dai thc l cu a dy qun mt t :

R
k
l
l =

(3.61)
i
2
N
2
i
1
N
1
i
2
N
2
i
1
N
1
a
1
a
12
a
2
H
x3 H
x1
H
x2
H
x
x
Hnh 3-10 Iu Ihcnc Icn

k
R
= 0,93-0,98 : h s qui i t trng tan ly
tng v t trng tan thc t (h s Rogovski)
Theo nh lut toan dong in :

= i Hdl
i vi thep =
Fe
, nn H
Fe
= 0, v vy :
Trong pham vi a
1
(0 x a
1
) :
,
a
x
i N i l H
1
1 1 1 x
= =

do o ,
a
x
l
i N
H
1
1 1
1 x
=

Trong pham vi a
12
(a
1
x a
1
+a
12
) :
, i N Ni l H
1 1 2 x
= =

do o ,
l
i N
H
1 1
2 x

=
Trong pham vi a
2
( a
1
+ a
12
x a
1
+ a
12
+ a
2
) :
,
a
) a a ( x
i N i N i l H
2
12 1
2 2 1 1 3 x
+
+ = =

, i N
a
a a x
i N
1 1
2
12 1
1 1

= vi (i
1
N
1
= -i
2
N
2
)
do o ,
a
x a a a
l
i N
H
2
2 12 1 1 1
3 x
+ +
=

Xac nh bin gii t thng tan cua hai dy qun se rt kho khn, do o vic
tnh toan ring re cac tham s x
1
va x
2
khng th thc hin c. Ta co th xac
14
nh x
1
+ x
2
vi qui c bin gii phn chia t trng tan cua hai ng dy s cp va
th cp la ng gia khe h a
12
.
Goi D
tb
la ng knh trung bnh cua ca hai dy qun va bo qua s thay i
ng knh theo chiu x th vi phn t thng cach x mt khoang trong pham vi a
1
:
dx D H d
tb 1 x o 1
=
moc vong vi s vong dy :

1
1
x
N
a
X
N =
Vy trong pham vi a
12
t thng moc vong vi mt s vong dy la N
1
vong :
dx D H d
tb 2 x o 2
=
T thng moc vong vi toan b dy qun 1 la :
dx D
l
i N
N dx D
a
x
l
i N
N
a
x
tb
2
a
a
a
1 1
o 1 tb
1
a
0
1 1
o 1
1
1
12
1
1
1
+ =

+


)
2
a
3
a
(
l
D i N
12 1 tb 1
2
1 o
+

=

Tnh tng t, ta co t thng moc vong vi toan b dy qun 2 la :
)
2
a
3
a
(
l
D i N
12 2 tb 1
2
1 o '
2
+

=

in khang ngn mach :

1
'
2 1
2 1 n
i
f 2 ' x x x
+
= + =
x
n
)
3
a a
a (
l
k D i N
f 2
2 1
12
R tb 1
2
1 o
+
+

= (3.62)
Ta thy x
n
phu thuc vao kch thc hnh hoc cua cac dy qun a
1
, a
2
, a
12
va l.
Kch thc nay c chon sao cho gia thanh cua may la thp nht.


]R R^

1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|




Chng 4
M.8.A LAM VIC O IAI OI X0NG
Trong iu kin lam vic bnh thng cua li in, ta co th phn phi u
phu tai cho ba pha, luc o m.b.a lam vic vi in ap i xng va dong in trong
cac pha cung i xng. Ta xet s cn bng nng lng va s la m vic cua mba
trong iu kin in ap s cp U
1
= const, va tn s f = const.
4.1. GIAN D NNG LUONG CUA M.B.A
Trong qua trnh truyn tai nng lng qua MBA, mt phn cng sut tac
dung va phan khang b tiu hao trong may. Xet mba lam vic tai i xng, s
cn bng nng lng da trn s thay th chnh xac hnh 4.1.

x

2
r
1
r

2
x
1
P
1
jQ
1
P
2
jQ
2
P
t
jQ
t
p
cu1
jq
1
p
Fe
jq
m
p
cu2
jq
2
Hnh 4-2 Gian nng l ng mba

1
U
&
r
m
0
I
&
1
I
&
'
I
&
2

x
m
'
2
U
&
1
E
&

t


Hnh 4-1 S thay th may bi n ap

Goi P
1
la cng sut ta c dung a vao dy qun s cp mba:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
(4.1)
Mt phn cng sut nay bu vao :
Tn hao ng trn in tr cua dy qun s: p
cu1
= m
1
r
1
I
2
1

Tn hao st trong loi thep mba : p
Fe
= m
1
r
m
I
o
2

Cng sut con lai goi la cng sut in t chuyn sang dy qun th cp:
P
t
= P
1
- (p
cu1
+ p
Fe
) = m
2
E
2
I
2
cos
2
(4.2)
2
Cng sut u ra P
2
cua mba se nho hn cng sut in t mt lng chnh
bng tn hao ng trn in tr cua dy qun th : p
cu2
= m
2
r
2
I
2
2
=m
1
r

2
I
2
2
:
P
2
= P
t
- p
cu2
= m
2
U
2
I
2
cos
2
(4.3)
Cung tng t nh vy, ta co cng sut phan khang nhn vao dy qun s cp:
Q
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
(4.4)
Cng sut nay tr i cng sut tao ra t trng tan dy qun s cp q
1
=
m
1
x
1
I
2
1
va t trng trong loi thep q
m
= m
1
x
m
I
o
2
, phn con lai la cng sut phan
khang chuyn sang dy qun th cp:
Q
t
= Q
1
- (q
1
+ q
m
) = m
2
E
2
I
2
sin
2
(4.5)
Cng sut phan khang a n phu tai:
Q
2
= Q
t
- q
2
= m
2
U
2
I
2
sin
2
(4.6)
Trong o q
2
= m
2
x
2
I
2
2
tao ra t trng tan dy qun th.
Tai co tnh cht in cam (
2
> 0) th Q
2
> 0, luc o Q
1
> 0 va cng sut phan
khang truyn t dy qun s cp sang dy qun th cp.
Tai co tnh cht in dung (
2
< 0) th Q
2
< 0, nu Q
1
< 0, cng sut phan
khang truyn t dy qun th sang dy qun s hoc Q
1
> 0, toan b cng sut
phan khang t pha th cp va s cp u dung t hoa MBA.
S cn bng cng sut tac dung va phan khang trnh bay trn hnh 4.2
4.2 D THAY DI DIN AP THU CP MBA
thay i in ap th cp mba U la
hiu s s hoc gia tr s in ap th cp luc
khng tai U
20
(iu kin U
1
= U
1m
) va luc co tai
U
2
.
A
0
I
2
U
2*
U
rn*
U
nx*
U
1dm
=1
P H
K

2
Hnh 4-3 Xac nh U cua mba

'
20
'
2
'
20
20
2 20
U
U U
U
U U
U

=

=

'
* 2
m 1
'
2
m 1
'
; 2 m 1
U 1
U
U
1
U
U U
U = =

= (4.7)
Xac nh U bng phng phap giai tch.
Goi
'
m 2
'
2
m 2
2
I
I
I
I
= = : h s tai cua mba.
cos
2
: h s cng sut cua mba.
Ta co:
* nr
'
m 2
'
2
m 1
'
m 2 n
'
m 1
'
2 n
U
I
I
U
I r
U
I r
BC = = =
3
* nx
'
m 2
'
2
m 1
'
m 2 n
m 1
'
2 n
U
I
I
U
I x
U
I x
AB = = =
T A ha ng thng goc AP xung 0U
2*
va goi AP = n va CP = m, ta co:
m n 1 U
2 '
* 2
=
m
2
n
1 U
2
'
* 2

2
n
m U 1 U
2
'
* 2 *
+ = = (4.7)
Tnh m va n, ta c :
m = CK+KB = (U
nr*
cos
2
+U
nx*
sin
2
)
n = AH-HP = (U
nx*
cos
2
-U
nr*
sin
2
)
Vy U
*
= (U
nr*
cos
2
+U
nx*
sin
2
) +
2
(U
nx*
cos
2
-U
nr*
sin
2
)
2
/2
S hang sau rt nho co th bo qua nn:
U
*
= (U
nr*
cos
2
+ U
nx*
sin
2
) (4.8)
Tnh U
*
theo %, ta vit lai biu thc trn:
U
*
% = (u
nr
%cos
2
+ u
nx
%sin
2
) (4.9)
hoc U
*
% = u
n
%(cos
n
.cos
2
+ sin
n
.sin
2
) (4.10)












=1
U%
1 0
0
cos
2
u
nx
%
u
nr
%
-u
nx
%

2
> 0
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=0.8

U%
0

2
< 0
cos
2
=1
(b)
Hnh 4-4
a.Quan h U=f()
cos

2 = const
b. Quan h U= f(cos
2
)

= const
(a)





Hnh 4.4 cho bit cac quan h U = f() khi cos
2
= C
te
va U = f(cos
2
)
khi = C
te
.
4
4.3 CAC PHUONG PHAP DIU CHINH DIN AP CUA M.B.A.
Ta thy U=f(,cos
2
) nh vy U
2
phu thuc vao va cos
2
, gi cho U
2
=
const khi tng tai th t s bin ap k phai thay i, ngha la ta phai thay i s vong
dy N.
Mt cun dy co hai u ra, gia hoc cui cun dy ta a ra mt s u
dy ng vi cac vong dy khac nhau thay i in ap.
4.3.1. Ihov d| s vong dv kh| mov ngung |om v|c:
Dung cho cac may bin ap ha a p khi in ap th cp thay i hoc khi iu
chnh in ap theo th phu tai hang nm.
i vi mba cng sut nho : mt pha co 3 u phn nhanh : 5%U
m
.
i vi mba cng sut ln : mt pha co 5 u phn nhanh: 2x 2.5%U
m

Vic thc hin i ni khi may ngng lam vic, nn thit b i ni n gian,
re tin, t trong thung du va tay quay t trn np thung.
Cac u phn ap a ra cui cun dy th vic cach in chung d dang hn
(hnh 4.5a).
Cac u phn ap a ra gia cun dy th lc in t i xng va t trng
tan phn b se u (hnh 4.5b).


Hnh 4-5 Cac kiu iu chnh i n a p cua mba
(a) (b)












4.4.1. Ihov d| s vong dv kh| mov dong |om v|c (d|u op duo| to|)
Trong h thng in lc cng sut ln, nhiu khi cn phai iu chnh in ap
khi may bin ap ang lam vic phn phi lai cng sut tac dung va phan khang
gia cac phn oan cua h thng. Cac MBA nay co tn goi la MBA iu chnh
di tai. in ap thng c iu chnh tng 1% trong pham vi 10%U
m
.
5

K
K
K
X
1
X
1
X
2
X
1
X
2
X
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
1
C
1
C
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
2
T
2
T
2
(b) (a) (c)
Hnh 4- Thit b i ni va qua trnh i u chnh in a p cua mba iu chnh di tai









Vic i ni cac u phn ap trong MBA iu chnh di tai phc tap hn va
phai co cun khang K (hnh 4.6) han ch dong in ngn mach cua b phn dy
qun b ni ngn mach khi thao tac i ni. Hnh 4.6 cung trnh bay qua trnh thao
tac i ni t u nhanh X
1
sang u nhanh X
2
, trong o T
1
, T
2
la cac tip xuc
trc; C, C
2
la cng-tc-t. v tr (a va c) dong qua cun khang K theo hai chiu
ngc nhau, nn t thng trong loi thep gn bng khng, in khang X cua cun
khang rt be. Trong v tr trung gian (b) dong ngn mach chay qua K cung chiu
nn co t thng va X ln, lam giam dong ngn mach I
n
.
Cng-tc-t C
1
, C
2
t ring trong thung du phu gn vao vach thung du, v
qua trnh ong ct cng-tc-t lam bn u.
Trn hnh 4.7 trnh bay s nguyn ly cua b iu ap di tai dung in tr
R. in tr R lam chc nng han ch dong in ngn mach. Con hinh 4.8 cho ta
thy vic b tr b iu ap di ta i trong thung mba.

Hnh 4-7 Nguyn ly iu ap di tai dung in tr R
R
A

X



4.4. HIU SUT CUA M.B.A
Hiu sut cua mba la t s gia cng sut u ra P
2
va cng sut u vao P
1
:
100
P
P
%
1
2
= (4.11)

6

Hnh 4-8 V tr b iu ap di tai trong thung MBA













Hiu sut mba nho hn 1 v qua trnh truyn tai cng sut qua mba co tn hao
ng va tn hao st. Ngoai ra con k n tn hao do dong in xoay trn vach
thung du va bu lng lp ghep.
Nh vy biu thc (4.11), co th vit lai :
100 )
p P
p
1 ( %
2

+
= (4.12)
vi p = p
cu1
+ p
cu2
+ p
Fe

Ta a co phn trc:
p
Fe
= P
0

p
cu1
+ p
cu2
=
2
n
2
'
dm 2
'
2 2 '
dm 2 n
2 '
2 n
2 '
2
'
2
2
1 1
P )
I
I
( I r I r I r I r = = = +
P
2
= U
2
I
2
cos
2

2 m 2
m 2
2
m 2 m 2
cos S cos
I
I
I U =
Th vao (4.12), ta co :
7
100 )
P P cos S
P P
1 ( %
n
2
0 2 m
n
2
0
+ +
+
= (4.13)
Thng th cac tn hao rt nho so vi cng sut truyn tai nn hiu sut mba
rt cao. i vi mba dung lng ln, hiu sut at ti trn 99%.
Ta thy = f(,cos
2
), cho cos
2
=
const, ta tm hiu sut cc ai
max
:

.95

0.5

0 1
1
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=1
Hnh 4- Quan h =f()
cos
2
=const
.9


0 n
2
max
P P 0
d
d
= =

n
0
max
P
P
= (4.14)
Hiu sut m.b.a at gia tr cc ai
khi tn hao khng i bng tn hao bin
i hay tn hao st bng tn hao ng.
25 . 0 2 , 0
P
P
n
0
=
5 0 45 0 . .
max
=
Trn hnh 4.9 trnh bay quan h hiu sut = f() khi cos
2
= const.

4.5 MAY BIN AP LAM VIC SONG SONG
Ly do ni mba lam vic song song:
1. Cung cp in lin tuc cho cac phu tai
2. Vn hanh cac mba mt cach kinh t nht.
3. May qua ln th vic ch tao va vn chuyn se kho khn.
Th nao la lam vic song song ?
Dy qun s cp cac mba ni chung vao mt li in va dy qun th c p
cung cung cp cho mt phu tai.
iu kin ni mba lam vic song song:
1. Cung t s bin ap.
2. Cung t ni dy.
3. Cung in ap ngn mach.
4.5.1. |u k|n cung t n| dv :
Cung t ni dy in ap th cp se trung pha nhau. Khac t ni dy /ap th
cp se lch pha nhau, va s lch pha ny phu thuc vao t ni dy.
8
VIDU 4.1
Ni hai mba: May th nht I ni Y/-11 va may th hai II ni Y/Y-12 lam
vic song song. Vy in ap th cp hai may se lc pha nhau mt goc 30
0
, trong
mach ni lin dy qun th se xut hin mt s:
E = 2Esin15
0
= 0.518E
Khi may khng tai, trong y qun se co dong in cn bng :

nII nI
cb
Z Z
E
I
+

= (4.15)
Gia th Z
nI
=Z
nII
=0.05, 18 . 5
05 . 0 05 . 0
518 . 0
I
cb
=
+
= ln I
m

Nh vy ong in I
cb
= 5,18I
m
se lam hong may bin ap.


I
cbI
I
cbII
E
2II
E
2I
E
E
Hnh 4-11. th vect in ap va
dong in cua cac mba co t ni dy
khac nhau la m vic song song
Hnh 4-10. S ghep song song mba
I

II
A
A
X
X
a
a
x
x
U
1
U
2











4.5.2. |u k|n cung t s b|n d| d|n op:
Nu t s bin i in ap cua hai may khac nhau ma hai iu kin con lai thoa
man th khi mba lam vic song song, in ap th cp khng tai se bng nhau (E
2I
=
E
2II
), trong mach ni lin dy qun th cua mba se khng co dong in chay qua.
Gia th k
I
k
II
th E
2I
E
2II
va khi khng tai, trong mach ni lin qun th cua
mba se co dong in I
cb
chay qua c sinh ra bi in ap :
(4.16)
II 2 I 1
E E E =
nII nI
cb
Z Z
E
I
+

= (4.17)
9
Dong in ny se cha y trong dy qun mba theo hai chiu ngc nhau va chm
pha mt goc 90
0
v r << x. Luc ny in ap ri trn dy qun se bu tr vi s, kt
qua la trn mach th co in ap thng nht U
2
.














Kt qua khi mba mang tai, dong in tai I
t
se cng vi dong cn bng lam cho
iu kin lam vic cua may se xu i, ngha la dong trong may khng t l vi
cng sut cua chung, anh hng ti s li dung cng sut cua chung.
Chu y : Cho phep K khac nhau 0.5% so vi tr s trung bnh cua no.
4.5.3. |u k|n d|n op ngn moch bng nhou:
Tr s ngn mach cua cac may bng
nhau th phu tai se phn b t l vi cng
sut cua chung. Tht vy, xet ba mba lam
vic song song co in ap ngn mach u
nI
,
u
nII
, u
nIII
.N u bo qua dong in t hoa th
mach in co dang nh hnh 4- 12.
Tng tr tng ng mach in :

=
+ +
=
ni nIII nII nI
Z Z Z Z
1
1
1 1 1
1
Z
in ap ri trn mach tng ng:
(4.18) I . Z U U U
'
& & & &
= =
2 1
trong o dong in tng cac mba, do o dong in tai cua mi mba :
'
I I I
2 1
& & &
= =
U
2
E U
2 2I
I
tI
I
2I
I
tII
I
2II
E
2II
I
cbI
I
cbI
I
cbII
I
cbII
Hnh 4-11. th vect va s phn ph i tai cua cac mba lam
vic song song vi K khac nhau. a/ Khi khng tai. b/ Khi co tai
Hnh 4-12 Mach in thay th
cua mba lam vic song song
1
U
&
-
'
2
U
&

Z
n1
I
I
&
Z
nII
I
II
Z
nIII
I
III
1
I
&
'
I
2
&

'
I
I
&

U

10

= =
ni
nI
nI
I
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
(4.19a)

= =
ni
nII
nII
II
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
; (4.19b)

= =
ni
nIII
nIII
III
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
(4.19c)
Thng th
nI

nII

nII
nn chuyn tnh t s phc sang tnh mun:
Ta co :

m
m
n n
I
U
u z =
T dong mba I, ta co :

=
ni
mi
mI
nI
I
u
I
I
u
I
I
2
, (4.20)
nhn hai v cho
m m
m
m
m
I U
U
S
U
= , ta co h s tai cu a cac may :

=
ni
mi
nI
I
u
S
u
S
(4.21a)

=
ni
mi
nII
II
u
S
u
S
(4.21b)

=
ni
mi
nIII
III
u
S
u
S
(4.21c)
Nh vy, t (4.21a,b va c) ta thy h s tai cua cac MBA lam vic song song t l
nghch vi in ap ngn mach cua chung :

I
:
II
:
III
=
nI
u
1
:
nII
u
1
:
nIII
u
1
(4.22)
Nh vy, cac mba lam vic song song, co in ap ngn mach u
n
bng nhau,
tai se phn b t l vi cng sut cua may. Nu u
n
khac nhau MBA nao co u
n
ln,
nho con u
n
nho, ln. Khi may co u
n
nho lam vic nh mc th MBA co u
n
ln
se hut tai, kt qua la khng tn dung ht cng sut thit k cua mi may.
Chu y : Cho phep u
n
khac nhau 10% va cng sut MBA co t l: 3:1
11
VI DU 4.2
Cho ba MBA co cung t ni dy qun va t s bin i vi cac s liu sau : S
mI
=
180kVA, S
mII
= 240kVA, S
mIII
= 320kVA; u
nI
% = 5,4, u
nII
% = 6,0, u
nIII
% = 6,6.
Hay xac nh tai cua mi MBA khi tai chung cua cac MBA bng tng cng sut
cua chung va tnh xem tai ti a cua cac MBA khng MBA nao b qua tai ?
Giai
Tng cng sut cua ba may :
S = 180 + 240 + 320 = 740 kVA
H s tai cua cac may :
125 , 1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 4 , 5
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nI
I
=
+ +
= =


01 , 1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 6
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nII
II
=
+ +
= =


92 , 0
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 6 , 6
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nIII
III
=
+ +
= =


Cng sut tai cua cac may :
S
I
=
I
.S
mI
= 1,125 x 180 = 202,5 kVA
S
II
=
II
.S
mII
= 1,01 x 240 = 243 kVA
S
III
=
III
.S
mIII
= 0,92 x 320 = 294,5 kVA
Ta thy MBA I co u
n
nho nht b qua tai nhiu, trong khi o MBA III co u
n
ln b
hut tai. Tai tng ti a khng MBA nao b qua tai ng
I
= 1. Luc o ta co :
1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 4 , 5
S
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nI
I
=
+ +
= =


S = 657,72 kVA
Ro rang la phn cng sut t cua cac MBA khng c li dung se bng :
740 - 658 = 82 kVA.

] R R ^
1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|




Chuong 5
M.8.A LAM VIC O IAI KHONG OI X0NG

5.1. DAI CUONG
Tai khng i xng cua mba la tai khng phn phi u cho ca ba pha, lam
cho dong in trong ba pha khng bng nhau, gy anh hng xu n tnh trang
lam vic bnh thng trong mba nh:
+ in ap dy va pha se khng i xng.
+ Tn hao phu trong dy qun va loi thep tng ln.
+ chnh nhit cua mba vt qua qui nh.
nghin cu tnh trang lam vic khng i xng cua mba ta dung phng
phap phap phn lng i xng. H thng dong in khng i xng cua mba
, , c phn tch thanh ba h thng dong in i xng:
a
I
&
b
I
&
c
I
&
+ Th t thun: , ,
a1
I
&
b1
I
&
c1
I
&
+ Th t ngc: , ,
a2
I
&
b2
I
&
c2
I
&
+ Th t khng: , ,
a0
I
&
b0
I
&
c0
I
&
va quan h gia chung ta a hoc phn ly thuyt mach in nh sau :

0 2 1 a a a a
I I I I
& & & &
+ + =

0 2 1
2
0 2 1 a a a b b b b
I I a I a I I I I
& & & & & & &
+ + = + + =

0 2
2
1 0 2 1 a a a c c c c
I I a I a I I I I
& & & & & & &
+ + = + + =
Vit lai dang ma trn:

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
&
&
&
&
&
&
= (5.1)
va
c
b
a
a
a
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
&
&
&
&
&
&
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
= (5.2)
2
Trong o: , va 1 + a + a
0
120 j
e a =
0
240 j 2
e a =
2
= 0.
Chu y :
Khi tai mba khng i xng, bao gi cung phn tch thanh cac thanh phn:
TT thun, TT ngc va TT khng. Ring thanh phn TT khng trong mba
do co tr s bng nhau va trung pha v thi gian nn ch tn tai khi mba ni
Y
0
va ..
Phng phap phn lng i xng da trn c s nguyn ly xp chng, nn
khi ap dung nguyn ly o ta gia thit mach t mba khng bao hoa.
Khi phn tch ta xem nh a qui i t pha th cp v pha s cp va
n gian ta bo qua du phy.
5.2. MACH DIN THAY TH VA TNG TRO CUA MBA
DI VOI CAC THANH PHN DI XUNG.
+ Di voi h thng dong din thu tu thun : H thng dong in ny i xng
nn mach in thay th va cac tham s cua mba nh a xet chng 3.


I
a0
I
A0
I
B0
I
C0
3I
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
B0
I
C0
3I
A0
I
b0
I
c0
3I
A0
I
b0
I
c0




















A
C
B
0
A
C
B
0
a
b
c
0
a
b
c
Z
1
Z
2
Z
m0
U
A0
-U
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
m0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
m0
U
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
m0
U
&
A0
Z
n
Z
n
I
A0
= -I
a0
I
A0
= -I
a0
- U
&
A0
U
&
A0
Hnh 5.1 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe mcy Lien cp cci vci Ihcnh phc n Ihu Iu khcnc
c. Nci Y
c
/Y
c
: L. Nci Y
c
/
(a) (b)
3
+ Di voi h thng do ng din thu tu nguoc : dong ny co tac dung hoan toan
ging dong in th t thun v nu i 2 trong ba pha pha s va pha th th hin
tng trong mba khng co g thay i nn mach in thay th va cac tham s cua
mba khng khac g so vi dong in th t thun.
+ Di voi h thng dong din thu tu khng : h thng dong in th t khng 3
pha sinh ra trong mba t thng th t khng
t 0
trung pha v thi gian.
T mba 3 pha: T thng
t 0
khep mach qua loi thep nn dong I
a0
=

I
b0
=
I
c0
du nho cung u sinh ra
t 0
ln v t tr thep nho.
Mba 3 pha ba tru:
t 0
khep mach qua vt liu khng phai st t nn
to

nho hn trn.
T thng
t0
sinh ra trong dy qun s cp va th c p cac s t cam va h
cam va ta thanh lp s thay th hnh T tng t nh i vi trng hp dong
in th t thun. Xet trng hp co dong in th t khng nh sau :
- Khi mba ni Y
0
/Y
0
hoc Y
0
/:
Dong th t khng tn tai ca dy qun s cp va th cp nn mach in thay
th i vi phn lng th t khng khng co g khac dang mach in thay th cua
phn lng th t thun.
- Khi mba ni Y/Y
0
:









A
C
B
I
a0
I
b0
I
c0
a
b
c
3I
A0
0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
m0
U
A0
-U
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
m0
-U
A0
Z
m0
+
Z
2
I
a0
Hnh 5.2 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe mcy Lien cp nci Y/Y
c
cci vci
Ihcnh phc n Ihu Iu khcnc


S cp khng co dy trung tnh nn I
&
A0
= 0 va pha ny xem nh h mach.
* Ta thy cac mach in thay th trn:
+ Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
va Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
: nh tng tr th t thun va ngc.
+ Z
m0
: tng tr t hoa th t khng phu thuc vao cu tao mach t:
_ Mach t t mba 3 pha: Z
m0
= Z
m
.
_ Mach t mba 3 pha ba tru: Z
m0
nho (thng Z
m0
= (7-15)Z
n
)
+ S th t khng do t thng
t0
sinh ra nh sau :
0 0 0 m m t
I Z E
& &
= (5.3)
4
+ Khi mba ni Y
0
/Y
0
hoc Y
0
/ : ca s cp va th cp u co dong TT K

nn dong
0 0 a A
I I
& &
vy
0 m
I
&
sinh ra
t0
rt nho. Trong trng hp
n y Z
m0
= 0 va Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
.
Xac dinh tng tro thu tu khngZ
t0
bng thi nghim :

I
t0
V
A
U
W
T
Hnh 5.3 Sc cc nci ccy
xcc cinh Icnc I(c Ihu Iu
khcnc mcy Lien cp





T: m, nu pha th c p khng co dong th t khng.
T: ong, nu pha th cp co dong th t khng.
Theo s li u o c ta tnh:

I 3
U
Z
0 t
= ; (5.4)
2
0 t
I 3
P
r = (5.5)
2
0 t
2
to 0 t
r Z x = . (5.6)
5.3. TAI KHNG DI XUNG CUA MBA
5.3.1. Kh| co dong d|n thu tu khng:
1. Trng hp dy qun ni Y/Y
0
:
Khi tai khng i xng ta co:
S: 0 I I I
C B A
= + +
& & &
(5.7)
Th:
d c b a
I I I I
& & & &
= + + (5.8)
Phn tch dong in pha s cp va th cp thanh cac thanh phn, ta co:
+ Cac dong in t hoa TT thun va ngc
1 m
I
&
,
2 m
I
&
cua cac pha se sinh ra
cac s .
C B A
E , E , E
& & &
+ Con dong in t hoa TT khng I
a0
= I
b0
= I
c0
= I
d
/3 tn tai pha th cp
khng c cn bng v I
a0
=I
b0
=I
c0
= 0 se sinh ra
t 0
va s tng i ln.
0 m
E
Phng trnh cn bng in ap pha s cp la:

0 m A 1 A A
E E Z I U
& & & &
=
(5.9)
0 m B 1 B B
E E Z I U
& & & &
=

0 m C 1 C C
E E Z I U
& & & &
=
do va nn: 0 E E E
C B A
= + +
& & &
0 I I I
C B A
= + +
& & &
5
(5.10)
0 m 0 m 0 m C B A
Z I 3 E 3 U U U
& & & & &
= = + +
Khi dy qun ni Y, ta co:

B A AB
U U U
& & &
=
C B BC
U U U
& & &
= (5.11)
A C CA
U U U
& & &
=
Tnh:
) U U ( ) U U ( U U
B A A C AB CA
& & & & & &
=

A C B A
U 3 U U U
& & & &
+ + =
A
B C
'
A
U
&
'
B
U
&

mo ao
Z I
&
'
C
U
&
A
U
&

B
U
&
C
U
&

Hnh 5-4 ien cp khcnc cci xunc
cc ciem I(unc I|nh Li xe cich
) U Z I ( 3 U 3 Z I 3
A 0 m 0 A A 0 m 0 m
& & & &
= =
Vy:
0 m 0 a
'
A 0 m 0 a
CA AB
A
Z I U Z I
3
U U
U
& & &
& &
&
+ = +

=
0 m 0 b
'
B 0 m 0 b
AB BC
B
Z I U Z I
3
U U
U
& & &
& &
&
+ = +

= (5.12)
mo co
'
C mo co
BC CA
C
Z I U Z I
3
U U
U
& & &
& &
&
+ = +

=
T th vect hnh 5.4 ta thy : Anh hng cua dong in th t khng lam
cho im trung tnh cua in ap s cp b lch i mt khoang bng
mo ao
Z I
Phng trnh cn bng in ap pha th cp la:
2 a 1 A A a
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ =

2 ao 2 a 1 a 1 2 A 1 A Ao mo
'
A
Z ) I I I ( Z ) I I ( I Z U
& & & & & & &
+ + + + + =
V ; va Z
1 1 a A
I I
& &
=
2 2 a A
I I
& &
=
mo
+ Z
o
= Z
to
, cho nn :
to ao n A
'
A a
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ = (5.13a)
Cung tng t , ta co :
to bo n B
'
B b
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ = (5.13b)
to co n C
'
C c
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ = (5.13c)
Ta thy, t cac phng trnh trn chng to rng, do co dong in th t khng
nn im trung tnh th cp mba b lch mt khoang ln hn khoang lch
s cp . Thc t, s khac nhau khng ang k, vi
to ao
Z I
&
mo ao
Z I
&
to mo
Z Z .
Nh vy : s x dch im trung tnh lam :
in ap pha khng i xng bt li cho tai dung in ap pha.
han ch x dch im trung tnh, qui nh :
Dong trong dy trung tng I
d
< 0,25I
m
.
Vi t mba ba pha khng ni Y/Y
o
v Z
mo
qua ln.
Con mba ba pha ba tru ni Y/Y vi S
m
< 6000kVA.
6
2. Trng hp dy qun ni Y
0
/Y
0
va Y
0
/:
Trong trng hp ny dong inh th t khng tn tai ca hai pha s va th va
cn bng nhau nn khng sinh ra t thng
to
va nh vy phng trnh in
ap th cp se nh sau:
to
E
n A
'
A a
Z I U U
& & &
=
n B
'
B b
Z I U U
& & &
= (5.14)
n C
'
C c
Z I U U
& & &
=
V :
d C B A
I I I I
& & & &
= + +
Nn t (5.14) ta suy ra c :
(5.15)
d n c b a
I Z U U U
& & & &
= + +
im trung tnh se b lch mt khoang
n d n ao
Z I Z I
3
1
= . S x dch nay la
khng ang k v Z
n
rt nho.
5.3.2. Kh| khng co dong d|n thu tu khng:
Trng hp nay ng vi cac t ni dy : Y/Y ; /Y ; Y/ ; /. V khng
co dong in th t khng, hn na cac dong in th t thun va ngc pha s
cp va th cp cn bng nhau nn khng cn thit phai phn tch thanh phn lng
i xng ma ch cn dung phng phap thng thng phn tch in ap tng
pha.
Chu y : Khi tai khng i xng, in ap U pha khng bng nhau, nhng v
Z
n
nho nn s khng cn bng v in ap pha va dy la khng nghim trong. Trn
thc t, nu tai khng i xng vi mc phn lng th t ngc va th t thun
khng qua 5% th in ap c xem nh i xng.

5.4. NGN MACH KHNG DI XUNG CUA MBA
Ngn mach khng i xng xay ra khi do s c pha th cp mt pha b ni
tt vi dy trung tnh, hai pha ni tt nhau hoc hai pha ni vi dy trung tnh.
Nhng trng hp k trn co th xem nh la nhng trng hp gii han cua tai
khng i xng. phn tch cac trng hp ngn mach khng i xng, ta cung
ap dung phng phap phn lng i xng noi trn.
Hnh 5.5 trnh bay kt qua phn tch v s phn phi dong in gia cac pha
cua mt s trng hp ngn mach khi khng co dong in th t khng (hnh
5.5a,b,c) va khi co dong in th t khng (hnh 5.5d,e).
7


67%
A
B
C
33%
33%
A
B
C
100%
100%
100%
100%
A
C
B
100%
100%
100%
a
b
c
100%
100%
A
C
o
B





















] R R ^
67%
A
B
C
T
33%
33%
67%
33%
33%
a
c
100%
100%
a
c
b
100%
o
a
100%
b
c
100%
100%
100%
100%
a
b
c
Hnh 5.5 Su phcn Lc ccnc cien ciuc ccc phc khi nccn mcch
1
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Chuong QbA IkNH QbA O IkONG M.8.A

6.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
Qua trnh qua trong mba la qua trnh mba chuyn t ch xac lp ny
sang ch xac lp khac khi co s thay i mt trong cac ai lng xac nh ch
lam vic cua mba nh : tn s, in ap, phu tai..
Theo yu t dong in ngi ta phn ra : qua dong in va qua in ap.
6.2. QUA DONG IN
Xet qua dong in xay ra trong hai trng hp :
1. ong mba vao li khi khng tai.
2. Ngn mach t nhin.
.2.1. ong mbo voo |uo| kh| khng to|.
Ta thy :
Luc lam vic bnh thng dong in khng tai : I
0
10 % I
m
.
Luc ong mba vao li in : I
0
>> I
m
. V sao ?.
Gia th in ap t vao dy qun s cp (hnh 6.1) luc ong K la:
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
0
).

0
: la goc pha cua in ap luc ong mba vao li.
Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua dy qun s la:
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
0
) =
dt
d
W i r
1 0 1

+ . (6.1)
Ta thy quan h = f(i
0
) la quan h phi
tuyn. tnh toan n gian, ta gia thit t
l vi i
0
, ngha la :
1
1
0
L
W
i

= .
Hnh .1 S ong mba
vao li in luc khng tai
K
u
1

W
1
W
2
Vi L
1
: h s t cam cua dy qun s.
Vit lai phng trnh (6.1), ta co:

dt
d
L
r
) t sin(
W
U
m

+ = +
1
1
0
1
1
.
2
Giai phng trnh trn, ta co nghim la:
=

.
Thanh phn xac lp cua t thng:

=
m
sin(t +
0
-
2

).
= -
m
cos(t +
0
).
Vi :
2
1
2
1 1
1 1
) L ( r W
U L
m
m
+
= .
Thanh phn t thng t do:

t
L
r
' '
Ce
1
1

= .
Xac nh hng s C vi iu kin t = 0 trong loi thep co t thng d
d
, nn:

t=0
= (

+ )
t=0
= -
m
cos
0
+ C =
d
.
C =
m
cos
0

d
.
Vy : = (
m
cos
0

d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1

.
Ta co, sau khi giai phng trnh :
= -
m
cos(t +
0
) + (
m
cos
0

d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1

.
T phng trnh trn ta thy :
1. iu kin thun li nht khi ong mba vao li in la :

0
=
2

tc in ap u
1
= U
1m
va t thng
d
= 0, luc o:
= -
m
cos(t +
0
) =
m
sint .
tc la xac lp ngay khi ong mba vao li, khng xay ra qua trnh qua .
2. iu kin bt li nht khi ong mba vao li in la :

0
= 0 tc in ap u
1
= 0 va t thng
d
> 0, luc o:
= -
m
cost + (
m
+
d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1

max

t

d



Hnh .2 S bin thin t thng
(t) luc dong mach bt li nht

0
Khi t = th =
max
v r << L
1
.
Nn :
t
L
r
e
1
1

= 1
1
1

L
r
e .
T thng luc ny :

max
2
m
+
d

Vy, t thng
max
> 2
m
luc lam
vic bnh thng, nn luc ny loi thep
m.b.a rt bao hoa va dong t hoa I
0

trong qua trnh qua se rt ln, c
100 ln dong I
0

3
V DU 1 : Luc bnh thng : I
0
= 5%I
m
.
Luc qtrnh qua : I
0
= 5I
m
. Mba b ct khoi li khi ong khng tai.
.2.2. Quo dong d|n kh| ngn moch
y ch xet qua trnh qua t luc bt u xay ra ngn mach n khi thanh
lp ch ngn mach xac lp.
Tnh dong in I
n
qua trnh qua .

x
n r
n
u
1 u
1
i
n
Hnh 6.3 S luc mba b ngn mach

Vi r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
= L
n




Vit phng trnh cn bng in ap :
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
n
) =
dt
di
L i r
n
n n n
+ .
Trong o
n
: la goc pha cua in ap luc mba xay ra ngn mach.
Giai phng trnh trn vi iu kin ban u t = 0 th i
n
= 0, ta c :
i
n
= i + i
=
t
L
r
n n n n
n
n
e cos I ) t cos( I

+ + 2 2
vi :
2 2
1
) L ( r
U
I
n n
n
+
= .
Ngn mach xay ra bt li nht khi
n
= 0, vi r
n
<< L
n
.

t
L
r
n n n
n
n
e I t cos I i

+ = 2 2
Dong at gia tr cc ai khi t = , luc o :

xg n
L
r
n xg
K I ) e ( I i
n
n
2 1 2 = + =

Trong o, K
xg
phu thuc vao dung lng mba, mba cang ln th K
xg
cang ln.
Thng K
xg
= 1.2 1.8.
V DU 2 :
Mba cng sut 1000kVA, u
n
% = 6.5, u
nr
% = 1.5, u
nx
% = 6.32.
K
xg
= 1 +
nx
nr
n
n
u
u
L
r
e e

+ =1 = 1.475
Dong in xung bng :
7 22 475 1
100
2 2 . .
% u
K I i
n
xg n xg
= = = ngha la i
xg
= 22.7I
m
.
4
Hai mba :
1. Dy qun nong va b chay cach in.
2. Gy lc c hoc pha kt cu dy qun.
Bao v :
1. Dung relais tac ng nhanh ct ch s c ra khoi mba.
2. Mba b nm cac vong dy bn trong, ngi ta thng dung relais hi,
relais so l ch bao v ct mba ra khoi li.
6.3. QUA IN AP TRONG M.B.A
.3.1. Nguvn nhn gv quo d|n op :










MBA
U
m
U
m
U
m0
0.5U
m
1.2
50

t (s)
U

P
Khi mba lam vic trong li in thng chu nhng in ap xung kch, con
goi la qua in ap, co tr s gp nhiu ln tr s in ap nh mc.
Nguyn nhn gy qua in ap :
1. Thao tac ong ct ng dy hoc cac may in.
2. Ngn mach cham t kem theo h quang.
3. Set anh vao ng dy tai in trn khng va song set truyn n mba.
y la song nguy him nht i vi mba, v co tr s hang triu vn.T
song qua in ap, ta thy :
a. T ni xut hin lan truyn v hai pha vi tc gn bng C.
b. Dang xung khng chu ky vi u song rt dc, con ui bng phng
hn.
c. Thi gian tng t 0 U
m
khoang s (hnh 6.1).
giam bin U
m0
cua song qua in ap ta dung b chng set phong in P
(hnh 6.2), dn in tch cua song xung kch xung t. Ta thy U
m0
la bin
trc chng set rt ln. Sau tac ng cua b chng set, in ap cua song xung kch
giam i nhiu U
m
. Bin sau b chng set U
m
nho hn tr s th bn cach in
cua mba.
Hnh 6.4 Song qua in ap Hnh 6.5 Song qua in ap trc va sau chng set
5
.3.2. Moch d|n thov th vo phuong trnh v| phn
Tn s song qua in ap (xung kch) la :
Hz . ,
. , .
t T
f
d x
x
x
5
6
10 08 2
10 2 1 4
1
4
1 1
2
= = = =

=


Thanh lp s thay th :
Goi : C
d
la in dung gia cac phn t cua dy qun vi nhau.
C
q
la in dung gia cac phn t cua dy qun vi t.
Khi qua in ap dung khang x
c
<< r, x
L
nn bo qua r, x
L
v f
x
rt ln.










Hnh . S thay th cua
dy qun mba khi co qua
in ap
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
C
q
C
d
r, x
l
A
X

Ta thy in dung co thng s rai gm n vong dy:
in dung doc toan phn :
n
C
C /
C
'
d
d
d
= =

1
1
.
in dung ngang toan phn :
'
q
'
q q
nC C C = =

Khi ly dai cua dq la mt n v, i vi mt nguyn t nho cua dq co
dai dx co th tm c in dung ngang C
q
dx va tham s vi phn ngang Kdx, trong
o K=1/C
d
.
i vi in tch ngang nguyn t Kdx :
Kdx
du
Q
x
x
= (6.1)
in ap trn in dung :
dx C
dQ
u
q
x
x
= (6.2)
Thay (6.1) vao (6.2), ta co : 0
2
2
=
x
d
q
x
u
C
C
dx
u d

Giai pt trn ta c nghim dang:
x x
x
e D e D u

+ =
2 1
vi la nghim cua pt c trng :
d
q
d
q
C
C
C
C
= = 0
2
.
Dung iu kin bin vi dy qun ni t :
X A
C
d
C
q
6
1. khi x =1
m
x x
x
U e D e D u = + =

2 1
2. khi x = 0 0
2 1
= + =
x x
x
e D e D u
Ta tm c :

=
sh
x sh
U u
m x
(6.3)
Trng hp dy qun khng ni t, ta cung co :

=
ch
x ch
U u
m x
. (6.4)
.3.3. $u phn b d|n op bon du doc dv qun:
Ve cac quan h (6.3) va (6.4), ta c s phn b in ap ban u :












Hnh . S phn b in ap ban u doc dy qun.
a/. Khi ni t. b/. Khi khng ni t.

=5
=10
U
m
1

1

.4

.2

.2
.4

.6

.6

.8




Ta thy :
= 0 s phn b in ap ban u doc theo dy qun u : u
x
= xU
m
.
cang ln s phn b in ap ban u doc theo dy qun khng u, ma
tp trung chu yu vao u dy qun.
> 5 s phn b in ap khng phu thuc vao s ni t hay khng.
V rng gian thay th mba gm r, L, C hnh thanh, nn mt loat nhng
mach vong dao ng va qtq t in ap ban u n in ap cui cung mi im
cua dy qun u mang c tnh dao ng. Do tn hao trn in tr cac dao ng
se tt dn. Bin dao ng va qua in ap xut hin khi o tng ln vi s tng
v khac nhau gia phn b in ap u va cui.
giam nguy him do dao ng o cn giam n mc co th. Giam se
tng kch thc mba nh vy se tng gia thanh, ngha la khng thc hin c.
.8

0
A
X

(a)

=0
U
m
=1
=0
=5
=10
1
1

.2

.8

.6

.2

.4

.8

.6

.4

0

X
A
(b)

7
Bao v mba khoi qua in ap :
1. Tng cng cach in u va cui dy qun.
2. Tao ra in dung man chn tnh in, di dang nhng vong kim loai h
co boc cach in.


] R R ^

1
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G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|



Chuong 7
MAY 8IN AF C 8II

7.1. MBA BA DY QUN
Mba ba dy qun la mba co mt dy qun s va hai dy qun th, dung cung
cp in cho cac li in co in ap khac nhau, ng vi cac t s bin i :

2
1
2
1
12
W
W
U
U
k = = ;
3
1
3
1
13
W
W
U
U
k = = (7.1)


3

1

2

2

1 3
2
U
&

1
U
&

3
U
&
2
I
&
1
I
&

3
I
&
Hnh 7.1 MLc Lc ccy cucn
I






u im cua mba ba dy qun so vi mba hai dy qun :
1. Gia thanh san xut re hn mba hai dy qun.
2. Mt bng chim ch be hn.
3. Lin tuc truyn tai nng lng t dy qun s sang hai dy qun th hoc
truyn t dy qun th ny sang dy qun th khac.
4. Tn tht nng lng be hn mba 2 dy qun khoang chng hai ln.
Khuyt im cua mba ba dy qun so vi mba hai dy qun :
1. tin cy cua mba 3 dy qun be hn mba 2 dy qun v ...
2. Vic b tr u ra cua mba 3 dy qun phc tap hn mba 2 dy qun.
Cung nh may bin ap hia dy qun, ngi ta ch tao mat bin ap ba dy
qu n theo kiu t may bin ap ba pha hoc may bin ap ba pha ba tru, mi pha t
2
ba dy qun nh hnh 7.1. Tiu chun t ni dy mba 3 dy qun Y
0
/Y
0
/-12-11 va
t mba 3pha hay mba 3pha ba tru Y
0
//-11-11.
Theo qui nh tiu chun v cng sut ch tao mba 3 dy qun:
S
1m
/S
1m
S
2m
/S
1m
S
3m
/S
1m
.
1 1 1
1 1 2/3
1 2/3 2/3
(1 2/3 1)
7.1.1. Fhuong trnh co bon, so d thov th, d th| vecto cuo mbo 3 dv qun.
Qua trnh in t trong mba 3 dy qun c m ta mh mba 2 dy qun, tt ca
cac ai lng cua hai dy qun th 2, 3 quy i v s vong cua dy qun s:

1
2
2 2
W
W
I I
'
= ;
1
3
3 3
W
W
I I
'
= ;
2
1
2 2
W
W
U U
'
= ;
3
1
3 3
W
W
U U
'
=
Cung nh mba 2dy qun, dong t hoa mba3dy qun rt nho c xac nh :
(7.2) 0
0 3 2 1
= + + I I I I
' '
& & & &
S h cam : vi Z
0 2 1
I Z E E
m
'
& & &
= =
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
.
S tan trong mi dy qun: ; ; .
'
I jx E
1 1 1
& &
=

' ' '

I jx E
2 2 2
& &
=

' ' '

I jx E
3 3 3
& &
=

Vi dong cn bng h cam :

1 0 1 1
I I I I
'
& & & &
=
in khang : x
1
, x
2
, x
3
la in khang tan tng ng cua dy qun, c tm
thy khi co tnh n anh hng cua cac dy qun khac. (Ngu hp t thng tan).
Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua mba ba dy qun :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I Z E I r E E U
& & & & & &
+ = + =


. (7.3)
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
I Z E I r E E U
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
& & & & & &
= + =

.
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
I Z E I r E E U
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
& & & & & &
= + =




Hnh 7.2 Sc cc Ihcy Ihe mLc 3 ccy cuc n

1
U
&

2
U
& 3
U
&
Z
1 Z
2

Z
m
Z
3

1
I
&

0
I
&
'
I
2
& '
I
3
&







3
Tng tr nhanh t hoa Z
m
tm c bng tnh toan hoc th nghim.
Cac tng tr Z
1
,Z
2
,Z
3
, c xac nh t th nghim ngn mach (hnh 7.3) nh:
Z
n12
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n12
+ jx
n12

Z
n13
= Z
1
+ Z
3
= r
n13
+ jx
n13
(7.4)
Z
n23
= Z
2
+ Z
3
= r
n23
+ jx
n23
.
Giai h phng trnh ta tm c :Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
.
Z
1
=
2
1
(Z
n12
+ Z
n13
- Z
n23
);
Z
2
=
2
1
(Z
n12
+ Z
n23
- Z
n13
); (7.5)
Z
3
=
2
1
(Z
n13
+ Z
n23
- Z
n12
).


U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
U
n
U
n
1
1

2
3
2
3
1

2

3












Hnh 7.3 Sc cc vc mcch cien Ihcy Ihe khi Ih| nchiem


T th vect cua mba ba dy
qun (hnh 7.4), ta thy U
2
khng
nhng phu thuc vao I
2
ma con phu
thuc vao I
3
. Va U
3
khng nhng phu
thuc vao I
3
ma con phu thuc vao I
2
.
giam anh hng ny ta cn
giam tng tr Z
1
bng cach t cun
dy 1 vao gia 2 dy qun 2 va 3, luc
o x
1
co th co gia tr m.

nccn mcch mLc Lc ccy cuc n
Hnh 7-4 c Ihi vecIc mLc 3 ccy cucn
jx
1
I
1
jx
2
I
2
-E
2
r
2
I
2
U
2
-I
3
-I
2 I
1
I
0
U
3

4
7.1.2. thov d| d|n op thu cp mbo bo dv qun.
Dy qun 1 va 2 :
dm
'
dm
*
U
U U
U
1
2 1
12

= .
= u
nr*12
cos
2
+ u
nx*12
sin
2
+ u
nr*(3)
cos
3
+ u
nx*(3)
sin
3
(7.6)
Trong o:

dm
'
n
* nr
U
I r
u
1
2 12
12
= ;
dm
'
n
* nx
U
I x
u
1
2 12
12
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nr
U
I r
u
1
3 1
3
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nx
U
I x
u
1
3 1
3
= ;
Dy qun 2 va 3 :
dm
'
dm
*
U
U U
U
1
3 1
13

= .
= u
nr*13
cos
3
+ u
nx*13
sin
3
+ u
nr*(2)
cos
2
+ u
nx*(2)
sin
2
.(7.7)
Trong o:

dm
'
n
* nr
U
I r
u
1
3 13
13
= ;
dm
'
n
* nx
U
I x
u
1
3 13
13
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nr
U
I r
u
1
2 1
2
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nx
U
I x
u
1
2 1
2
= ;
I
2
, I
3
: dong in tai.
cos
2
,cos
3
: h s cng sut.
7.2. MAY BIN AP T NGU.
Mba t ngu la loai mba ma o ngoai s lin h v t con co s lin h trc
tip vi nhau v in gia dy qun s cp va dy qun th cp .
Hnh 7.5 Sc cc cuc mLc Iu nccu mcI phc

U
CA
E
2
I
2
E
1
I
1
U
HA
I
CA
U
CA
E
2
I
2
E
1
I
1
U
HA
I
CA
I
HA
A X
a x
I
HA
x a

A
X

I
CA
Ni ngc (b)
U
CA
U
HA
I
HA
I
CA
x
a
A
X
E
1
I
1
E
2
I
2
U
1
U
2
a





Ni thun (a)
U
CA
U
HA
E
2
I
2
U
2
I
HA
x
A
E
1
I
1
U
1
X
5
Hnh 7.4 trnh bay hai kiu ni dy cua mba t ngu : Ni thun hnh 7.5a va
ngc 7.5b
Ta thy cng sut truyn tai cua mba t ngu gm hai thanh phn :
1. Truyn qua nh t trng trong loi thep.
2. Truyn dn trc tip.
Dung lng thit k mba t ngu la dung lng truyn dn nh t trng:
S
tk
= E
1
I
1
= E
2
I
2
(7.8)
Dung lng mba t ngu truyn qua luc vn hanh thc t :
S
ttai
= U
CA
I
CA
= U
HA
I
HA
(7.9)
T s bin i n ap cua mba TN:
K
I
I
E
E
U
U
= = =
1
2
2
1
2
1
(7.10)
T s bin i n ap cua li in :
K
I
I
U
U
CA
HA
HA
CA
= = thng K< 2.5. (7.11)
Xet trng hp ni thun (hnh a):

K I U
I ) U U (
I U
I E
S
S
CA CA
CA HA CA
CA CA ai tt
tk
1
1
2 2
=

= = (7.12)
Xet trng hp ni ngc (hnh b):
1
1
1
2 2
= =

= = K K )
K
(
I U
I ) U U (
I U
I E
S
S
CA CA
HA HA CA
CA CA ai tt
tk
(7.13)
Nh vy kiu ni thun co li hn nn c dung trong thc t.
Cng dung cua mba TN :
1. Mba t ngu dung lin lac gia cac h thng in co cac cp in ap
khac nhau trong h thng in nh : 110-220; 220-500; 330-750 kV.
2. Mba t ngu dung m may cac ng c khng ng b cng sut ln.
3. Mba t ngu dung rng rai lam ngun cho cac thit b in sinh hoat.
4. Mba t ngu dung ca c phong th nghim thay i in ap lin tuc.
u nhc im cua mba t ngu :
u im :
1. Mba t ngu ch ta o re hn mba 2 dy qun cung cng sut.
2. Luc vn hanh tn hao trong mba t ngu cung nho hn:
)
k
(
S
p
S
p
tke ttai
1
1 =

ngha la tn hao ch con (
k
1
1 ) so vi mba 2 dy
qun.
6
3. in ap u
n
cua mba tn nho con (
k
1
1 ) so vi mba 2 dy qun cung
cng sut.
4. Sut ap trong mba t ngu nho v u
n
nho.
Nhc im :
1. V u
n
nho nn dong in I
n
tng i ln.
2. Khi vn hanh vi li in trung tnh mba t ngu phai ni t nu
khng se khng an toan.
3. Mba t ngu yu cu cach in cao hn mba thng.
7.3. MAY BIN AP O LNG
7.3.1. Mov b|n d|n op
May bin in ap (hnh 7.6a) dung bin in ap cao thanh in ap nho o
lng va iu khin. Cng sut may bin in ap 251000VA.
May bin in ap co dy qun s ni vi li in va dy qun th ni vi Vn
met, cun dy ap cua Watt k, cun dy cua cac rle bao v, hoc cac thic b iu
khin khac (hnh 7.6b). Cac loai dung cu ny co tng tr Z rt l n nn may bin
in ap xem nh lam vic ch khng tai, do o sai s v tr s nho va bng :
100
1
1
2
1
2
U
U
W
W
U
% U

= (7.14)
Goc
u
gia U
1
va U
2
(hnh 7.6c) cung nho.

u
U
1
U
2
Hnh 7. Mcy Lien cien cp

(a)
U
1
U
2
A X
a x
(b)
V
W
(c)












7
Cp chnh xac va sai s cua mba :
Cp chnh xac 0.5 1 3
Sai s U 0.5% 1% 3%
Sai s
u
20 40 K
0
qui nh
Chu y : Khi s dung mba khng c ni tt mach th cp v ni tt mach th
cp tng ng ni t t mach s cp ngha la gy s co ngn mach li in.
7.3.2. Mov b|n dong d|n :
May bin dong in dung bin dong in ln thanh dong in nho o
lng bng cac dung cu o tiu chun va iu khin.
Cng sut May bin dong in : 5100VA.
May bin dong in (hnh 7.7a) co dy qun s gm t vong dy mc ni ti p
vi mach cn o dong va dy qun th gm nhiu vong dy ni vi ampe met, cun
dy dong cua Watt met, cun dy cua cac rle bao v, hoc cac thic b iu khin
khac (hnh 7.7b). Cac loai dung cu ny co tng tr Z rt be nn may bin dong in
lam vic trang thai ngn mach, khi o loi thep may bin dong in khng bao hoa
va = (0.81)Wb, do o sai s o lng v tr s nho va bng :
100
1
1
1
2
2
I
I
W
W
I
% i

= (7.15)
Goc
i
gia I
1
va I
2
(hnh 7.7c) cung nho.

i
I
1
I
2
Hnh 7.7 Mcy Lie n ccnc cien

(a)
I
1
I
2
A W
(b) (c)
8
Cp chnh xac va sai s cua may bin dong in :
Cc xac 0.2 0.5 1 3 10
Ss I 0.2% 0.5% 1% 3% 10%
S.s
i
10 40 80 K qui nh
Chu y : Khi s dung may bin dong in khng c d dy qun th h mach
v nh vy dong t hoa I
0
= I
1
rt ln va loi thep bao hoa nghim trong se nong ln
lam chay dy qun, hn na t thng bng u se sinh ra s nhon u dy qun
th co th xut hin in ap cao hang nghn vn lam cho dy qun th va ngi s
dung khng an toan.
7.4. MAY BIN AP HAN H QUANG
Khe h khng kh
Hnh 7.8 Sc cc mcy Lien c p hcn hc cucnc
U
1
K
La loai may bin ap c bit dung han bng phng phap h quang in.
May c ch tao co in khang tan ln va cun dy th cp ni vi in khang
ngoai K han ch dong in han. V th ng c tnh han rt dc, phu hp vi
yu cu han in (hnh 7.8).
Cun dy s cp ni vi ngun in, cun dy th cp mt u ni vi cun
in khang K ri ni ti que han, con u kia ni vi tm kim loai c n han.
May bin ap lam vic
ch ngn mach ngn han
dy qun th cp. in ap
th cp nh mc cua may
bin ap han thng la 60
70V. Khi d que han vao
tm kim loai, se co dong
in ln chay qua lam nong
ch tip xuc. Khi nhc que
han cach tm kim loai mt khoang nho, v cng in trng ln lam ion hoa
cht kh, sinh h quang va toa nhit lng ln lam nong chay ch han.
iu chnh dong in han, co th thay i s vong dy cua dy qun th cp
may bin ap han hoc thay i in khang ngoai bng cach thay i khe h khng
kh cua loi thep K.

]R R^
1
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Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
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Phn II NHNG VN CHUNG
CUA MAY IN XOAY CHIU




Chuong 8
MACH I0 LbC KHONG IAI

8.1. AI CNG.
T trng trong may in la sinh ra s va mmen in t. Trong hu ht
may in hin nay, t trng luc khng tai u do dong in mt chiu chay qua
dy qun kch thch t trn cc t sinh ra.
Muc ch cua vic nghin cu mach t luc khng tai cua may in mt chiu
hay cac may in khac nh may in khng ng b, may in ng b ... la xac
nh st cn thit tao ra t thng khe h u sinh ra trong dy qun phn
ng mt s va mmen in t theo yu cu thit k. Trong chng ny se trnh
bay cach tnh toan cu th mach t may in mt chiu. Phng phap ny co tnh
tng quat nn cung co th ng dung tnh toan mach t cua cac loai may in
quay khac.
11.1.1. Iu truong chnh vo tu truong ton.
Hnh 8.1 Xcc cinh Iu I(ucnc mc y cien mcI chieu
Trong may in, cac cc t co
cc tnh khac nhau c b tr xen
ke nhau. T thng i t cc bc N
qua khe h va vao phn ng ri tr
v hai cc nam N nm k bn. T
hnh 8.1 ta thy, ai b phn t
thng di mi cc t i qua khe h
vao phn ng, co mt phn rt nho
2
t thng khng qua phn ng ma trc tip qua cac cc t bn canh, gng t, np
may ... Phn t thng i vao phn ng goi la t thng chnh hay t thng khe h

0
. T thng ny cam ng s trong dy qun khi phn ng quay va tac dung vi
dong in trong dy qun sinh ra momen. y la phn chu yu cua t thng cc
t
C
.
Phn t thng khng i qua phn ng goi la t thng tan

. No khng cam
ng s va sinh ra mmen trong phn ng song no vn tn tai lam cho bao hoa
t cua cc t va gng t tng ln.
Vy t thng cua cc t bng:

0
0
0 0 c
) 1 ( =

+ = + =

(8.1)
trong o
0
1

+ =

h s tan t cua cc t chnh. Thng = 1,15 1,28.
11.1.2. $td cn th|t d s|nh ro tu thng.
Cn phai co st F
0
sinh ra t thng chnh
0
. St ny do s ampe vong trn
i cc t cua may in sinh ra. Theo nh lut toan dong in, ta co:

=
L
Wi Hdl
Ap dung nh lut ny vao mt i cc t cua may (hnh 8.1), ta co:


= = l . H Wi F
0

= 2H

+ 2H
r
.h
r
+ H

.l

+ 2H
c.
l
c
+ H
g
l
g
.
= F

+ F
r
+ F

+ F
c
+ F
g
(8.2)
trong o, cac ch nho , r, , c, g ch khe h, rng, phn ng, cc t va gng t; h -
ch chiu cao va l - ch chiu dai.
Cng t trng c tnh theo cng thc:

=
B
H (8.3)
trong o:
S
B

= t cam trn cac oan
mach t. Con , S va ln lc la
t thng, tit din va h s t thm
cua cac oan mach t. Trong khng
kh = 4.10
-7
H/m, con trong loi
thep th khng phai la hng s, v
vy tm trc tip H theo ng cong t hoa cua vt liu B = f(H).
Hnh 8.2 Xcc cinh :Ic I(cnc mcy cien mcI chie u

3
8.2. TNH ST KHE H F

St khe h bng:

=

k B
2
F
0
(8.4)
trong o:

o
= 4.10
-7
H/m h s t thm cua khng kh;
B

t cam khe h khng kh ng vi t thng chnh

0
nao o : (theo
bang).

=
l
B
0
(8.5)
vi:

la h s tnh toan cua cunh cc t;

= b
c
/ = 0,62-0,72.
la bc cc t.
l

la chiu dai tnh toan cua phn ng.

) ( , l l 5 0 l
t
=

(8.6)
l
t
- chiu dai cc t theo truc.
l - chiu dai loi st phn ng khng tnh ranh thng gio.
l = l
1
- n
g
.b
g
(8.7)
Con l
1
chiu dai thc loi st; n
g
,b
g
s ranh va b rng ranh thng gio
k

h s khe h lin quan n rng ranh, co th tnh theo cng thc sau:

+
+
=

10 b
10 t
k
1 r
1
(8.8)
vi t
1
va b
r1
la bc rng va b rng cua nh rng.
8.3. TNH ST RNG F
Z

Tnh chnh xac:
Tnh gn ung:
T cam tnh toan cua rng B
rx
cao x cua rng co th tnh nh sau:

c 1 rx
1
rx
t
rx
k l b
t l B
S
B

=

= (8.9)
t
1
x
b
Zx
b
Z2
b
rx
b
r2
1

2

3

h
Z

Hnh 8.3 Xcc cinh :Ic (cnc

trong o:

t
= B

t
1
t thng i qua mt bc rng t
1
.
l

, l
1
- chiu dai tnh toan va chiu dai thc
cua loi st.
b
rx
- chiu rng cua rng cao x.
k
c
- h s ep cht.
t
1
- bc rng cua phn ng.
Trong thc t tnh toan st rng, ch cn
4
tnh H ba im trn chiu cao cua rng tit din trn, gia va di cua no la
H
r1
, H
r.tb
, H
r2
.
Tr s tnh toan cua cng t trng trung bnh:
) H H 4 H (
6
1
H
2 r tb . r 1 r r
+ + = (8.10)
St rng i vi mt i cc t bng:
F
r
= 2H
r
h
r
(8.11)
Thng n gian hn, ta ch xac nh t cam B va cng t trng H
tit din cach chn rng la h
z
/3 lam tr s trung bnh tnh toan, ta co:

r
3
1
z
r
h H 2 F = (8.12)
8.4. TNH ST LNG PHN NG
T cam lng phn ng:

c 1
o

k l h 2 S
B

=

= (8.13)
trong o:

=
0
/2 t thng phn ng.
S

= h

l
1
k
c
tit din lng phn ng.
h

chiu cao phn ng.

T B ta tm c H theo ng cong t hoa B = f(H).
St trn lng phn ng:
F

= H

(8.14)
8.5. TNH ST TRN CC T VA GNG T
T thng di cc t:

c
=
0

t
(8.15)
T thng trong gng t:

g
=
2
1

c
=
2
1

t
(8.16)
T cam cc t va gng t:

c
c
c
S
B

= va
g
c
g
S 2
B

= (8.17)
trong o: S
c
, S
g
la tit din cc t va gng t.
T ng cong t hoa cua vt liu ch tao cc t va gng t, ta tm c cng
t trng cc t H
c
va gng t H
g
.
5
St trn cc t va gng t:
F
c
= 2H
c
h
c
va F
g
= H
g
l
g
(8.18)
Trong o: h
c
chiu cao cc t ; l
g
chiu dai trung bnh cua gng t.
8.6. NG CONG T HOA
Mun co t thng
0
cn co st kch t F
0
. Quan h
0
= f(F
0
) la quan h cua
ng cong t hoa cua may in (hnh 8.4).
Do s luc khng tai E
0
t l thun vi t thng
0
va dong in kch t I
t
t l
thun vi st F
0
, nn dang cua ng cong t hoa
0
= f(F
0
) cung chnh la dang
cua c tnh khng tai.
Khi t thng tng ln loi st bao hoa, nn ng cong t hoa nghing v bn
phai. Keo dai phn ng thng
cua ng cong t hoa ta c
quan h
0
= f(F

). Khi
0
=
0

nh mc th st khe h bng
oan ab con oan bc la s.t.
ri trn cac phn st cua mach
t.
a
b c
0
F

0
F
0
F

Hnh 8.4 ucnc Iu hcc cuc mcy cien mcI chieu

Lp t s:

ab
ac
F
F
k
o
= =

(8.19)
k

- h s bao hoa cua mach t,

thng bng t 1,11,35.



]R R^


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G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|




Chuong
DY QbN MAY IN XOAY CHIb


9.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
Dy qun cua may in quay c b tr hai bn khe h trn loi thep cua
phn tnh hoc cua phn quay. No la b phn chnh thc hin s bin i nng
lng c in trong may. Mt cach tng quat co th chia dy qun may in quay
ra lam hai loai : dy qun phn cam (dy qun kch t ); dy qun phn ng.
Dy qun phn cam co nhim vu sinh ra t trng khe h luc khng tai. T
trng nay trong cac may in quay thng co cc tnh thay i (hinh 9.1 va 9.2),
ngha la b tr cc N va S xen ke nhau.













Dy qun phn ng co nhim vu cam ng c mt s nht nh khi co
chuyn ng tng i trong t trng khe h va tao ra st cn thit cho s bin
i nng lng c in. Ro rang rng nu t trng khe h co cc tnh thay i th
s cam ng la s xoay chiu.
N
N
S S
Stator
Rotor
S N S N
Hnh .1 Dcy cucn k|ch Iu cucn Icp I(unc cuc mcy cien ccnc Lc
2











Nu cac cc t N va S xen ke nhau quanh khe h, dy qun phn ng c
hnh thanh t t hp cac
bi dy (phn t) vi
nhau. Mi bi dy cua
dy qun xp (hnh
9.3a) hoc dy qun
song (hnh 9.3b) gm
co N vong dy. Cac
phn ab, cd c t
trong ranh cua loi thep
goi la ca c canh tac
dung, con ad, bc nm
ngoai ranh goi la phn
u ni.

Yu cu cua dy qun:
N S
Hnh .2 Dcy cucn k|ch Iu cucn (ci cu c mcy cien ccnc Lc
N
S
Stator
Rotor
y
b
a
c
d
(a)
y
b
a
c
d
(b)
Hnh .3. 8ci ccy. c) Dcy cucn xep: L) Dcy cucn :c nc
i vi dy kch t th tao ra t trng hnh sin khe h, con dy qun
phn ng am bao co s va dong in tng ng vi cng sut in t
cua may.
Kt cu dy qun phai n gian.
t tn nguyn vt liu.
B v c, in, nhit, hoa.
Lp rap va sa cha d dang.
3
.1.1. Coc do| |uong dc trung cuo dv qun mov d|n xoov ch|u
1. Bc cc:
Bc cc la khoang cach gia hai cc t lin tit nhau.

p 2
Z
= /s ranh/.
Trong o, Z la s ranh, 2p s cc t.
2. Bc dy qun y :
Bc dy qun y
1
la khoang cach gia hai canh tac dung cua mt phn t.
=
p 2
Z
y /s ranh/.
Vy y
1
phai la s nguyn. Co cac trng hp:
= = y 0 dy qun bc u.
> > y 0 dy qun bc dai.
< < y 0 dy qun bc ngn.
Mun co s cam ng trong phn t dy qun ln nht e
pt.max
th y =
3. Bc tng i :
Bc tng i la t s gia y va .

=
y

Trong o, = 1 dy qun bc u.
> 1 dy qun bc dai.
< 1 dy qun bc ngn.
4. S ranh cua mt pha di mt cc t :

p m
Z
q
2
= /s ranh/.
Trong o, m la s pha; con q co th la s nguyn, cung co th la phn s.
5. Goc in gia hai ranh canh nhau :

Z
. p
p / Z
360 360
= = / in/
6. Vung pha cua dy qun:
/ in/. = q
4
.1.2. Fhn |oo| dv qun mov d|n xoov ch|u:
1. Phn theo s lp trong ranh:
+ Dy qun mt
lp : Hnh 9.4 la dy qun
mt lp, trong mt ranh ch
t mt canh tac dung. Nh
vy s phn t cua dy
qun :
Hnh .4 Dcy cucn mcI |cp

2
Z
S =
trong o S la s phn t; Z
la s ranh.

+ Dy qun hai
lp: Hnh 9.5 la dy qun
hai lp, mt ranh t hai
canh tac dung cua hai phn
t khac nhau. Nh vy s
phn t :
Hnh .5 Dcy cucn hci |cp
Z S =
2. Phn theo s pha.
Dy qun
mt pha.
Dy qun hai pha.
Dy qun ba pha.
3. Phn theo bc dy qun.
Dy qun bc u.
Dy qun bc dai.
Dy qun bc ngn.
4. Phn theo cach ni cac phn t.
Dy qun xp.
Dy qun song.
5. Phn theo hnh dang phn t dy qun.
Dy qun ng khun.
Dy qun ng tm.
Dy qun phn tan ...
5
hiu ro cach ni ca c phn t dy qun ta dung s khai trin. S khai
trin la s nhn c bng cach ct phn ng bng mt ng thng song song
vi truc may ri trai no ra trn mt mt phng.
9.2. DY QUN BA PHA CO q LA S NGUYN.
.2.1. Dv qun mt |op:
Xet s khai trin dy qun mt lp cua may in xoay chiu co s liu sau:
Z = 24; 2p = 4; m =3.
Ve hinh sao sdd cua cac ranh va phn tu:
+ Tnh cac ai lng c trng cua dy qun:

0
0 0
30
24
360 . 2
Z
360 p
= = = ( in)
2
2 . 3 . 2
24
mp 2
Z
q = = =
6
4
24
p 2
Z
= = =
6 y = =
( in)
0 0
60 2 . 30 q . = = =













(a) (b)
+ Ta thy:
Canh tac dung th 112 hnh thanh hnh sao s, cac tia lch pha nhau 30
0
,
i cc t th nht (hnh 9.6a).
Canh tac dung th 1324 hnh thanh hnh sao s, i cc t th hai, do co
v tr ging nhau trong t trng, nn hoan toan trung vi hnh sao cua i cc t
th nht.
Hnh . Hinh :cc :cc (cnh {c) vc phcn Iu {L)
6
c mt cung = 60
0
xac nh c vung pha, t o ta bit c canh tac
dung cua tng pha.
+ Cach ni dy qun: y = 6, va ni nh sau:
Pha A: (1-7), (2-8); (13-19), (14-20).
Pha B: (5-11), (6-12); (17-23), (18-24).
Pha C: (9-15), (10-16); (21-3), (22-4).
So d khai trin dy qun:














T s khai trin ta thy:
+ Mi pha co hai nhom phn t dy qun.
+ Mi nhom co q phn t dy qun.
+ Cac phn t cua mt nhom phai mc ni tip nhau.(Khng song song ?)
+ Cac nhom co th mc ni ti p hoc mc song song phu thuc vao in
ap.
+ Dy qun gm cac phn t co kch thc ging nhau goi la dy qun
ng khun (hnh 8.6).
A
1
X
1
A
2
X
2
B
1
C
1

1



2



3



4



5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
Hnh .7 Dcy cucn ccnc khucn

Xac dinh sdd cua mt pha:
Cng cac vect thuc pha o lai.
Ta nhn thy rng tr s s cua mt pha khng phu thuc th t ni cac
canh tac dung thuc pha o. V du pha A co th ni cac canh tac dung theo th t
(1-8), (2-7) di i cc t th nht va (13-20), (14-19) di i cc t th hai.
Nh vy ta co th ni cac canh tac dung cua cac phn t cac pha theo th t sau:
Pha A: (1-8), (2-7); (13-20), (14-19).
Pha B: (5-12), (6-11); (17-24), (18-23).
Pha C: (9-16), (10-15); (21-4), (22-3).
7
Vi cach ni dy qun nh trn, ta co s khai trin dy qun hnh 9.8














T hnh 9.8, ta thy:
A
1
X
1
A
2
X
2
B
1
C
1

1



2



3



4



5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
Hnh .8 Dcy cucn ccnc Icm

Cac bi dy ging nh nhng vong tron ng tm goi la dy qun ng
tm.
y la dy qun d t ng hoa trong qua trnh t dy qun vao ranh.
Khi thc hin dy qun ng tm phai be phn u ni mi nhom ln
chung khng chng cheo nhau.
Cac kiu dy qun ng tm, ng khun goi la dy qun tp trung v cac
nhom phn t tp trung di cac cc t nht nh.









Co th ni cac canh tac dung cua cac phn t theo th t khac la (2-7), (8-13)
va (14-19), (20-1). Nh vy ta co th ni cac canh tac dung cua ca c phn t cac
pha theo th t sau :
A

X

B

Hnh . Dcy cucn phcn Ic n

1



2



3



4



5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
8
Pha A: (2-7), (8-13); (14-19), (20-1).
Pha B: (6-11), (12-17); (18-23), (24-5).
Pha C: (10-15), (16-21); (22-3), (4-9).
Vi cach ni trn ta c s khai trin hinh 9.9 goi la dy qun phn tan.
.2.2. Dv qun ho| |op
Co hai loai : dy qun xp va dy qun song.
u im : Lam bc ngn cai thin dang song s.
Nhc im: Lng dy va sa cha kho khn.
a/ Dy qun xp:
Xet dq xp hai lp co: Z=24; 2p=4; m=3.
+ Tnh cac ai lng c trng cua dy qun:

0
0 0
30
24
360 2 360
= = =
.
Z
p
in
Hnh .10 Hinh :cc :cc (cnh
2
2 3 2
24
2
= = =
. . mp
Z
q
6
4
24
2
= = =
p
Z


6
5
5
1
1
=

= =
y
; y
in
0 0
60 2 . 30 q . = = =
+ Ve hnh sao s cac phn t.
T hnh sao s, ta thy:
Cac phn t lch pha nhau mt goc 30
0
. T hnh 9.10, ta thy :
+ Pha a co cac phn t: 1,2,7,8; 13,14,19,20.
+ Pha a co cac phn t: 5,6,11,12; 17,18,23,24.
+ Pha a co cac phn t: 9,10,15,16; 21,22,3,4.
Cach ni ca c pha: y
1
= 5
Pha A: lp trn: 1 2 7 8 13 14 19 20
Lp di: 6 7 12 13 18 19 24 1
Pha B: lp trn: 5 6 11 12 17 18 23 24
Lp di: 10 11 15 17 22 23 4 5
Pha C: lp trn: 9 10 15 16 21 22 3 4
Lp di: 14 15 20 21 2 3 8 9
Ve s khai trin: Ve cho pha a con pha b va c ve tng t
Ta thy:
+ Do q = 2 nn mi cc t co hai phn t.
9
+ Cac phn t trong mi nhom phai mc ni tip nhau.
+ Cac nhom co th mc song song hoc ni tip phu thuc in ap.
+ S nhanh song song nhiu nht bng s cc t (n 2p).












1
A

B



C X

Hnh .11 Dcy cucn xep hci |cp Lucc nccn

1



2



3



4



5

7



8

1
0


1
1

1
2


1
3

1
4


1
5


1

1
7


1
8


1

2
0

2
1


2
2


2
3


2
4

b/ Dy qun song : vi Z = 18, 2p = 4, m = 3. Hnh 9.12.


Hnh .12 Dcy cucn :c nc hci |cp Lucc nccn

1
A
1
A
2


X
2
X
1
1

2
0


2
1


2
2


2
3


2
4


1



2



3



4


5

7


8

1
0
1
1

1
2


1
3

1
4


1
5
1

1
7
1
8












9.3. DY QUN CO q LA PHN S
S phn t cua mt pha di mt cc t:
d
c
b
d
a
mp
Z
q + = = =
2

Ta thy:
+ S phn t cua mt pha di cac cc t khng u nhau.
+ Nhom co nhiu phn t goi la nhom ln: (b1) phn t.
10
+ Nhom co t phn t goi la nhom nho: b phn t.
+ Di d cc t co c nhom ln va (d-c) nhom nho.
Xet v du : Ve gian khai trin dy qun co Z = 18; 2p = 4 ; m = 3.
+ Tnh cac ai lng c trng cua dy qun:

0
0 0
40
18
360 2 360
= = =
.
Z
p
in

2
1
1
2
3
2 3 2
18
mp 2
Z
q + = = = =
. .


0 0
60
2
3
40 = = = . q . in
5 4
4
18
2
.
p
Z
= = = ; 4 y =
Vy a = 3; d = 2; b = c = 1.
Nhom ln co b+1 = 2 phn t .
Nhom nho co b = 1 phn t.
Phn vung pha:
Pha a: 1,2,6, 10,11,15; Pha b: 4,5,9, 13,14,18; Pha c: 7,8,3, 16,17,12.
S ni dy cac pha: y = 4.
Pha a: lp trn:1 2 6 10 11 15
Lp di: 5 6 10 14 15 1
Pha b: lp trn: 4 5 9 13 14 18
Lp di: 8 9 13 17 18 4
Pha c: lp trn: 7 8 3 16 17 12
Lp di: 11 12 7 2 3 16
Ve s khai trin dy qun: (hnh 9.13)

1
A

B

C X
Hnh .13 Dcy cucn xep hci |cp vci c |c phcn :c

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1









11
9.4 DY QUN NGN MACH KIU LNG SOC:
y qun ngn mach kiu lng soc c tao thanh bi cac thanh dn bng
ng t trong cac ranh cua rto, hai u cua chung han vi hai vanh ngn mach
cung bng ng. Cac thanh dn va vanh ngn mach noi trn cung co th uc bng
nhm.
S cua ca c thanh dn lch pha nhau mt goc: = 2p/Z. Trong tnh toan
thc t, thng xem mi thanh dn la mt pha: m
2
= Z
2
, va s vong dy cua mt
pha: N = 1/2, cac h s k
n

= k
r

= 1.
S mach in cua dy qun lng soc:










Hnh .15 Sc cc mcch cien Ihuc {c) vc Iucnc cucnc {L) cuc ccy cucn kieu |c nc :cc
1 2 3
r
t
r
v
12 v
I
&

23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&
1 t
I
&

2 t
I
&

3 t
I
&
12 v
I
&

23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&
21 v
I
&

21 v
I
&

1 2 3
r

12 v
I
&
23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&

1 t
I
&
2 t
I
&

3 t
I
&

12 v
I
&
23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&

21 v
I
&
21 v
I
&
(a) (b)



S mach in cua dy qun lng soc nh trn hnh 8.14a, trong o: r
t
- in
tr thanh dn; r
v
- in tr cua tng oan gia hai thanh dn cua vanh ngn mach;
Ta thay th mach in thc noi trn bng mach in tng ng da trn c s
tn hao cua hai mach in o bng nhau (hnh 8.14b).
i vi mt nut bt ky, th du nut hai ta co:
i
t2
= i
v23
- i
v12

2 t
I
&

12 v
I
&
23 v
I
&

Hnh .15 Cucn he ciuc
ccnc cien I(cnc Ihcnh ccn
vc ccnc I(cnc vc nh nccn
mcch
Do dong in trong cac oan cua vong
ngn mach cung lch pha nhau mt goc , ta co:

Z
p
sin I sin I I
v v t

=

= 2
2
2
va
Z
p
sin
I
I
t
v

=
2

V tn hao trn in tr cua mach in thc
va mach in thay th phai bng nhau, ngha la:
r ZI r ZI r ZI
t v v t t
2 2 2
2 = +
12
Kt hp vi phng trnh trn, ta tm c in tr pha cua dy qun kiu lng
soc:

Z
p
sin
r
r r
v
t

+ =
2
2

9.5. CACH THUC HIN DY QUN MAY DIN XOAY CHIU:
Dy qun may in xoay chiu c t trong cac ranh trn stato hay roto.
Cac ranh ny co cac dang nh sau:


Hnh .1 Ccc ccnc (c nh cuc ccy cucn mcy cien
a) Ranh kn b) Ranh na kn c) Ranh na h d) Ranh h








Ranh na kn dung cho dy qun stato may in cng sut P< 100 kW, in
ap U<1000V. Loai ranh ny ch dung dy dn tit din tron dng knh < 2,5mm.
Ranh na h dung cho dy qun stato cua cac may in co cng sut ln P =
300-400 kW, in ap U<1000V
Ranh h dung cho dy qun stato may in cng sut ln, in ap cao. Dy
qun loai ny thng dung tit din ch nht, lam thanh nhng bi dy trc ri
sau o t vao ranh.
nhng may in cng sut ln, tranh lc in t rt manh luc xay ra ngn
mach tac dung ln phn u ni, lam hong phn u ni dy qun stato, b phn
ny buc cht vao cac vong thep co boulng bt vao thn may./.


]R R^

1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|




Chuong 10
$0C IN ONG CbA DY QbN
MAY IN XOAY CHIb


10.1. NHN XET BAN U
Khi t thng cua phn cam xuyn qua dy qun phn ng bin thn th trong
dy qun phn ng se sinh ra sc in ng (s). Trong may in quay co hai
cach tao ra s bin thin cua t thng xuyn qua dy qun phn ng. Cach th
nht la cho dy qun phn ng chuyn ng tng i trong t trng phn cam.
Cach th hai la cho xuyn qua dy qun phn ng ng yn, mt t trng phn
cam p mach hoc mt t trng khng i nhng t dn mach t hay i.
may lam vic c tt, yu cu t trng phn b doc khe h cua may hnh
sin s cam ng trong dy qun co dang hnh sin.
Thc t: khng th co, v cu tao
may, t trng cua cc t va cua dy
qun u khac sin. Ta phn tch chung
thanh song c ban (bc 1) va song bc
cao (bc 3,5,...).
Hnh 10.1 Su phcn Lc Iu ccm cuc
Iu I(ucnc cuc Iu cuc mcy cien
ccnc Lc cuc |ci ccc Le mcI :IcIc
Ta phn t cam B thanh cac song
hnh sin B
1
, B
3
, B
5
, B
7
, .. Vi t trng
B
1
co bc cc con B

co bc cc

=/ .
Khi rto chuyn ng, t trng B
1
,
B
3
, B
5
, B
7
, .. cam ng trong dy qun
s e
1
, e
3
, e
5
, e
7
, .. Do tn s f khac nhau
nn s tng trong dy qun se co dang
khng sin.
2
10.2. SC IN NG CAM NG TRONG DY QUN
Xet s cam ng trong dy qun do B
1
, B
3
, B
5
, B
7
, .. tm s tng.
10.2.1. $dd cuo dv qun do tu truong song co bon.
1. S cua mt thanh dn:
Thanh dn co chiu dai l chuyn ng
vi vn tc v trong t trng c ban phn
b hnh sin doc khe h :
B
x
B
m1
B
x
l

v
0
Hnh 10.2 Chuyn ng tng i cua
thanh dn trong t trng hnh sin
x

=
x
sin B B
m x

Trong thanh dn cam ng s:
x sin vl B vl B e
m x td

= =
trong o:
f
T t
x
v =

= = 2
2

do = 2f : tc goc
va

= l B
m
2
: t thng ng vi mt bc cc t.
Nn: e
td
= fsint
Tr s hiu dung s o bng:
=

= f f E
td
2
2
2

2. S cua mt vong dy. S cua mt bi dy (phn t):
S cua mt vong dy gm hai thanh dn t trong hai ranh cach nhau mt
khoang y la hiu s hnh hoc cac s lch nhau mt goc (y/) cua hai thanh dn
o. T hnh 10.3, ta co:

n td
' '
td
'
td V
k f
y
sin E E E E =

= = 2
2
2 (10.5)
trong o:
2 2

= sin
y
sin k
n
(10.6)
Thng h s

=
y
< 1, nn k
n
c goi la h s bc ngn.
Nu trong hai ranh noi trn co t mt bi dy (phn t) gm N
pt
vong dy th
s cua bi dy o bng:
=
pt n 1 p
fN k 2 E (10.7)
3

/2
E
q
A
K
Hnh 10.4 Nhom co q=3 bi dy trong t trng
Hnh 10.5 S nhom co q=3 bi
= q

0
B

'
td
E
&

' '
td
E
&

' '
td
E
&

v
E
&
Hnh 10.3 Scc cuc mcI vcnc ccy











3. S cua mt nhom bi dy : 3. S cua mt nhom bi dy :
Gia thit ta co q bi dy mc ni tip va c t rai trong cac ranh lin tip
nhau. Goc lch pha trong t trng gia hai ranh canh nhau:
Gia thit ta co q bi dy mc ni tip va c t rai trong cac ranh lin tip
nhau. Goc lch pha trong t trng gia hai ranh canh nhau:

Z
p
p / Z

=
2 2
(10.8)
trong o : Z/p s ranh di mt i cc t.
Cac vect E
pt
lch pha nhau mt goc
Goc = q vung pha.

E
pt2
E
pt3
E
pt1
E
pt1
E
pt2
E
pt3

=1
B
m1


y= '
td
E
&

' '
td
E
&


y=
B
m1
=1

4
S tng cua mt nhom bi dy E
q
la tng hnh hoc cua q vect nh hnh 10.5:

2
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2

= =

= =
sin
sin E
sin
sin
AK
q
sin OA AB E
q
pt
q
q


1
2
2
r pt
q
pt q
k qE
sin q
sin
qE E = =

(10.9)
Trong o:
2
2
1

= =
sin q
sin
s cac hoc s Tng
s cac hnh hoc Tng
k
q
r
(10.10)
Vy:
E
q
= =
pt dq pt r n
qW k f qW k k f 2 2 (10.11)
Vi: k
dq
: goi la h s dy qun va bng:
k
dq
= k
n
k
r
(10.12)
4. S cua dy qun mt pha:
Dy qun mt pha gm mt hoc nhiu nhanh ng nht ghep song song do
o s cua mt pha la s cua mt nhanh song song.
Mi nhanh gm n nhom bi dy co v tr ging nhau trong t trng cua cac
cc t nn s cua chung cng s hoc vi nhau:
= = Wf k f nqW k E
dq pt dq f
2 2 (10.13)
trong o: W = nqW
pt
vong dy cua mt nhanh song song hay cua mt pha.
10.2.2. $dd cuo dv qun do tu truong song bc coo.
Nhn xet: Biu thc s t trng song bc cao ging t trng bc mt.
y ta chu y rng bc cc cua t trng bc nho ln t trng song c ban
(hnh 10.1) v vy goc in 2 cua t trng song c ban ng vi goc 2 i vi
t trng bc , nh vy:

Va
2
2
2

=
sin q
sin
k
sin k
q
r
n
(10.14)
H s dy qun cua song bc :

=
r n dq
k k k (10.15)
Tn s cua song bc :
5
f

= f
S cam ng cua song bc :


= Wf k E
dq
2 (10.16)
Vi:

=

l B l B
m m
2 2

T nhng phn tch trn ta thy rng, khi t trng cc t phn b khng
hnh sin, s cam ng trong dy qun mt pha la tng cua mt day cac s iu
hoa co tn s khac nhau. Tr hiu dung s o co tr s:
... E ... E E E E
2 2
5
2
3
2
1
+ + + + = (10.17)
10.3. CAI THIN DANG SONG S.
Nguyn nhn lam cho s cam ng khng sin la t cam B khng sin. Sau y
la cac bin phap lam cho s cam ng co dang sin.
10.3.1. Ioo d cong mt cuc d 8 s|n
Vi la khe h nho nht gia mt cc. tng dn v 2 pha mom cc t,
B hnh sin th
x
cach gia mt cc bng:

x cos
x

(10.18)
Nu goi b la b rng mt cc th b =(0,65-0,76) va
max
= (1,5-2,5).
10.3.2. kut ngn buoc dv qun
Khi y = th tt ca cac s bc cao u tn tai v: 1
2
= =

sin k
n

Khi y < th s bc cao tuy y se b trit tiu, nh:

5
4
=

=
y
vy rut ngn dy qun
5
1

0 0
2 5
4
5
5 5
= =

= E sin k
n

Tng t mun E
7
= 0 th rut ngn
7
1

Chu y:
Bc ngn khng ng thi trit tiu tt ca s bc cao v vy phai chon
bc ngn thch hp.
Rut ngn bc dy qun s bc mt cung giam i mt t nhng khng
ang k.
6
10.3.3. Ihuc h|n dv qun ro|
Khi q = 1 th k
r
= 1 ngha la cac s bc cao khng giam.
Khi q > 1 th cac s bc cao u giam nho.
Xem bang, ta thy rng co mt s bc cao khng b giam yu i ma co k
r
=
k
r1
bc cua s o co th biu th nh sau:

Z
= 2mqk 1 (10.19)
trong o: k = 1, 2, 3,...; m: s pha;
q: s ranh cua mt pha di mt cc t.
V: 2mq = Z/p nn (10.19) tr thanh:
1 = k
p
Z
Z
(10.20)
Cac song iu hoa
Z
goi la song iu hoa rng.
S d co k
r
= k
r1
la do goc lch
Z
gia cac s cua cac bi dy t trong
cac ranh lin tip do t trng bc
Z
hoan toan bng goc lch ng vi t trng
song c ban:
=

= =

k
Z
p
k
p
Z
k
Z
p
.
Z
Z
2
2
2 1
2
(10.21)
Kt lun : Qun rai khng trit tiu c song iu hoa rng, tuy nhin q tng

Z
tng theo va B
mZ
nho i, kt qua la song iu hoa rng cung nho i tng ng
va dang song s cung cai thin c mt phn.
Co th giam song iu hoa rng nhiu bng cach dung dy qun co q la phn
s.

10.3.4. Ihuc h|n ronh cheo.
Ta co:
B
mZ

Z
E

E
Hnh 10.7 I(ucnc hcp (c nh
chec mcI Lucc (cnc


Z
=(Z/p).k 1, trng hp k = 1 la
ln nht, trit tiu c s ny ta
chon bc ranh cheo la:
b
c
= 2
Z

= 2/
Z
= 2.p/(Zp)
Thc t thng chon:
b
c
= 2..p / Z = D / Z (10.22)
Tt ca cac song iu hoa u b
giam i rt nhiu.



]R R^
1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|






Chng 11
SC T NG CUA DY QUN
MAY IN XOAY CHIU

11.1. ST P MACH VA ST QUAY
-/2
/2
3/2
F

t =T/6
t =T/4
t =3T/4
Hnh 10.1 St dp mach cac
thi im khac nhau
Gia thit vic khao sat c n gian:
u.
R

thep 0, ngha la
Fe
= .
11.1.1. $td dp moch.
Biu thc toan hoc cua st p mach:
= cos . t sin F F
m
(10.1)
trong o la goc khng gian.
Trong biu thc trn, nu t = const th:
) ( f cos F F
m
= =
1

trong o t sin F F
m m
=
1
la bin tc thi st p mach va luc o s phn b cua
F la hnh sin trong khng gian.
Con khi = const v tr c nh bt ky :
t sin F F
m
=
2

trong o va F v tr o bin i tun hoan theo thi gian. = cos F F
m m2
St p mach la mt song ng, no phn b hnh sin trong khng gian va bin
i hnh sin theo thi gian (hnh 10.1).
11.1.2. $td quov tron.
Biu thc toan hoc st quay tron:
) t sin( F F
m
= m (10.2)
2

Hnh 10.2 V tr song quay ngc (a) va quay thun

0
2

2
3

2
t=T/4
t= 0
F
(b)
(-)

0
F
m
2

2
3

2
t=T/4
t= 0
F

(a)
(+)










Tht vy, gia s ta xet mt im bt ky cua song st co tr s khng i:
const ) t sin( = m
hay const ) t ( = m
Ly vi phn theo thi gian:
=

dt
d
(10.3)
Ta thy, ao ham theo t chnh la tc goc quay:
0 >

dt
d
ng voi song quay thun, tc la du (-) trong (10.2).
0 <

dt
d
ng voi song quay ngc, tc la du (+) trong (10.2).
Hnh 10.2a va b cho ta thy v tr cua cac song quay thun va quay ngc
cac thi im khac nhau.
11.1.3. Quan h gi a st p mach va st quay:
thy ro quan h gia st p mach va st quay, trc ht ta chu y rng :

2 1 m m m
F F ) t sin( F
2
1
) t sin( F
2
1
cos . t sin F + = + + = (10.4)
ngha la st p mach la tng cua hai st quay : F
1
quay thun vi tc goc+
va F
2
quay ngc cung tc goc - va co bin cua cac st quay o bng mt
na bin st dp mach.
Mt khac, ta co biu thc lng giac:
= sin . t cos F cos . t sin F ) t sin( F
m m m
=
= ) cos( ). t sin( F cos . t sin F
m m
2 2

(10.4a)
ta thy rng st quay la tng hp cua hai st p mach lch pha nhau trong khng
gian mt goc /2 va khac pha nhau v thi gian mt goc la /2.
3
11.2. ST CUA DY QUN MT PHA
11.2.2. $td cuo m t phn tu.
Gia thit:

Hnh 10.3. a. ng sc t do dong in i;
b. ng biu th st doc khe h cua may
/2 /2

a
b c
d
g e
F
pt1
F
pt

- Dy qun t stato
- Phn t co W
pt
vong dy
- Dy qun bc u (y = ).
- Cho qua phn t dy qun dong in t sin I i = 2 .
- Ta co ng sc t sinh ra nh hnh 10.3a.
Theo l toan dong in, doc theo ng sc t khep kn ta vit :

=
pt
iW l d H
r r

trong o H - cng t trng doc theo ng sc t.
Nu gia thit R

rt nho (
Fe
= ) nn H
Fe
= 0, ta co:
H2 = iW
pt
.
Nh vy st ng vi mt khe h khng kh bng:

pt pt
iW F
2
1
= (10.6)
Ta thy:
1) ng biu din st khe h di mt bc cc co th biu th bng hnh ch
nht abcd co cao bng
pt
iW
2
1
va bc cc tip theo bng hnh ch nht
dega vi qui c nu ng sc t hng ln F
pt
c biu th bng tung
dng (hnh10.3b).
2) V t sin I i = 2 nn st phn b doc khe h dang hnh ch nht, co cao
thay i v tr s va du theo dong in xoay chiu i.
St phn b hnh ch nht trong khng gian va bin i hnh sin theo thi gian
o co th phn tch thanh day Fourier co cac song iu hoa 1, 3, 5, 7... , ta co:
4
... cos F ... cos F cos F F
pt pt pt pt
+ + + + =

3
3 1

=

=
,.. , ,
pt
cos F
5 3 1

trong o:

2
4 2
2
2

sin F d . cos F F
pt pt pt
.
Va t sin IW iW F
pt pt pt
= =
2
2
2
1

Thay va ta c:

=

=
,.. , ,
m . pt pt
t sin . cos F F
5 3 1

trong o:

pt
pt pt m . pt
IW
, IW sin IW F 9 0
2 2
2
2 2

St cua mt phn t co dong in xoay chiu la tng cua song p mach
phn b hnh sin trong khng gian va bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
11.2.3. $td cuo dv qun mt |op buoc du.
Xet st: (hnh.10.4)

F
0

F
q1
F
pt1
1 2 3
1 2 3
-
4
Hnh 10.4 St cua dy qun mt lp bc u co q=3
2
1
3
2
3
F
q1
=q

Cng st cua 3 phn t















5

1) Dy qun mt lp.
2) Co q = 3 phn t.
3) Phn t co W
pt
vong dy.
4) Goc lch pha cua hai phn t canh nhau:
Z
p
=
2

Tm St tng ? = Tng 3 st cua 3 phn t.
St bc mt cua mt nhom co q phn t : (ging biu thc s)
vi k
1 1 1 pt r q
F qk F =
r1
: h s qun rai
Song bc cua mt nhom co q phn t :
vi k

=
pt r q
F qk F
r
: h s qun rai bc .
St cua dy qun mt lp bc u :
t sin cos k qF F
.. , ,
r ptm q
=

=

5 3 1

11.2.4. $td cuo dv qun mt pho ho| |op buoc ngn.
St cua dy qun mt pha hai lp bc ngn co th dc xem nh tng st
cua hai dy qun mt lp bc u, mt t lp trn va mt t lp di nhng
lch pha nhau mt goc in (hnh 10.5).


y=

=(1-)
F
0

F
f1
F
q1
-

F
q1
F
f1
0
Cng st c ban cua hai
l p dy qun mt pha
F
q2
(1-)








Hnh 10.5 St cua dy qun mt lp bc u co q=3

i vi song c ban = 1, goc lch : = ) (1 vi = / y .
6
Ta co, i vi song bc 1 :

1 1 1
2
2
1 2
n q q f
k F ) cos( F F =

=
vi
2 2
1
1

= sin ) cos( k
n

Tng t i vi song bc :


=

=
n q q f
k F ) ( cos F F 2
2
1 2
vi
2 2
1

=

sin ) ( cos k
n

vy, st cua dq mt pha hai lp bc ngn :
t sin cos F k k q F
ptm n r
.. , ,
f
=

=

5 3 1
2
Vit lai st F
f
:
t sin cos F F
.. , ,
f f
=

=

5 3 1

Trong o : I
p
Wk
, I
p
Wk
F
dq dq
f

9 0
2 2

vi : la s vong dy cua mt pha.
pt
pqW W 2 =
Vy, st cua mt pha la tng hp cua mt day st p mach phn b hnh sin
trong khng gian bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
10.3. ST CUA DY QUN BA PHA
Gia thit dy qun ba pha t l ch nhau mt goc 120
o
in hay 2/3 va co
dong in chay qua:
t sin I i
A
= 2
) / t sin( I i
B
3 2 2 =
) / t sin( I i
C
3 4 2 =
Tng pha sinh ra st :
=

=

cos t sin F F
.. , ,
f A
5 3 1

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
.. , ,
f B
3 2 3 2
5 3 1
=

=


) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
.. , ,
f B
3 4 3 4
5 3 1
=

=


co st cua dy qun ba pha ta ly tng ba st p mach o. Mun cho s
phn tch c d dang, ta phn st bc cua mi pha thanh hai st quay thun va
7
quay ngc nh vy st tng cua dy qun ba pha se la tng cua tt ca st quay
thun va quay ngc o. Ta co :
=

cos t sin F F
f A

) t sin(
F
) t sin(
F
f f
+ + =

2 2

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
f B
3 2 3 2 =


+

=

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
3
2
2
)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
3
2
2

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
f C
3 4 3 4 =


+

=

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
4
3
4
2
)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
4
3
4
2

Trong o : = 1, 3, 5, . . co th chia thanh ba nhom:
1) = mk = 3k (vi k = 1, 3, 5.. th = 3, 9, 15, .. )
3) = 2mk + 1 = 6k + 1 (vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3.. th = 1, 7, 13, .. )
4) = 2mk - 1 = 6k - 1 (vi k = 1, 2, 3.. th = 5, 11, 17 , .. )
Ta xet st quay thun:
) t sin(
F
F
f
t A
=

2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 0
2

+ =


)] ( ) t sin[(
F
F
f
t B
3
2
3
2
2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 1
2

+ =


)] ( ) t sin[(
F
F
f
t C
3
4
3
4
2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 2
2

+ =


Tng cua chung la tng cac song quay hnh sin lch pha nhau mt goc ( -
1)2/3.
Xet vi nhom = 3k, ta co :

3
2
2
3
2
1 3
3
2
1

=

k ) k ( ) (
Thay vao trn ta co 3 st o lch pha nhau 1 goc 2/3 va quay cung tc
nn tng cua chung bng khng.
Xet vi nhom 6k + 1, ta co :
k ] ) k [( ) ( =

+ =

4
3
2
1 1 6
3
2
1
Vy, chung trung pha nhau nn tng cua chung bng:
8
) t sin( F F
k
f th
=

+ =

1 6
2
3

Xet vi nhom 6k - 1, ta co :

3
4
4
3
2
1 1 6
3
2
1

=

k ] ) k [( ) (
Ta cung co 3 st trn lch pha nhau mt goc 4/3 va st tng cua chung bng
khng.
Tng t, ta xet st quay ngc, vi nhom = 3k va = 6k+ 1 co st tng
bng khng. Ring nhom = 6k - 1 chung trung pha nhau nn tng la:
) t sin( F F
k
f ng
+ =

=

1 6
2
3

Vy st cua dy qun ba pha vit gp lai :
) t sin( F F
k
f ) (
=

=

m
1 6
3
2
3

Trong o :
I
p
Wk
, I
p
Wk
F
dq qd
f

35 1
2 3
2
3


F
b

t
F
c

t








St cua dy qun ba pha la tng cac st bc = 6k+ 1 quay thun va cac st
bc = 6k - 1 quay ngc, co :
Bin :
f
F
2
3

Tc :

hay

n
n vi
p
f
n
60
= .
10.4 ST CUA DY QUN HAI PHA
Nu dy qun 2 pha t lch pha nhau trong khng gian mt goc 90
o
in va
dong in hai pha lch pha nhau mt goc 90
o
.
F
c

t
120
0
F
a

t
F
b

t
240
0
F
a

t
F
a

t
F
c

t
F
b

t
(b) (c)

(a)

Hnh 10.6 Cng cac st quay thun bc cua cac pha

9
Phn tch nh trng hp dy qun 3 pha, ta co:
) t sin( F F
k
f ) (
=

=

m
1 4
2

Trong o :
I
p
Wk
, F
dq
f

9 0
St cua dq hai pha la tng cua ca c st bc =2mk+1= 4k+ 1 quay thun va
cac st bc = 2mk-1= 4k - 1 quay ngc. Bin th bng bin cua st mt
pha bc , va tc quay cua st bc la n

= n/.
10.5 PHN TCH ST DY QUN BNG PHNG PHAP TH
Xet st sinh ra bi dong in ba pha i
A
, i
B
, i
C
chay trong dy qun ba pha AX,
BY, CZ t lch pha nhau trong khng gian mt goc la 120
o
; may in co q = 1 va
p = 1 (hnh 10.7).


A
I
&
B
I
&

C
I
&

t= 0






C
I
&

A
I
&

Hnh 10.7 St cua dy qun ba pha q=1, 2p=2 t=0 va t=T/3
B
I
&
t= T/3








thi im t = 0, cho dong in pha A at cc ai.
i
A
= I
m
; i
B
= i
C
= -I
m
/2
Ga thit chiu dong in pha A chay t X A ta suy ra chiu dong trong
pha B, C nh hnh ve (hnh 10.7b). Va ta ve c st F
A
, F
B
, F
C
tm c st F
tng (4).
thi im t = T/3, dong in pha B at cc ai.
10
I
B
= I
m
; i
A
= i
C
= -I
m
/2
Chiu dong in pha B chay t Y B ta suy ra chiu dong trong pha A, C
nh hnh ve (hnh 10.7b). Va ta ve c st F
A
, F
B
, F
C
tm c st F tng (4).
Vy st do dong in ba pha chay trong dy qun ba pha la st quay co chiu
quay trong khng gian va co tc :

p
f
n
60
1
= (vong/phut) hay
p
f
n =
1
(vong/gy)
Truc st tng trung vi truc pha co dong in cc ai.



]R R^

1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|


Phn III MAY IN KHNG NG B



Chuong 12

AI C0ONG V MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O


12.1. KHAI NIM CHbNG
May in khng ng b la may in xoay chiu, lam vic theo nguyn ly
cam ng in t, co tc cua rotor n khac vi tc t trng quay trong may
n
1
. May in khng ng b co th lam vic hai ch : ng c va may phat.
May phat in khng ng b t dung v co c tnh lam vic khng tt, nn
trong chng ny ta chu yu la xet ng c khng ng b. ng c khng ng
b c s dung nhiu trong san xut va trong sinh hoat v ch tao n gian, gia
thanh re, tin cy cao, vn hanh n gian, hiu sut cao va gn nh khng bao
tr. Gn y do ky thut in t phat trin, nn ng c khng ng b a ap ng
c yu cu iu chnh tc v vy ng c cang s dung rng rai hn. Day
cng sut cua no rt rng t vai watt n hang ngan kilowatt. Hu ht la ng c
ba pha, co mt s ng c cng sut nho la mt pha.
12.2. Cb IAO MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
Cu tao cua may in khng ng b c trnh bay trn hnh 7.1, gm hai b
phn chu yu la stator va rotor, ngoai ra con co vo may, np may va truc may.
Truc lam bng thep, trn o gn rotor, bi va pha cui truc co gn mt quat gio
lam mat may doc truc.

2
12.2.1. $totor (phn tnh)
Stator gm hai b phn chnh la loi thep va dy qun, ngoai ra con co vo may
va np may.


















Hnh 13.1 Ccu Icc cuc ccnc cc cien khcnc ccnc Lc
1. Lci Ihep :IcIc:2. Dcy cucn :IcIc: 7. Ncp mcy: : 4. C Li: 5. I(uc mcy: .Hcp ccu
cuc: 7. Lci Ihep (cIc: 8. Ihcn mcy: . CucI cic |cm mcI: 10. Hcp cucI
1
7
2
8
3
4
9
5
6
10






1. Lo| thep
Loi thep stator co dang hnh tru (hnh 13.2b), lam bng cac la thep ky thut
in, c dp ranh bn trong (hnh 13.2a) ri ghep lai vi nhau tao thanh cac ranh
theo hng truc. Loi thep c ep vao trong vo may.
2. Dv qun stotor
Dy qun stator thng c lam bng dy ng co boc cach in va t trong cac
ranh cua loi thep (xem lai chng 9). Dong in xoay chiu ba pha chay trong dy
qun ba pha stator se tao nn t trng quay (xem lai chng 12).

3
3. Vo mov
Vo may gm co thn va np, thng lam bng gang (hnh 13.1).


Hnh 13.2 KeI ccu :IcIc( mcy cien khcnc ccnc Lc
c) La thep stator: L) Loi thep stator
i
A
i
A
(b)
(a)









12.2.2. kotor (phn quov)
Rotor la phn quay gm loi thep, dy qun va truc may.

Hnh 13.3 Ccu Icc (cIc( ccnc cc khcnc ccnc Lc.
c) Dcy cucn (cIc( |cnc :cc c) Lci Ihep (cIc( c) Ky hieu ccnc cc I(en :c cc
C
(d)
(a) (b)





1. Lo| thep
Loi thep rotor gm cac la thep ky thut in c ly t phn bn trong cua loi
thep stator ghep lai, mt ngoai dp ranh (hnh 13.2a) t dy qun, gia co
dp l l p truc.
2. Iruc
Truc cua may in khng ng b lam bng thep, trn o gn loi thep rto.

4
3. Dv qun rotor
Dy qun rotor cua may in khng ng b co hai kiu : rotor ngn mach con
goi la rotor lng soc va rotor dy qun.
Rotor lng soc (hnh 13.3a) gm cac thanh ng hoc thanh nhm t trong
ranh va b ngn mach bi hai vanh ngn mach hai u. Vi ng c nho, dy
qun rotor c uc nguyn khi gm thanh dn, vanh ngn mach, canh tan nhit
va canh quat lam mat (hnh 3.3b). Cac ng c cng sut trn 100kW thanh dn
lam bng ng c t vao cac ranh rotor va gn cht vao vanh ngn mach.
Rotor dy qun (hnh 13.4) cung qun ging nh dy qun ba pha stator va co
cung s cc t nh dy qun stator. Dy qun kiu ny lun lun u sao (Y) va
co ba u ra u vao ba vanh trt, gn vao truc quay cua rotor va cach in vi
truc. Ba chi than c nh va lun ty trn vanh trt ny dn in vao mt bin
tr cung ni sao nm ngoai ng c khi ng hoc iu chnh tc .
















Dcy cucn :IcIc Dcy cucn (cIc Lci Ihep :IcIc Hcp Gic Vcnh I(ucI
Lc mc
en ncucn
cunc ccp
Hnh 13.4 Ccu Icc mcy cien khcnc ccnc Lc (cIc ccy cucn

5
12.3. NGbYN LY LAM VIC MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
Khi co dong in ba pha chay trong dy qun stato th trong khe h khng
kh xut hin t trng quay vi tc n
1
= 60f
1
/p (f
1
la tn s li in; p la s
i cc t cua may; n
1
la tc t trng quay bc mt) T trng ny quet qua
dy qun nhiu pha t ngn mach t trn loi st rto, lam cam ng trong dy qun
rto cac s E
2
. Do rto kn mach nn trong dy qun rto co dong in I
2
chay
qua. T thng do dong in ny sinh ra hp vi t thng cua stato tao thanh t
thng tng khe h. Dong in trong dy qun rto tac dung vi t thng khe h
sinh ra mmen. Tac dung o co quan h mt thit vi tc quay n cua rto.
Trong nhng pham vi tc khac nhau th ch la m vic cua may cung khac
nhau. Sau y ta se nghin cu tac dung cua chung trong ba pham vi tc .
H s trt s cua may :

1
1
1
1
n
n n
s

=
Nh vy khi n = n
1
th s = 0, con n = 0 th s = 1; khi n > n
1
, s < 0 va khi rto
quay ngc chiu t trng quay n < 0 th s > 1.
1. koto quov cung ch|u tu truong quov nhung co tc d n < n
1
(0 < s < 1)










Ga thit v chiu quay n
1
cua t trng khe h va cua rto n nh hnh 13.
5a. Theo qui tc ban tay phai, xac nh c chiu s E
2
va I
2
; theo qui tc ban
tay trai, xac nh c lc F va mmen M. Ta thy F cung chiu quay cua rto,
Hnh 13.5 Cuc I(inh Icc mcmenI cuc mcy cien khcnc ccnc Lc
B
N
F
t
n
1

B
F
t
S
n

(a)

B
N
F
t
n
1

B
F
t
S
n

(c)

B
N
F
t
n
1

B
F
t
S
n

(b)


6
ngha la in nng a ti stato, thng qua t trng a bin i thanh c nng trn
truc lam quay rto theo chiu t trng quay n
1
, nh vy may lam vic ch
ng c in.
2. koto quov cung ch|u tu truong quov nhung co tc d n > n
1
(s < 0)
Dung ng c s cp quay rto cua may in khng ng b vt tc
ng b n > n
1
. Luc o chiu cua t trng quay quet qua dy qun rto se ngc
lai, s va dong in trong dy qun rto cung i chiu nn chiu cua mmen M
cung ngc chiu cua n
1
, ngha la ngc chiu cua rto, nn o la mmen ham
(hnh 13.5b). Nh vy may a bin c nng tac dung ln truc ng c in, do
ng c s cp keo thanh in nng cung cp cho li in, ngha la may in lam
vic ch may phat in.
3. koto quov nguoc ch|u tu truong quov tuc tc d n < 0 (s > 1)
V nguyn nhn nao o ma rto cua may in quay ngc chiu t trng quay
(hnh 13. 5c), luc ny chiu s, dong in va mmen ging nh ch ng c
in. V mmen sinh ra ngc chiu quay vi rto nn co tac dung ham rto lai.
Trong trng hp ny, may va ly in nng li in vao, va ly c nng t
ng c s cp. Ch lam vic nh vy goi la ch ham in t.
12.4. FHN LOAI MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
1. Fhn theo kt cu vo mov.
+ Kiu kn
+ Kiu bao v
+ kiu h
2. Fhn theo s pho.
Ta co may in khng ng b
+ Mt pha
+ Hai pha
+ Ba pha
3. Fhn theo k|u dv qun rto.
+ May in khng ng b rto lng soc.
+ May in khng ng b rto dy qun.

7
12.5. CAC AI L0ONG INH M0C MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
Cung nh tt ca cac loai may in khac, may in khng ng b co cac tr s
nh mc c trng cho iu kin ky thut cua may. Cac tr s ny do nha may
thit k, ch tao qui nh va c ghi trn nhan may. V may in khng ng b
chu yu dung lam ng c in nn trn nhan may ghi cac tr s nh mc cua
ng c nh sau :
1. Cng sut d|nh muc F
dm
(kW,W)
2. |n op d|nh muc b
dm
(V).
3. Dong d|n d|nh muc I
dm
(A).
4. Ic d quov d|nh muc n
dm
(vong/phut).
5. H|u sut d|nh muc
dm
%.
. H s cng sut d|nh muc cos
dm
.
i vi ng c in khng ng b, cng sut nh mc la cng sut trn u
truc ng c. Con ng c ba pha, in ap va dong in ghi trn nhan may la in
ap va dong in dy tng ng vi cach u hnh sao (Y) hay u hnh tam giac
().
T cac tr s nh mc ghi trn nhan, ta co th tnh c:
Cng sut nh mc ma ng c tiu thu t li in :

m m m
m
m
m 1
cos I U . 3
P
P =

=
Mmen quay nh mc u truc :

m
m
m
m
m
n
) kW ( P
9550
) W ( P
M =

= N.m
vi 60 / n 2
m m
= (rad/s) la tc goc cua rto.

] R R ^


1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|



Chuong 13 QbAN H IN I0 IkONG
MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O

13.1. DAI CUONG
Trn stato cua may in khng ng b (MK) co dy qun m
1
pha, con trn
dy qun roto co dy qun m
2
pha. Nh vy trong may in khng ng b co hai
mach in khng ni vi nhau va gia chung co lin h vi nhau v t. Khi may
in lam vic bnh thng trn dy qun stato va rto co t thng tan va tng ng
co in khang tan va gia hai dy qun co s h cam. V vy ta co th coi may
in khng ng b nh mt mba ma dy qun stato la dy qun s cp, dy qun
rto la dy qun th c p va s lin h gia hai mach s cp va th c p thng qua t
trng quay. Do o ta co th dung cach phn tch mba nghin cu nguyn ly
lam vic c ban cua may in khng ng b.
Khi nghin cu nguyn ly la m vic c ban cua may in khng ng b ta ch
xet tac dung cua song c ban ma khng xet song bc cao.
13.2. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC KHI RTO DUNG YN
t mt in ap U
1
co tn s f
1
vao dy qun stato, trong dy qun stato se co
dong in I
1
, tn s f
1
; trong dy qun rto se co dong in I
2
, tn s f
1
; dong I
1
va
I
2
sinh ra st quay F
1
va F
2
co tr s la:

1
1 dq 1
1
1
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= (13.1a)
2
2 dq 2
2
2
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= (13.1b)
trong o : m
1
,m
2
la s pha cua dy qun stato va rto; p la s i cc t; N
1
,N
2
la
s vong dy mt pha cua dy qun stato va rto; k
dq1
,k
qd2
la h s dy qun cua dy
qun stato va rto.
Hai st ny quay cung tc n
1
= 60f
1
/p va tac dung vi nhau sinh ra st
tng trong khe h F
0
. V vy phng trnh cn bng st c vit la:
2
(13.2a)
0 2 1
F F F
& & &
= +
(13.2b) ) F ( F F
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
y ta xem dong in I
1
gm hai thanh phn:
Mt thanh phn la dong in tao nn st
0
I
&
0
1 dq 1
1
0
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= .
Va mt thanh phn la tao nn st ) I (
'
2
&

'
2
1 dq 1
1 '
2
I
p
k N
2 m
) F (
& &

= bu lai
st F
2
cua dong in th cp .
2
I
&
Nh vy ta co:
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ = (13.3a)
hay (13.3b)
0
'
2 1
I I I
& & &
= +
So sanh st F
2
do dong in I
2
cua rto tao ra va st F
2
do thanh phn cua
dong in stato sinh ra, ta co:
'
2
I
&

'
2
1 dq 1
1
2
2 dq 2
2
I
p
k N
2 m
I
p
k N
2 m
& &

T o ta co c h s qui i dong in:

2 dq 2 2
1 dq 1 1
i
k N m
k N m
k = (13.4)
St F
0
sinh ra t thng chnh trong khe h, t thng ny cam ng trong
dy qun stato va rto cac s:

2
j k N f
2
2
j E
m 1
1 m 1 dq 1 1 1

=

=
&
& &
(13.5a)
2
j k N f
2
2
j E
m 2
2 m 2 dq 2 2 2

=

=
&
& &
(13.5b)
Khi rto ng yn f
2
= f
1
nn t s bin i in ap cua may in khng ng
b bng:
2 dq 2
1 dq 1
2
1
e
k N
k N
E
E
k = = (13.6)
Tng t nh mba ta co phng trnh cn bng s trong mach in stato:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1
Z I E ) jx r ( I E r I E E U
& & & & & & & &
+ = + + = + = (13.7)
trong o:
+ Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
: tng tr cua dy qun stator.
* r
1
la in tr cua dy qun stato.
* x
1
la in khang tan cua dy qun stator.
+
1 1 1
x I j E
t
& &
= s tan do t thng tan stato
t1
sinh ra.
3
Phng trnh cn bng s trong mach in rto:
(13.8)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Z I E ) jx r ( I E 0
& & & &
= + =
trong o: Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
: tng tr cua dy qun rto.
* r
2
la in tr cua dy qun rto.
* x
2
= 2f
1
L
t2
la in khang tan cua dy qun rtoluc ng yn.
Cung ging nh mba, ta co th vit:
) jx r ( I Z I E
m m m
+ = =
0 0 1
& & &
(13.9)
trong o: I
0
- dong in t hoa sinh ra st F
0
.
Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
: tng tr cua nhanh t hoa.
* r
m
la in tr t hoa t trng cho s tn hao st t.
* x
m
la in khang t hoa biu th s h ca m gia stato va rto.
Qu| d| pho rto v pho stoto theo nguvn tc tn hoo khng d|:
Qui i s rto E
2
sang bn stato ta c la:
E
2
= E
1
= k
e
E
2
.
Qui i in tr rto r
2
v stato :
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 1
r I m r I m
' '
=
Vy :
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
r . k r k k r
r
W k m
W k m
m
m
r
I
I
m
m
r
i e
'
dq
dq
'
'
'
= =

=
(13.10)
trong o, k = k
e
k
i
la h s qui i tng tr.
Tng t qui i in khang rto x
2
v stato :
2 2
kx x
'
= (13.11)
Tom lai, cac phng trnh c trng cua may in khng ng b qui i v
stato la:

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =

'
2
'
2
'
2
Z I E 0
& &
=
(13.12)
1
'
2
E E
& &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
m 0 1
Z I E
& &
=
Khi rto ng yn ma dy qun rto ngn mach, th dong in trong 2 dy
qun rt ln. han ch dong in I
1
va I
2
trong 2 dy qun tr s nh mc cua
chung th cn phai giam thp in ap xung con khoang (15-25)%U
m
. Luc ny
s E
1
trong may in khng ng b nho i rt nhiu va tng ng t thng
m

cung nho, ngha la st t hoa F
0
rt nho so vi F
1
va F
2
, do o ta coi F
0
= 0 va ta
co:
4
(13.13)
0
0 2 1
= = + F F F
& & &
va 0
0 2 1
= = + I I I
'
& & &










Hnh 13.1 th vect cua MK khi rto ng yn
1
U
&

1
I
&
0
I
&
'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1 1
I r
&

1
E
&

'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&

Hnh 13.2 Mach in thay th cua

MK khi ngn mach
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
'
2 1
I I
& &
=
1
U
&

Ta co th tnh dong in stato I
1
:

n
1
'
2 1
1
1
Z
U
Z Z
U
I
& &
&
=
+
=
trong o: Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n
+jx
n
:tng tr ngn mach cua may in khng ng b.
Vi r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
va x
n
= x
1
+ x
2

Khi U
1
= U
m
th I
1
= I
k
y la dong in khi ng cua may.
13.3. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC KHI ROTOR QUAY
Khi rto quay th tn s cua tr s s va dong in trong dy qun roto thay
i. iu o anh hng rt ln n s lam vic cua may in, nhng no khng lam
thay i nhng qui lut va quan h in t khi rto ng yn.
13.3.1. Coc phuong trnh co bon.
1. Phng trnh cn bng s dy qun stato:
May in khng ng b khi lam vic th dy qun rto nht nh phai kn
mach va thng la nhn mach. Khi ni dy qun stato vi ngun ba pha, ta co
phng trnh cn bng s dy qun stato khi rto quay ging nh khi ng yn :

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ = (13.14)
2. Phng trnh cn bng s dy qun rto:
T trng khe h do st F
0
sinh ra quay vi tc n
1
. Nu rto quay vi tc
n theo chiu t trng quay th gia dy qun rto va t trng quay co tc
trt n
2
= n
1
- n, vy tn s s va dong in trong dy qun rto se la :

1
1
1
1 2
2
sf
60
p n
n
n n
60
p n
f =

= = (13.15)
5
trong o, s - la h s trt cua may in khng ng b, luc may lam vic ch
tai nh mc, thng s
m
= 0,02 0,08.
S cam ng trong dy rto luc quay:

2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
E s j k W f j E
m
m dq s
&
&
& &
=

= (13.16)
in khang cua dy qun rto luc quay:
x
2s
= 2f
2
L
t2
= 2sf
1
L
t2
= s.x
2
(13.17)
Phng trnh cn bng s cua mach in rto:
) jx r ( I E
s s 2 2 2 2
0 + =
& &
(13.18)
Hay sau khi qui i la:
(13.19) ) jx r ( I E
'
s
' ' '
s 2 2 2 2
0 + =
& &
Trong phng trnh trn, s va dong in co tn s f
2
, con bn stato s va
dong in co tn s f
1
v vy ta phai qui i tn s th vic thit l p phng trnh
mi co y ngha. Ta vit lai phng trnh (13.19):
t j '
s
' ' t j '
s
e ) jx r ( I e E
2 2
2 2 2 2
0

+ =
& &

Nhn hai v vi:
t ) ( j t j
e
s
e
s
2 1
1 1

=
Trong o: =
1
-
2
tc goc cua rto;
t ) ( j
e
2 1

la h s qui i tn s.
T o ta vit lai phng trnh trn:

t j
2
2
2
t j
2
1 1
e jx
s
r
I e E 0

+ = ) (
'
'
' '
& &

Hay
t j
2 2 2 2
t j
2
1 1
e
s
s 1
r jx r I e E 0


+ + = ) (
' ' ' ' '
& &
(13.20)
Nhn xet:
1. V mt toan hoc hai phng trnh (13.18) va (13.20) khng co g khac
nhau, nhng v mt vt ly a khac nhau v ban cht. Phng trnh (13.18) ch ro
mi quan h cua in ap khi rto quay vi h s trt s, trong o E
2s
, I
2
va tn tr
r
2
+ jx
2s
co tn s f
2
. Phng trnh (13.20) ch ro quan h trng hp rto ng
yn va luc ny trn rto c ni thm mt in tr gia tng r
2
(1-s)/s; con E
2
, I
2

va tn tr r
2
/s + jx
2
co tn s f
1
.
2. Trong hai trng hp dong in I
2
co khac nhau v tn s nhng tr hiu
dung va goc lch pha la khng i.
3. Du rto quay hay khng quay th st stato F
1
va st rto F
2
bao gi cung
quay ng b vi nhau.
4. Nng lng tiu tan trn in tr gia tng R
c
= r
2
(1-s)/s tng ng vi
nng lng in bin i thanh c nng trn truc ng c khi no quay.
6
Phng trnh cn bng st : (v st stato F
1
va rto F
2
quay cung
1
).

0 2 1
F F F
& & &
= +
hay
0 2 1
I I I
'
& & &
= +
Vy phng trnh c ban cua may in khng ng b luc rto quay la:

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =
) jx
s
r
( I E
'
'
' '
2
2
2 2
0 + =
& &

(13.21)
1 2
E E
'
& &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
m
Z I E
0 1
& &
=
13.3.2. Moch d|n thov th cuo mov d|n khng dng b.
Da vao cac phng trnh c ban, ta thanh lp s thay th hnh T (hnh
13.3) cho may in khng ng b khi rto quay ging nh mba, y dy qun
s cp mba la dy qun stato, dy qun th cp mba la dy qun rto va phu tai
mba la in tr gia tng r
2
(1-s)/s .
T s thay th co th tnh dong in stato, dong in rto, mmen, cng
sut c.. . va nhng tham s khac. Nh vy ta a chuyn vic tnh toan mt h
in - C hay C -in v vic tnh toan mach in n gian.







Trong may in khng ng b, do co khe h khng kh ln nn tn tai dong
in t hoa ln, khoang (20-50)%I
m
. in khang tan x
1
cung ln. Trong trng
hp nh vy in khang t hoa x
m
gi nguyn va bo qua in tr r
m
(r
m
= 0) con
tn hao st ta gp vao tn hao c va tn hao phu. T o ta co mach in thay th
hnh 13.4 do IEEE xng. y la mach in thay th c s dung nhiu trong
tnh toan va khao sat may in khng ng b.
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
) I (
'
2
&

1
U
&

Hnh 13.3 Mach in thay th hnh T cua MK
r
m
x
m
1
I
&

0
I
& r
2
(1-s)/s

7
1
U
&

x
m
1
I
&

o
I
&
) I (
'
2
&

s
s 1
r
'
2


r
2
x
2
x
1
r
1
Hnh 13.4 Mach in thay th MK do IEEE xng










Thng tnh toan thun li, ta bin i mach in thay th hnh T v mach
in thay th hnh n gian hn. Cach bin i nh sau:
T hnh (13.3) ta co:

'
2
'
2 '
2
Z
E
I
&
&
= vi Z
2s
= r
2
/s + jx
2
.
Va
m
1
0
Z
E
I
&
&
=
Vy dong in:
'
s
'
m
'
Z
E
Z
E
) I ( I I
2
2 1
2 0 1
& &
& & &

+

= + =
Mc khac:

+ + = =
'
s
m
Z
Z
Z
Z
E U Z I U E
2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
& & & & &


'
s
'
s
m
Z
Z
C
U
Z
Z
Z
Z
U
E
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
1 +
=
+ +
=
&
& &
&

Trong o : C
1
= 1+Z
1
/Z
m
.
Ta co:
1 2 1
1
2
1
2
Z Z C
U
Z
E
I
' '
s
'
+
=

=
&
& &
&


1 2 1
1 1 1 1
2 0 1
Z Z C
U
Z
Z I U
I I I
'
s
m
'
+
+

= =
&
& & &
& & &


1 2 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
Z Z C
U
Z
U
C I )) Z / Z ( ( I
'
s
m
m
+
+ = = +
&
& &
& & &

Vy:
' '
'
s
m
I I
Z C Z C
U
Z C
U
I
2 00
1 1 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
& &
& &
&
&
&
&
+ =
+
+ = (4.22)
Trong o:
m m m m
Z Z
U
Z ) Z / Z (
U
Z C
U
I
+
=
+
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
00
1
& &
&
&
&
goi la dong in khng tai ly
tng, ngha la dong in khng tai luc s = 0, tc la r
2
(1-s)/s = .
8
Va:
1
2
1 1 2
2
1
1
2
C
I
Z C Z C
U
I
'
'
s
' '
&
&
& &
&
&
=
+
= la dong in th cp cua mach in hnh . T
cac phng trnh trn ta thanh lp c mach in thay th hnh chnh xac cua
may in khng ng b nh hnh 13.5a


'
2
2
1
Z C
&
Z
1
Z
1
Z
2
1 1
Z C
&

) I I (
'
2
' '
2
& &
=
1
U
&
Z
m
1
I
&
00
I
&
r
2
(1-s)/s
Z
1
) I (
' '
2
&

1
U
&

Hnh 13.5 Mach in thay th hnh cua mat in khng ng b
Z
m
1
I
&

00
I
&

s
s 1
r C
'
2
2
1

&





(a) (b)




Thc t la ch ln hn 1 mt t, goc phc lai rt nho nn co th coi = C
1
=
1 + x/x
m
va nh vy . Ta co mach in n gian hn nh hnh (13.4b).
1
C
&
1
C
&
' ' '
I I
2 2
& &
=

13.3.3. H s qu| d| cuo dv qun rto |ng soc.
Khi ve mach in thay th hay th vect, cac tham s bn rto u qui i
v bn stato. Cac h s qui i t rto sang stato cua MK:

2 2 dq
1 1 dq
e
N k
N k
k = ;
2 2 dq 2
1 1 dq 1
i
N k m
N k m
k = ; k = k
e
k
i
i vi dy qun rto lng soc, y la loai dy qun c bit, ta co:
m
2
= Z
2
; N
2
= 1/2 ; k
dq2
= 1.
Th vao trn ta co:

1 1 dq
1 1 dq
2 2 dq
1 1 dq
e
N k 2
2
1
. 1
N k
N k
N k
k = = = ;

2
1 1 dq 1
2 2 dq 2
1 1 dq 1
i
Z
N k m 2
N k m
N k m
k = = ;
. ) N k (
Z
m 4
k k k
2
1 1 dq
2
1
i e
= =
9
13.4. CAC CH D LAM VIC,GIAN D NNG LUONG VA D THI
VECTO MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
Ta a bit, may in khng ng b lam vic ba ch : ng c, may phat
va ham.
13.4.1. Mov d|n khng dng b |om v| c o ch d dng co d|n (0 < s < 1)
Cng sut tac dung ng c in nhn t li in:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
.
Mt phn nho cng sut nay bu tn hao ng trn dy qun stato p
Cu1
= m
1
r
1

va tn hao st thep trong loi thep p
Fe
= m
1
r
m
, phn ln cng sut a vao con lai
chuyn thanh cng sut in t P
t
truyn qua rto. Nh vy :
2
1
I
2
o
I
P
t
= P
1
- (p
Cu1
+ p
Fe
) =
s
r
I m
'
2 2 '
2 1
(13.23)
V trong rto co dong in nn co tn hao ng trn dy qun rto: p
Cu2
=
m
1
I
2
2
r
2
. Do o cng sut c cua ng c in :
P
c
= P
t
- p
Cu2
=
s
r
I m
'
2 2 '
2 1
-m
2
I
2
2
r
2
=
s
s 1
r I m
'
2
2 '
2 1

(13.24)
Cng sut u truc cua ng c in:
P
2
= P
c
- (p
c
+p
f
) (13.25)
+ tn hao c p
c
(tn hao ma sat va quat gio)
+ tn hao phu p
f
(xet chng sau).

Hnh 13. Gian nng lng may in khng ng b
(a) (b) ca)














Tng tn hao cua ng c in khng ng b :
p = p
Cu1
+ p
Fe
+ p
Cu2
+ p
c
+ p
f

10
Hiu sut cua ng c in khng ng b :

1 1
2
P
p
1
P
P

= = (13.26)
Gian nng lng cua ng c khng ng b nh hnh 13.6a. Va cung
ging nh mba, th vect cua ng c in khng ng b co th ve theo cac
phng trnh c ban (13.21) nh trnh bay trn hnh 13.7a.
S phn phi cng sut phan khang trong may in khng ng b co th thy
ro t mach in thay th hnh T hnh 13.3.
Cng sut phan khang ng c in nhn t li in :
Q
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin (13.27)
Mt phn cng sut phan khang nay c dung sinh ra t trng tan trong
mach stato va t trng tan rto :
q
1
= m
1
I
2
1
x
1
; q
2
= m
1
I
2
2
x
2
(13.28)
Phn ln cng sut phan khang con lai dung sinh ra t trng khe h :
Q
m
= m
1
I
2
0
x
m
(13.29)
Vy : Q
1
= q
1
+ q
2
+ Q
m
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
(13.30)
Do may in khng ng b co khe h khng kh ln hn trong mba, nn
dong in t hoa trong may in khng ng b ln hn dong in t hoa trong
mba, thng I
0
= 20-25%I
m
. Va do Q
m
va I
0
tng i ln nn h s cng sut
cos cua may thp, thng cos
m
= 0,7- 0,95 va khi khng tai cos
0
= 0,1- 0,15,
rt thp.
13.4.2. Mov d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d mov phot (-<s<0)
Khi may in khng ng b lam vic ch may phat, s < 0 th cng sut
c cua may la P
c
=
s
s 1
r I m
'
2
2 '
2 1

< 0, ngha la may nhn cng sut vao. Ngoai ra,
ta co :
tg
2
=
'
'
'
'
r
sx
s / r
x
2
2
2
2
= < 0.
Vy s lch pha gia E
1
va I
2
la nm trong khoang 90
0
<
2
< 180
0
.
T th vect hnh 6.7b, ta thy :
1
> 90
0

nn :
+ Cng sut in tac dung la:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
.< 0 : may phat cng sut ta c dung vao li.
+ Cng sut phan khang:
Q
m
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
> 0, may nhn cng sut phan khang t li nh
ng c in.
Gian nng lng cua may phat in khng ng b nh hnh 13.6b.
11
















1
E
&
1
E
&

1
U
&
1 1
I r
&

&
0
I
&
1
I
&
'
2
I
&
'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

2
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&
0
I
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1

Hnh 13.7 th vect cua may in khng ng b
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&

&
0
I
&
1
I
&

'
I
2
&
'
I
2
&

1 1
I jx
&

1

90
o

&

(a) (b)
(c)

13.4.3. Mov d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d hom (1< s < + )
Khi s > 1 th cng sut c cua may P
c
=
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1
< 0, nn May nhn
cng sut c t ngoai vao. Cng sut in t cua may P
t
=
s
r
I m
'
' 2 2
2 1
> 0, nn may
nhn cng sut in t li. Tt ca cng sut c va in ly ngoai vao u bin
thanh tn hao ng trn mach rto :
P
t
+ (-P
t
) =
s
r
I m
'
' 2 2
2 1
-
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1
= = p
Cu2

'
2
2 '
2 1
r I m
V tt ca nng lng ly vao u tiu thu trn may nn khi U
1
= U
1m
ch cho
phep may lam vic trong thi gian ngn.
Gian nng lng va th vect cua may in khng ng b lam vic
ch ham nh hnh 13.6c va hnh 13.7c.
13.5. MMEN DIN TU CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
V may in khng ng b thng c dung lam ng c in, nn khi phn
tch se ly ng c in lam v du. Cung ging nh cac may in khac, ng c
in khng ng luc lam vic phai kc phuc mmen tai bao gm mmen khng tai
M
0
va mmen cua phu tai M. V vy phng trnh cn bng mmen cua ng c
in khng ng b luc lam vic n nh la :
M = M
0
+ M
2
(13.31)
12
Trong o:
M : Mmen in t cua ng c in.
Vi:

+
=
f c
p p
M
0
va

=
2
2
P
M
Trong o :
60
2 n
= la tc goc cua rto;
n la tc quay cua rto.
Ta vit lai cng thc (13.31) :

+ +
=
c f c
P P p p
M
2
(13.32)
Ta cung co:
1

=
dt
P
M (13.33)
Vy:
1

t c
P P


t t t c
P ) s ( P
n
n
P P = =

= 1
1 1
(13.34)
Tn hao ng trn rto bng :
p
Cu2
= P
t
- P
c
= sP
t
(13.35)
ta co: P
t
= m
2
E
2
I
2
cos
2
.
Nn: P
c
= m
2
(1-s)E
2
I
2
cos
2
. (13.36)
Ta a co: E
2
= 2 f
1
N
2
k
dq2

m
f
1
= pn
1
/60.
= (1-s)
1
= (1-s)2n
1
/60.
Th vao trn ta tm c mmen in t cua may in khng ng b :

2
1
=

=
co
P
M m
2
pN
2
k
dq2

m
I
2
cos
2
. (13.37)
Thng ta li dung mach in thay th tnh mmen in t theo s.
T s thay th hnh (hnh 13.4a), ta co:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
1
2 1 2
) x C x ( ) s / r C r (
U
I C I
' ' '
' ' '
+ + +
= =
va P
c
=
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1

= (1-s)
1
ma
1
= 2n
1
/60 = 2(60f
1
/p)/60 =
1
/p
Mmen in t cua may in khng ng b :
13
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1
1
1
) x C x ( ) s / r C r (
s / r U m P
M
' '
'
c
+ + +

= (13.38)
Nhn xet:
+ Mmen M t l U
2
1
.
+ Mmen M t l nghch (x
1
+ c
1
x
2
)
2
khi tn s cho trc.
+ M = f(s).
Ve quan h M = f(s).
13.5.1. Im mmen cuc do| M
mox

ve quan h M = f(s), ta tm mmen cc ai bng cach gia thit nh sau :
Gia thit ca c tham s khac la khng i.
t y = 1/s.
Vit lai biu thc mmen in t: (13.38) thanh :

2
Dy Cy B
Ay
M
+ +
=
trong o:

2
2
1 1
'
r U m
A =
'
2 1 1
r r C 2 = C
B = D =
2
2 1 1
2
1
) x C x ( r
'
+ +
2 '
2
2
1
r C
Ly ao ham va tm s
m
ng vi mmen cc ai M
max
.
0
-
2 2
2
=
+ +
=
=
) Dy Cy B (
) Dy B ( A
dy
dM
m
y y
m

D / B y
m
=
2
2 1 1
2
1
2 1
) x C x ( r
r C
B / D s
'
'
m
+ +
= = (13.40)
2
2 1 1
2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
) x C x ( r r
U m
C
M
'
max
+ + +
= (13.41)
Thng r
1
<< x
1
+ C
1
x
2
, nn xem r
1
= 0, ta co:
'
'
m
x C x
r C
s
2 1 1
2 1
+
= (13.42)
'
max
x C x
U m
C
M
2 1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
+
= (13.43)
Ta nhn xet v M
max
:
+ M
max
t l vi
2
1
U
+ M
max
khng phu thuc r
2

+ M
max
ch may phat ln hn mt t so vi M
max
ch ng c.
14
+ r
2
cang ln th s
m
cang ln.
+ r
2
tng th M
max
khng i ma dch sang phai.

M.Fa t .c Ham
(-M
max
)
M
max
s
s
m
-s
m
-1
1
Hnh 13.8 Quan h M = f(s)

M
k
M












13.5.2. Mmen kho| dng :
im s = 1 (n = 0) ng vi ch khi ng (hnh 13.8) cua ng c:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1 1
1

1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
r U m
M
' '
'
k
+ + +
= (13.44)
Ta nhn xet v mmen khi ng M
k
:
+ M
k
t l vi
2
1
U
+ M
k
t l vi nghch vi Z
2
= (r
1
+ C
1
r
2
)
2
+ (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
)
2
. Nu C
1
= 1 th Z
= Z
n
con (r
1
+ C
1
r
2
) << (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
) th M
k
t l vi nghch in khang (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
)
2
.
+ Tm M
k
= M
max
th h s trc s
m
= 1, ta co:
1
2 1 1
2 1
=
+
=
'
'
m
x C x
r C
s
' '
x
C
x
r
2
1
1
2
+ = (13.45)
y la in tr cua ma ch rto M
k
= M
max
.
13.5.3. c tnh co cuo dng co d|n
c tnh c cua ng c in la quan h: M
2
= f(n) hoc n = f(M
2
). Ma ta co
M = M
0
+ M
2
, vy y ta xem M
0
= 0 hoc chuyn M
0
v mmen can tnh, nn
xem rng M
2
= M = f(n). T hnh 13.9, ta co :
+ oan oa (0 < s < s
m
) ng c lam vic n nh. c tnh c cng.
+ oan oa ( s
m
< s < 1) ng c lam vic khng n nh.
15
13.5.4. Im b|u thuc K|ox (ng co)
Lp t s M/M
max
:

[ ]
[ ]
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
1 1 2 1
2
) x C x ( ) r C r ( s
) x C x ( r r r C
M
M
' '
' '
max
+ + +
+ + +
=
. (13.46)
Ta co:
m
'
'
s
r C
) x C x ( r
2 1 2
2 1 1
2
1
= + + .
Th vao ta c:

m
m
m
m
max
as
s
s
s
s
as
M
M
+ +
+
=
2
(13.47)
Vi
'
r C
r
a
2 1
1
2
= va trong may in khng ng b thng in tr r
1
= r
2
va s
m
=
0,10,2, nn: as
m
<< s hang trc no, nn:

s
s
s
s
M
M
m
m
max
+
=
2
(13.48)
o la biu thc Klx.
Hnh 13. c tnh c c M = f(s)

M
max
M
b
n
s
0
1
c
r
2
r
2
r
2
< <
s
m
13.5.5. Nng |uc quo to|
m
max
m
M
M
k = (=1,73).
13.5.. 8| s mmen kho| dng
m
k
k
M
M
k =
13.5.7. 8| s dong d|n kho| dng
m
k
I
I
I
k = .
13.6. THI NGHIM XAC DINH THNG S MACH DIN THAY TH
M hnh mach in cua ng c khng ng b tng t nh mba, cac thng
s cung c xac nh bng th nghim khng tai (u truc ng c khng ni vi
tai) va ngn mach (gi rto ng yn) ging nh trong mba.
13..1. Ih ngh|m khng to|
Th nghim khng tai la dy qun stato K ni vao li in co in ap va
tn s nh mc, con u truc ng c khng ni vi tai. S ni dy th nghim
ng c khng ng b c trnh bay trn hnh 13.10. Khi ni ngun in co in
16
ap nh mc vao dy qun stato, luc o ta o c cac ai lng nh cac dung cu
o nh sau :
Cng sut khng tai P
o
(3-pha, tng cng sut trn hai Watt k)
Dong in khng tai I
o
(tnh trung bnh t 3 ampe k)
in ap khng tai U
o
(tnh trung bnh t 3 vn k).

DK
V
V
A
A
A
V
W
W
*
*
*
*
K
Ngun
AC
ba pha
Hnh 13.10 S th nghim K ba pha






Cng sut khng tai P
o
(tn hao khng tai) la cac tn tht khi cng sut trn
u truc la zero, bao gm : tn hao ng stato, tn hao st va tn hao quay (tn
hao quat go, ma sat va tn hao phu).
Tn hao st trong loi thep ch xay ra stato, con trong rto khng ang k,
do h s trt rt thp (s
o
=0,001), nn tn s dong in trong dy qun rto thp,
khoang 0,05Hz.
Tr s dong in khng tai K khoang 20 - 40% dong in nh mc v co
khe h khng kh. Tn tht ng stato khi khng tai cn c tnh toan, bng cach
o in tr mt chiu va hiu chnh theo dong in xoay chiu (50Hz). Cng sut
c P
c
tng ng vi in tr gia tng co trc s
o
rt thp. V vy r
2
/s
o
+ jx
2

>> Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
nn r
2
/s
o
+ jx
2
co th bo qua. T mach in thay th hnh 13.3
khi khng tai c trnh bay trn hnh 13.11a.

Hnh 13.11 Mach in thay th K khng tai

r x
1
U
&
r
o
x
o
0
I
&
(b)
1
U
&
r
m
x
m
0
I
&

(c)
1 1





1
U
&

r
0
I
&
m
x
m
(a)
17
Phi hp hai nhanh ni tip Z
1
va Z
m
ta c mach in hnh 13.11b. Trong o Z
o

= Z
1
+ Z
m
= r
o
+ jx
o
,
,
vi r
o
= r
1
+ r
m
va x
o
= x
1
+ x
m
. y ta phai hiu r
o
c
trng cho tn hao khng tai gm tn hao st, quat gio, ma sat va tn hao phu.
T cac thng s th nghim va mach in thay th hnh 13.11b, ta co :

2
o
o
m 1 o
I
1

3
P
= r + r = r (13.49)

o
o
o
I
1
3
U
z = (13.50)

2
o
2
o m 1 o
r z x x x = + = (13.51)
H s cng sut khng tai :
cos
o
= P
o
/(U
o
I
o
) (13.52)
in khang tan stato x
1
tm c t th ngn mach. Ta co th tach tn hao
quay t tn hao khng tai bng cach tr tn hao ng trn dy qun stato khi
khng tai :
p
q
= P
o
- 3.r
1
I
o
2
. (13.53)
Do tng tr dy qun stato Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
<< Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
, nn co th bo qua
Z
1
. Mach in thay th gn dung ng c khng ng b khi khng tai trnh bay
trn hnh 13.11c. Mach in tng ng nay dung tnh tng tr nhanh t hoa
rt n gian, ging nh trong mba.
13..2. Ih ngh|m ngn moch
Th nghim nay c dung xac nh cac thng s ni tip trong m hnh
mach ng c khng ng b. S ni dy th nghim ging nh khi khng tai
(hnh 13.10), nhng gi rto ng yn, luc nay h s trt s = 1. Giam in ap t
vao dy qun stato, sao cho dong in chay trong dy qun stato bng dong in
nh mc. Luc o ta o c cac ai lng nh cac dung cu o nh sau :
Cng sut ngn mach P
n
(3-pha, tng cng sut trn hai oat k)
Dong in ngn mach I
n
(tnh trung bnh t 3 ampe k)
in a p ngn mach U
n
(tnh trung bnh t 3 vn k).
Trong th nghim nay, bo qua tn hao st r
m
= 0, nhng khng th bo qua in
khang t hoa X
m
v no nho hn nhiu so vi mba. T mach in thay th hnh 13.4,
khi th nghim ngn mach c trnh bay trn hnh 13.12a (chnh la mach in
thay th IEEE khi s = 1). Phi hp hai nhanh song song thanh hnh 13.12b. Nu bo
qua nhanh t hoa song song cua mach in trnh bay trn hnh 13.16a th ging
nh th nghim ngn mach mba, vic tnh toan se n gian hn v x
2
va r
2
tng
18
ng bng x
2
va r
2
. T cac thng s th nghim va m hnh mach hnh 13.12b, ta
tnh c :

2
n
n
2 1 t
I
1

3
P
= r + r = r
' '

(13.54)

n
n
t
I
1

3
U
= z

(13.55)

2
t
2
t 2 1 t
r - z = x + x = x

' '

(13.56)
H s cng sut khng tai :
cos
n
= P
n
/(U
n
I
n
) (13.57)
Trong trng hp gn ung co th cho rng in khang tan stato va in
khang tan rto bng nhau va bng na x
t
(x
t
x
n
:
x
1
= x
2
= x
t
/2 (13.58)
T mach in thay th hnh 13.16a va b, ta co :

) (
) (
' '
' '
' ' ' '
m 2 2
m 2 2
2 2
x + x j + r
jx jx + r
= jx + r (13.59)
Phn thc cua biu thc trn la :

2
m 2
2
2
2
m 2
2
x + x + r
x r
= r
) ( ) (
' '
'
' '
(13.60)
Do r
2
<< (x
2
+ x
m
), nn bo qua r
2
:
2
m 2
2
m 2
2
x + x
x r
= r
) (
'
'
' '
(13.61)
Ta co r
2
= r
t
- r
1
, nn : r
2
= ( r
t
- r
1
)
2
m
2
m 2
x
x + x ) (
'
. (13.62)
Khi x
m
>> x
2
, ta co : x
t
= x
1
+ x
2
. (13.63)

(b)

r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
1
U
&
1
I
&
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
) I (
'
2
&

1
U
&

x
m
1
I
&

0
I
&

(a)






Hnh 13.12 Mach in thay th K ngn mach

19
13.7 MMEN PHU CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
Mmen phu may in khng ng b la mmen sinh ra do t trng song bc
cao quay vi nhng tc khac nhau. Nhng mmen phu ny rt yu so vi song
c ban, nhng tc thp no sinh ra mmen ham tng i ln lam anh hng
n s lam vic cua may in, nht la trong qua trnh m may ng c khng ng
b.
13.7.1. Coc |oo| mmen phu
1. Mmen phu khng ng b:
Du tc d quay cua rto nh th nao, st song c ban cua stato va rto u
quay cung t n
1
, do o sinh ra mmen in t nh a phn tch trn. Khai nim
nay cung ung cho cac song iu hoa.
Cac song iu hoa u sinh ra mmen, nhng song bc 5 quay ngc va song
bc 7 quay thun co bin tng i ln va mmen phu sinh ra cung anh hng
nhiu n mmen cua may in. Tht vy:
+ Song bc 7 quay thun: ( = 6K + 1).
Tc ng b: n
7
=
7
n
1

Vy tc : 0 < n <
7
n
1
: may ch ng c; con n >
7
n
1
: may ch
may phat.
+ Song bc 5 quay ngc :
-n/n
1
M

M

1
0
5 7
M
min
H.13.13 c tnh M = f(n) khi co song bc 5, 7
( = 6K - 1).
Tc ng b:
5
1
5
n
n = , nn
tc ng b cua no trong
khu vc s >1, (trang thai ham).
V t trng song bc 5 quay
ngc nn tc trong khoang :
- n
1
/5 < n < n
1
mmen m va n <
- n
1
/5 mmen dng.
2. Mmen phu ng b:
Mmen phu ng b sinh ra do song iu hoa bc cao nao o cua t trng
stato tac dung vi mt song iu hoa bc cao co cung s i cc cua t trng
rto. Mmen phu ny chu yu do st song iu hoa rng cua stato va rto sinh ra.
Do o s phi hp rng ranh gia stato va rto lin quan n vic sinh ra mmen
ny.
Chu y: Z
1
= Z
2
va Z
1
- Z
2
= 2p sinh ra mmen phu ng b.
20
3. Mmen dong xoay va Mmen t tr:
+ Mmen dong xoay M
x
sinh ra do s tng tac cua dong in xoay cam ng
trong mach dn t rto va t trng chnh.
+ Mmen t tr M
T
sinh ra do hin tng tr cua thep lam mach dn t rto
lam chm tr s t hoa lai rto i vi t trng dch chuyn tng i so vi rto
13.7.2. Fhuong phop tru khu momen phu
Mmen phu la do st song iu hoa bc cao sinh ra, trong o co ca st song
iu hoa rng. V vy mun tr kh mmen phu th phai lam yu st song iu hoa
o i.
+ Dung dy qun bc ngn.
+ Phi hp ranh thch ang.
+ Thc hin ranh nghing.
13.8. CAC DUONG DC TINH CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B.
13.8.1. c tnh tc d n = |(F
2
).
Theo cng thc h s trt, ta co:
n = n
1
(1-s)
trong o : s = p
Cu2
/P
t
. Khi khng tai p
Cu2
<< P
t
nn s 0 ng c in quay gn
tc ng b n n
1
Khi tng tai th tn hao ng cung tng ln n giam mt t,
nn ng c tnh tc la ng dc xung.
13.8.2. c tnh momen M = |(F
2
)
Ta co M = f(s) thay i rt nhiu.
Nhng trong pham vi 0 < s < s
m
th
ng M = f(s) gn ging ng
thng, nn M
2
= f(P
2
) ng thng qua
gc toa .
13.8.3. c tnh h|u sut =
|(F
2
).
Ta co hiu sut cua may in
khng ng b :
%
p P
P
100
2
2

+
=
1
.6
.4
.2
0
.8
.5 1
s
n

cos
M
2
M

H.13.14 Dc tinh lam vic cua MK
p tng tn hao, nhng y ch co
tn hao ng thay i theo phu tai con cac tn hao khac la khng i.
21
13.8.4. c tnh h s cng sut cos = |(F
2
).
V MK lun lun nhn cng sut phan khang t li. Luc khng tai cos rt
thp thng < 0,2. Khi co tai dong in I
2
tng ln nn cos cung tng.
13.9. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC TRONG DIU KIN
KHNG DINH MUC.
13..1. |n op khng d|nh muc.
Gia thit U
1
< U
m
: thng gp nht, nh tai cui ngun, luc ny M giam v M
U
2
. Va ta co M = CI
2
cos
2
, nu M
c
khng i th I
2
se tng ln t l vi s
giam , lam may nong ln, v U E nn U giam th giam.
H s cng sut cos co xu hng tng v I
0
giam khi U giam.
V mt tn hao, in ap giam co a nh hng nh sau :
tn hao p
Fe
giam U
2


tn hao p
Cu2
tng I
2
2

tn hao p
Cu1
phu thuc vao I
0
va I
2
v I
0
giam con I
2
tng.
Nu tai < 40%, tn hao co giam nn hiu sut tng.
Nhng tai > 50%, tn hao tng nn hiu sut giam.








P
2
/P
m
0




13..2. In s khng d|ng muc.
Thng th tn s f khng i hay thay i 5%f
m
xem nh khng i.
Gia thit : f < f
m
ma U E f cho rng U= C
t
1/ f .
Vy khi tn s f giam th:
+ tng th I
0
tng lam p
Fe
tng va cos
1
giam.
+ tc n cung giam.
+ Nu M
C
= C
t
thi I
2
giam va s giam v sP
t
= p
Cu2
= m
2
I
2
2
r
2
.
20

80

60

40

100

.2

.4

.6

.8

Y
1
P
2
/P
m
0
20
80
60
40
100

.2

.4

.6

.8

1

Y

P
2
/P
m
0
20
80
60
40
100

.2

.4

.6

.8

1
cos
Y

Hinh 13.15 c tnh cua K khi i ni t sang Y

22
13..3. |n op dt voo khng d| xung
Phn tch in ap khng i xng thanh cac thanh phn thun, th t ngc,
th t khng va trung tnh khng ni t nh thng gp trong cac ng c khng
ng b.
H thng in ap th t ngc sinh ra t trng quay nghch co h s trt cua
rto i vit trng quay ny la (2-s) > 1 va mmen do no sinh ra lam giam
mmen co ch, ng thi gy nn tn hao phu.

] R R ^

1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|




Chng 15
KHOI ONG VA Ib CHNH IOC O
ONG CO IN KHONG ONG 8O


14.1. KHOI DNG DNG CO KHNG DNG B
Phng trnh cn bng mmen trong qua trnh khi ng:

dt
d
J M M
c

=
trong o:
M : Mmen in t cua ng c in: f
1
().
M
C
: Mmen can cua tai: f
2
().
J : Mmen quan tnh.
Ta thy: + Tng tc thun li khi d/dt > 0 M > M
C

+ (M - M
C
) cang ln th tc tng cang nhanh.
+ May co quan tnh ln th thi gian khi ng t
k
lu.
Dong in khi ng I
k
: khi khi ng = 0 , s = 1 nn :

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
U
I
' '
k
+ + +
=
Thng th : I
k
= (47)I
m
ng vi U
m
.
Mmen khi ng M
k
:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1
1
1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
r U m
M
' '
'
k
+ + +

=
Yu cu khi khi ng ng c :
Mmen M
k
phai ln thch ng vi c tnh tai.
Dong I
k
ca ng nho cang tt khng anh hng n cac phu tai khac.
Thi gian t
k
cn nhanh may co th lam vic c ngay.
Thit b khi ng n gian, re tin, tin cy va t tn nng lng.
Nhng yu cu trn la trai ngc nhau, v th tuy theo yu cu s dung va cng
sut cua li in ma ta chon phng phap khi ng thch hp.
2
14.1.1. Kho| dng truc t|p
Trn hnh 14.1 la s ni dy khi ng trc tip ng c khng ng b.
ong cu dao CD ni trc tip dy qun stato vao li, ng c quay.
u im cua phng phap nay:
+ Thit b khi ng n gian.
+ Mmen khi ng M
k
ln,
C
CD
Hnh 1-1 Khi ng trc tip
U
1
+ Thi gian khi ng t
k
nho.
Khuyt im cua phng phap nay la dong
in khi ng I
k
ln lam anh hng n cac
phu tai khac. Do vy phng phap ny dung
cho nhng ng c cng sut nho va cng sut
cua ngun ln hn nhiu ln cng sut ng
c.

14.1.2. Kho| dng bng coch g|om d|n op dt voo dv qun stoto
Cac phng phap sau y nhm muc ch giam dong in khi ng I
k
. Nhng
khi giam in ap khi ng th mmen khi ng cung giam theo.
1. Khoi dng dung cun khang mc ni tip vao mach stato:
Trn hnh 14.2 la s ni dy khi
ng ng c khng ng b dung cun
khang CK. Khi khi ng : CD2 ct,
ong CD1 ni dy qun stato vao li
in thng qua CK, ng c quay n
nh, ong CD2 ngn mach in
khang, ni trc tip dy qun stato vao
li.
C
CD1
CD2
CK
U
1
Hinh 14. 2 Khi ng dung in
in ap t vao dy qun stato k:
U
k
= kU
1
(k < 1)
ong in khi ng:
I
k
= kI
k

Vi I
k
: dong khi ng trc tip vi U
1
.
Mmen khi ng:
M
k
= k
2
M
k
.
2. Khoi dng dung mba tu ngu:
Trn hnh 14.3 la s ni dy khi ng ng c khng ng b dung may
bin ap t ngu (MBA TN). Trc khi khi ng : ct CD2, ong CD3, MBA TN
v tr in ap t vao ng c khoang (0.60,8)U
m
, ong CD1 ni dy
3
qun stato vao li in thng qua MBA TN, ng c quay n nh, ct CD3, ong
CD2 ngn mach MBA TN, ni trc tip dy qun stato vao li.
Khi khi ng, ng c c cp
in:
U
k
= k
T
U
1
(k < 1)
Luc o dong in khi ng:
I
k
= k
T
I
k

vi I
k
: dong khi ng trc tip.
Dong in MBATN nhn t li in:
I
1
= k
T
I
k
= k
2
T
I
k
Mmen khi ng:
M
k
= k
2
T
M
k
.


U
1



3. Khoi dng bng cach di ni Y :
Trn hnh 14.4 la s ni dy khi ng bng cach i ni sao Y sang
dng c khng ng b. Phng phap nay ch dung cho ng c luc may lam vic
bnh thng ni , khi khi ng ni Y, sau khi tc quay gn n nh chuyn v
ni la m vic.
in ap pha khi khi ng:

k
'
kf
U U
3
1
=
Dong in khi khi ng ni Y:

kf
'
kf kY
I I I
3
1
= =
Dong in khi khi ng trc tip:

kf k
I I 3 =

Ta co: 3
3
3
= =

kf
kf
kY
k
I
I
I
I

Mmen khi ng M
k
giam i 3 ln.

14.1.3. Kho| dng bng coch thm k
p
voo moch rto dv qun:
Phng phap ny ch dung cho nhng ng c rto dy qun v c im cua
loai ng c nay la co th thm in tr phu vao mach rto. Khi in tr rto thay
Hnh 14.3 Khci ccnc cunc M8/ IN
C
CD1
CD2
TN
CD3
CD1
CD2
U
1
Hnh 14. 4 Khci ccnc i ni Y
C

Y
4
i th c tnh M = f(s) cung thay i theo. Khi iu chnh in tr mach rto
thch ang th M
k
= M
max
(ng 3). Sau khi rto quay gi mt mmen in t
nht nh trong qua trnh khi ng ta ct dn in tr ni thm vao mach rto lam
cho qua trnh tng tc ng c t c tnh ny sang c tnh khac va sau khi ct
toan b in tr th se tng tc n im lam vic cua c tnh c t nhin.













Hnh 14. 5 Khci ccnc ccnc cc (cIc ccy cucn.
c) Sc cckhci ccnc: L) cc I|nh khc i ng
r
2
+ r
p2
+r
p1
r
2
+ r
p2
r
2
M

s
1
0
(b)
CD1
U
1
r
p1
K
2
K
1
r
p2
C
(a)
3
u im cua phng phap ny la M
k
ln con dong in khi ng I
K
nho.
Nhc im cua phng phap ny la ng c rto dy qun ch tao phc tap
hn rto lng soc nn gia thanh t hn, bao quan kho khn hn va hiu sut cung
thp hn.
14.2. DIU CHINH TC D DNG CO KHNG DNG B
Trc y, nu co yu cu iu chnh tc cao thng dung ng c in
mt chiu. Nhng ngay nay nh ky thut in t phat trin nn vic iu chnh tc
ng c khng ng b khng gp kho khn my vi yu cu pham vi iu
chnh, bng phng khi iu chnh va nng lng tiu thu.
Ta thy cac phng phap iu chnh chu yu co th thc hin :
+ Trn stato : Thay i in ap U a vao dy qun stato, thay i s i cc t
p dy qun stato va thay i tn s f ngun in.
+ Trn rto : Thay i in tr rto, ni cp hoc a s phu vao rto.
14.2.1. |u chnh tc d bng coch thov d| d|n op
Ta a bit, h s trt ti han s
m
khng phu thuc vao in ap. Theo (14.40) va
(14.43), nu r
2
khng i th khi giam in ap ngun U
1
, h s trt ti han s
m
se
khng i con M
max
giam t l vi . Vy ho c tnh thay i nh hnh (14.7) lam
cho tc thay i theo. Phng phap ny ch thc hin khi may mang tai, con khi
may khng tai giam in ap ngun, tc gn nh khng i.
2
1
U

5

Hnh 14. ieu ch|nh Icc cc Lcnc ccch Ihcy cci cien cp ncuc n cien
c) Sc cc mcch ccnc |uc: L) cc I|nh cc vci ccc U khcc nhcu

U
1
U
2
U
3
<
<
M
C
M
n
n
m
0
(b) (a)
C
A B C














14.2.2. |u chnh tc d bng coch thov d| tn s
Vi iu kin nng lc qua tai khng i, co th tm ra c quan h gia in
ap U
1
, tn s f
1
va mmen M. Trong cng thc v mmen cc ai, khi bo qua in
tr r
1
th mmen cc ai co th vit thanh :

2
1
2
1
f
U
C M =
max
;
Trong o C la mt h s.













n
M
f


g
i
a
m

M
C
0
(b) (a)
Hnh 14.7. ieu ch|nh Icc cc Lcnc ccch Ihcy cci Icn :c ncucn cien
c) Sc cc khci: L) cc I|nh cc U
1
/f khcnc cci
Rectifier
(ac- dc)
Invertor
(dc - ac)
IM
V control f control
3

Gia thit U
1
va M la in ap va mmen luc tn s f
1
, cn c vao iu kin
nng lc qua tai khng i, ta co :
6
M
M
M
M
max max
'
'
=
hay
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
'
'
max
max
' '
f U
f U
M
M
M
M
= =
Do o ta co:
M
M
f
f
U
U ' '
'
1
1
1
1
=
Trong thc t ng dung, thng yu cu mmen khng i, nn ta co :

1
1
1
1
f
f
U
U '
'
=
hay const
f
U
=
1
1

Trng hp yu cu cng sut P
c
khng i, ngha la mmen t l nghch vi tn
s, ta co :

'
'
1
1
1
1
f
f
M
M
= ;
Th vao trn ta c :
1
1
1
1
f
f
U
U '
'
=
Tom lai, khi thay i tn s f
1
, ta phai ng thi thay i U
1
a vao ng c.
Trng hp U
1
/f = C
te
va tn s giam co c tnh c nh hnh 14.7b, cach iu
chnh nay co cac c tnh thch hp vi loai tai cn M
C
= C
te
khi vn tc thay i.
14.2.3. |u chnh tc d bng coch d|u chnh d|n tro rto
Thay i in tr dy qun rto, bng cach mc thm bin tr ba pha vao mach
rto cua ng c rto dy qun nh hnh 14.15a.
Do bin tr iu chnh phai lam vic lu dai nn co kch thc ln hn bin tr
khi ng. Ho c tnh c cua K rto dy qun khi dung bin tr iu chnh tc
trn hnh 14.15b. Khi tng in tr, tc quay cua ng c giam.
Tn s ong ct va in tr tng ng cua mach BX :

T
1
t t
1
f
2 1
=
+
= ; = =
+
=
1
1
1
2 1
1
1 C
R
T
t
R
t t
t
R R
Phng phap ny gy tn hao trong bin tr nn lam hiu sut ng c giam.
Tuy vy, y la phng phap kha n gian, tc c iu chnh lin tuc trong
pham vi tng i rng nn c dung nhiu trong cac ng c cng sut c trung
bnh.

7

r
2
+ r
p2
+r
p1
r
2
+ r
p1
r
2
M

s
1
0
(b)
s
4
s
5
s
2
s
3
s
1
CD1
U
1
r
p
(a)
IM








U
C
R
I
d

+
R
c
IM
3

(c)














Hnh 14.8 ieu ch|nh Ic c cc ccnc cc (cIc ccy cucn cunc cien I(c
c) Sc cc cieu ch|nh: L) cc I|nh: c. Sc cc mcch hc: c. Sc cc mcch k|n
IM
U
C
R
I
d
3

+
R
c
Tach
n

I
d
n
*
+
+

(d)

14.2.4. |u chnh tc d bng coch n| cp tro nng |uong v ngun
Nng lng trt tn s f
2
= sf
1
le ra tiu hao trn in tr phu c chnh lu
thanh nng lng mt chiu (hnh 15.9), sau o qua b nghch lu c bin i
thanh nng lng xoay chiu tn s f tra v ngun.
Quan h gia h s trt s va goc m cua thyristor :
in ap ra cua chnh lu cu ba pha : U K s , U
D C
35 1 =
in ap ra cua nghch cu : = cos U K , U
B N
35 1
Vi
1 1
2 2
dq
dq
D
k W
k W
K = ; sK
D
U: in ap ra cua rto; K
B
: t s bin ap
8



CD1
U
























Vy, t cac cng thc trn ta co:
= cos
K
K
s
D
B

vi 90
0
< < 180
0
nn cos < 0


] R R^
BA

U
CL
C
U
NL
B CL B NL
(a)

Hnh 14. iu chnh tc C bng cach tra nng lng v ngun
a. S mach h; b. S mach kn
IM
U
CL
I
d
3

+
Tach
n

I
d
n
*
+
+

U
NL

(b)

1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|





Chuong 15

ONG CO IN KHONG ONG 8O
0NG DbNG HIb 0NG MI NGOAI


15.1. AI CNG
Ta mong mun ng c khng ng b (K) co :
- Khi khi ng th mmen khi ng M
K
ln va dong khi ng I
K
nho.
- Luc lam vic bnh thng th hiu sut cua ng c cao.
Vi cac yu cu trn th ng c khng ng rto dy qun va rto lng soc,
loai nao ap ng c ?.
K rto dy qun : Thc hin c cac yu cu trn d dang.
K rto lng soc : phai nhn xet thm.
Nhn xet u khuyt im cua ng c khng ng b rto lng soc ra nh
thng :
+ u im :
- Ch tao n gian
- Lam vic chc chn
- c tnh lam vic tt
+ Khuyt im :
- Dong khi ng I
K
ln
- Mmen khi ng M
K
nho
Nu dung vt liu ch tao R
2
ln th M
K
ln va giam.
khc phuc :
Ch tao ng c khng ng b rto lng soc ranh su va
Ch tao ng c khng ng b rto 2 lng soc.
2
15.2. NG C RTO RANH SU
ng c khng ng b rto lng soc ranh su li dung hin tng t thng
tan trong ranh rto gy nn hin tng hiu ng mt ngoai khi khi ng lam in
tr rto R
2
tng ln cai thin c tnh khi ng.

15.2.1. Cu too ronh rto












Hnh 15.2 cc I|nh cc khi khci ccnc
b
h
Hnh 15.1 Su phcn Lc Iu Ihcnc Icn vc
mcI cc ccnc cien c (cIc khi khci ccnc
x
J
s
m
s =1
M
s
0
1 2 3
s
m
1
Thng chiu cao cua ranh rto (hnh 15.1) h = 4060 mm va t s h/b =10
12 ln th in tr rto tng 34 ln khi khi ng. Vi R
2(1)
la in tr khi s = s
m
,
dong in phn b u (ng 1); R
2(2)
la in tr khi s = 1, dong tp trung trn
ming ranh (ng 2). Con ng 3 la ng biu din c tnh c thc t cua
ng c rto ranh su khi h s trc s thay i t 1 s
m
, khi o in tr R
2(2)

giam n v R
2(1)
.
15.2.2. Nguvn |v |om v|c
+ Khi khi ng : tc rto n = 0, h s trt s = 1 va f
2
= sf
1
= f
1
, t thng
tan tai thi im ny tp trung ay ranh (hnh 15.1), cang ln trn ming ranh t
thng cang t i do o in khang tan ay ranh ln, va pha ming ranh nho v
vy dong in tp trung ln pha trn ming ranh. Kt qua cua vic tp trung dong
in ln pha trn ming ranh c coi nh tit din cua dy dn b nho i in tr
rto tng ln lam M
K
tng ln.
+ Khi tc tng ln : luc ny f
2
giam, hiu ng mt ngoai giam i va dong
in dn dn phn b u lai va R
2
c coi nh nho lai va khi may lam vic bnh
thng f
2
= (2 3) Hz , hiu ng mt ngoai luc ny hu nh khng co, c tnh lam
vic ging nh ng c bnh thng.
3
15.2.3. Moch d|n thov th
+ in tr cua rto :
in tr va in khang cua rto khi xet hiu ng mt ngoai :

' ' '
v r r
r r k r
2 2 2
+ =
' ' '
v r x
x x k x
2 2 2
+ =
trong o :
r : ky hiu nho ch ranh rto.
v : ky hiu nho ch vanh ngn mach.
r
k : h s tng in tr do hiu ng mt ngoai.
x
k : h s giam in khang tan do hiu ng mt ngoai.
H s k
r
va k
x
phu thuc chiu cao qui i :

Cu
r
s h

=
trong o : + s : h s trt.;
+ h
r
: chiu cao ranh.
+ ,
Cu
: in tr sut vt liu lam thanh dn va ng.
+Mach in thay th : (hnh 15.3)


x
m
' '
v r x
x x k
2 2
+
x
1
' '
v r r
r r k
2 2
+
r
m
r
1
1
U
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

0
I
&
) ' (
'
v r r
r r k
s
s
2 2
1
+

Hnh 15.3 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe ccnc cc (cIc (cnh :cu









Bi s dong va bi s mmen in ap nh mc :
6 5 , 4
I
I
m
k
= va 4 , 1 1
M
M
m
max
=
Hiu sut cua ng c ranh su khng khac ranh thng la bao, ch co cos hi
thp v in khang tan rto ranh su ln hn loai ranh thng. Cung v ly do o nn
M
max
cung nho hn. Pham vi cng sut loai ng c nay vao khoang 50200kW.

4
15.3. NG C RTO HAI LNG SOC
15.3.1. Cu too ronh rto
Ranh rto ch tao gm hai lng soc :
+ Lng soc ngoai : dung m may, ch tao vi tit din S nho, vt liu co
in tr sut ln, co in tr khi ng R
2k
ln.
+ Lng soc trong : goi la lng soc lam vic, ch tao vi tit din S ln, vt
liu co in tr sut nho, co in tr lam vic R
2lv
nho .


Hnh 15.4 cnc cc khcnc ccnc Lc (cIc hci |cnc :cc
c) Su phcn Lc Iu Ihcnc Icn: L) Fhcn Lc mcI cc ccnc khi khci ccnc
J
x
0
s =1











15.3.2. Nguvn |v |om v|c
Khi m may th f
2
= f
1
, do hiu ng mt ngoai nn dong in tp trung lng
soc ngoai, ma R
2
ngoai lai ln na nn M
m
ln. Khi lam vic bnh thng, tn s f
2

nho ma R
2
trong cung nho na nn dong in ln va mmen chu yu do lng soc
ny tao ra.
15.3.3. Moch d|n thov th (hnh 15.5)










x
m
x

2kv
x
1
x
2k
x
2lv
r
m
r
1
1
U
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

0
I
&
'
k 2
I
&
'
lv 2
I
&

r
2k
/s r
2lv
/s
Hnh 15.5 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe ccnc cc khcnc ccnc Lc
(cIc hci |cnc :cc
5
Dong in :
'
lv
'
k
'
I I I
2 2 2
& & &
+ =
in khang tan:
x

2k
do t thng tan
tk
ng vi dong
'
k
I
2
&
x

2lv
do t thng tan
tlv
ng vi dong
'
lv
I
2
&
x

2kv
do t thng tan
tkv
ng vi dong
'
v k
I
2
&
Bi s dong in va mmen ng c rto hai lng soc nm trong khoang:
6 4 =
m
k
I
I
; 2 2 1 = ,
M
M
m
max

in khang tan rto ln
nn cos thp. So vi loai
rto ranh su th ng c
in loai nay dung nhiu
kim loai mau hn, nhng co
th thit k c tnh m
may linh hoat hn. Pham vi
cng sut loai ng c nay
vao khoang 301250kW
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4.
0.2
0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4. 0.2
1
3
2
Hnh 15. cc I|nh M= f{:) cuc ccnc cc
khcnc ccnc Lc (cIc |cnc
s
m
M
M

Hnh 15.6 trnh bay c
tnh M = f(s) cua cac loai
ng c in thng
(ng 1), ng c in
ranh su (ng 2) va ng
c in rto lng soc kep
(ng 3).


[ \

1
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuvn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|



Chuong 1

ONG CO KHONG ONG 8O MOI FHA

16.1 PHAM VI AP DUNG, CU TAO & NGUYN LY LAM VIC
1.1.1. Fhom v op dung
ng c in khng ng b mt pha c s dung rt rng rai trong dn
dung va cng nghip nh may git, tu lanh, may lau nha, may bm nc, quat, cac
dung cu c m tay,... Noi chung la cac ng c cng sut nho. Cum t ng c
cng sut nho ch cac ng c co cng sut nho hn 750W. Phn ln ng c mt
pha thuc loai ny, mt du chung con c ch tao vi cng sut n 7,5kW va
hai cp din ap 110V va 220V.
1.1.2. Cu too
+ Stato : ging ng c ba pha, nhng t trn o dy qun mt pha.
+ Rto : rto lng soc ging ng c ba pha
1.1.3. Nguvn |v |om v|c










p
1

T thng
rto
T thng
stato
U

Chiu lc in t
(b)
1
I
&

m 12
F
&
m
F
11
&





p
1

(a)
Hnh 1.1 ng c khng ng b mt pha mt dy qun
a) T trng p mach phn thanh hai t trng quay thun va quay ngc
b) T thng va lc in t tac dung ln rto.
2

Khi ni dy qun mt pha stato vao li in co in ap u
1
th trong dy qun
co dong in xoay chiu hnh sin chay qua :
t sin I i =
1 1
2
Dong in nay sinh ra t trng stato co phng khng i nhng co ln
thay i hnh sin theo thi gian, goi la t trng p mach:
= cos t sin F F
m
(16.1)
Ta phn st p mach nay thanh hai st quay :
St quay thun :
t j
m
e F
1
11

&

St quay ngc :
t j
m
e F
1
12

&

Hai st quay nay co :
Bin t trng p quay: I
p
k W
F F
F
dq
m m
m
1 1
12 11
1
2
2
= = =
Tc quay :
+ Song quay thun :
p
1
1

= cung chiu quay rto.

+ Song quay ngc :
1 2
= ngc chiu quay rto.
So vi rto co h s trt :
+ Thun : s s =

=
1
1
1

+ Ngc : ) s (
) (
) (
s =


= 2
1
1
2

Phng trnh cn bng st tng :
+ Thun : sinh ra t cam
m m m
F F F
21 11 01
& & &
+ =
) t ( j
m
e B
1 1
1
+

+ Ngc : sinh ra t cam
m m m
F F F
22 12 02
& & &
+ =
) t ( j
m
e B
2 1
2
+

T cam tng :
s
M
0
1
2
M
1
M
2
M
Hnh 1.2 Mmen cua ng c khng
ng b mt pha

) t ( j
m
e B B
~
1 1
1
+
= +
) t ( j
m
e B
2 1
2
+

hnh thanh t trng quay Ellip
T trng quay thun
1
B
r
tac dung vi
dong in rto se tao ra mmen quay
thun M
1
(hnh 16.2); Con t trng
quay ngc
2
B
r
tac dung vi dong in
rto se tao ra mmen quay ngc M
2

(hnh16.2). Tng ai s hai mmen
3
ny cho ta c tuyn M=f(s) :
M = M
1
+ M
2
= f(s)
T c tnh ta thy rng luc m may (n = 0, s = 1), M
1
= M
2
va ngc chiu
nhau nn M = 0, v vy ng c khng th t quay c. Nu ta quay ng c theo
mt chiu nao o, s 1 tc M 0 ng c se tip tuc quay theo chiu o. V vy
ng c mt pha lam vic c, ta phai co bin phap m may, ngha la tm cach
tao ra cho ng c mt mmen luc rto ng yn (M = M
k
khi s =1).
16.2 PHUONG TRINH CO BAN & SO D THAY TH
1.2.1. Coc phuong trnh co bon

U
1
A
B
B
I I
& &
=
1
1
I
&
1 A
I
&
2 A
I
&

11 1
I I
B
& &
=
12 2
I I
B
& &
=
A
I
&

Hnh 1.2 S ng c mt pha tao nn b ng ca ch tach ra mt trong hai pha











Xet ng c khng ng b mt pha nh ch khng i xng cua ng c
hai pha m =2, co hai cun dy t lch nhau mt goc 90
0
in, trong o pha A tach
ra nn dong I
A
= 0 va pha B con lai co , may ni vao li in co in ap
. Ta co :
B
I I
& &
=
1
1
U
&
(16.2a)
2 1 A A A
I I I
& & &
+ =
(16.2b)
2 1 B B B
I I I
& & &
+ =
Vi va la dong th t thun va ngc, con :
1 1 B A
I ; I
& &
2 2 B A
I ; I
& &

1 1 B A
I j I
& &
= va
1 1 B A
I j I
& &
=
Giai h phng trnh (16.2a,b) ta tm c :
2 2
11 1
/ I / ) I j I ( I I
B A B B
& & & & &
= = v 0 =
A
I
&
2 2
21 2
/ I / ) I j I ( I I
B A B B
& & & & &
= + = v 0 =
A
I
&
in ap cua mt pha :

12 11 2 1 1
U U U U U U
B B B
& & & & & &
+ = + = =
Biu din in ap th t thun va ngc theo dong I va Z tng ng :
4
2
11 1 11 11 11 1
2
11 1 11 11 11 1
/ Z I Z I U U
B
& & & &
= = = (16.3a)
2
12 1 12 12 12 2
/ Z I Z I U U
B
& & & &
= = = (16.3b)
Trong o : la dong in th t thun va ngc. Con Z
11
; Z
12
la tng tr th
t thun va ngc.
12 11
I ; I
& &
Va vi
1 1
21
1
1 11

+ + = ) ' Z Z ( Z Z
m 2
2
21
' jx
s
r
' Z
'
+ = (16.4a)
vi
1 1
22
1
1 12

+ + = ) ' Z Z ( Z Z
m 2
2
22
2
' jx
s
' r
' Z +

= (16.4b)
1.2.2. Moch d|n thov th
T cac phng trnh cn bng ta ve mach in thay th ng c khng ng b
nh hnh 16.4a. y la mach in thay th chnh xac cua ng c mt pha.


r
1
/2
'
I
21
&
1
I
&
jx
1
/2

Hnh 1.4 Mach in thay th gn ung cua ng c khng ng b mt pha
s
r 5 , 0
'
2
1
U
&

1
I
&

0,5x
2
x
1
r
1
2
x
m

0,5X
2
s 2
r 5 , 0
'
2

2
x
m

(b)
























Trong o :
r
1
/2 jx
1
/2
jx
m
/2
jx
m
/2
r
m
/2
r
m
/2
jx
2
/2
jx
2
/2
s . 2
r
'
2
) s 2 ( 2
r
'
2

'
I
22
&
01
I
&

02
I
&

1
U
&

11
U
&

12
U
&

Chu y : r
2
= kr
2

x
2
= kx
2

k = k
e
k
I

m
1
= 2
(a)
1
U
&
1
I
&
R
T
X
T
r x
1 1
Z
T
R
N
X
N
Z
N
(c)

5
r
1
= in tr cua dy qun stator.
x
1
= in khang tan cua dy qun stator.
x
m
= in khang t hoa.
r
2
= in tr cua dy qun rotor qui v dy qun stator.
x
2
= in khang tan cua dy qun rotor qui v dy qun stator.
U
1
= in ap cua ngun.
Gia thit rng rotor quay vi tc nao o trong t trng quay thun, ng h
s trt s. Luc nay dong in cam ng trong dy qun rotor co t n s sf, f t n s
li in ni vao dy qun stator. Cho rng tn hao st khng ang k hoc gp
vao tn hao quay. Nh vy ging may in khng ng b ba pha, tng tr cua
dy qun rotor ng vi t trng quay thun qui v dy qun stator la 0,5r
2
/s +
j0,5x
2
.(hnh 16.4b). Cung tng t nh vy i vi t trng quay ngc, ta co
tng tr cua dy qun rotor ng vi t trng quay ngc qui v dy qun stator la
0,5r
2
/(2-s) + j0,5x
2
.(hnh 16.4b). Mach in tng ng trnh bay trn hnh
16.4c, co tng tr th t thun Z
T
va th t ngc Z
T
nh sau :

) X X ( 5 , 0 j s / R 5 , 0
) s / R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j ( X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
T T T
+ +
+
= + = (16.5)
) X X ( 5 , 0 j ) s 2 /( R 5 , 0
)] s 2 /( R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j [ X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
N N N
+ +
+
= + = (16.6)
Cng sut in t (khe h khng kh) cua t trng th t thun va ngc :
(16.7)
2
1 T tT
I R P =
(16.8)
2
1 N tN
I R P =
Moment tng ng :

1
tT
T
P
M

= (16.9)

1
tN
N
P
M

= (16.10)
Moment tng la :
) R R (
I
M M M
N T
1
2
1
N T

= = (16.11)
Cng sut c :
= M P
C
(16.12)
) s 1 ( M P
1 C
= (16.13)
6
(16.14) ) s 1 )( R R ( I P
N T
2
1 C
=
) s 1 )( P P ( P
tN tT C
= (16.15)
Cng sut trn u truc :
P
2
= P
C
- p
q
(16.16)
p
q
la tn hao quay, gm tn hao c va tn hao phu, cung co khi gp ca tn hao
st vao tn hao quay.
Tn hao ng trong dy qun rotor ng vi t trng quay thun va ngc :
p
Cu2T
= sP
tT
(16.17)
p
Cu2N
= (2-s)P
tN
(16.18)
Tn hao ng trong dy qun rotor :
p
Cu2
= sP
tT
+ (2-s)P
tN
(16.19)
VI DU 16.1
Mt ng c khng ng b mt pha cng sut 1/4 ma lc, 230V, 60Hz va 4
cc t co tham s va tn tht nh sau :
R
1
= 10; X
1
= X
2
= 12,5; R
2
= 11,5; X
m
= 250;
Tn hao st 230V la 35W; Tn hao ma sat va quat gio la 10W;
Vi h s trt la 0,05, xac nh dong in stato, cng sut c, cng sut ra trn
truc, tc va hiu sut khi ng c lam vic nh ng c mt pha in ap va
tn s nh mc vi dy qun khi ng ct ra.

Giai

T cac thng s a cho, ta tnh c tng tr th t thun Z
T
va th t ngc Z
T

cua ng c mt pha nh sau :
) X X ( 5 , 0 j s / R 5 , 0
) s / R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j ( X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
T T T
+ +
+
= + =
j 65 , 57 59
) 5 , 12 250 ( 5 , 0 j 05 , 0 / 5 , 11 5 , 0
) 05 , 0 / 5 , 11 5 , 0 5 , 12 5 , 0 j ( 250 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
T T T
+ =
+ +
+
= + =
) X X ( 5 , 0 j ) s 2 /( R 5 , 0
)] s 2 /( R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j [ X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
N N N
+ +
+
= + =
j 01 , 6 67 , 2
) 5 , 12 250 ( 5 , 0 j ) 05 , 0 2 /( 5 , 11 5 , 0
)] 05 , 0 2 /( 5 , 11 5 , 0 5 , 12 5 , 0 j [ 250 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
N N N
+ =
+ +
+
= + =
Tng tr vao tng ng :
Z
t
= Z
1
+ Z
T
+ Z
N
= 10 + 12,5j +59 + 57,65j +2,67 + 6,01j
7
= 71,67 + 76,16j = 104,6 46,74
o
.
Dong in vao stato :
A 74 , 46 2 , 2
74 , 46 6 , 104
0 230
Z
U
I
o
o
o
t
1
=

= =
&
&

H s cng sut : cos = cos 46,74
o
= 0,685
Tc ng c : 710 . 1
2
60 60
) 05 , 0 1 ( n ) s 1 ( n
1
=

= = vg/ph.
Cng sut c : = 2,2
2
.(59-2,67).(1-0,05) = 259 W ) s 1 )( R R ( I P
N T
2
1 C
=
Cng sut trn u truc : P
2
= P
C
-p
Fe
- p
q
= 259 -35- 10 = 214 W.
Cng sut ng c tiu thu t li in :
P = U.Icos = 230.2,2 cos 46,74
o
= 346,77 W
Hiu sut cua ng c : % 7 , 61 617 , 0
22 . 347
214
P
P
1
2
= = = =
16.3. MO MAY DNG CO KHNG DNG B MT PHA
1.3.1. ng co khng dng b dung cun dv phu
Loai ng c nay c dung kha ph bin nh may iu hoa, may git, dung
cu cm tay, quat , bm ly tm ...












Cac phn chnh cua loai ng c ny cho trn hnh 16.5a, gm dy qun chnh
(dy qun lam vic), dy qun phu (dy qun m may ). Hai cun dy ny
t lch nhau mt goc 90
o
in trong khng gian. Va rto lng soc.
c
N
k
N
1
M
s
M
k
M
m
0
(c)
Cun chnh
Cun chnh
Va cun phu
CD

K
I

U
&
Hnh 1.5 ng c dung dy qun phu . a) S kt cu.
b) th vect luc m may. c) c tnh M = f(s)
c
I
&
p
I
&
I
&
0
(b)
N
C
N
I
P
I
C
p
(a)
8
co c mmen m may, ngi ta tao ra goc lch pha gia dong in qua
cun chnh I
c
va dong qua cun dy phu I
p
bng cach mc thm mt in tr ni
tip vi cun phu hoc dung dy qun c nho hn cho cun phu, goc lch ny
thng nho hn 30
0
. Dong trong dy qun chnh va trong dy qun phu sinh ra t
trng quay tao ra momen m may. th vect luc m may c trnh bay
trn hnh 16.5b.
Khi tc at c 7075 % tc ng b, cung dy phu c ct ra nh
cng tt ly tm K va ng c tip tuc la m vic vi cun dy chnh. c tnh
momen c trnh bay trn hnh 16.4c.
1.3.2. ng co dung tu d|n (hnh 1.)
Cac ng c khng ng b mt pha co cun dy phu c mt ni tip vi
mt tu in c goi la ng c tu in. Loai ng c ny co cun dy phu b tr
lch so vi cun dy chnh mt goc 90
0
in trong khng gian, tao goc lch v
thi gian ta mt ni tip vi cun dy phu mt tu in. Nu tu in mt ni tip vi
cun phu chon gia tr thch hp th goc lch pha gia I
C
va I
p
la gn 90
0
(hnh
16.6b). Tuy theo yu cu v momen m may va momen luc lam vic, ta co cac
loai ng c tu in nh sau:
1. Dng co dung tu din mo may (hinh 16.6a). Khi m may tc ng c
at n 7585% tc ng b, cng tt K m ra va ng c se at n tc n
nh.
2. Dng co dung tu din thuong truc (hinh 16.6b). Cun dy phu va tu in
m may c mt lun khi ng c lam vic bnh thng. Loai ny co cng sut
thng nho hn 500W va co c tnh c tt.


W
C
W
p
K
CD

I
C
I
P
(a)

I

C
W
C
W
p
CD

I
C
I
P
(b)
I

C
U
&

c
I
&

p
I
&

I
&
0
(c)

Hnh 1. ng c mt pha dung tu in.
a) Tu in m may. b) Tu in thng trc. c) th vect.









9
Ngoai ra, cai thin c tnh lam vic va momen m may ta dung ng c
hai tu in. Mt tu in m may kha ln (khoang 10 15 ln tu in thng trc)
c ghep song song vi tu in thng trc. Khi m may tc ng c at n
7585% tc ng b, tu in m may c ct ra khoi cun phu, ch con tu
in thng trc ni vi cun dy phu khi lam vic bnh thng.
1.3.3. ng co dung vong ngn moch (hnh 1.7)
Hnh 16.7a cho thy cu tao loai ng c ny. Trn stato ta t dy qun mt
pha va cc t c chia lam hai phn, phn co vong ngn mach K m 1/3 cc t va
rto lng soc. Dong in chay trong dy qun stato tao nn t thng qua phn
cc t khng vong ngn mach va t thng qua phn cc t co vong ngn mach.
T thng cam ng trong vong ngn mach s , chm pha so vi mt goc
90
0
(hnh 16.7b)

. Vong ngn mach co in tr va in khang nn tao ra dong in
chm pha so vi mt goc
n
< 90
0
. Dong in tao ra t thng va ta co
t thng tng qua phn cc t co vong ngn mach :
1
I
&
'

&
' '

&
' '

&
n
E
&
' '

&
n
I
&
n
E
&
n
I
&
n

&

n
+ =

& & &

' '











Hnh 1.7 ng c K mt pha co vong ngn mach cc t
a) Cu tao; b) th vect; c) c tnh mmen

n
E
&
n

&
n
I
&
'

&
0
(b)
' '

&

M
1
M
max
0
s
s
th
(c)

(a)

n
K
1
I
&

T thng ny lch pha so vi t thng qua phn cc t khng co vong ngn
mach mt goc la . Do t thng va
'

&

lch nhau trong khng gian nn chung
tao ra t trng quay va lam quay rto. Loai ng c ny co momen m may kha
nho M
k
= (0,2-0,5)M
m
, hiu sut thp (t 25 - 40%), thng ch tao vi cng sut
20 - 30W, i khi cung co ch ta o cng sut n 300W va hay s dung lam quat
ban, quat trn, may quay a ...

] [
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

9
BAI THI NGHIM S 3
MAY PHAT DIN DNG B

I. MUC DICH VA YU C U THI NGHIM:
1.Muc dich:
- Tm hiu cu tao va nguyn ly lam vic cua may phat in ng b ba pha.
- Nm dc cac phng phap hoa ng b bng cac thit b n gian.
- Khao sat va nghin cu mt s ng c tnh cua may phat in ng b.
2.Yu cu :
- Xem ky phn phu luc bit c cac thit b, cach ghep ni, cac t va thut ng mi
cn thit cho bai th nghim.
- Xem lai cac c im chnh cua mach in 3pha. Ly thuyt may phat ng b.
- Tm hiu cu tao ghi cac s liu nh mc cua may phat in ng b th nghim.
II. TOM TC LY THUY T
1. Cu tao va nguyn ly lam vic
May in ng b la may in xoay chiu co tc rotor n bng tc t trng quay trong
may n
1
. ch xac lp may in ng b co tc quay cua rotor lun khng i. May in
ng b c s dung rng rai trong cng nghip.
Cu tao cua may in ng b gm co hai b phn chnh la stator va rotor.
Stator cua may in ng b ging nh stator cua may in khng ng b, gm hai b phn
chnh la loi thep stator va dy qun ba pha stator. Loi thep stator c lam bng cac la thep ky thut
in dy 0,5 mm, hai mt co phu sn cach in. Doc chiu dai loi thep stator c cach khoang 3 - 6
cm co mt ranh thng gio ngang truc rng khoang 10mm. Loi thep stator c t c nh trong
thn may. Dy qun stator con goi la dy qun phn ng.
Rotor cua may in ng b la nam chm din gm co loi thep va dy qun kch thch. Dong
in a vao dy qun kch thch la dong in mt chiu. Rotor cua may in ng b co hai kiu la
rotor cc li va rotor cc n.
V nguyn ly lam vic, ng c s cp quay rto may phat in ng b n gn tc nh
mc, may phat in mt chiu noi cung truc may phat in ng b c thanh lp in ap va cung
cp dong in mt chiu cho dy qun kch thch may phat in ng b thng qua chi than va
vanh gop, rto cua may phat in ng b tr thanh nam chm in. Do rto quay, t trng rto
quet qua dy qun stato va cam ng dy qun stato s xoay chiu hnh sin.
Nu rto co s i cc t la p, quay vi tc n th s cam ng trong dy qun stato co tn s
la:
60
n . p
f = (3.1)
Va tr s hiu dung scam ng trong dy qun stato la:

t dq o
fWk 2 E = (3.2)
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

10
Khi dy qun stato ni vi tai, trong dy qun se co dong in ba pha chay qua. H thng
dong in ny se sinh ra t trng quay, goi la t trng phn ng, co tc :
p
f 60
n
1
= (vg/ph) (3.3)
T (3.1) va (3.3), ta thy tc rto n bng tc t trng quay trong may n
1
, nn goi la may
in ng b.
2. M hinh, cac phuong trinh cn bng va d thi vecto
Mov d|n dng b cuc n
Dong in I
t
trong dy qun kch thch sinh ra t thng
o
trong khe h khng kh. Dong in
phn ng I trong dy qun stator sinh ra t thng
s
trong khe h khng kh. Mt phn nho cua t
thng nay,
l
, goi la tu thng tan, ch moc vong vi dy qun stator va khng moc vong qua dy
qun kch thch. Phn ln cua t thng nay,

, goi la tu thng phan ung phn ung, i qua khe h

khng kh moc vong vi dy qun kch thch. Kt qua la trong khe h khng kh co t thng tng la

I
&

o
~
+
_
~
+
_
I
t

&

E
&
I jX E

& &
=

E
&
+
_
I
&
(a)

(b)

E
&

o
E
&



























~
+
_
+
_
I
&
(e)

o
E
&

jX
b
'
E

&

R

U
&

+
_

I
&
(g)

'
t
I
&
jX
b
'
E

&
R

U
&

m
I
&

~
+
_

E
&

+
_

I
&
(c)

o
E
&

jX

~
+
_

E
&
+
_
I
&
(d)

o
E
&
jX

'
E

&

R

U
&
jX
t
Hnh 3.1 Mcch cien Iucnc cucnc cuc mcy cien ccnc Lc
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

11

, nh v y trong khe h khng kh co hai thanh phn t thng,

o
va

. Gia thit mach t cha

bao hoa nn mi thanh phn t thng cam ng ra mt s trn dy qun stator. Trn hnh 3.1a, E
o
la
do
o
cam ng, E

la do

cam ng. Con s tng E

do t thng tng

sinh ra. S kch thch E

o

hnh thanh ng cong khng tai. S E

, goi la sdd phan ung phn ung, phu thuc vao

(tc la
phu thuc vao I). T hnh 3.1a, ta co :
(3.4)
o
E E E
& & &
+ =

hoc (3.5)

+ = E E E
o
& & &
T th vector hnh 3.1b, s chm sau t thng

E
&

(hoc I) mt goc 90
o
. Do o, dong
in I chm sau - mt goc 90

E
&
o
. Nh vy trn cng thc 3.5, in ap - co th biu din nh
in ap ri trn in khang X

E
&

do dong in I. Cng thc 3.5 c viet lai nh sau :

+ = E I jX E
o
& & &
(3.6)
in khang X

goi la in khang phan ng phn ng c trnh bay trn hnh 3.1c. Nu dy

qun stator co in tr R

va in khang tan X
t
(ng vi t thng tan
l
) th mach in thay th
trnh bay trn hnh 3.1d. in tr R

la in tr tac dung va gn bng 1,6 ln in tr mt chiu cua

dy qun stator. in tr tac dung gm hiu ng nhit va hiu ng mt ngoai gy ra bi dong in
chay qua dy qun stator.
Nu hai in khang X

va X
l
hp nht thanh mt in khang th m hnh mach in tng
ng rut gon v hnh 3.1e, trong o :
X
b
= X

+ X
l
: goi la in khang ng b.
Z
b
= R

+ jX
b
: goi la tng tr ng b.
in khang ng b X
b
gm tt ca cac t thng k ca t thng tan, sinh ra bi dong in
phn ng. Gia tr tham s nay phu thuc vao kch thc cua may. May co cng sut cang ln th
X
b
cang ln (X
b
= 0,5-1,5).

~
+
_
+
_

I
&
(a)

o
E
&

X
b
R

o
0 U
o
E
&

R I
&

b
jX I
&
I
&
U
&

(b)









~
+
_
+
_

I
&
(c)

o
E
&

X
b
R

o
0 U

R I
&

b
jX I
&

I
&
U
&

(d)

o
E
&







Hnh 3.2 Mcch cien Iucnc cucnc vc cc Ihi vecIc( cuc mcy cien ccnc Lc cuc cn

Th nghim May in 2 Trang

12
th vector cho ta thy mi quan h v dong in va in ap cua ca may phat va ng c
ng b, trnh bay trn hnh 3.2. th vector nay da trn c s cua mach in thay th may in
ng b. Ly in ap U trn u cc cua may lam vector gc trong vic ve th vector.
Mach in thay th cua may phat in ng b c ve hnh 3.2a. thun tin dong in
I co chiu i ra trong trng hp may phat ng b. Ta co phng trnh cn bng in ap cua may
phat ng b la :
= + + =
o b o
E jX I R I U E
& & & &
(3.7)
Vector cua s kch thch E
o
thu c bng cach thm in ap ri R I
&

va jX I
&
b
vao in ap ra .
Phu tai may phat in ng b thng co tnh cam, y la trng hp thng gp, ta ch xet trng
hp nay.
U
&
Trong trng hp ng c ng b, dong in I
&

co chiu i vao. Mach in thay th c
ve hnh 3.12c. Ta co phng trnh cn bng in ap cua ng c ng b la :
b o
jX I R I E U
& & & &
+ + = (3.8)
= =
o b o
E jX I R I 0 U E
& & &
(3.9)
Vector s kch thch E
o
thu c bng cach tr bt in ap ri R I
&

va jX I
&
b
t in ap ra
. Trn hnh 3.2d la ve th vector cua ng c in ng b co tnh cam. U
&
Chu y rng, goc gia va dng la ch may phat va m la ch ng c in.
Goc goi la goc cng sut.
U
&
o
E
&
Mov d|n dng b cuc ||
may cc li do khe h doc truc va ngang truc khac nhau nn ta phn tch

thanh hai
thanh phn: doc truc
d
va ngang truc
q
va tng ng cung co hai thanh phn dong in : doc
truc I
d
va ngang truc I
q
, nh vy ta co :
(3.10)
q d
+ =
& & &
q d
I I I
& & &
+ = (3.11)
T trng phn ng ngang truc
q
tao nn s ngang truc
q q q
X I j E
& &
= , vi X
q
la in
khang phan ng phn ng ngang truc va t trng phn ng doc truc
d
tao nn s doc truc
d d d
X I j E
& &
= , vi X
d
la in khang phan ng phn ng doc truc.
Ngoai ra dong in tai I con sinh ra t thng tan
t
cua dy qun stator, tng ng co s tan
E
t
, c c trng bi in khang tan X
t
khng phu thuc hng doc truc hoc ngang truc:

t q t d t t
X I j X I j X I j E
& & & &
= = (3.12)
Phng trnh in ap cua may phat in ng b cc li :
t q d 0
R I E E E E U
& & & & & &
+ + + =

t q q q t d d d 0
R I jX I jX I jX I jX I E U
& & & & & & &
=

t q q t d d 0
R I ) X X ( j I ) X X ( j I E U
& & & & &
+ + = (3.13)
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

13

q q d d 0
R I jX I jX I E U
& & & & &
= (3.14)
trong o: X
d
= X
d
+ X
t
la in khang ng b doc truc;
X
q
= X
q
+ X
t
la in khang ng b ngang truc.
Phng trnh (3.14) tng ng vi th vect cua may phat in ng b cc li, hnh 3.3b.
T phng trnh in ap va th vect ta thy goc lch pha gia in ap U va s E
0
do phu tai
quyt nh.


















Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua ng c in ng b cc li :

t q q q t d d d 0
R I jX I jX I jX I jX I E U
& & & & & & &
+ + + + + =

t q q t d d 0
R I ) X X ( j I ) X X ( j I E U
& & & & &
+ + + + + = (3.15)

q q d d 0
R I jX I jX I E U
& & & & &
+ + + = (3.16)
Phng trnh (3.16) tng ng vi th vector cua ng c in ng b cc li, hnh 3.3d. T
phng trnh in ap va th vector ta thy goc lch pha gia in ap U va s E
0
do dong in
kch thch quyt nh.
3. Dc tinh cua may din dng b
o. c tnh khng to|
c tnh khng tai cua may phat in ng b la
quan h gia s E = U
o
va dong in kch t I
t
khi may
lam vic khng tai (I = 0) va tc quay cua rotor khng
i (hnh 3.4). No chnh la dang ng cong t hoa B =
f(H) cua vt liu st t.
E = U
0
=f(I
t
) I = 0, f = f
m
.
Hnh 3.3 c Ihi vecIc mcy cien ccnc Lc cuc |ci

U
&
I
&
0
E
&

q
I
&
d
I
&
(a)
X
d
,X
q
0
R
q q
X I j
&
d d
X I j
&

(b)

R I
&
E
&


I
&

I
d
, I
q
I
&

U
&

U
&
(c)
X
d
,X
q
0
&
E
R

I
&

I
d
, I
q
I
&

U
&

(d)

I
&
0
E
&

q
I
&
d
I
&
q q
X I j
&

d d
X I j
&

E
0
I
t
E
d
Hnh 3.4 cc I|nh khcnc Ici E
0
= f{l
I
)
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

14
b. c tnh ngn moch vo t s ngn moch.
+ c tnh ngn mach la quan h : I
n
= f(i
t
) U = 0, f = f
m
.
Ga thit luc ngn mach :
+ Bo qua R

(R

= 0).
+ Vy mach in luc nay la thun cam ( = 90
0
).
I
q
= Icos = 0
I
d
= Isin = I
Hnh 3.5b c Ihi vecIc |uc mn
jX
d
I
&
E
&
Ta co:
jX
d
I
&

d t d
X I j X I j X I j E
& & & &
+ = + = (3.17)

X
t





Ve c tnh ngn mach may phat in ng b:










T s ngn mach:

m
n
I
I
K
0
= (3.18)
I
n 0
la dong in ngn mach ng vi
dong in kch t i
t0
sinh ra s
E=E
m
khi khng tai.
I
m
Dong in nh mc cua may phat.
Tu hinh 3.7, ta co:

d
m
no
x
U
I = (3.19)
x
d
la tr s bao hoa cua in khang ng
b doc truc ng vi E = E
m
T (3.18) va (3.19) ta co:
jX
t
I
&
I
&

E
&
X
d
I
&

Hnh 3.5o Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe
I
c tnh ngn mach la ng thng v:
- Luc ngn mach ff la kh t.
- Mach t luc nay khng bao hoa.
I=f(i
- T thng khe h

sinh:
E

= E - jIx
d
= jIx

: rt nho
t
)
i
t
Hnh 3. cc I|nh nccn mc ch
Hnh 3.7 Xcc cinh I(i :c nccn mcch
E,I
U
m
E=f(i
t
)
I=f(i
t
)
i
t
B
B
A
A
I
m
i i
I
n0
to tn
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

15

* d m d
m
x I x
U
K
1
= = (3.20)
Thng x
d*
> 1, vy K < 1, ngha la I
no
< I
m
luc ngn mach xac lp.

Kt lun: Dong in ngn mach cua MFB khng ln v luc o tac dung phan ng
phn ng kh t rt manh.
- Xac nh t s ngn mach nh c tnh ngn mach va khng tai:
T hai 0AA va 0BB, ta co:

tn
to
m
no
i
i
I
I
K = = (3.21)
i
to
la dong in sinh ra U
0
= U
m
khi khng tai.
i
tn
la dong in sinh ra I= I
m
khi ngn mach.
c. c tnh ngoo| vo d thov d| d|n op mov phot dng b.
Dc tinh ngoai
c tnh ngoai cua may phat la quan h gia
in ap U trn cc may phat va dong in tai I khi
tnh cht tai khng i (cos = const), cung nh
tc quay rotor n va dong in kch t I
t
khng
i. Dong in kch thch khng i th in ap U
thay i nh th nao khi dong in tai I thay i.
No c trnh bay trn hnh 3.8.
Hnh 3.8 cc I|nh nccci mcy phcI cc nc Lc
U
m
U
I

I
m
U
m
U
m
cos =1 cos =0,8 (dung)
cos =0,8 (cam)
cos =1
T hnh 3.8, ta thy rng c tnh ngoai phu
thuc tnh cht tai. Tai co tnh cam khi I tng, do
fan ng fn ng kh t nn in ap giam, ng
biu din i xung; con tai co tnh dung th ngc
lai.
Dong in t hoa nh mc la dong in kch thch ng vi ch U = U
m
I=I
m
, cos =
cos
m
, f = f
m
.
D thay di din ap dinh muc U
dm
cua MFDB.
thay i in ap nh mc U
m
cua MFB la s thay i in ap khi tai thay i t nh
mc n khng tai, trong iu kin cos = cos
m
va khng thay i dong in kch t.

m
m
m
U
U E
% U

= 100% c (25-35)%
Hnh 3. cc I|nh cieu ch|nh
cos =0,8 (dung)
cos =0,8 (cam)
cos =1
I
m
I
t0
I
t
0

d. c tnh d|u chnh.
c tnh iu chnh cua may phat la quan h gia
dong in kch t I
t
theo dong in tai I khi in ap U
khng i va tc quay rotor n, cos cung khng i
(hnh 3.9). c tnh nay cho bit cn phai iu chnh dong
in kch t nh th nao gi in ap U trn u cc may
phat khng i khi tng tai. Thng trong cac may phat
in ng b co b t ng iu chnh dong kch t gi
in ap khng i.
I
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

16
Dong in kch thch thay i ng vi cac tnh cht tai khac nhau:
- Tai thun tr: tng tai th phai tng dong in kch t I
t
bu in ap ri trn dy qun phn
ng.
- Tai co tnh cam :tng tai th phai tng dong in kch t I
t
manh (1,7-2,2) I
t o
, khc phuc
phan ng phn ng kh t.
- Tai co tnh dung : tng tai th giam I
t
do phan ng phn ng tr t.
4. May din dng b lam vic song song
Trong nha may in cac may phat ni chung vao mt thanh cai, trong h thng in gm
nhiu nha may ni vi nhau, tao thanh li in, nh vy cac may phat in ng b lam vic song
song. co nhiu u im nh giam vn u t t may phat in d tr, am bao an toan cung cp
in va s dung cac ngun nng lng mt cach kinh t. Khi ni cac may phat lam vic song song
cng sut cua li in rt ln so vi cng sut cua tng may phat, do o tn s va in ap cua li
in gn nh khng i khi thay i tai.
Trc khi a mt may phat vao lam vic cung vi li in tc la hoa ng b (hnh 3.10a),
phai kim tra cac iu kin sau y:
1. in ap cua may phat phai bng in ap cua li in.
2. Tn s cua may phat phai bng tn s cua li in.
3. Th t pha cua may phat phai ging th t pha cua li in.
4. in ap cua may phat va in ap cua li in phai trung pha nhau.


















Trn s , F
1
la may phat ang lam vic vi li, F
2
la may phat chun b ghep lam vic song
song F
1
tc la ni vao li, con b ng b kiu anh sang c hnh thanh bi ba en 1, 2 va 3.
ghep F
2
vao li ta phai kim tra cac iu kin. Dung vnmet V kim tra U
F
= U
L
?. Tn
s va th t pha c kim tra bng b ng b vi ba en 1, 2 va 3. Khi tn s f
F
f
L
th in ap
Hnh 3.10. Hcc ccnc Lc mcy phcI ccnc Lc vcc |uci cien
+
-
i
t1
F
1
+
-
i
t2
F
2
V
MC
1
MC
2
1
U
&

AF
U
&
U
F
,f
L
2
3
U
&

U
&

BF
U
&
AL
U
&

BL
U
&

CF
U
&
CL
U
&

F
U
L
,,f
L
{L)
{c)
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

17
U
F
- U
L
t vao cac en 1, 2, 3se co tan s f
F
- f
L
. Nu th t pha cua may phat va li ging nhau
th ca ba en cung ti va cung sang vi tn s. in ap U t trn ba en chnh la hiu s cac in
ap pha tng ng cua hai hnh sao in ap may phat F
2
va cua li in (hnh 3.10b).
Khi cac iu kin trn c thoa man tc la in ap hai u may ct bng khng, ta ong may
ct 2 hoa ng b. Nu khng am bao cac iu kin trn, se co dong in ln chay qun trong
may, pha hong may va gy ri loan h thng in.
Sau khi hoa ng b, cn lu y:
+ Ta iu chnh dong in kch t I
t
, in ap cua may phat vn khng i v o la in ap cua
li in. Vic thay i dong in kch t I
t
ch lam thay i cng sut phan khang cua may phat.
+ Mun may phat mang tai, ta tng cng sut ng c s cp: tng lu lng nc trong may
thuy in hoc tng lu lng hi trong may nhit in.

III. CAC THIT BI THI NGHIM :
Xem bang cac dung cu phu luc C bit cac dung cu cn thit cho bai th nghim.
III. NI DUNG THI NGHIM :
Thit lp thit bi :
Cai cac Module ngun in, giao din thu thp d liu va may phat in ng b trong
h thng EMS.
DAI LOW POWER INPUTS c ni vi ngun cung cp chnh, t cng tc ngun
AC-24V v tr I (ON) va cap det cua may tnh c ni vi DAI.
Hin th ng dung Metering, chon File cu hnh ACMOTOR1.cfg.
Cng tt MODE v tr PRIME MOVER.
Cng tt DISPLAY v tr SPEET .
1. Thi nghim khng tai.
S ni dy th nghim nh hinh 11:















Hinh 11 : So d thi nghim khng tai may phat din dng b
Prime
Mover
MF
DB
+
+
T
N
E1
I3
KT
i
t
R
c
+
7
8
220V
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

18
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau:
+ Quay bin tr R
c
v v tr mim (nho nht). Cng tt mach kch t v tr O, ly .
d
U
+ Bt ngun va iu chnh tng dn in ap U t vao ng c s cp (PRIME MOVER)
at tc n = n
m
cua phat in ng b.
+ Giam R
c
tng dong in kch thch cho n khi in ap u cc MFB bng 1.2U
m
.
trong qua trnh tng dong in kch t i
t
, a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi
kt qua o c vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu (data table) o c ghi vao bang 1 (hoc
dung may in in bang s liu).
Bang 1
i
t
= I3(A) 0
U
0
= E1(V) 380
2. Thi nghim ly dc tinh ngn mach.
S ni dy th nghim nh hinh 12:
















Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau:
+ Quay bin tr R
c
v v tr mim (nho nht).

+ Bt ngun va iu chnh tng dn in ap U t vao ng c s cp (PRIME MOVER)
at tc n = n
m
cua phat in ng b.
+ Giam R
c
tng dong in kch thch cho n khi dong in cua phn ng at 1.2I
m
.
trong qua trnh tng dong in kch t i
t
, a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi
kt qua o c vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu (data table) o c ghi vao bang 1 (hoc
dung may in in bang s liu).
Bang 1
i
t
= I3(A) 0
I
0
= I1(V) I
m
=

Hinh 12 : So d thi nghim khng tai may phat din dng b
Prime
Mover
MF
DB
+
T
N
I3
KT
i
t
R
c
+
7
8
+
I2
+
I1
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

19
3. Thi nghim ly dc tinh ngoai.
S ni dy th nghim nh hinh 13:
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap may phat, nhng ch bng U
m
.
+ Ln lc ong K tng dn tai cho n khi tai nh mc, ng thi cung tng dong in
kch t gi U khng i va nu tc d n giam th phai iu chnh n = n
m
. Sau o giam dn
tai, ri a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. Sau
o m bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 2 (hoc dung may in in bang s liu).
+ Sau khi lam xong tai tr R, thay tai R-L, ri tai R-C. Cung lam nh trn ly kt qua.
















Bang 2
Tai R (i
t
= mA; n = vg/phut)
I = I1(A) 0
U = E1(V)
Tai R-L (i
t
= mA; n = vg/phut)
I = I1(A) 0
U = E1(V)
Tai R-C (i
t
= mA)
I = I1(A) 0
U = E1(V)
3. Thi nghim ly dc tinh diu chnh.
S th nghim nh hinh 13:
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap, nhng ch bng U
m
.
Hinh 13 : So d thi nghim ly dc tinh ngoai may phat din dng b
Prime
Mover
MF
DB
+
+
T
N
E1

Modul
Tai
R,L,C
I1
+
I3
KT
i
t
R
c
+
7
8
Th nghim May in 2 Trang

20
+ Ln lc ong K tng dn tai. Mi ln tng tai, nu din ap U va tc d n giam th phai
iu chnh dong in kch t i
t
gi U = U
m
va iu chnh in ap a vao Prime Mover gi
tc bng nh mc. Sau o a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o
c vao may tnh. M bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 3.
+ Sau khi lam xong tai tr R, thay tai R-L, ri tai R-C. Cung lam nh trn ly kt qua.
Bang 3
Tai R (U
m
= V; n = vg/phut)
i
i
= I3(A)
I = I1(A)
Tai R-L (U
m
= V; n = vg/phut)
i
i
= I3(A)
I = I1(A)
Tai R-C (U
m
= V; n = vg/phut)
i
i
= I3(A)
I = I1(A)

4. Hoa dng b may fat din dng b:
S ni dy th nghim nh hnh 3:



I3
KT
+
8
Hinh 5 : So d thi nghim hoa dng b may phat din dng b
7
i
t R
c
Prime
Mover
MF
DB
+
T
N
+
I2
+
E1
E2
+
I1
+
2
1
5
3
4
6
Modul en
ng b
~
+
E3
N











Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap, nhng in ap may phat U
F
ch
bng in ap li U
L
.(E1 = E3)
+ iu chnh in ap a vao ng c s cp thay i tc cua may phat va quan sat
modun en ng b (ni ti).
+ M phn tch pha so pha gia E1 va E3, qua o thy s lch pha cua in ap may phat U
F

va in ap li U
L
. Thay i tc cua may phat quan sat hai vect trn ca s phn
tch pha.
L
U va
& &
F
U
S liu may phat:

Th nghim May in 2 Trang

21
IV. BAO CAO THI NGHIM
1. T s liu o c cac bang, ve cac c tnh. Nhn xet dang c tnh va so sanh vi ly
thuyt. Y ngha c tnh iu chnh vi cac tnh cht tai khac nhau.
2. T s liu o c tnh t s ngn mach :
n t
o t
m
no
i
i
I
I
K = = va vit nhn xet v no.
3. Xac nh in khang ng b doc truc va in khang tan cua may phat in ng b t c
tnh khng tai va c tnh ngn mach ?
4. T c tnh ngoai cua may phat, xac nh thay i in ap khi tai nh mc may phat vi
cac tnh cht tai khac nhau:
100
U
U E
U
m
m
m
%

=
Nhn xet gia tr U
m
% qua cac tnh cht tai khac nhau.
IV.CU HOI KIM TRA
1. Muc ch th nghim.
2. Phn bit cac s u ni
3. Phn bit th nghim ngn mach va ch ngn mach.
3. Y ngha cua cac ng c tnh.
5. Cach xac nh cac thng s.
5. Cach tao File cu hnh, bang s liu, lu s liu va ve th trong phn mm Lab - Volt.


Th nghim May in Trang 9
BAI THI NGHIM S 1
MAY BIN AP BA PHA


I. MUC DICH VA YU C U THI NGHIM:
1. Muc dich:
- Tm hiu cu tao va nguyn ly lam vic cua may bin ap 3 pha.(t mba 3 pha).
- Xac nh cac thng s cua may bin ap 3 pha.
- Xac nh mt vai ng c tnh cua may bin ap.
2. Yu cu :
- Xem ky phn phu luc bit c cac thit b, cach ghep ni, cac t va thut ng
mi cn thit cho bai th nghim.
- Xem lai cac c im chnh cua mach in 3pha.
II. TOM TT LY THUY T
1. Nguvn |v |om v| c co bon M8A
Hnh 1.1 ve s nguyn ly cua mba mt pha hai dy qun. Dy qun 1 co W
1
vong
dy c ni vi ngun in ap xoay chiu u
1
, goi la dy qun s cp. Dy qun 2 co W
2
vong
dy cung cp in cho phu tai Z
t
, goi la dy qun th cp.
t in ap xoay chiu u
1
vao dy qun s, trong dy qun s se co dong i
1
. Trong loi
thep se co t thng moc vong vi ca hai dy qun goi la t thng chnh, t thng chnh cam
ng trong dy qun s s e
1
va trong dy qun th s e
2
. Khi mba co tai, trong dy qun
th se co dong in i
2
a ra tai vi in ap la u
2
.
Gia th in ap u
1
sin nn t thng cung bin thin sin va co dang:
t sin
m
=
S cam ng e
1
, e
2
sinh ra trong dy qun s cp va th cp mba la:
) 90 t sin( E 2 ) 90 t sin( N
dt
d
W e
0
1
0
m 1 1 1
= =

=
) 90 t sin( E 2 ) 90 t sin( N
dt
d
W e
0
2
0
m 2 2 2
= =

=
trong o, E
1
, E
2
la tr s hiu dung cua s s cp va th cp, cho bi:
m 1 m 1
m 1
1
fN 44 , 4 fN 2
2
N
E = =

=
Hnh 1-1. Sc cc ncuyen |y cuc
mLc mcI phc hci ccy cucn

u
2
u
1
i
1
i
2
Z
t

m 2 m 2
m 2
2
fN 44 , 4 fN 2
2
N
E = =

=
T s bin ap k cua mba:
2
1
2
1
N
N
E
E
k = =
Nu bo qua sut ap gy ra do in tr va t
thng tan cua dy qun th E
1
U
1
va E
2
U
2
k
N
N
E
E
U
U
2
1
2
1
2
1
= =



Th nghim May in Trang 10
2. Fhuong trnh cn bng
Ngoai t thng chnh chay trong loi thep, trong mba cac st i
1
N
1
va i
2
N
2
con sinh ra t
thng tan
t1
va
t2
. T thng tan khng chay trong loi thep ma moc vong vi khng gian
khng phai vt liu st t nh du bin ap, vt liu cach in ... Vt liu ny co t thm be,
do o t thng tan nho hn rt nhiu so vi t thng chnh va t thng tan moc vong vi dy
qun sinh ra no. Cac t thng tan
t1
va
t2
bin thin theo thi gian nn cung cam ng trong
dy qun s cp s tan e
t1
va th cp s tan e
t2
, ma tr s tc thi la:
dt
d
dt
d
N e
1 t 1 t
1 1 t

= ;
dt
d
dt
d
N e
2 t 2 t
2 2 t

= .
Trong o: la t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun s cp;
1 t 1 1 t
N =
la t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun th cp.
2 t 2 2 t
N =
Do t thng tan moc vong th t l vi dong in sinh ra no :
;
1 1 t 1 t
i L =
2 2 t 2 t
i L =
Trong o: L
t1
va L
t2
la in cam tan cua dy qun s cp va th cp.
Ta co s tan sau khi th t thng moc vong vao:

dt
di
L e
t t
1
1 1
= ;
dt
di
L e
t t
2
2 2
=
Biu din s tan di dang phc s :

1 1 1 1 1
I jx I L j E
t t
& & &
= = ;
2 2 2 2 2
I jx I L j E
t t
& & &
= =
trong o: x
1
= L
t1
la in khang tan cua dy qun s cp,
x
2
= L
t2
la in khang tan cua dy qun th cp.
Phuong trinh cn bng din ap dy qun so cp va thu cp:
Xet mach in s cp gm ngun in ap u
1
, s e
1
, in tr dy qun s cp r
1
, s tan
s cp e
t1
. Mach in th cp gm s e
2
, in tr dy qun th cp r
2
, s tan th cp e
t2
, in
ap hai u cua dy qun th cp la u
2
. Ap dung nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta co phng trnh in
ap s cp va th cp vit di dang tr s tc thi la:
u
1
+ e
1
+ e
t1
= r
1
i
1
; e
2
+ e
t2
= u
2
+ r
2
i
2
.
hoc u
1
= - e
1
- e
t1
+ r
1
i
1
: u
2
= e
2
+ e
t2
- r
2
i
2
.
Biu din di dang s phc va thay s tan vao cac phng trnh, ta co:

1 1 1 t 1 1
I r E E U
& & & &
+ =
1 1 1 1 1
I r I jx E
& & &
+ + =

2 2 2 t 2 2
I r E E U
& & & &
+ =
2 2 2 2 2
I r I jx E
& & &
=
Vy phng trnh in ap s cp va th cp vit di dang phc la:
(1-1)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I Z E I ) jx r ( E U
& & & & &
+ = + + =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
I Z E I ) jx r ( E U
& & & & &
= + =
trong o: Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
la tng tr phc cua dy qun s cp.
Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
la tng tr phc cua dy qun th cp.



Th nghim May in Trang 11
1 1
I Z
&
la in ap ri trn dy qun s cp.
la in ap ri trn dy qun th cp.
2 2
I Z
&
Phuong trinh cn bng std
nh lut Ohm t ap dung vao mach t (hnh 1.1) cho ta:
W
1
i
1
+ W
2
i
2
= R

(1-2)
Thng nn t (1-1), ta co E
1 1 1
E I Z
& &
<<
1
U
1
. Vy t thng cc ai trong loi thep:

1
1
m
fN 44 , 4
U
=
y U
1
= U
1m
,tc la U
1
khng i, vy t thng
m
cung khng i. Do o v phai
cua (1-2) khng phu thuc dong i
1
va i
2
, ngha la khng phu thuc ch lam vic cua mba.
c bit trong ch khng tai, dong i
2
= 0 va i
1
= i
0
la dong in khng tai s cp. Ta suy ra:
N
1
i
1
+ N
2
i
2
= N
1
i
0

Hay:
0 1 2 2 1 1
I N I N I N
& & &
= +
Chia hai v cho W
1
va chuyn v, ta co:
) I ( I )
N
N
I ( I I
'
2 0
1
2
2 0 1
& & & & &
+ = + =
trong o:
k
I
I
' 2
2
&
&
= la dong in th cp qui i v pha s cp, con k =
2
1
N
N
.
Dong in gm hai thanh phn, thanh phn dong in khng i dung tao ra t
thng chnh trong loi thep mba, thanh phn dong in dung bu lai dong in th
cp , tc la cung cp cho tai.
1
I
&
0
I
&
2
I
&

2
I
&
Tom lai m hnh toan cua mba nh sau:
(1.3a)
1 1 1 1
I Z E U
& & &
+ =
(1.3b)
2 2 2 2
I Z E U
& & &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ = (1.3c)
3. Moch d|n thov th M8A
c trng va tnh toan cac qua trnh nng lng xay ra trong mba, ngi ta thay
mach in va mach t cua mba bng mt mach in tng ng gm cac iin tr va in
khang c trng cho mba goi la mach in thay th mba.
Qui di cac dai luong thu cp v so cp.
Nhn phng trnh (1.3b) vi k, ta co:

k
I
) Z k (
k
I
) Z k ( E k U k
2
t
2 2
2
2
2 2
& &
& &
= =
t : ; ;
2
'
2
E k E
& &
=
2
'
2
U k U
& &
= k / I I
2
'
2
& &
=



Th nghim May in Trang 12
; ;
2
2 '
2
Z k Z =
2
2 '
2
r k r =
2
2 '
2
x k x =
; ;
t
2 '
t
Z k Z =
t
2 '
t
r k r =
t
2 '
t
x k x =
Phng trnh (1.3b) vit lai thanh:

'
2
'
t
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
I Z I Z E U
& & & &
= =
Trong o: , , , , tng ng la s, in ap, dong in, tng tr dy qun va
tng tr tai th cp qui i v s cp.
'
2
E
&
'
2
U
&
'
2
I
&
'
2
Z
'
t
Z
Tom lai m hnh toan mba sau khi qui i la :

1 1 1 1
I Z E U
& & &
+ =

2
'
t
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
I Z I Z E U
& & & &
= =
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
Mach din thay th cua mba.
Da vao h phng trnh qui i, ta suy ra mt mach in tng ng goi la mach in
thay th cua mba (hnh 1-2).
S la in ap ri trn
tng tr Z
1
E
&

m
, c trng cho t thng
chnh va tn hao st t. T thng
chnh do dong in khng tai sinh ra,
do o ta co th vit :
0 m 0 m m 1
I Z I ) jx r ( E
& & &
= + =
x

2
r
1
r

2
x
1
Z

t 1
U
&
1
E
&
r
m
x
m
'
2
I
&

'
2
U
&

1
I
&
o
I
&
Hnh 1-2 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe mcy Lien cp
trong o: Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
la tng tr t hoa c trng cho mach t.
r
m
la in tr t hoa c trng cho tn hao st t. p
Fe
= r
m
2
0
I
x
m
la in khang t hoa c trng cho t thng chnh .
Mach din thay th don gian cua mba
Thng thng tng tr nhanh t hoa rt ln (Z
m
>> Z
1
va Z
2
), do o co th bo qua
nhanh t hoa (Z
m
= ) va thanh lp lai s thay th gn ung (Hnh 1.3).
1
U
&
r
n
x
n
'
2 1
I I
& &
=
'
2
U
&

Z
t
Hnh 1-3 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe
ccn cicn cuc mLc

Khi bo qua tng tr nhanh t hoa, ta co:
Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n
+ jx
n
(1.4)
Trong o: Z
n
= r
n
+ jx
n
la tng tr ngn mach cua mba;
r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
la in tr ngn mach cua mba; x
n
= x
1
+ x
2

la in khang ngn mach cua mba.
4. Ch d khng to| M8A
Ch khng tai mba la ch ma th cp h mach (I
2
= 0), con s cp c cung cp
bi mt in ap U
1
.



Th nghim May in Trang 13
Phuong trinh va mach din thay th MBA khi khng tai.
Khi khng tai (Hnh 1.4) dong in th cp I
2
= 0, ta co phng trnh la:

1 0 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =
hoc (1.5)
0 0 1 0 1
Z I ) Z Z ( I U
m
& & &
= + =
trong o: Z
0
= Z
1
+ Z
m
= r
0
+ jx
0
la tng tr khng cua tai mba.
Thi nghim khng tai MBA
Th nghim khng tai la xac nh h s bin ap k, tn hao st t trong loi thep p
Fe
, va
cac thng s cua mba ch khng tai.

r
1







S ni dy th nghim khng tai (hnh 1.4). t in ap U
1
= U
1m
vao dy qun s
cp, th cp h mach, cac dung cu o cho ta cac s liu sau: P
0
la cng sut tn hao khng tai;
I
0
la dong in khng tai; con U
1m


va U
20
la in ap s cp va th cp. T o ta tnh c:
a) H s bin ap k:
20
1
U
U
= k
m

b) Dong in khng tai phn trm : % 10 % 1 100
I
I
% i
dm 1
0
0
= =
c) Tn hao trong loi thep : p
Fe
= P
0
- r
1
I
0
2
P
0

d) Tng tr khng tai
+ in tr khng tai: r
0
= r
1
+ r
m
=
2
0
0
I
P

Do r
m
>> r
1
nn gn ung ly bng: r
m
= r
0
- r
1

+ Tng tr khng tai :
0
dm 1
0
I
U
Z =
+ in khang khng tai.
2
0
2
0 m 1 0
r z x x x = + =
in khang t hoa x
m
>> x
1
nn ly gn ung bng: x
m
= x
0

e) H s cng sut khng tai.:
0 dm 1
0
0
I U
P
cos =
x

2
r

2
x
1
V
W A
V
Hinh 1.4 S thay th mba khi khng tai va S ni dy th nghim khng tai

1
U
&

1
E
&

r
m
x
m
0 1
I I
& &
=
0
I
&



Th nghim May in Trang 14
5. Ch d ngn moch M8A
Ch ngn mach mba la ch ma pha th cp b ni tt, s cp t vao mt in
ap. Trong vn hanh, nhiu nguyn nhn lam may bin ap b ngn mach nh hai dy dn pha
th cp chp vao nhau, ri xung t hoc ni vi nhau bng tng tr rt nho. y la tnh
trang s c.
Phuong trinh va mach din thay th mba khi ngn mach
Khi m.b.a ngn mach U
2
= 0, mach in thay th m.b.a ve trn hnh 1.5. Dong in s
cp la dong in ngn mach I
n
.
Phng trnh in ap cua mba ngn mach:

n n n n n n
Z I I ) jx r ( I U
& & & &
= + =
1
(1.6)
Thi nghim ngn mach.
Th nghim ngn mach la xac nh in ap ngn mach phn trm U
n
%, tn hao
ng nh mc P
m
, h s cng sut cos
n
, in tr ngn mach r
n
va in khang ngn mach x
n

cua mach in thay th mba. S th nghim ngn mach ve trn hnh 1.5.
Tin hanh th nghim nh sau: Dy qun th cp ni ngn mach, dy qun s cp ni vi
ngun qua b iu chnh in ap. Ta iu chnh in ap vao dy qun s cp bng U
n
sao cho
dong in trong cac dy qun bng nh mc. in ap U
n
goi la in ap ngn mach. Luc o
cac dung cu o cho ta cac s liu sau: U
n
la in ap ngn mach; P
n
la tn hao ngn mach; I
1m

va I
2m
la dong in s cp va th cp nh mc.






a) Tn hao ngn mach
1
U
&

r
n
x
n
n
I I
& &
=
1
Hinh 1.5 Mach in thay th m.b.a khi ngn mach va S th nghim ngn mach

A
W A
V
I
2m
I
1m
U
n
P
n
B
iu
chnh
in
ap

U
1
Luc th nghim ngn mach, in ap ngn mach U
n
nho nn t thng nho, co th bo qua
tn hao st t. Cng sut o c trong th nghim ngn mach P
n
chnh la tn hao trn in tr
hai dy qun khi mba lam vic ch nh mc. Ta co:
P
n
= r
1
I
2
1m
+ r
2
I
2
2m
= r
n
I
n
2

(1.7)
b) Tng tr, in tr va in khang ngn mach.
+ Tng tr ngn mach: Z
n
=
m 1
n
I
U
(1.8)
+ in tr ngn mach: r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
=
2
1m
I
P
n
(1.9)
+ in khang ngn mach: x
n
=
2 2
n n
r Z (1.10)
Trong m.b.a thng r
1
= r
2
va x
1
= x
2
. Vy in tr va in khang tan cua dy qun s cp:



Th nghim May in Trang 15
r
1
= r
2
=
2
n
r
; x
1
= x
2
=
2
n
x

c) H s cng sut ngn mach :
m m 1
n
n
I U
P
cos =
d) in ap ngn mach
in ap ngn mach phn trm:
u
n
% = % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I Z
1
n
1
1 n
m m
m
= (1.11)
+ in ap ngn mach tac dung phn trm: u
nr
% = % 100
U
I r
1
1 n

m
m

+ in ap ngn mach phan khang phn trm: u
nx
% = % 100
U
I x
1
1 n

m
m

. Ch d co to| M8A
Ch co tai mba la ch ma dy qun s ni vi ngun in ap nh mc, dy qun
th cp ni vi tai. anh gia mc tai cua may, ta so sanh no vi tai nh mc va nh
ngha h s tai :

m m m m 2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
S
S
=
P
P
=
I
I
=
I
I
= (1.12)
Khi = 1: may co tai nh mc; < 1: may non tai; > 1: may qua tai.
D bin thin din ap thu cp mba va dc tinh ngoai.
a) bin thin in ap th cp
A
0
I
1
U
2
I
1
r
n
I
1
x
n
U
1dm
P
H
K

t
H.1.6 Xac nh U cua mba
B
(
n

)

C
(m)
Khi may bin ap mang tai, s thay tai dn n in
ap th cp U
2
thay i. bin thin in ap th cp
mba U
2
la hiu s s hoc gia tr s in ap th cp luc
khng tai U
2m
(iu kin U
1
= U
1m
) va luc co tai U
2
.
(1.12)
2 2
U U U
m
=
bin in ap th cp phn trm tnh nh sau:
100%
U
U U
% U
m
m

=
2
2 2
2

Nhn t va mu vi h s bin ap k, ta co:
100%
kU
kU kU
% U
m
m

=
2
2 2
2

100%
U
U U
% U
m
'
m

=
1
2 1
2
(1.13)
Xac nh U
2
% bng phng phap giai tch.



Th nghim May in Trang 16
th vect cua mba ng vi mach in thay th gn n gian ve trn hnh 1.6. Trn thc
t goc lch pha gia va rt nho, tnh U
m
U
1
&
) U (
'
2
&

2
t A va C ha ng thng vung
goc xung 0B, ct 0B keo dai tai P va K, co th coi gn ung :
U
1m
= OA OP
U
1m
- U
2
BP = BK + KP
Tnh: BK = I
1
r
n
cos
2
= I
1m
r
n

m 1
1
I
I
cos
2
= U
nr
cos
2
(1.14a)
KP = I
1
x
n
sin
2
= I
1m
x
n

m 1
1
I
I
sin
2
= U
nx
sin
2
(1.14b)
Ly (1.14a) va (1.14b) thay vao (1.13), ta co:
100%
+
=
m 1
2 nx 2 nr
2
U
) sin U cos U (
% U


%) 100
sin
+
U
cos U
( = % U
2
1
2 nr
2
1m
nx
m
U
U
100%


U
2
% = (u
nr
%cos
2
+ u
nx
%sin
2
) (1.15)
T cng thc (1.15) cho thy bin thin in ap th cp U
2
phu thuc vao h s tai
va h s cng sut cos
2
. Gia thit h s cng sut cos
t
khng i th U
2
% = f(). Trn
hnh (1.7) ve quan h U
2
% = f() vi cac cos
2
khac nhau.
a) c tnh ngoai cua mba
ng c tnh ngoai cua may bin ap biu din mi quan h U
2
= f(I
2
), khi U
1
= U
1m
va
cos
2
= const c trnh bay trn hnh 1.8.
in ap th cp U
2
la:

= =
100
% U
1 U U U U
2
2 2 2 m 2m
(1.16)














0
1
I
2
Hinh.1.8 c tnh ngoai U
2
= f(I
2
)
cos
2
=0,8 (t. dung)
U
2
U
2m
cos
2
=0,8 (t. cam)
cos
2
=1
0,5

2
>0
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=0.8
k
t
U
2
%
0

2
<0
cos
2
=1
Hinh 1.7 Quan h U
2
= f()
cos

t=const
4
-4
2
-2
0,5 1



Th nghim May in Trang 17
Da vao cng thc (1.16) ta ve ng c tnh ngoai vi cac tnh cht tai khac nhau.
T th ta thy, khi tai dung I
2
tng th U
2
tng con khi tai cam hoc tr I
2
tng th U
2
giam.
Tai cam U
2
giam nhiu hn.
Khi cung cp in cn phai am bao cht lng in ap, do o cn phai iu chnh
in ap th cp U
2
. iu chnh U
2
ta thay i s vong dy trong cun dy cao ap khoang
2 x 2,5%. Thng thay i s vong dy cua cun dy cao ap v o dong in nho nn vic
thay i s vong dy c d dang hn. Nhng mba co cng sut nho, vic thay i s vong
dy bng tay th phai ct mba ra khoi li in, con nhng mba co cng sut ln, thng vic
thay i s vong dy t ng khng ct mba ra khoi li in (dung b iu ap di tai)
2. Hiu sut may bin ap
Hiu sut cua mba :

+
=

= =
p P
p
1
P
p P
P
P
2 1
1
1
2
(1.17)
vi p = p
cu1
+ p
cu2
+ p
Fe

Ta da co phn truoc:
p
Fe
= P
0

2
n
2
'
m 2
'
2 2 '
m 2 n
2 '
2 n
2 '
2
'
2
2
1 1 2 Cu 1 Cu
P = )
I
I
( I r = I r = I r + I r = p + p

(1.18)

2 m 2
m 2
2
m 2 m 2 2 2 2 2
cos S = cos
I
I
I U = cos I U = P

(1.19)
Th (1.18) va (1.19) vao (1.17), ta co:

n
2
0 2 m
n
2
0
P + P + cos S
P + P
- 1 =

(1.20a)
hay
n
2
0 2 m
2
P + P + cos S
cos S
=

m
(1.20b)
Ta thy hiu sut mba la mt ham cua h s tai va h s cng sut =f(,cos
2
). Khi
cos
2
= const, hiu sut cua mba at cc ai
max
bng cach ao ham cua no theo h s tai
va cho bng khng, ta co:
0
dk
d
t
=

Sau khi tinh dao ham, tim duoc:
0 n
2
P = P
Nh vy hiu sut MBA cc ai khi tn hao ng bng tn hao st t.
n
0
P
P
= (1.21)
i vi m.b.a co cng sut trung bnh va ln, thng c thit k ch tao at hiu sut cc
ai khi:



Th nghim May in Trang 18
25 . 0 2 . 0
P
P
n
0
=

.9

0.5

0 1
1
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=1
H.1.9 Quan h =f()
cos
2
= const
.8

Vy 5 . 0 45 . 0 =
III. CAC THIT BI THI NGHIM :
Xem bang cac dung cu cn dung phu luc
C bit cac dung cu cn thit cho bai th nghim.
IV. NI DUNG THI NGHIM :
Thit lp thit bi :
Cai cac Module ngun in, giao din
thu thp d liu va may bin ap 3 pha trong h thng.
DAI LOW POWER INPUTS dc ni vi
ngun cung cp chnh, t cng tc ngun AC-24V v tr I (ON) va cap det cua may tnh
c ni vi DAI.
Tm hiu cu tao ghi cac s liu nh mc cua may bin ap th nghim.
Hin th ng dung Metering.
1. Do din tro mt chiu cua cac cun dy so cp va thu cp may bin ap.
+ S dung ngun cung cp la ngun in mt chiu (DC) iu chnh c t 0-220V.
+ Chon t File cu hnh ES19-1.cfg. Trn ca s Metering chuyn cac ca s o dong
in va in ap sang ch o dong in va in ap DC.
+ Dung ngun cung cp in mt chiu u 7-N, Vnk E1, E2, E3 va Ampek I1, I2, I3
u ni vi cac cun dy cua dy qun so cp nh hnh 1.10 o R
1
va sau o cho dy
qun thu cp may bin ap d do R
2
.












+Tt ngun, xoay num iu chnh in ap v v tr min, thao g cac dy ni.
+ Bt ngun, xoay num iu chnh tng dn
in ap dong in trong cun dy s cp at
0,7Im (khoang 12V), con i vi dy qun
th cp la 8V. Trong qua trnh tng ghi lai cac
tr s o c trn cac ca s o E va I vao may
tnh bng cach a con tro chut n nut
record data, nhp chut bn trai. Sau khi o
ht cac cun dy, m bang s liu in hoc
ghi vao bang 1. T cac s liu o c tnh in
tr cua cac cun dy theo cng thc sau:
1 I
1 E
R
1
=
+
E1
2
+
E2 E3
1
I1 I2 I3
Hinh 1-10 Ni dy qun so cp
7
6 11
12
E
+
+
+
+
2. Xac dinh t s bin di din ap K va goc lch pha giua din ap dy so va thu.
a) May bin a p ba pha n i - Y
S th nghim nh hnh ve (hnh 1-11).



Th nghim May in Trang 19
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Hin th ng dung Metering, chon File cu hnh ES19-2.cfg.
+ H mach dy qun th cp, bt ngun va iu chnh in ap c in ap dy,
vi cac cp : 120, 240, 380 V ng vi cac ln o.
+ S dung E1 o in ap dy cua dy qun s cp U
1-6
va E2 o in ap dy trn
dy qun th cp U
4-9
, tng dn in ap cac cp khoang 120, 240, 380V a con tro chut
n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao bang s liu trong may tnh. Sau
o m bang s liu o c in hoc ghi s liu vao bang 2. T o tnh c h s bin ap
theo cng thc sau :
3
K + K + K
= K ;
U
U
= K
3 2 1
9 4
6 1
3 , 2 , 1

Chu y : Khi do cac din ap, tt ngun truoc khi thay di cach ni DAI voi mach
din.
Khao sat su lch pha giua cac sdd dy khi ni -Y trn Phasor Analyzer.
+ nguyn cach ni dy nh xac nh t s bin ap. M phn tch pha Phasor Analyzer
va quan sat goc lch pha gia in ap dy U
1-6
va U
4-9
trn man hnh Phasor Analyzer. Ghi
cac kt qua o c vao bang 3 hoc in kt qua.
+ Sau khi ghi lai kt qua o c, quay iu chnh in ap v v tr min, tt ngun.
b) May bin a p ba pha n i -
Sau khi tt ngun i ni Module may bin ap 3 pha thanh hnh - (hnh 1-12).
Chu y : Kim tra cach ni truoc khi dong ngun din.
+ Bt ngun va iu chnh in ap c in ap dy E
s
nh a cho trn. Chon tao
File cu hnh ES19-4.cfg.
+ S dung E1 va E2 o in ap dy cua cac cun dy trn mach s va th cp va tin
hanh th nghim nh ni /Yva ghi lai kt qua vao bang 3 hoc in.











2 1
7 6
12 11
N
4
5
9 10
15
14
Hinh 1-11 : So d du ni - Y




Th nghim May in Trang 20
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Nh trng hp may bin ap ni -Y.
Khao sat su lch pha giua cac sdd dy khi ni / trn Phasor Analyzer.
+ nguyn cach ni dy nh xac nh t s bin ap. M phn tch pha Phasor
Analyzer va quan sat goc lch pha gia in ap dy s cp U
1-6
vi in ap dy th cp U
4-9

trn man hnh Phasor Analyzer. Ghi s liu quan sat c vao bang 3 hoc in kt qua.
+ Tt ngun, vn num iu chnh in ap v v tr min thao cac dy ni.


+
+
+
+
+









3. Thi nghim khng tai :

2 1
7 6
12 11
N
4
5
9
10
15
14
Hinh 1.12 : So d du ni -
Trinh tu thi nghim :
+ u ni s th nghim nh hnh 1-13. (y la trng hp o cng sut ba pha
dung hai wattmettre P1 va P3)
+ Hin th man hnh Metering va chon t File cu hnh ES19-6.cfg.
+ Dung E1, E2, E3 o in ap dy U
1-6
, U
1-11
, U
11-6
va , I1, I2, I3 o dong dy
trn cac pha trn mach s cp. Con P1, P3 o cng sut P
1
, P
3
trn ca s o Metering
(cach mc ny la o cng sut ba pha dung hai wat met). h mach th cp, bt ngun iu
chnh in ap tng dn t 0 n 1,1Um. Trong qua trnh tng in ap ly t nht 10 tr s v
dong in, in ap va cng sut P
1
, P
3
trn ca s o Metering va ghi vao may tnh Sau o m
bang s liu in hoc ghi vao bang 4.











2 1
7 6
12 11
N
4
5
9 10
I1

I2

I3

E2

E3

E1

15
14
Hinh 1.13 : So d thi nghim khng tai




Th nghim May in Trang 21
T kt qua o c xac nh in ap, dong in va cng sut khng tai theo nh sau :
in ap khng tai :
3
U U U
U
1 11 11 6 6 1
0

+ +
=
Dong in khng tai :
3
I I I
I
3 2 1
0
+ +
=
Cng sut khng tai :
3 1 0
P P P + = va
0 0
0
0
I U 3
P
cos =
T kt qua trn ve cac ng c tnh sau trn cung mt h truc toa :
) U ( f I ) U ( f P ) U ( f cos
0 0 0 0 0 0
= = =
Cho nhn xet.
Chu y : Xem cach lp bang s liu va ve d thi trong phn phu luc E.
Sau khi ghi lai kt qua, tt ngun xoay num iu chnh in ap v v tr min, thao dy ni.
4. Thi nghim ngn mach
Chu y rng y la th nghim d xay ra s c nu s sut. V vy cn lu y cac trnh t
tin hanh va khn trng.
thun tin cho vic th nghim thng in ap ha ap t vao dy qun cao ap va ni
ngn mach dy qun ha ap cua may bin ap th nghim. Dy ni ngn mach thng dung u
ln chu c dong ngn mach.
Trinh tu thi nghim :
+ u ni s th nghim nh hnh 1.14.
+ Hin th man hnh Metering va chon t File cu hnh ES19-7.cfg.
+ Dung E1, E2, E3 o in ap dy U
1-6
, U
1-11
, U
11-6
va I1, I2, I3 o dong dy
trn cac pha trn mach s cp. Con P1, P3 o cng sut P
1
, P
3
. Bt ngun xoay num iu
chnh tng dn in ap, ht sc t t sao cho dong in trong mach s cp at n 1,2Im. Luc
o Un (5 10)%Um. Trong qua trnh tng ly t nht 5 gia tr v dong in, in ap va
cng sut P

1
, P
3
trn ca s o Metering, ghi vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu in hoc
ghi vao bang 5.
S th nghim nh hnh 1-14:



2
7 6
12 11
N
4 5
9 10
15
14
I1

I2

I3

Hinh1.14 So d thi nghim ngn mach.
1
E2

+
+
+
+
+
E1

E3













Th nghim May in Trang 22
+ T kt qua o c xac nh in ap, dong in, cng sut ngn mach :
in ap ngn mach :
3
U U U
U
1 11 11 6 6 1
n

+ +
=
Dong in ngn mach :
3
I I I
I
3 2 1
n
+ +
= (y la dong dy)
Cng sut ngn mach :
3 1 n
P P P + =
5. Xac dinh cac dai luong va thng s mach din thay th cua mba tu thi nghim
khng tai va thi nghim ngn mach :
Chu y : Khi xac nh cac ai lng va thng s mach in thay th mba, ta s dung
cac ai lng o c ng vi in ap hoc dong in nh mc.
+ in ap ngn mach phn trm : % 100 .
U
U
% U
m
n
n

= (ng vi dong in nh mc)

+ Cng sut ngn mach :
3 1 n
P P P + = (ng vi dong in nh mc)
+ Dong in khng tai phn trm : % 100 .
I
I
% i
m
0
0
d
= (ng vi in ap nh mc)
+ Cac thng s :
2
p 0
0
0
I 3
P
r = ;
p 0
mp
0
I
U
Z

= ;
2
0
2
0 0
r Z x = ; ;
1 0 m
r r r =

mp 1
2
n
n
I 3
P
r

= ;
mp 1
np
n
I
U
Z

= ;
2
n
2
n n
r Z x = ;
; ;
1 n
'
2
r r r = 2 / x x x
n
'
2 1
= =
1 0 m
x x x =
T cac thng s cua may bin ap a xac nh c thng qua th nghim khng tai
va th nghim ngn mach, ve s thay th may bin ap (ch ve cho 1 pha).
6. Thi nghim co tai :
Trinh tu thi nghim :
+ u ni s th nghim nh hnh 1.15.
+ Hin th man hnh Metering va chon t File cu hnh ES19-8.cfg.
+ Dung E1, E2, E3 o cac in ap dy cua mach th cp va I1, I2, I3 o dong
in trong mach th cp, Con P1, P3 o cng sut P
1
, P
3
.











E1
2
7
12
4
5
9 10
15
14

Module

Phu tai

8311-05
Hinh 1.15 : So d thi nghim co tai

1
6
11
N
I1

I2

I3

E2
+
+
+
+
+
E1
E3



Th nghim May in Trang 23
+ Bt ngun xoay num iu chnh tng dn in ap n U
m
. Bc cng tc cua phu tai,
iu chnh phu tai 3 pha i xng, mi ln iu chnh ghi lai s liu, trong qua trnh iu
chnh lun gi cho in ap s cp gia tr U
m
. Ghi cac gia tr o c: dong in, in ap va
cng sut vao bang 6 (8-10 gia tr).
Trong bang 7 :
3
E E E
U
4 14 14 9 9 4
2

+ +
= ;
3
I I I
I
3 2 1
2
+ +
= .
Cng sut ra :
2 2 2 3 1 2
cos I U 3 P P P = + = vy
2 2 2 2
I U 3 / P cos =
+ Ni Module tai tr song song vi Module tai khang thanh tai R-L va sau o vi
Module tai dung thanh R-C. Thc hin lai th nghim vi tai co tnh cam va co tnh dung nh
nh a lam vi tai tr, ghi cac s liu o c vao bang 6.
+ Tt ngun, xoay num iu khin in ap v v tr min. Thao g cac dy ni.
+ T cac s liu o c xac nh hiu sut cua may bin ap :
Hiu sut ly thuyt : % 100 .
P P cos S .
cos S .
%
n
2
0 2 m
2 m
+ +

=

.
Trong o :
m 2
2
I
I
= la h s tai.
T s liu o c tnh bang s liu cac mi quan h : U
2
, I
2
, S
2
, , .. ve c tnh.
+ Ve ng c tnh : ) I ( f = U
2 2
va ) ( f = vi cac tnh cht tai khac nhau trn
cung th va nhn xet.

Bang 1
Cun dy s cp
E1 E2 E3 I1

I2

I3

R1 R2 R3 R
tb



Cun dy th cp
E1 E2 E3 I1

I2

I3

R1 R2 R3 R
tb




Bang 2.
E
s
U
1-6
U
4-9
K
1
K
2
K
3
K
120
Goc lch pha
240
380








Th nghim May in Trang 24
Bang 3
E
s
U
1-6
U
4-9
K
1
K
2
K
3
K
120
Goc lch pha
240
380




Bang 4
S ln Kt qua o Kt qua tnh
U
1-6
U
6-11
U
11-1
I
1
I
7
I
3
P
1
P
3
U
0
I
0
P
0
cos
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Bang 5
Kt qua o Kt qua tnh S ln
U
1-6
U
6-11
U
11-1
I
1
I
7
I
3
P
1
P
3
U
n
I
n
P
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10










Th nghim May in Trang 25
Bang 6
Kt qua o Kt qua tnh S ln
U
1-6
U
6-11
U
11-1
I
1
I
7
I
3
P
1
P
3
I
2
U
2
P
tc
%
Tai thun tr R
1
2
3
..
Phu Tai R-L
1
2
3
..
Phu Tai R-C
1
2
3
..

IV.CU HOI KIM TRA
1. Phn bit cac s u ni MBA, in ap, dong in dy va pha trn cac cun dy
trong cac s u ni.
3. Phn bit th nghim ngn mach va ch ngn mach.
4. Y ngha cua cac ng c tnh may bin ap.
5. Cach xac nh cac thng s may bin ap bng th nghim.
6. Cach tao File cu hnh, bang s liu, lu s liu va ve th trong phn mm Lab -
Volt.
Lam bao cao Thi Nghim nhu tai liu huong dn.

Th nghim May in Trang 22



BAI THI NGHIM S 4
MAY DIN MT CHIU

I. MUC DICH VA YU CU THI NGHIM:
1. Muc dich:
- Tm hiu cu tao va nguyn ly lam vic cua may in mt chiu.
- Xac nh cac thng s cua may in mt chiu.
- Xac nh mt s ng c tnh cua may in mt chiu.
2. Yu cu :
- Xem ky phn phu luc bit c cac thit b, cach ghep ni, cac t va thut ng
mi cn thit cho bai th nghim.
- Xem lai ly thuyt v may in mt chiu.
- Tm hiu cu tao ghi cac s liu nh mc cua may in mt chiu th nghim.
II. TOM TC LY THUY T
1. Cu tao va nguyn ly lam vic
May in mt chiu co th la may phat hoc ng c in va co cu tao ging nhau.
Nhng phn chnh cua may in mt chiu gm phn cam (stator) va phn ng (phn quay,
rotor).
Phn cam hay con goi la stator gm co cac b
phn chnh nh sau :
Hnh 4.1 Cc t chnh
+ Cc t chnh (hnh 4-1) la b phn sinh ra
t trng, gm co loi thep va dy qun kch t lng
ngoai loi thep cc t, dong in chay trong dy
qun kch t sao cho cac cc t tao ra co cc tnh
lin tip lun phin nhau. Cc t chnh lam bng
nhng la thep ky thut in ep lai, tan chc va gn
vao vo may nh cac bulng.
+ Cc t phu c gia cac cc t chnh va
dung cai thin i chiu. Loi thep cc t phu
thng lam bng thep khi va gn vao vo may nh
cac bulng.
+ Gng t dung lam mach t, ni lin gia cac cc t ng thi dung lam vo may.
Trong may in nho thng lam bng thep tm un ri han lai, trong may in ln thng
dung thep uc.
+ Cac b phn khac gm co np may va c cu chi than. C cu chi than a in
t phn quay ra ngoai gm co chi than t trong hp chi than va nh co lo xo ep chi nn
chi than t cht ln c gop.
Th nghim May in Trang 23
Phn ng cua may in mt chiu gm loi thep, dy qun phn ng, c gop va truc may.
Loi thep phn ng dung dn t. No la hnh tru thng c lam bng cac la thep ky
thut in day 0,5 mm, hai mt co phu sn cach in mong ri ghep lai. Cac la thep c dp
cac l gn rtor vi truc va l thng gio. Mt ngoai loi thep c dp cac ranh t dy
qun phn ng (hnh 4.2).

Hnh 4.3 Phin i chiu va c gop

Hinh 4.2 La thep rotor









Dy qun phn ng la phn sinh ra s va co dong in chay qua. Dy qun phn ng
thng lam bng dy ng co boc cach in, gm nhiu phn t mc ni tip vi nhau, t
trong cac ranh cua phn ng tao thanh mt hoc nhiu vong kn.
C gop (vanh gop hay con goi la vanh i chiu) dung i chiu dong in xoay
chiu thanh dong in mt chiu (hnh 4.3).gm nhiu phin ng hnh ui nhan c ghep
thanh mt khi hnh tru, cach in vi nhau va cach in vi truc may.
Cac b phn khac nh truc may, quat lam mat may...
S nguyn ly lam vic cua may phat in mt chiu nh hnh 4.4. May gm co mt
khung dy abcd co u ni vi hai phin gop. Khung dy va phin gop quay quanh truc cua
no vi tc khng i trong t trng cua hai cc nam chm N-S. Cac chi in A, B t c
nh va lun lun ty sat vao phin gop.












Hnh 4.4 S nguyn ly lam vic cua may phat mt chiu
a).M ta nguyn ly may phat; b) S may phat co mt phn t;
c) S may phat co nhiu phn t.
t
e,i
t
e,i
(a) (b) (c)
Khi ng c s cp quay phn ng (khung dy abcd) may phat trong t trng u cua
phn cam (nam chm S-N), cac thanh dn cua dy qun phn ng ct t trng phn cam,
Th nghim May in Trang 24
theo nh lut cam ng in t, trong khung dy se cam ng s xoay chiu ma tr s tc thi
cua no c xac nh theo biu thc :
e = Blv (4.1)
Trong o:
B: (T) t cam ni thanh dn quet qua.
l (m): chiu dai dy dn nm trong t trng.
V (m/s): tc dai cua thanh dn.
Chiu cua s c xac nh theo qui tc ban tay phai. Vy theo hnh 4.4a, s cua
thanh dn ab nm di cc t N co chiu i t b n a, con cua thanh dn cd nm di cc S
co chiu i t d n c. Nu ni hai chi A va B vi tai th s trong khung dy se sinh ra trong
mach ngoai mt dong in chay t chi than A n chi than B.
Khi phn ng quay c na vong, v tr cua phn t thay i, thanh dn ab cc S,
thanh dn cd cc N, s trong thanh dn i chiu. Nh chi in ng yn, chi A vn tip
xuc vi phin gop trn, chi B tip xuc vi phin gop di, nn chiu do ng in mach ngoai
khng i. Nh c gop va chi than, in ap trn chi va do ng in qua tai la in ap va dong
in mt chiu.
Nu may ch co mt phn t, in ap u cc may phat nh hnh 4.4b. in ap ra
ln va t p mach (hnh 4.4c), dy qun phn ng phai co nhiu phn t va nhiu phin i
chiu.
5.2.1. Nguyn ly lam vic cua ng c mt chiu
Ngc lai trn hnh 4.5 m ta nguyn ly lam vic cua ng c mt chiu. Khi cho in
ap mt chiu U vao hai chi in A va B, trong dy qun phn ng co dong in. Cac thanh
dn ab va cd mang dong in nm trong t trng se chu lc tac dung tng h ln nhau tao
nn momen tac dung ln rotor, lam rotor quay. Chiu lc tac dung c xac nh theo qui tc
ban tay trai (hnh 4.5a).
Khi phn ng quay c na vong, v tr thanh dn ab, cd i ch nhau, nh co phin
gop i chiu dong in, nn dong in mt chiu bin i thanh dong in xoay chiu a
vao dy qun phn ng, gi cho chiu lc tac dung khng i, do o lc tac dung ln rotor
cung theo mt chiu nht nh, am bao ng c co chiu quay khng i (hnh 4.5b).

(a) (b)
Hnh 4.5 M ta nguyn ly lam vic cua ng c in mt chiu






Th nghim May in Trang 25
2. Sdd phn u ng va mmen din tu
Khi quay rto, cac thanh dn cua dy qun phn ng ct t trng phn cam, trong
mi thanh dn cam ng s trung bnh la :
(4.2) lv B e
tb tb
=
trong o :
l
B
tb

= t cam trung bnh trong khe h;

l la chiu dai cua thanh dn;

60
n
p 2
60
Dn
v =

= tc dai.
Vi: D: ng knh ngoai phn ng; : bc cc; p : s i cc t.
n : tc vong; : t thng khe h di mi cc t.


Hnh 4.6 Xac nh s phn ng va momen in
t trong may i n mt chiu
a) T trng cc t; b) S ky hiu dy qun;
U
E

S
M
n
B
tb B


(a)
(b)












Th vao (4.2), ta co s trung bnh trong mt thanh dn :

60
n
e = p
tb
2
T pha c gop nhn vao phn ng ta thy dy qun co th biu th bng s ky hiu
nh hnh 4.6b. T o ta thy dy qun gm nhiu phn t ni tip nhau tao thanh mach vong
kn. Cac chi in chia dy qun thanh nhiu nhanh song song. Khi phn ng quay, v tr phn
t thay i nhng nhn t ngoai vao vn la nhiu mach nhanh song song. S phn ng bng
tng cac s thanh dn trong mt nhanh. Nu goi s thanh dn cua dy qun phn ng la N,
s i mach nhanh song song la a (2a s nhanh song song), s thanh dn cua mt nhanh song
song N/2a. Vy s cua dy qun phn ng la s cua mt nhanh song song bng:
= = = =
M E tb
k n k n
a 60
pN
e
2a
N
E (4.3)
trong o:
60
2 n
= la tc goc cua phn ng;
a 60
pN
k
E
= ,
a 2
pN
k
M

= h s phu thuc vao kt cu cua may.

Th nghim May in Trang 26
T cng thc (4.3) ta thy, thay i s phn ng th co th thay i tc hoc thay
i t thng tc la thay i dong in kch t va mun i chiu s th hoc i chiu
quay, hoc i chiu dong in kch t.
Mmen din tu va cng sut din tu cua may din mt chiu
Khi may in lam vic trong dy qun phn ng se co dong in chay qua. Tac dung
cua t trng ln dy dn co dong in se sinh ra mmen in t trn truc may.
Lc in t tac dung ln tng thanh dn:

li B f
tb
=
Nu tng s thanh dn cua dy qun phn ng la N va dong in trong mach nhanh la i

=
I

/2a th mmen in t tac dung ln dy qun phn ng:

2
D
N l
2a
I
B M

tb
=
trong o: I

: dong in phn ng.

a : s i mach nhanh song song.
D : ng knh ngoai phn ng
l : chiu dai tac dung cua thanh dn.
Do:

=
p 2
D va
l
B
tb

= , nn ta co:

M
I k I
a 2
pN
M =

= (Nm) (4.4)
T cng thc (4.4) ta thy, mun thay i mmen in t, ta phai thay i dong in
phn ng I

hoc thay i dong in kch t I

t
. Trong may phat in mt chiu mmen in t
la mmen ham v vy ngc chiu quay phat in, con trong ng c in mt chiu, mmen
in t la mmen quay nn cung chiu quay vi ng c.
Cng sut ng vi mmen in t ly vao i vi may phat va a ra i vi ng c
goi la cng sut in t va bng:
(4.5) M P
t
=
trong o: M la momen in t;
Thay vao cng thc trn ta co:

t
I E I n
a 60
pN
60
n 2
I
a 2
pN
M P = =

= = (4.6)
T cng thc ny ta thy c quan h gia cng sut in t vi momen in t va s
trao i nng lng trong may in. Trong may phat in cng sut in t a chuyn cng
sut c M thanh cng sut in E

. Con trong ng c in, cng sut in t a chuyn

cng sut in E

thanh cng sut c M.

Tn hao va cac phuong trinh cn bng
Tn hao trong may in mt chiu gm cac loai sau:
Tn hao co p
Co
: gm tn hao bi, tn hao ma sat chi than vi vanh gop, tn hao
thng gio ... tn hao ny phu thuc vao tc quay va lam cho bi, vanh gop nong ln.
Th nghim May in Trang 27
Tn hao st p
Fe
: tn hao do dong in xoay va t tr trong loi thep gy nn. Tn hao ny
phu thuc vao vt liu, chiu day cua tm thep, trong lng loi thep, t cam va tn s.
Cac tn hao trn khi ktai a tn tai nn goi la tn hao khng tai: P
0
= p
c
+ p
Fe
.
Tn hao d ng p
Cu
:
+ Tn hao ng trong mach phn ng:
Tn hao ng trong dy qun phn ng: I

2
r

.
Tn hao ng trong dy qun cc t phu: I

2
r
f
.
Tn hao tip xuc gia chi than va vanh gop : 2U
t x
= 2V nn p
t x
= 2I

.
Gop tt ca cac tn hao trn lai goi la tn hao ng trn phn ng:
p

= I

2
R

. Vi R

. = r

+ r
f
+ r
tx
+ Tn hao ng trong mach kch thch:
Tn hao ng trong dy qun kch thch.
Tn hao trn bin tr iu chnh trong mach kch t, vy : p
Cut
= U
t
I
t
,
trong o : U
t
in ap t ln mach kt, I
t
: dong in kch t.
Tn hao phu p
f
:
+ Trong thep: t trng phn b khng u, anh hng rng ranh.
+ Trong ng: qua trnh i chiu lam dong thay i,.. ly 1%P
m
.
Phng trnh cn bng in ap may phat mt chiu: U= E

- R

.
Phng trnh cn bng in ap ng c mt chiu : U= E

+ R

.
3. May phat mt chiu
A. MAY PHAT KICH TU DC LP
Dong in kch t I
t
do ngun mt chiu ngoai may tao ra, khng phu thuc dong in
phn ng I

. Trn hnh 4.7 la mach in tng ng cua may phat in mt chiu c lp.
Cac phng trnh cua may phat
mt chiu kch t c lp :
U
I

R

R

+
_

I

E

+
_
U
t
I
t
R
c
R
t
Hnh 4.7 Mach tng dng cua ma y phat kch t c lp
Phng trnh in ap :
+ Mach kch t :

t mt t
I R U =
+ Mach phn ng :


I R U E + =
I I

=

c t mt
R R R + = ;

R : in tr mach phn ng.

a. c tnh khng tai : E = f( ) khi I=0 va n = const
t
I
Lu y cac im sau :
Th nghim May in Trang 28
Luc = 0 vn co mt s nho E
t
I
d
do t d cua loi thep.
Trong oan E
d
A. s E ty l .
t
I
Trong oan chuyn tip AB, s E
tng chm hn
t
I
E
d
E
I
t
A
B
C
Bao ho Trong oan bao hoa BC, s E tng
khng ang k.
im lam vic bnh thng cua may
nm trn oan chuyn tip v nu trn oan
tuyn tnh s E se thay i nhiu theo dong
in nn in ap ra cua may b dao ng;
con trn oan bao hoa dong in ln lam
tng tn hao.
t
I
a
Chuyn ti p
Tuyn tnh
Hnh 4.8 c tnh khng tai
t
I

b. c tnh ngoai : U =f(I), khi n = const va = const.
t
I

Hnh 4.9 c tnh ngoai
U
o
U
R

I

Hnh 4.10 c tnh iu chnh
I
t0
I
t
I
Sut ap do phan
ng phn ng
E
U
I
m
R

I

U
m



I




Tac dung fan ng phn ng lam t thng giam, keo theo s E

giam.
in ap ri trong mach phn ng R

tng.
bin i in ap nh mc cu a may pha t : (I
t
= I
tm
)
)% 15 5 ( 100
U
U U
% U
m
m o
m
=

= (4.7)
c. c tnh iu chnh : I
t
=f(I) khi U va = C
te

gi in ap may phat khng i khi tai tng, phai tng dong in k.t .
t
I
MAY FAT DIN MT CHIU KICH TU SONG SONG
a. Mach in tng ng va ca c phng trnh cn b ng
; I I I
ts
+ =

I R E U = ; RI I R U
ts mt t
= =
Th nghim May in Trang 29
b. iu ki n t kch
Quay may phat vi khi I
tai
= 0 va = 0. Nh co
ts
I
d
may se co s trn u
cc cua may. Khi mach kch t c ni vi u cc may phat, se co hai trng hp xay ra :
d
E
1. S E
d
tao ra tao ra
ts
I ,
ts
I
t
cung chiu
d
. Tthng cc t tng
dn ln, s E tng theo va may t kch c.
d t
+ =
2. Nu ngc chiu, se trit tiu
t

d
, may k
0
t kch c.
Gia s may t kch c va I
tai
=0, luc o E va nghim cua h:
ts
I
E = f(I
ts
) va E = R
mt
I
ts
.
ng E = f(I
ts
) phu thuc ; ng E = R
mt
I
ts
phu thuc vao R
mt
va tao vi truc I
ts
mt
goc . Chung ct nhau tai M.
mt
arctgR =
Gia thit gi = C
te
, nu R
mt
tng, ng thng cam tip xuc vi c tnh khng tai ng
vi in tr ti han R
th
, luc o in ap khng n nh. Nu tip tuc tng R
mt
may se lam vic
vi E
d
.

R
f1
0
M
I
kt
I
ts
R
ft
R
f3
E
E
E
d
E=f(I
ts

)
U=R
mt
I
ts
Hnh 4.12 iu kin t kch

U
I

R

R


+

_

I

E

I
ts
R
c
R
ts
Hnh 4.11 Mach tng dng
cua may phat kch t song song






Tom lai i u kin t kch la :
1. Phai co t d trong h thng mach t (may).
2. T thng do s E
d
tao ra cung chiu t d.
3. Bin tr mach kch t R
mt
phai u be (R
mt
< R
th
).
c. c tnh ngoai : U = f(I), khi n = const, R
mt
= const.
Khi tai I tng, in ap U cua may phat kch t song song giam nhiu hn may phat kch t
c lp v
+ anh hng cua fan ng phn ng va
+ in ap ri trn R

nh trong may phat kch t c lp va thm

+ khi U giam khin I
ts
va E giam theo nn U giam nhiu hn so vi ktl. Ta ve chung hai
c tnh so sanh. Ta thy U
m
cua may phat kch t song song cung ln hn may phat kch
t c lp : U
m
= (10-20)%
im c bit cua may phat kch t song song la dong in tai ch tng n mt tr s
nht nh I = I
th
sau o nu tip tuc tng tai th dong in I khng tng ma giam nhanh n tr
s I
o
xac nh bi t d trong may, im P. S d nh vy la do may lam vic trong tnh trang
Th nghim May in Trang 30
khng bao hoa ng vi oan thng cua c tnh t hoa, dong in I
ts
giam se lam cho E va U
giam rt nhanh. in ap U giam nhanh hn dong I
ts
a lai kt qua la dong tai I giam n I
o
.
Nh vy s c may phat kch t song song khng gy nguy him nh may phat kch t c lp
.
Hnh 4.13 c tnh ngoai cua may
phat mt chiu . 1. Kch t c lp;
2. Kch t song song.
U
I
m

U
m
I
1
P
o
2
I
th I
d

U
m








d. c tnh iu chnh
iu chnh in ap, ta phai iu chnh dong in kch t, ng c tnh iu chnh
cua may phat kch t song song I
ts
= f(I), khi in ap U va tc n khng i ve trn hnh
30.4.
MAY PHAT DIN MT CHIU KICH TU HN HOP
a. Mach in tng ng phng trnh cn bng
Phng trnh cn bng :
; I I ; I I I
tn ts
= + = U IR R I E
tn
+ + =
U R I I R U
tn tn ts mt t
+ = =
Dong I
tn
tao ra , nu
n n s
+ = : may phat kch t hn hp ni thun, con
: may phat kch t hn hp ni ngc. S trong biu thc la :
n s
=
) ( n C n C E
n s E E
= =









Hnh 4.14 c tnh iu chnh
I
t0
I
ts
I
Hnh 4.16 c tnh ngoai cua may phat
in mt chiu kch t hn hp. 1. Bu
tha. 2. Bu u 3. Bu thiu 4. Ni ngc
U
m
U
I
m
I
4
3
2
1
U
I

R

R

+
_

I

E

I
ts
R
c
R
ts
Hnh 4.15 Mach tng dng
cua may phat kch t hn hp
R
tn
Th nghim May in Trang 31
b. c tnh ngoai : U = f(I), khi n = const, R
mt
= const.
Goi U
0
la in ap luc khng tai va U
m
la in ap y tai.
Ta co : I R I R E U
tn
= va = ) ( k E
n s M

khi dong tai I tng, in ap U thay i phu thuc vao ln cua
n
so vi tc la phu
thuc vao s vong dy W
s

n
cua cun ktnt. c tnh ngoai cua mfkthh vi :
+ Kch t hn hp ni thun : ng (3) bu thiu; ng (2) bu u; ng (1) bu tha.
+ Kch t hn hp ni ngc : ng (4), do ni ngc nn t thng tng giam nhiu khi
tai tng nn U giam rt nhanh.

Hnh 4.18 c tnh ngoai cua may phat
in mt chiu kch t hn hp. 1. Bu
tha. 2. Bu u 3. Bu thiu 4. Ni ngc
U
m
U
I
m
I
4
3
2
1


U
I

R


R

+

_
I

E

I
ts
R
c
R
ts
Hnh 4.17 Mach tng dng
cua may phat kch t hn hp
R
tn





c. c tnh iu chnh
gi U u cc may phat in khng i,
ta phai iu chnh dong in kch t, ng c
tnh iu chnh cua may phat kch t hn hp I
ts

= f(I), khi U va n=C
te
c trnh bay trn hnh
4.14. Trong o la ng 1 la khi ni thun bu
tha, ng 2 ni thun bu bnh thng va
ng 3- ni ngc.
I
ts


4. Dng co din mt chiu
A. DNG CO DI N M T CHIU KICH TU SONG SONG (C LP)
a. Mach in tng ng va cac phng trnh cn bng
Mach in tng ng c trnh bay trn hnh 4.20; vi cac ky hiu tng t nh
may phat, ta co cac phng trnh cn bng la :
(4.9a)
kt
I I I + =
Hnh 4.19 c tnh iu chnh
cua may phat in mt chiu
kch t hn hp.
I
to
I
3
2
1
I
m
Th nghim May in Trang 32

kt kd c
kt
R
U
R R
U
I =
+
= (4.9b)
= =
M
k I R U E (4.9c)
b. c tnh vn tc theo dong kch t n=f(I
kt
).

n
I

R

I
+
_
M
I
kt
R
c
Hnh 4.20 Mach tng dng cua
ng c kch t song song
Ta

n
I
kt
Hnh 4.21 c tnh tc
theo dong kch thch
0
R
c
R
c
= 0


i
U
R
kq
E






c tnh tc theo dong kch t la ng cong n = f(I
kt
), khi I

= const va U = const.
Theo biu thc (4.9c), n t l nghch vi t thng ) I (
kt
; trong khi o quan h
co dang ng cong t hoa B(H). Vy n = f(I
) I (
kt

kt
) co dang hypebn nh hnh 4.21. T c
tnh ny cho thy, iu chnh tc ng c kch t song song ta iu chnh dong in
kch t I
kt
. y la u im ng c mt chiu so vi ng c xoay chiu.
c. c tnh c = f(M).
o la ng cong quan h = f(M), khi I
t
= const va U = const. Rut I

t cng thc (4.9)

va thay vao (4.9), ta co :
M
) (k
R
k
U
M

M
2

= (4.10)
Nu in ap U va t thng khng i th c tnh c la ng thng dc xung nh
trnh bay trn hnh 4.22. Moment tng th tc giam rt t, nh vy c tnh c cng. Trong
nhng may in thc t thng giam do phan ng phn ng, nn M hay I

tng lam tc giam

t hn so vi trnh bay trn hnh 4.21. Nh vy, phan ng phn ng co li trong vic iu
khin tc ng c mt chiu.





Hnh 4.22 c tnh c cua ng c kch t song song

0

M
M
m
M
0
Nu M
2
= 0 va M
0
= 0 th I

= 0, ng c quay vi
tc khng tai ly tng :

=
M
1
k
U
Luc khng tai ng c cung phai ly I
0
bu
vao P
0
, va quay vi
0
<
1
mt t :

1
M
o
o
k
I R U

=
Th nghim May in Trang 33
T cng thc (4.10), ta thy iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu co ba phng phap :
1. iu chnh in ap U t vao mach phn ng U.
2. iu chnh t thng .
3. iu chnh in tr phu mc ni tip vi mach phn ng.
Tom lai, tc cua ng c in mt chiu tng khi U va tng hay in tr phu giam,
iu o se cp sau.
B. DNG CO DI N M T CHIU NI TIP (se rie)
a. Mach in tng ng va cac phng trnh

ng c kch t ni tip co cun
kch t mc ni tip vi cun dy phn
ng. V dong kch t bng dong in
phn ng nn cun kch t co tit din
ln, t vong dy va in tr nho. Mach
in tng ng trnh bay trn hnh
4.23, vi R
kn
la in tr cua dy qun
kch t ni tip.

n
I

R

I
+
_

M

E

Hinh 4.23 Mach tng dng
cua ng c kch t song song
Ta

i
R
kn
U






Cac phng trnh cn bng la :
(4.11)
n
I I I = =
n k I ) R R ( U E
E n
= + = (4.12)
Chu y : y dong in va t thng

I ) (

I phu thuc tai cua ng c.

b. c tnh c = f(M).
o la ng cong quan h ) M ( f = khi in ap U =
const.
Theo cng thc (4.4) va , ta co :

I k

=
(4.13)
2
M
I k k M

=
Khi I

nho, t biu thc (4.10) va (4.13), ta co :

+
=
k k
R R
M
1
k k
U
M
n
M
(4.14a)
B
M
A
= (4.14b)
Vy c tnh c cua ng c kch thch ni tip co dang
hypebn (hnh 4.33). Khi tc = 0 moment khi ng M
k
cua ng c kch thch ni tip
co gia tr rt ln. Khi tai giam nhiu, I

nho, nho, ng c se quay rt nhanh. c bit luc

ng c khng tai, dong in I

= I
0
rt nho khin tc qua ln, rt nguy him. V vy cn
phai vn hanh ng c kch t ni tip sao cho tnh trang khi ngkhng tai hoc lam vic
khng tai khng xay ra; va cung cn tranh ng c lam vic qua non tai.
Hnh 4.24 c tnh cua ng c
kch t song song

0
M
k

0
M
M
m
M
0
Th nghim May in Trang 34
Khi I

ln, mach t bao hoa, t thng (I

) tng chm hn ngha la (I

) < nn
c tnh trn hypebn o.

I k

C. DNG CO DI N M T CHIU KICH TU H N HOP

a) Mach in tng ng va cac phng trnh
Ging may phat kch t hn hp, trn mi cc t mang hai dy qun kch t : song song
co in tr R
s
; ni tip co in tr R
n
.
T hnh 4.25, ta vit c cac phng trnh lam vic la:
; (4.15a)

kt
I I I + =
n
I I =
kq kn n n
I ) R R ( U I R I R U E + = = (4.15b)

n
I

R

I
+
_

M
E

Hinh 4.25 Mach tng dng

cua ng c kch t hn hp
Ta

i
R
kn
U
R
kq
R
dc
I
t








b) c tnh c (tc - Moment) = f(M).
o la ng cong quan h ) M ( f = khi in ap U = const va in tr iu chnh R
c

=const.

Bit c quan h ) (

I f
n
= , t (4.35) va (4.36), ta co :

0

M

2
3
1
4
Hnh 4.26 Cac c tnh cua ng c mt chiu.
(1) song song ; (2) ni tip ; (3) hn hp cng ; (4) hn
hp tr.

M
m
' ' '
o

' '
o

'
o

M(I

)
(I
m
)
0
Hnh 4.27 c tnh c cua ng
c in mt chiu kch t song
song vi cac I
kt
khac nhau
Th nghim May in Trang 35

2 2
) ( k
M ) R R (
) ( k
U
n s M
n
n s M

+

= (4.17)
y chnh la phng trnh thng s cua ng cong c tnh c ng c mt chiu
(hnh 4.26).
D. DI U CHINH TC D DNG CO DIN MT CHIU
c tnh c cua cac loai ng c mt chiu trnh bay trn hnh 4.27, con phu tai khac
nhau yu cu tc khac nhau. V vy phu hp vi tai cn phai iu chnh tc ng c
luc co tai.
T cng thc (4.17), ta vit lai nh sau :
2 2
) ( k
M ) R R R (
) ( k
U
n s M
p n
n s M

+ +

= (4.18)
Trong o, R
p
: in tr phu mc vao mach phn ng.
Ta co cac phng phap iu chnh tc nh sau :
+ iu chnh tc bng cach thay i t thng .
+ iu chnh tc bng cach thay i in ap U.
+ iu chnh tc bng cach thay i in tr phu R
p
.
ng c kch t song song (c lp)
a) iu chnh tc bng cach thay i t thng
Nu thay i
n
bng cach thay i R
c
thay i I
kt
(hnh 4.20) th ng vi cac tr s
khac nhau cua R
c
ta co cac c tnh c nh hnh 4.27. Cac ng c tnh nay co >
o

m o
,
va se giao nhau trn truc hoanh khi = 0 :

R
U
I = (4.19)
Do iu kin i chiu, cac ng c thng dung hin nay co th iu chnh tc quay
bng phng phap nay trong gii han 1:2. Cung co th san xut ng c co gii han iu
chnh 1:5, thm ch 1:8.
b) iu chnh tc bng cach thay i in ap U
Cn hai ngun: mt ngun co th iu chnh in ap c ni vi mach phn ng
va mt ngun khac ni vi mach kch t. H thng T- (Thyristor - ng c) nh trnh bay
(hnh 539). ang s dung ph bin. B bin i A va B c ni song song ngc, trong o
b B c dung khi cn i chiu quay ng c.
Khi thay i U, ho c tnh c trnh bay trn hnh 4.40. ng 1 ng vi U
m
, ng 3 va
2 ng vi U
3
< U
2
< U
m
, con ng 4 ng vi U
4
> U
m
.
Th nghim May in Trang 36









c) iu chnh tc bng cach thay i in tr phu R
f
.
Mc thm R
p
vao mach phn ng (hnh 4.36), ta thy tc ng c giam. Ta co ho c
tnh c ng vi cac tr s khac nhau cua R
p
, trong o R
p
= 0 la c tnh c t nhin. Ta thy
nu R
p
cang ln c tnh c cang dc, tc c tnh c cang mm, ngha la tc se thay i
nhiu khi tai thay i.
III. CAC THIT BI THI NGHIM :
Xem bang cac dung cu phu luc C bit cac dung cu cn thit cho bai th nghim.
III. NI DUNG THI NGHIM :
Thit lp thit bi :
Cai cac Module ngun in, Giao din thu thp d li u va may in mt
chiu trong h thng EMS.
DAI LOW POWER INPUTS c ni vi ngun cung cp chnh, t cng
tc ngun AC-24V v tr I (ON) va cap det cua may tnh c ni vi DAI.
Hin th ng dung Metering, chon File cu hnh DCMOTOR1.CFG.
1. DO DIN TRO MT CHIU CUA MACH PHN U NG VA MA CH KICH
THICH.
So d thi nghim hinh 4.30.
+ S dung ngun cung cp la ngun in mt
chiu (DC) iu chnh c t 0-220V.
+ Trn ca s Metering chuyn sang ch o
dong in va in ap mt chiu DC.
+ Dung ngun in mt chiu u 7-N, Vnk
E1 va Ampek I1 u ni vi cac cun dy cua dy
qun phn ung nh hnh 1 o R

va sau o cho dy
qun kich thich song song (Shunt) d do R
f
.
+
E
2
1
+
I1
E
Hinh 4-30
U
m
4

3

2

M
m M(I

)
(I
m
)
n
0
Hnh 4.28 c tnh c (tc )
cua ng c in mt chi u kch
t c lp vi cac U khac nhau
1

o4

o1

o2

o3
R
p
=0
M
m M(I

)
(I
m
)

0
Hnh 4.29 c tnh c (tc )
cua ng c in mt chi u kch t
song song vi cac R
p
kha c nhau
R
p1

o
R
p2
R
p3
Th nghim May in Trang 37
+ Bt ngun, xoay num iu chnh tng dn in ap t vao hai u dy qun in
ap bng 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0U
m
i vi dy qun kch t va dong in bng 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4I
m
i vi dy qun phn ng.
+ Ghi lai cac tr s o c trn cac ca s o E1 va I1 vao may tnh bng cach a
con tro chut n nut record data. Sau khi o ht cac cun dy, m bang s liu ghi vao
bang 1.
+ Tt ngun, xoay num iu chnh in ap v v tr min, thao g cac dy ni.

Bang 1
Mach kch t
I1(A)
E1(V)
Mach phn ng
I1(A)
E1(V)

2. THI NGHIM MAY FAT DI N MT CHIU.
a) May fat din mt chiu kich tu dc lp:
S th nghim nh hnh ve :









MF
MC
E1
1
2
+
K
I1
R
1
Prime
Mover
+
T
N
I2
KT
+
6
7 8
5
I
t
I

+
R
c






Hnh 4.31 : S th nghim khng tai va co tai may phat mt chiu

Thi nghim ly dc tinh khng tai:(hinh4.31 )
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau:
+ Bin tr iu chnh R
c
v tr ln nht (1000).
+ Cng tc MODE v tr Prime Mover.
+ Cng tc DISPLAY v tr Speed (n).
Th nghim May in Trang 38
Bang 2
Khng tai (I1 = 0)
I2(A) 0



E1(V)
Co tai (I2 = A)
I1(A) 0



E1(V)
Thanh lp c tnh iu chnh
I2(A)
I1(V)
+ H K, bt ngun va iu chnh tng dn in ap U c vao ng c s cp (Pime
mover) at n tc n = n
m
cua may phat in mt chiu.
+ iu chnh R
c
tng dong in kch t cho n khi in ap u cc FM bng
1.2U
m
. trong qua trnh tng I
t
, a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt
qua vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 2 (hoc dung may in in
bang s liu).
Thi nghim co tai: (hinh 4.31 )
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap, nhng ch bng U
m
.
+ ong K tng dn tai cho n khi tai nh mc, trong qua trnh tng tai nu in ap
sut th phai tng dong in kch t U = U
m
. Trong qua trnh tng tai nu tc n giam th
phai iu chnh n = n
m
. Sau o giam dn tai, trong qua giam tai a con tro chut n nut
record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu o
c ghi vao bang 2.
Thanh lp dc tinh diu chnh: (hinh 4.31 )
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap, nhng ch bng U
m
.
+ ong K tng dn tai. Mi ln tng tai, nu in ap U va tc n giam th phai iu
chnh dong in kch t gi U va n bng nh mc. Sau o a con tro chut n nut
record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. M bang s liu o c ghi
vao bang 2.
b) May fat din mt chiu kich tu song song:
S th nghim nh hnh 4.32:
Thi nghim khng tai:(hinh 4.32 )
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau:
+ bin tr iu chnh R
c
v tr ln nht (1000).
+ H K, bt ngun va iu chnh tng dn in ap U c vao ng c s cp n
at tc n = n
m
cua FM.
+ Giam R
c
tng dong in kch thch cho n khi in ap u cc FM bng 1.2U
m
.
trong qua trnh tng i
t
, a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o
Th nghim May in Trang 39
c vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 3 (hoc dung may in in
bang s liu).




Prime
Mover
MF
MC
E1
1
2
+
+
K
I1
R
1
T
N
KT
+
6
7
8
5
I
t
I

+
R
c
I2
I







Hnh 4.32: S th nghi m MFMC kch thch song song


Thi nghim co tai: (hinh 4.32 )
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap.
+ ong K tng dn tai cho n khi tai nh mc. Trong qua trnh tng tai, a con tro
chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. Trong qua trnh
tng tai nu tc n giam th phai iu chnh in ap n = n
m
.Sau o m bang s liu o
c ghi vao bang 3 (hoc dung may in in bang s liu).
Thanh lp dc tinh diu chnh: (hinh 4.32 )
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai thanh lp in ap, nhng ch bng U
m
.
+ ong K tng dn tai. Mi ln tng tai, nu in ap U va tc n giam th phai iu
chnh gi U va n bng nh mc. Sau o a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp
chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. M bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 3

Bang 3
Khng tai (I1 = 0)
I = I2(A) 0



U=E1(V)
Co tai
I
t
= I2(A)



I = I1(A) 0
U=E1(V)
Thanh lp c tnh iu chnh
I = I2(A)
U=E1(V)
Th nghim May in Trang 40
c) May fat din mt chiu kich tu hn hop:
S th nghim nh hnh 4.33 va 4.34 :
Thi nghim co tai : (hinh 4.3, ni thun)
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :











Prime
Mover
MF
MC
E1
1
2
+
+
K
I1
R
1
T
N
KTss
+
6
7
8
5
I
t
I
+
R
c
I2
4
3
KTnt



Hnh 4.33a: S th nghim MFMC kch thch hn h p ni thun











Prime
Mover
MF
MC
E1
1
2
+
+
K
I1
R
1
T
N
KTss
+
6
7
8
5
I
t
I

+
R
c
I2
3
4
KTnt

Hnh 4.34: S th nghi m MFMC kch thch hn h p ni ngc

+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai trn thanh lp in ap.
+ ong K tng dn tai cho n khi tai nh mc. Trong qua trnh tng tai, a con tro
chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. Trong qua trnh
tng tai nu n giam th phai iu chnh in ap n = n
m
.Sau o m bang s liu o c
ghi vao bang 4 (hoc dung may in in bang s liu).
Thi nghim co tai : (hinh 4.34) ni nguoc)
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam ging nh th nghim khng tai trn thanh lp in ap.
Th nghim May in Trang 41
+ ong K tng dn tai cho n khi tai nh mc. Trong qua trnh tng tai, a con tro
chut n nut record data, nhp chut ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. Trong qua trnh
tng tai nu n giam th phai iu chnh in ap n = n
m
.Sau o m bang s liu o c
ghi vao bang 4.
Bang 4
Ni thun (hinh 4a)
i
t
= I2(A)



I = I1(A) 0
U=E1(V)
Ni ngc (hinh 4b)
i
t
= I2(A)



I = I1(A) 0
U=E1(V)
3. THI NGHIM DNG CO DIN MT CHIU.
a) Ly dc tinh co dng co mt chiu KT dc lp
S ni dy th nghim hnh 4.35
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ bin tr iu chnh R
c
v tr max.(1000).
+ Cng tt MODE v tr Dinamoteur.
+ Cng tt DISPLAY v tr Speed (N ).
+ Cng tt Load control mode v tr MAN va xoay mum iu chnh v v tr min.


+
DINA
C
+
+
5
6
7
I1
E1



T
N
I2
R
c
8
KT
I
t
I

1
2












Hnh 4.35 S th nghim ly c tnh c ng c mt chiu KT c lp
Th nghim May in Trang 42
+ M ca s o momen va tc ghi s liu.
+ ong ngun tng dn in ap t vao phn ng ng c U = U
m
. iu chnh dong
in kch t n = 1,05n
m
(Khoang 1575vg/ph). Sau o xoay mum iu chnh Load control
tng momen. Trong qua trnh tng tai, a con tro chut n nut record data, nhp chut
ghi kt qua o c vao may tnh. Sau o m bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 4.
Bang 5
c tnh c
N(Vg/ph)



T(N.m) 0
I1(A)



E1(V)

b) Diu chnh tc d dng co mt chiu Kich Tu dc lp
Thay di tu thng: (So d thi nghim hinh 4.35)
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam nh th nghim ly c tnh c. Sau o thay i dong in kch t va lam lai
nh trn. Ly khoang 3 ga tr dong kch t. Sau o m bang s liu o c ghi vao bang 6.

Bang 6
c tnh c khi i
t
= A
N(Vg/ph)



T(N.m) 0
c tnh c khi i
t
= A
N(Vg/ph)





T(N.m) 0
Thay di din ap dt vao mach phn ung: (So d thi nghim hinh 4.35)
Trinh tu tin hanh nhu sau :
+ Lam nh th nghim ly c tnh c. Sau o thay i in ap c vao mach phn ng
va lam lai nh trn. Ly khoang 3 ga tr in ap c vao mach phn ng. Sau o m bang s
liu o c ghi vao bang 7.
Bang 7
c tnh c khi U = V
N(Vg/ph)



T(N.m) 0
c tnh c khi U = V
N(Vg/ph)





T(N.m) 0

S liu ng c Mt chiu va May phat Mt chiu :
Th nghim May in Trang 43
IV. BAO CAO THI NGHIM
1. T cac s liu bang 1, tnh in tr cua cac cun dy theo cng thc sau:
12
12
1
I
U
R = ;
4
R R R
R
tb
4 3 2 1
R + + +
=
2. T s liu bang 2, 3 o c ve cac c tnh cua may phat in. Nhn xe t cac ng
c thnh o va so sanh vi dang ly thuyt a hoc.
3. Tnh bin i in ap nh mc may phat mt chiu KT c lp:
100
U
U E
U
m
m
m
%

=
4. T s liu bang 4 ve cac ng c tnh ngoai cua may phat in kch t hn hp ni
thun va ni ngc cung chung trn mt h truc toa . Nh n xet cac ng c thnh
o va so sanh vi dang ly thuyt a hoc.
5. T s liu bang 5 o c ve c tnh c va t s liu bang 6, 7 kt hp vi bang 5 ve
ho c tnh c cua ng c in mt chiu khi thay i t thng va thay i in ap
a vao mach phn ng. Nhn xet cac ng c thnh o va so sanh vi dang ly
thuyt a hoc.
6. Trn c s s liu bang 5, tnh va ve c tnh hiu sut cau ng c.
Khi khng tai: Cng sut tng a vao may k ca tn hao ng:

f c Fe Cu tg
P P P P UI P + + + = =

Trong o:
Cu tg c Fe
P P P P = +

vi P
Cu
= R

I
2
Va P
f
= tn hao phu khng ang k
V. CU HOI KIM TRA
1. Muc ch th nghim.
2. Phn bit cac s u ni kch thch c lp, song song va hn hp.
3. Y ngha cua cac ng c tnh may.
4. Cach xac nh cac thng s may.
4. Cach tao File cu hnh, bang s liu, lu s liu va ve th trong phn mm Lab -
Volt.













































trng i hc BCH KHOA
khoa in
b mn: IN CNG NGHIP







my in ii

my in ng b
my in mt chiu
my in xoay chiu c vnh gp






Phn th t
My in ng b
Chng 1. i cng v my in ng b
- Hu ht cc ngun in xoay chiu cng nghip v dn dng u c sn xut t
my pht in ng b.
- ng c ng b c dng trong cc ti ln v c th pht ra cng sut phn khng
- My b ng b nng cao h s cng sut
1.1 Phn loi v kt cu m...b
1. Phn loi
Theo kt cu cc t: My cc n
(2p = 2); My cc li (2p 4)
Da theo chc nng: My pht
(Tuabin nc; tuabin hi; dizen);
ng c ( P 200 KW); my
b ng b
2. Kt cu.
Hnh 1-1 m t my pht ng b
cc li cng sut va v hnh 1-2 l
my pht tuabin hi (my cc n).

Kt cu ca stato ca my in ng b hon ton ging nh stato ca m..k..b, nn
y ch gii thiu phn kt cu ca rto.
Hnh 1-1. My pht in ng b cc li
Hnh 1-2 My pht ng b cc n:
1. b my; 2. li thp stato; 3. V my; 4. Gi stato; 5. ng dn chng chy; 6. Dy qun
stato; 7. Vnh p stato; 8. L chn ngoi; 9. L chn trong; 10. L chn thng gi; 11. Che l
chn; 12. Cn chi; 13. Tay gi chi; 14. Chi; 15. trc; 16. Ming lt; 17. ng phun du; 18.
Gi ng phun; 19. Tm mng; 20. Rto; 21. Cc; 22. My kch thch
My in 2 1
a) Kt cu my ng b cc n
R to my ng b cc n c lm bng thp hp
kim, gia cng thnh hnh tr v phay rnh b tr dy
qun kch thch. Phn khng phay rnh to nn mt cc
ca my. Mt ct ngang ca li thep rto nh hnh 1-3.
V my cc n c 2p = 2, (n = 3000 vg/ph) nn
hn ch lc ly tm D 1,1 - 1,15 m, tng cng sut ta
tng chiu di rto l n 6,5m.
Dy qun kch thch thng l dy ng trn tit din
hnh ch nht, qun theo chiu dt thnh tng
bi, gia cc vng dy c mt lp cch in
bng mica mng. Cc bi dy c p cht
trong cc rnh rto sau ming rnh c kn
bng thanh thp khng t tnh. Hai ud ra ca
dy qun kch thch c ni vi 2 vnh trc
gn trn trc. My pht kch thch thng c
ni cn trc vi rto.
Hnh 1-3 Mt ct ngang li thp
b) Kt cu my cc li.
My cc li thng quay vi tc thp nn
ng knh rto c th ln ti 15m, trong khi
chiu di li b. Thng l/D = 0,15 - 0,2.
Vi cc my nh v va rto c lm bng
thp c, gia cng thnh khi lng tr trn c cc cc t,
hnh 1-4.
Hnh 1-4. Cc t ca my ng b cc li
1. L thp cc t; 2. Dy qun kch thch;
3. ui cc t; 4. Nm; 5. Li thp rto
Hnh 1-5. Dy qun cn
hoc dy qun m my
Vi cc my cng sut ln rto c ghp t cc l thp
dy t 1-6 mm, dp nh hnh v ghp trn gi rto. Cc
t t trn rto ghp bng cc l thp dy t 1-1,5 mm.
Dy qun kch thch c qun nh hnh v lng vo
thn cc t, hnh 1.4
Trn b mt cc t c mt b dy qun ngn mch, nh
dy qun lng sc ca m..k..b. Vi my pht iny l
dy qun cn vi ng c l dy qun m my, nh hnh 1.5
Dy qun m my c in tr ln hn dy qun cn.
1.2 H thng kch t.
1. Yu cu i vi h kch t.
- Khi lm vic bnh thng c kh nng iu chnh c
dng in kch t I
t
= U
t
/r
t
duy tr in p nh mc.
- C kh nng cng bc dng kch t tng nhanh khi
in p li gim thp do c ngn mch xa. Thng trong
khong 0,5 giy phi t 2
) 5 , 0 (

tdm
tdm tm
U
U U
, nh hnh 1-6.
- Trit t kch thch khi c s c bng in tr trit t R
T


Hnh 1-6. Cng bc kch thch
My in 2 2
2. Cc h thng kch t ca my in ng b.
a) Kch t bng my pht in mt chiu gn cng trc vi my ng b. My pht
in 1 chiu kch thch thng c 2 cun dy kch thch: 1 cun song song L
s
dng t
kch thch v 1 cun c lp L
n
, hnh 1.7.
b) Kch t bng my pht kch t xoay chiu c chnh lu, hnh 1.8a l my kch t c
phn cm quay v phn ng tnh v hnh 1-8b l my pht kch t c phn cm tnh v
phn ng quay
c) H thng t kch thch hn hp, hnh 1-9, theo s ny in p v dng in kch t
s t l vi U
T
v U
I
ca bin in p TU v bin dng in TI.



Hnh 1-7 Kch t bng my
pht kch t mt chiu

Phn quay Phn tnh Phn quay Phn tnh
Hnh 1-8 My kch t xoay chiu c chnh lu
Hnh 1-9 H thng t kch thch hn hp ca my in ng b
My in 2 3
1.3 Nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my in ng b
Khi ta a dng in kch thch mt chiu i
t
vo dy qun kch thch t trn cc t,
dng in i
t
s to nn mt t thng
t
. Nu ta quay rto
ln n tc n (vg/ph), th t trng kch thch
t
s
qut qua dy qun phn ng v cm ng nn trong dy
qun S.. v dng in phn ng bin thin vi tn
s f
1
= p.n/60. Trong p l s i cc ca my.
Vi my in ng b 3 pha, dy qun phn ng ni
sao (Y) hoc ni tam gic () nh hnh 1.10.
Khi my lm vic dng in phn ng I

chy trong
dy qun 3 pha s to nn mt t trng quay ( bit
phn 2 M). T trng ny quay vi tc ng b n
1
=
60.f
1
/p.
Hnh 1-10 Nguyn l LVCB
Nh vy my in ng b ta thy: n = n
1
chnh v vy m ta gi n l my in
ng b.
1.4 Cc tr s nh mc.
Kiu my; s pha; tn s (Hz); cng sut nh mc (kW hay KVA); in p dy (v); S
du dy stato; Cc dng in stato v rto; H s cng sut; Tc quay (vg/ph); Cp
cch in.

























My in 2 4
Chng 2.
T trng trong my in ng b
2.1 i cng.
T trng trong m...b bao gm: T trng cc t F
t
do dng in kch thch i
t
v t
trng phn ng F

dng in phn ng I

to nn.
Khi khng ti (I = 0), trong my ch c t trng F
t
. Nu roto quay F
t
qut qua dy
qun stato v cm ng nn trong S.. khng ti E
0
Khi c ti (I 0) , trong my ngoi F
t
cn c F

. Vi my 3 pha F

l t trng quay, t
trng ny bao gm t trng c bn v t trng bc cao. Trong t trng c bn l
quan trng nht.
Tc dng ca t trng phn ng F

ln t trng cc t F
t
gi l phn ng phn ng.
Khi mch t khng bo ho ta xt ring F
t
v F

ri xp chng c F

.
Trong chng ny ta cng xc nh cc in khng do cc t trng trn sinh ra.
2.2 T trng ca dy qun kch thch (F
t
).
1. My cc li.
Sc t ng ca mt cc t:
p 2
i w
F
t t
t
= 2-1
T thng do F
t
sinh ra khi p = 2 nh hnh 2.1. Trong :
t
l t thng chnh, n i qua
khe h khng kh v mc vng vi dy qun Stato;

t
l t thng tn ca cc t.
S phn b ca t trng v t cm trong khe h nh hnh 2.1 v 2.2.

Hnh 2.1 S phn b ca t trng kch thch Hnh 2.2 Phn b ca t cmtrong khe h
My in 2 5
Trn hnh 2.2 s khc nhau gia t cm c bn v t cm kch t BB
t
c biu th qua
h s dng sng.

tm
B
tm1
B
t
k = (2-2)
Trong : BB
tm1
l bin ca sng t cm c bn; B
tm
B l tr s cc i ca t cm
k
t

m
/; = b
c
/ . Thng
m
/ = 1-2,5; = 0,67-0,75 v k
t
= 0.95-1,15
T 2.2 ta c:
t
.k
2p
t
.i
t
w
.
d
.k k
0
t
.k
.
d
.k k
t
F
0
tm
.B
t
k
tm1
B

= = = (2-3)
k

l h s khe h ; k

d
l h s bo ho dc trc cc t.
T thng ng vi sng c bn

t
k
p
t
.i
t
w
.
.
d
.k k
.l
.
2
0
.l .
tm1
B
2
t1

= = (2-4)
T thng mc vng
td
= w.k
dq
.
t1
.cost v sc in ng h cm trong dy qun
stato
t sin
0m
E t sin
t1

dq
.w.k
dt
td
d
0
e = = =
Khi r to quay vi tc gc = 2..f th t thng mc vng vi dy qun phn ng
s l:
td
= W.k
dq
.
t1
.cost
Sc in ng h cm trong dy qun s l:
t . .sin E t . .sin .W.k
dt
d
e
0m t1 dq
tud
0

= = =
Trong :
t ud t ud t
t t
d
0
dq 0m
.i x .i .M .i
p
.k W
.
. .k k
.l
.W.k E = = =

2-5

Vy h s h cm ca dq kch thch v dq phn ng l

p
.k W
.
. .k k
.l
M
t t
d
0
ud

= 2-6
v in khng h cm x
d
= .M
d
2-7
H s t cm ca dy qun kch thch.
L
t
= L
t

+ L

t
2-8
Vi: L

t
l h s t cm do t trng tn gy ra (tra ti liu TK); L
t

l h s t cm do
t trng khe h
t

gy ra.
Nu gi k

l t s gia din tch gii hn bi ng 1 v ng 2 hnh 2.2 th.

t

= k

.
t1

.k .k
p
W
.
. .k k
.l
i
. W
L
t
2
t
d
0
t
t t
t
= =

2-9
My in 2 6
2. My cc n.
Hnh 2.3 biu din s phn b ca t cm cc t v sng c bn. Ly trc cc t lm
gc ta tnh c.
tm
2

2
) (1
tm
2
). (1
0
tm
2

t tm1
B
2

sin

4
).cos.d
2

( B
.
2
.

4
d cos B

4
d cos B

2
B = + = =

Vy vi my cc n:
2

sin
.

4
B
B
k
tm
tm1
t
= = 2-10
Thng = 0,6 - 0,85, nn k
t
= 1,065 - 0,965.
H s hnh dng
t
k
.
3
2
1
.
2
k

2-11
H s h cm v t cm ca my cc n cng
c xc nh theo biu thc 2.6 v 2.9.
2.3 T trng phn ng.
Khi my in ng b lm vic t trng do
dng in I

chy trong dy qun Stato sinh ra gi

l t trng phn ng F

. Tc dng ca F

ln F
t
gi l phn ng phn ng. Tu thuc vo
tnh cht ca ti v dng cc t m phn ng phn ng c cc dng khc nhau.
Hnh 2.3 S phn b ca t cm cc t

1. Phn ng phn ng ngang trc v dc trc
Xt mt my ng b 3 pha (m = 3), 2p = 2, mi pha c tng trng bng mt vng
dy, thi im xt I
&
A
= I
m
; I
&
B
= I
&
C
= - I
m
/2
a/ Khi ti thun tr.
Khi ti i xng v thun tr, I
&
v E
&

trng pha nhau ( = 0). Ti thi im
xt i
A
= I
m
nn F

I
&
A
E
&
A
cn s.t.
sinh ra e
A
F
&
A
= E
&
Am
s vt pha trc E
&
t
A

mt gc /2. Nh vy trong trng hp
ny
u
F
&

, phn ng phn ng l
ngang trc. th vc t thi gian
F
&
I
&
, E
&

v khng gian , nh hnh 2.4
u
F
&
t
F
&
Hnh 2. 4 Phn ng phn ng khi ti thun tr

My in 2 7
b/ Khi ti thun cm.
E
&
A
vt pha trc I
&
A
mt gc /
2 v vt pha trc
t
F
&
E
&
A
mt gc
/2, nn v trng phng nhng
ngc chiu, phn ng phn ng l
dc trc kh t. th vc t thi
gian
u
F
&
t
F
&
I
&
, E
&
v khng gian , nh
hnh 2.5
u
F
&
t
F
&
Hnh 2.5 Phn ng phn ng khi ti thun cm
c/ Khi ti thun dung.
E
&
A
chm pha so vi I
&
A
mt gc /
2 v vt pha trc
t
F
&
E
&
A
mt gc
/2, nn v trng phng, chiu
vi nhau nn, phn ng phn ng l
dc trc kh t. th vc t thi
gian
u
F
&
t
F
&
I
&
, E
&
v khng gian , nh
hnh 2.6
u
F
&
t
F
&
d/ Khi ti hn hp.
E
&
A
lch so vi I
&
A
mt gc , ta phn
thnh 2 thnh phn:
u
F
&
F
d
= F

.sin - dc trc
F
q
= F

.cos - ngang trc

Vy khi 0 < < /2, phn ng
phn ng l ngang trc v kh t
Vy khi -/2 < < 0, phn ng
phn ng l ngang trc v tr t
Hnh 2.6 Phn ng phn ng khi ti thun dung
Hnh 2.7 Phn ng phn ng khi ti c tnh

2. T cm do t trng phn ng v cc in khng tng ng.
a/ My ng b cc n.
Vi my ng b cc n u, nu mch t khng bo ho th t tr l hng s, nh
vy nu F

l sin th BB

cng sin.
.I
p
W.k

2 m.
. .k k

.F
. .k k

B
dq

0
u

0
um
= = 2-12
v .I
p
W.k

2 m.
. .k k
.l . 2.
.l . .B

2
dq
2

0
um u

= = 2-13
Sc in ng phn ng do t thng

cm ng nn c tr s:
u dq u dq u
. .f.W.k 2 . . W.k
2

E = = v
p
.k W
. .k .k
.l .
4.m.f.
I
E
x
2
dq
2

0
u
u
u

= = 2-14
Thng x

= 1,1 - 2,3
My in 2 8
b/ My ng b cc li.
My ng b cc li dc trc v ngang trc khng ging nhau, nn mc du s.t. l
sin nhng t cm s khng sin. S khng sin ca BB

cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ti.

thun li ta phn F

ng vi mt ti bt k thnh hai thnh phn dc trc v ngang trc nh

hnh 2.8
Hnh 2.8 S phn b ca s.t. v t cm dc trc v ngang trc
Ta c:
d
dq dq
u ud
I
p
W.k

2 m.
I.sin
p
W.k

2 m.
.sin F F = = = 2-15
q
dq dq
u uq
I
p
W.k

2 m.
I.cos
p
W.k

2 m.
.cos F F = = = 2-16
v t cm tng ng.
ud
d
0
udm
F
. .k k

B = v
uq
q
0
uqm
F
. .k k

B = 2-17
Thc t BB
d
v B
q
B phn b khng sin, phn tch thnh sng c bn v sng bc cao. Vi
cc sng c bn ta c h s dng sng:

udm
udm
ud
B
B
k
1
= v
uqm
uqm
uq
B
B
k
1
= 2-18
Cc h s k
d
v k
q
ph thuc vo ,
m
/, / c tnh sn trong ti liu thit k
Cc in khng tng ng xc nh nh my cc n:
ud
2
dq
2
d
0
d
ud
ud
k
p
.k W
. .k .k
.l .
4.m.f.
I
E
x

= = 2-19
uq
2
dq
2
q
0
q
uq
uq
k
p
.k W
. .k .k
.l .
4.m.f.
I
E
x

= = 2-20
Thng: x
d
= 0,5 - 1,5; x
q
= 0,3 - 0,9
My in 2 9
2.4 Quy i cc S.T. trong my in ng b
Ch lm vic xc lp, ti i xng tc dng ca F

ln F
t
l tr t hoc kh t.
nh gi c mc nh hng ta phi quy i F

v F
t
v nh vy khi xt cc c
tnh lm vic ca my ta c th biu th chng trn cng mt h trc to v ng cong
khng ti E = f(i
t
).
Ch qu ta phi quy i ngc li F
t
v F

.
Vic quy i phi m bo iu kin:
BB
tm1
= B
m1
2-21
Ch xc lp, my cc n ta c:
t

0
t tm t tm1
.F
. .k k

. k .B k B = = v
t

0
tm um1
.F
. .k k

B B = = 2-22
Vy
u u
t
u
u
.F k
k
F
F = = hay
t
u
k
1
k =
Vi my cc li theo hng dc trc:
t
d
0
t tm t tm1
.F
. .k k

. k .B k B = = v
ud
d
0
ud udm ud udm1
.F
. .k k

. k .B k B = = 2-23
Sc t ng phn ng dc trc quy i v s.t. cc t:
d ud
t
ud
ud ud
.k F
k
k
F F = = vi k
d
= k
d
/ k
t
Cng vy, theo hng ngang trc:

q uq
t
uq
uq uq
.k F
k
k
F F = = vi k
q
= k
q
/ k
t
Cc h s k
d
v k
q
ph thuc vo ,
m
/, / c tnh sn trong ti liu thit k.

















My in 2 10
Chng 3.
Quan h in t trong my in ng b
3.1 i cng.
Quan h in t trong m...b bao gm cc phng trnh in p, th vc t, gin
nng lng v cng sut in t ca my in ng b.
3.2 Phng trnh in p v th vc t.
Ch ti i xng ta ch cn xt cho mt pha.
i vi my pht in:
3-1 ) jx (r I E U
u u
+ =
& & &
i vi ng c v my b ng b:
3-2 ) jx (r I E U
u u
+ + =
& & &
Trong : U l in p u cc ca my, r

v x

l in tr v in khng tn ca dy
qun phn ng;
E

l s.. cm ng trong dy qun do t trng khe h.

Khi mch t khng bo ho, p dng nguyn l xp chng ta c:
3-3
u
E E E
& & &
+ =
0
Khi mch t bo ho ta phi xc nh ri suy ra
u
F F F
& & &
+ =
0
E
&
1. Trng hp my pht in.
a/ Khi mch t khng bo ho.
Gi s ti i xng v c tnh cm
(0 < < 90
0
)
-/ My cc n:
Phng trnh cn bng in p l:
) jx (r I E E U
u u u
+ + =
& & & &
3-4
Chng 2 ta xc nh c
nn
u u
x I j E
& &
= Hnh 3.1 th s.. my pht ng b cc n
u db u u u
.r I .x I j E .r I ) jx (x I j. E U
& & & & & & &
= + =
3.5
trong x
b
= x

+ x

l in khng ng b, thng x
b
= 0,7 - 1,6
th vc t nh hnh 3.1
- / My cc li.
Ta phn s.t. phn ng F

thnh F
d
v F
q
, t thng tng ng vi cc s.t. s cm
nn cc s..: v Phng trnh cn bng in p c dng.
ud d ud
x I j E
& &
=
uq q uq
x I j E
& &
=
My in 2 11
3.6
u u uq ud u u uq ud
r I x I j x I j x I j E ) x (r I E E E U
& & & & & & & & & &
= + + + =
th vc t nh hnh 3.2 c tn
gi l th Blondel
Hnh 3.2 th s.. my pht in ng b cc li
Vc t do t thng tn
ca t trng phn ng sinh ra khng
ph thuc vo t dn hng dc v
ngang trc, tuy nhin ta cng c th
phn tch chng theo 2 hng dc v
ngang trc:
u
x I j

&

u d u q
u u u
x I j x I j
) sin x I cos x I j( x I j.



& &
& & &
=
= =

v phng trnh in p c vit li:
u q q d d u u uq u ud d
r I x I j x I j E r I ) x (x I j ) x (x I j E U
& & & & & & & & &
= + + = 3.7
Trong :
x
d
= x
d
+ x

gi l in khng ng b dc trc, thng x

d
= 0,7 - 1,2
x
q
= x
q
+ x

gi l in khng ng b ngang trc, thng x

q
= 0,46 - 0,76
th vc t ng vi phng trnh 3.7 nh hnh 3.3
b/ Khi mch t bo ho.
Khi mch t bo ho v cc h s k

d
v k

q
rt kh tnh chnh xc nn ta phi v kt
hp th s.t. v s.. vi ng cong khng ti. th ny c gi l th s.t.., c
tn l th Pchi.
- My cc n:
Gi s U, I, cos, r

, x

v c tnh khng ti bit, thnh lp th s.t.. trn

trc tung ca c tnh khng ti, ta t vc t U v vc t I chm sau U mt gc .
Hnh 3.3 th s.. my pht
in ng b cc li bin i Hnh 3.4 th S.T.. my pht in ng b cc n
My in 2 12
Cng U vi v c . Trn trc honh t ri cng vi hp vi
trc honh mt gc 90
u
r I
&
u
x I j
&

E
&

F
&

F
&
u u
F K
&
0
+ ( + ), tm c . T th ny xc nh c U = E -
U
0
F
&
m
, thng = (5 - 10)%
- Vi my pht ng b cc li, vic thnh lp chnh xc th vc t l rt kh, v
d

v
q
h cm vi nhau, hn na mc bo ho theo 2 hng li khc nhau. Nh vy x
d
v x
q
ph thuc c vo
d
v
q
. n gin ta coi x
d
ch ph thuc vo
d
v x
q
ch ph
thuc vo
q
v k

q
bit. Khi
sau khi v cc vc t U, Ir

v jI.x

c , hnh 3.5a, theo

hng jI.x

E
&

v on

cos
I.x
uq
uq
E
CD = = v xc
nh c phng ca E. Tr s
x
q
c th tnh hoc ly bng 1,1
- 1,15. T hnh 3.5b ta cng xc
nh c CD qua OA = F'
q
=
k
q
.F
q
, sau xc nh c E

d

= OF = MP, ly MN = F'
d
=
k
d
.F
d
chiu ln ta c E
a) b)
Hnh 3-6 Cch xy dng th vc t s.t..
ca my ng b cc li
2. Trng hp ng c in.
ng c in ng b c cu to cc li v vy phng trnh in p s l:
u q q d d u u uq ud u u
r I x I j x I j E jx r I E E E jx r I E U
& & & & & & & & & & &
+ + + = + + + + = + + = ) ( ) (

3.8
Hnh 3-7 Gin nng lng
a) my pht; b) ng c
a) b)
Hnh 3-6 th vc t ng c
a) Thiu kch thch; b) Qu kch thch
ng b

3.3 Gin nng lng ca my in ng b
My pht: P
t
= P
1
- (p
c
+ p
t
+ p
f
) v P
2
= P
t
- p
cu
- p
fe
ng c: P
t
= P
1
- p
cu
- p
fe
v P
2
= P
t
- (p
c
+ p
t
+ p
f
)

My in 2 13
3.4 Cc c tnh gc ca my in ng b
1. c tnh gc cng sut tc dng.
P = f() khi E = const, U = const, vi l gc ti gia vc t E v U.
n gin ta b qua r

v n rt b so vi (x
b
, x
d
, x
q
). Cng sut u cc ca my
ng b bng: P = mUIcos
Theo th vc t hnh 3.3 ta c:
Hnh 3-8 S to nn P
U
d
d
x
Ucos E
I

= ,
q
q
x
U.sin
I = v = - 3.9
Do : P = mUIcos = mUIcos( - )
= mU(Icos.cos + Isin.sin)
P = mU(I
q
.cos + I
d
.sin), thay I
d
v I
q
vo ta c:
cos sin
x
mU
sin
x
mEU
cos sin
x
mU
P
d
2
d q
2
+ =
Hay
)sin2
x
1
x
1
(
2
mU
sin
x
mUE
P
d q
2
d
+ = = P
e
+ P
u
3.10
T biu thc 3.10 ta thy cng sut tc dng ca my ng b cc n c hai phn. Mt
phn P
e
t l vi sin v ph thuc vo kch t; mt phn P
u
t l vi sin2 khng ph
thuc vo kch t. Nh vy i vi my pht ng b cc li khi mt kch t cng sut tc
dng vn c mt lng nh l P
u
. Ngi ta ng dng iu ny ch ra cc ng c in
phn khng c cng sut c vi chc ot.
- Vi my ng b cc n v x
d
= x
q
nn sin
x
UE
m P
db
= 3.11
c tnh gc cng sut tc dng my in ng b nh hnh 3.9

ng c My pht ng c My pht
Hnh 3-9 c tnh gc cng sut tc dng. a) my cc li; b) my cc n
My in 2 14
2. c tnh gc cng sut phn khng.
Cng sut phn khng ca my in ng b c tnh:
Q = mUIsin = mUIsin( - ) = mU(Isin.cos + Icos.sin) .cos + Icos.sin)
Q = mU(I
d
.cos - I
q
.sin) Q = mU(I
d
.cos - I
q
.sin)
Thay I
d
v I
q
vo ta c: Thay I
d
v I
q
vo ta c:
)
x
1
x
1
(
2
mU
)cos2
x
1
x
1
(
2
mU
cos
x
mUE
Q
d q
2
d q
2
d
+ + =
c tnh gc cng sut phn khng ca my in ng b nh hnh 3.11.
Khi -' < < +' my pht cng sut phn khng vo li, ngoi phm vi trn my
tiu th cng sut phn khng.
Hnh 3-10 T trng khe h
a) my pht, b) ng c
Hnh 3-11 c tnh gc cng
sut phn khng my cc li




















My in 2 15
Chng 4.
My pht in ng b lm vic vi ti i xng
4.1 i cng.
Ch ti i xng ca my in ng b c c trng bi cc i lng: U, I, I
t
,
cos v tn s f hoc tc n.
Trong f = f
m
; cos ph thuc vo ti cn li 3 i lng U, I, I
t
xc nh cho ta cc
c tnh.
1. c tnh khng ti U = f(I
t
) khi I = 0; f = f
m
2. c tnh ngn mch I
n
= f(I
t
) khi U = 0; f = f
m

3. c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi I
t
= cte; f = f
m
; cos = Cte
4. c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U = cte; f = f
m
; cos = Cte
5. c tnh ti U = f(I
t
) khi I = cte; f = f
m
; cos = Cte
Cc c tnh trn c xc nh bng cch tnh ton hoc th nghim.
T cc c tnh trn ta suy ra t s ngn mch K; U v cc tham s x
d
; x
q
; x

4.2 Cc c tnh ca my pht in ng b.
S th nghim nh hnh 4.1
Hnh 4.1 S th nghim ly cc c tnh ca my pht in ng b
1. c tnh khng ti.
(E = U = f(I
t
) khi I = 0 v f = f
m
)
H n v tng i E
*
= E/E
m
; I
t*
= I
t
/ I
tm0
Theo s th nghim hnh 4.1 M cu dao
ti, quay my pht n tc nh mc, thay i
dng in kch t ta nhn c ng c tnh
khng ti, nh hnh 4.2
ng (1) my pht tourbin hi, ng (2)
my pht tourbin nc. Ta thy my pht tourbin
hi bo ho nhiu hn my pht tourbin nc.
Khi E = E
m
= 1 my pht tourbin hi c k

d
=
k

= 1,2 cn my pht tourbin nc c k

= 1,06
Hnh 4.2 c tnh khng ti,
(1) MF tuabin hi, (2) MF tuabin nc

My in 2 16
2. c tnh ngn mch, I
n
= f(I
t
) khi U = 0, f = f
m
v t s ngn mch K
Khi ngn mch nu b qua r

th ti ca my pht l dy qun ca phn ng nn n

c coi l thun cm = 0, I
q
= Icos = 0 cn I
d
= Isin = I
Mch in thay th v th vc t nh hnh 4.3, ta c
4.1
d
x I j E
& &
+ =
0
Khi ngn mch v t
thng

cn thit sinh
ra E

= E - Ix
d
= Ix

rt
b nn mch t khng bo
ho do quan h I = f(I
t
)
l ng thng, hnh 4.4
T s ngn mch K.
y l t s gia dng in
ngn mch I
n0
ng vi dng
in I
t
sinh ra E = U
m
lc
khng ti v dng in
nh mc I
m
K = I
n0
/ I
m
4.2
T hnh 4.5 ta suy ra:
I
n0
= U
m
/ x
d
4.3
Vi x
d
l in khng ng b dc trc ng vi E = U
m
Vy K = U
m
/ x
d
.I
m
= 1/ x
*
Thng x
*
> 1 nn K < 1, hay I
n0
< I
m
Vy
dng in ngn mch xc lp ca my pht in
ng b khng ln, l do tc dng kh t ca
phn ng phn ng.
Qua hai tam gic ng dng OAA' v OBB' ta c:
tn
t
dm
n
I
I
I
I
K
0 0
= = 4.4
I
t0
U
0
= U
m
v I
tn
I
n
= I
m
K l mt tham s quan trng ca my pht in
ng b.
Hnh 4.3 (a) mch in thay Hnh 4.4 c tnh ngn mch
th; (b) th vc t ca my pht in ng b
Hnh 4-5 Xc nh t s ngn mch K
K ln U b v P
t
ln my lm vic n
nh, mun K ln th x
*
phi ln ln kch thc ca my ln gi thnh tng.
Thng my pht tourbin nc K = 0,8 - 1,8; v tourbin hi K = 0,5 - 1,0

My in 2 17
3. c tnh ngoi v thay i in p U
m

c tnh ngoi: U = f(I) khi I
t
= Cte; cos = Cte ; f = f
m
Cc ng c tnh ngoi ph thuc vo tnh
cht ti nh hnh 4.6
Dng in kch t I
t
ng vi U = U
m
, I = I
m
,
cos = cos
m
v f = f
m
c gi l dng in kch
t nh mc I
tm
thay i in p U
m
100 %
0
dm
dm
dm
U
U E
U

= 4.5
My pht tourbin hi c x
d
ln hn my pht
tourbin nc nn U
m
% ca n ln hn my pht
tourbin nc. Thng U
m
% = (25 - 35)%
4. c tnh iu chnh I
t
= F(I) khi U = U
m
= Cte,
cos = Cte v f = f
m.
Thng cos
m
= 0,8 (in cm), khi I tng t 0 n
I
m
vi U = U
m
th dng in kch t thay i 1,7 - 2,2
ln
5. c tnh ti U = f(I
t
) khi I = Cte, cos = Cte ;
f = f
m
Theo quan h trn, vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca I v
cos ta s c cc ng c tnh ti khc nhau. Trong
c bit nht l ng c tnh ti thun cm, khi
cos = 0, ( = 90
0
) v I = I
m
(ng 3 trn hnh 4.8)
Hnh 4.6 c tnh ngoi ca
my pht in ng b
Hnh 4.7 c tnh iu chnh
Hnh 4.8 c tnh ti thun cm Hnh 4.9 th s.. my ng b ti thun cm
B qua r

ta v c th vc t nh hnh 4.9




My in 2 18
Tam gic in khng:
Ly I
n
= I
m
chiu qua c tnh ngn mch (2), chiu xung trc honh c im C.
Th OC = I
tn
(dng in kch t), dng in I
tn
gm 2 phn:
Mt phn BC = k
d
.F
d
khc phc phn ng phn ng, vy BC I
m
Mt phn CB = OC - BC sinh ra E

= I
m
.x

= AB
Nh vy tam gic ABC c 2 cnh AB v BC t l vi I
m
.
Xy dng c tnh ti thun cm t c tnh khng ti v tam gic in khng. Tnh
tin ABC (hoc AOC) sao cho nh A nm trn ng (1) th nh C s v nn ng
(3) vi A'B'C'
Khi c xt n bo ho ng (3) l ng t nt vi A"B"C" (hoc O"A"C").
4.3 Cch xc nh cc tham s ca my pht in ng b
1. x
d
v x
q

AB
AC
I
E
x
n
d
= = 4.6
Quan h x
d
= f(I
t
) l ng (3) khi mch t
khng bo ho, ta c:
const
AB
AD
I
E
x
n
d
= = =

4.7
v
d
k
E
E

nn
d
d
d
k
x
x

= 4.8
Hnh 4.10 Xc nh in khng
ng b dc trc
My cc li thng x
q
= 0,6.x
d
;
My cc n x
d
= x
q
= x
b
2. in khng tn x

.
T mt im C' bt k trn ng (3), dng on C'O' // = OC, t O' v ng // vi
OA ct ng (1) ti A', t A' h A'B' C'O' th x

= A'B'/ I
Khi xt n bo ho x
p
= A"B"/I x
p
> x

l in khng Pchi
My cc n x
p
= (1,05 - 1,1) x

My cc li x
p
= (1,1 - 1,3) x

4.5 Tn hao v hiu sut

Tn hao ng: trn in tr dy qun phn ng p
cu
= I
2
.r

Tn hao thp: do dng in xoy v t tr
Tn hao kch t: trn r
t
v tip xc chi than
Tn hao ph: do t trng tn v s p mch ca t trng bc cao
Tn hao c: ma st b, , lm mt...
Hiu sut ca my =
+
=

p P
P
2
2
thng = 0,98 %

My in 2 19
Chng 5.
My pht in ng b lm vic vi ti khng i xng
5.1 i cng.
Ch ti khng i xng ca my in ng b xy ra khi
- Ti ca 3 pha khng bng nhau.
- Khi c ngn mch khng i xng trong h thng in lc, hoc u cc my pht
Ch ti khng i xng thng gy nn cc hin tng bt li, nh: in p khng
i xng; cc sng iu ho s.. v dng in bc cao; lm tng tn hao; rto nng v
my rung.
phn tch ch ti khng i xng ta dng phng php phn lng i xng.
Phn dng in v in p thnh 3 thnh phn th t thun; ngc v khng.
0
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
c
b
a
&
&
&
&
&
&
= 5-1
0
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
U
U
U
a a
a a
U
U
U
c
b
a
&
&
&
&
&
&
= 5-2
trong : a = e
j2 /3
; a
2
= e
j4 /3
; 1 + a + a
2
= 0
Dng in kch t i
t
ch sinh ra s.. ng vi thnh phn th t thun E
0
= E
1
cn cc
s.. th t ngc v khng, khng tn ti E
2
= E
t0
= 0 nh vy:
; ; 5-3
1 1 1 1
Z I U E
& & &
+ =
2 2 2
0 Z I U
& &
+ =
0 0 0
0 Z I U
& &
+ =
T cc phng trnh 5-1; 5-2 v 5-3 ta suy ra
5-4

=
=
=
0 0 2 2
2
1 1 0
0 0 2 2 1 1 0
2
0 0 2 2 1 1 0
) (
) (
) (
Z I Z I a Z I E a U
Z I Z I a Z I E a U
Z I Z I Z I E U
c
b
a
& & & & &
& & & & &
& & & & &
Cc phng trnh 5-1; 5-2 v 5-3 l c s phn tch ch ti khng i xng. N
gm 9 phng trnh c cha 12 n s, (E
0
, Z
1
; Z
2
; Z
0
bit), mun gii c tu tng
trng hp c th ta phi b sung thm 3 phng trnh na.
5-2 Cc tham s ca my pht in ng b khi lm vic ti khng i xng.
1. Tng tr th t thun Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1

Tng tr th t thun Z
1
chnh l tng tr ca my lc ti i xng, vi x
1
= x
b
my
cc n, my cc li l x
d
theo hng dc trc v x
q
theo hng ngang trc.
2. Tng tr th t thun Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
S.t. ca h thng ngc, quay ngc vi tc ng b v vy tc tng i ca n
so vi r to l 2n
1
. N cm ng dng in trong dy qun rto c tn s 2f . Vi my cc
li nu ta coi rto ng yn th t trng quay ngc c tc 2n
1
l do dng in 2 pha
tn s 2f stato lch nhau v thi gian mt gc 90
0
v khng gian 90
0
to nn, hnh 5-1.
My in 2 20
Nh vy t trng do cc dng in dc trc v ngang trc nh hnh 5-1 s khng h
cm vi nhau v ta c mch in thay th theo hng dc trc nh hnh 5-2 v ngang trc
nh hnh 5-3.
Hnh 5-1 M hnh my pht Hnh 5-2 Hng dc trc c Hnh 5-3 Hng ngang trc c
ng b ng vi th t ngc dy qun cn (a); khng c (b) dy qun cn (a); khng c (b)
Trn cc mch in thay th: x

in khng tn phn ng; x

d
in khng dc trc
phn ng; x
q
in khng ngang trc phn ng; x

t
in khng tn ca dy qun kch thch;
x

cd
in khng tn dc dy qun cn; x

cq
in khng tn ngang trc dy qun cn.
Theo cc mch in thay th trn ta xc nh c in khng dc trc v ngang trc.
- Khi c dy qun cn: - Khi khng c dy qun cn
cd t d u
u d
x x x
x x

1 1 1
1
+ +
+ = 5-5
t d u
u d
x x
x x

1 1
1
+
+ = 5-6
cq q u
u q
x x
x x

1 1
1
+
+ = 5-7
q q u u q
x x x x = + =

5-8
Nh vy khi c dy qun cn
2
2
q d
x x
x
+
= , thng
q d
x x nn 5-9
q d
x x x = =
2
Khi khng c dy qun cn
2
2
q d
x x
x
+
= 5-10
Thng x

< x
2
< x
1
, vi my cc n x
2*
= 0,12 - 0,25 cn my cc li c dy qun cn
x
2*
= 0,15 - 0,35 v khng c dy qun cn x
2*
= 0,3 - 0,6.
in tr th t ngc r
2
= r

+ r
r
/2 (Vi r
r
l in tr rto quy i v phn ng).
Xc nh x
2
v r
2
bng th nghim: t in p thp vo dy qun stato quay rto ngc
chiu t trng quay vi tc n
1
o U
2
; I
2
; P
2
ca mt pha t tnh c:
2
2
2
I
U
Z = ;
2
2
2
2
I
P
r = ;
2
2
2
2 2
r z x =


My in 2 21
3. Tng tr th t khng Z
0
= r
0
+ jx
0
Dng in th t khng I
0
trong 3 pha cng pha nhau v thi gian nhng lch pha nhau
v khng gian mt gc 120
0
sinh ra trong khe h cc s.t. p mch cng pha nhau v thi
gian nhng lch pha v khng gian 120
0
. Khi phn tch cc s.t. thnh cc sng iu ho
th ch c cc s.t. bi ca 3 l tn ti, nh 3, 9, 15, ... Cc dng in cm ng trong dy
qun kch thch v dy qun cn bi t trng rt b, do x
0
ch yu do t trng tn
rnh v u ni gy nn. Vi my cc n x
0*
= 0,02 - 0,10; my cc li x
0*
= 0,02 - 0,20.
in tr th t khng r
0
ln hn r

khng nhiu nn thng coi r

0
= r

.
Cc tham s Z
0
; r
0
; x
0
c th xc nh bng thc nghim. Ni ni tip 3 pha dy qun
stato t in p thp vo v cho rto quay vi tc ng b, xc nh cc gi tr U
0
; P
0

v I
0
t suy ra:

2
0
2
0 0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
;
3
;
3
r Z x
I
P
r
I
U
Z = = =
5.3 nh hng ca ti khng i xng i vi my pht in ng b
Khi ti khng i xng trong my ch c thnh phn th t thun v ngc, cn thnh
phn th t khng thng rt b hoc khng tn ti v dy qun 3 pha thng c ni Y
v trung tnh ni t. T trng do dng in th t ngc thng gy nn cc hin tng
bt li cho my pht, nh: in p khng i xng lm tng tn hao, rto nng v my
rung ng.
1. in p khi ti khng i xng.
Khi ti khng i xng in p u cc ca my pht s khng i xng, ngha l
chng c bin khng bng nhau v gc lch pha khc 120
0
. iu ny nh hng xu
n h dng in.
2. Tn hao tng v rto nng.
Khi ti khng i xng t trng quay ngc sinh ra dng in c tn s 2f rto lm
tng tn hao rto v lm cho rto nng ln, ng thi tng tn hao v gim hiu sut.
3. Hin tng my rung.
Khi ti khng i xng do tc dng tng h gia t trng cc t vi t trng quay
ngc ca stato v t trng quay thun vi t trng ca cc dng in c tn s 2f
rto. chng s gy nn cc mmen quay c du thay i v lc p mch vi tn s 2f tc
dng tip tuyn vi b mt rto lm cho my b rung ng v gy n.
Thng ch cho php my ng b lm vic lu di vi ti khng i xng khi dng
in cc pha khng vt qu nh mc v mc sai lch dng in cc pha khng qu
10% i vi my cc n; 20% vi my cc li.




My in 2 22
5.4 Ngn mch khng i xng.
Hnh 5-4
Ngn mch 1 pha
1. Ngn mch mt pha.
Gi s pha a b ngn mch mch, hnh 5-4, ta c:
0 =
a
U
&
5-12
0 = =
c b
I I
& &
5-13
Ba phng trnh ny kt hp vi 9 phng trnh (5-1); (5-2) v
(5-4) thnh h thng 12 phng trnh 12 n s v gii c.
Trc ht ta c: 5-14
1 n a
I I
& &
=
T (5-13) v (5-1) ta suy ra:
5-15
2 1
I I
& &
=

1 2 1 0
3
1
3
1
n a
I I I I I
& & & & &
= = = = 5-16
Thay (5-16) vo (5-4) ta c:

0 2 1
0
2 1 0
Z Z Z
E
I I I
+ +
= = =
&
& & &
5-17
v dng in ngn mch mt pha c tr s:

0 2 1
0
0 1
3
3
Z Z Z
E
I I I
a n
+ +
= = =
&
& & &
5-18
in p cc pha b v c xc nh theo 2 biu thc cui ca (5-4).
B qua r

ta c th vc t ca dng in v in p khi ngn mch mt pha, hnh 5-5.

Hnh 5-6 Mch in thay
th khi ngn mch mt pha
Hnh 5-5 th vc t dng v in p khi ngn mch 1 pha
T s phn tch trn ta lp mch in thay th nh hnh 5-6. Vi E
0
biu th ngun ca
my pht vi tng tr th t thun Z
1
. v ch ngn mch Z
2
; Z
0
gia im M v N.
Mch in thay th hnh 5-6 hon ton ph hp vi biu thc (5-17). in p U
1
gia
hai im M v N c trng cho ch ngn mch, cn cc in p ri trn Z
2
v Z
0
l U
2
v
U
0
.
Mch in thay th ny c th p dng cho ngn mch mt pha trong li in phc
tp. Lc Z
1
; Z
2
v Z
0
l cc tng tr th t thun, ngc v khng ca li.


My in 2 23
2. Ngn mch hai pha.
Hnh 5-7 Ngn mch
hai pha my pht .b
Gi s ngn mch hai pha b v c nh hnh 5-7, ta c:
5-19
c b
U U
& &
=
5-20 0 =
a
I
&
5-21 0 = +
c a
I I
& &
tm tr s dng in ngn mch hai pha trc ht ta cng
cc phng trnh (5-1) sau kt hp vi (5-20); (5-21) v (5-22)t
ta c:
0 ; 0 ; 0
2 1 0 0
= + = = I I U I
& & & &
. T (5-19) suy ra th vo phng trnh (5-2)
ta c: , thay vo (5-3) c:
0 =
c b
U U
& &
2 1
U U
& &
=
hay l
1 2 1 0
) ( I Z Z E
& &
+ =
2 1
2 1
Z Z
E
I I
+
= =
&
& &

Cui cng ta c
2 1
0
1 1
2
2 1
2
2
3
3 ) (
Z Z
E j
I j I a a I a I a I I I
c b n
+

= = = + = = =
&
& & & & & & &
(5-22)
B qua r

ta c th vc t dng in v in p khi ngn mch hai pha nh hnh 5-8

v mch in thay th nh hnh 5-9.
Hnh 5-9 Mch in thay
th khi ngn mch 2 pha Hnh 5-8 th vc t dng v in p khi ngn mch 2 pha
T s phn tch trn so snh ngn mch 1 pha, 2 pha chng ny v ngn mch 3
pha chng 4 ta thy: V Z
1
> Z
2
> Z
0
nn theo cc biu thc (5-18); (5-22) v (4-1) th
vi cng mt gi tr E nh nhau s c I
n1
> I
n2
> I
n3
.
Nh vy ngn mch 1 pha s c dng in ln nht. Khi s pha b ngn mch tng ln
th tc dng ca phn ng phn ng kh t cng tng ln nn dng in ngn mch gim
xung.





My in 2 24
Chng 5.
My pht in ng b lm vic vi ti khng i xng
5.1 i cng.
Ch ti khng i xng ca my in ng b xy ra khi
- Ti ca 3 pha khng bng nhau.
- Khi c ngn mch khng i xng trong h thng in lc, hoc u cc my pht
Ch ti khng i xng thng gy nn cc hin tng bt li, nh: in p khng
i xng; cc sng iu ho s.. v dng in bc cao; lm tng tn hao; rto nng v
my rung.
phn tch ch ti khng i xng ta dng phng php phn lng i xng.
Phn dng in v in p thnh 3 thnh phn th t thun; ngc v khng.
0
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
c
b
a
&
&
&
&
&
&
= 5-1
0
2
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
U
U
U
a a
a a
U
U
U
c
b
a
&
&
&
&
&
&
= 5-2
trong : a = e
j2 /3
; a
2
= e
j4 /3
; 1 + a + a
2
= 0
Dng in kch t i
t
ch sinh ra s.. ng vi thnh phn th t thun E
0
= E
1
cn cc
s.. th t ngc v khng, khng tn ti E
2
= E
t0
= 0 nh vy:
; ; 5-3
1 1 1 1
Z I U E
& & &
+ =
2 2 2
0 Z I U
& &
+ =
0 0 0
0 Z I U
& &
+ =
T cc phng trnh 5-1; 5-2 v 5-3 ta suy ra
5-4

=
=
=
0 0 2 2
2
1 1 0
0 0 2 2 1 1 0
2
0 0 2 2 1 1 0
) (
) (
) (
Z I Z I a Z I E a U
Z I Z I a Z I E a U
Z I Z I Z I E U
c
b
a
& & & & &
& & & & &
& & & & &
Cc phng trnh 5-1; 5-2 v 5-3 l c s phn tch ch ti khng i xng. N
gm 9 phng trnh c cha 12 n s, (E
0
, Z
1
; Z
2
; Z
0
bit), mun gii c tu tng
trng hp c th ta phi b sung thm 3 phng trnh na.
5-2 Cc tham s ca my pht in ng b khi lm vic ti khng i xng.
1. Tng tr th t thun Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1

Tng tr th t thun Z
1
chnh l tng tr ca my lc ti i xng, vi x
1
= x
b
my
cc n, my cc li l x
d
theo hng dc trc v x
q
theo hng ngang trc.
2. Tng tr th t thun Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
S.t. ca h thng ngc, quay ngc vi tc ng b v vy tc tng i ca n
so vi r to l 2n
1
. N cm ng dng in trong dy qun rto c tn s 2f . Vi my cc
li nu ta coi rto ng yn th t trng quay ngc c tc 2n
1
l do dng in 2 pha
tn s 2f stato lch nhau v thi gian mt gc 90
0
v khng gian 90
0
to nn, hnh 5-1.
My in 2 25
Nh vy t trng do cc dng in dc trc v ngang trc nh hnh 5-1 s khng h
cm vi nhau v ta c mch in thay th theo hng dc trc nh hnh 5-2 v ngang trc
nh hnh 5-3.
Hnh 5-1 M hnh my pht Hnh 5-2 Hng dc trc c Hnh 5-3 Hng ngang trc c
ng b ng vi th t ngc dy qun cn (a); khng c (b) dy qun cn (a); khng c (b)
Trn cc mch in thay th: x

in khng tn phn ng; x

d
in khng dc trc
phn ng; x
q
in khng ngang trc phn ng; x

t
in khng tn ca dy qun kch thch;
x

cd
in khng tn dc dy qun cn; x

cq
in khng tn ngang trc dy qun cn.
Theo cc mch in thay th trn ta xc nh c in khng dc trc v ngang trc.
- Khi c dy qun cn: - Khi khng c dy qun cn
cd t d u
u d
x x x
x x

1 1 1
1
+ +
+ = 5-5
t d u
u d
x x
x x

1 1
1
+
+ = 5-6
cq q u
u q
x x
x x

1 1
1
+
+ = 5-7
q q u u q
x x x x = + =

5-8
Nh vy khi c dy qun cn
2
2
q d
x x
x
+
= , thng
q d
x x nn 5-9
q d
x x x = =
2
Khi khng c dy qun cn
2
2
q d
x x
x
+
= 5-10
Thng x

< x
2
< x
1
, vi my cc n x
2*
= 0,12 - 0,25 cn my cc li c dy qun cn
x
2*
= 0,15 - 0,35 v khng c dy qun cn x
2*
= 0,3 - 0,6.
in tr th t ngc r
2
= r

+ r
r
/2 (Vi r
r
l in tr rto quy i v phn ng).
Xc nh x
2
v r
2
bng th nghim: t in p thp vo dy qun stato quay rto ngc
chiu t trng quay vi tc n
1
o U
2
; I
2
; P
2
ca mt pha t tnh c:
2
2
2
I
U
Z = ;
2
2
2
2
I
P
r = ;
2
2
2
2 2
r z x =


My in 2 26
3. Tng tr th t khng Z
0
= r
0
+ jx
0
Dng in th t khng I
0
trong 3 pha cng pha nhau v thi gian nhng lch pha nhau
v khng gian mt gc 120
0
sinh ra trong khe h cc s.t. p mch cng pha nhau v thi
gian nhng lch pha v khng gian 120
0
. Khi phn tch cc s.t. thnh cc sng iu ho
th ch c cc s.t. bi ca 3 l tn ti, nh 3, 9, 15, ... Cc dng in cm ng trong dy
qun kch thch v dy qun cn bi t trng rt b, do x
0
ch yu do t trng tn
rnh v u ni gy nn. Vi my cc n x
0*
= 0,02 - 0,10; my cc li x
0*
= 0,02 - 0,20.
in tr th t khng r
0
ln hn r

khng nhiu nn thng coi r

0
= r

.
Cc tham s Z
0
; r
0
; x
0
c th xc nh bng thc nghim. Ni ni tip 3 pha dy qun
stato t in p thp vo v cho rto quay vi tc ng b, xc nh cc gi tr U
0
; P
0

v I
0
t suy ra:

2
0
2
0 0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
;
3
;
3
r Z x
I
P
r
I
U
Z = = =
5.3 nh hng ca ti khng i xng i vi my pht in ng b
Khi ti khng i xng trong my ch c thnh phn th t thun v ngc, cn thnh
phn th t khng thng rt b hoc khng tn ti v dy qun 3 pha thng c ni Y
v trung tnh ni t. T trng do dng in th t ngc thng gy nn cc hin tng
bt li cho my pht, nh: in p khng i xng lm tng tn hao, rto nng v my
rung ng.
1. in p khi ti khng i xng.
Khi ti khng i xng in p u cc ca my pht s khng i xng, ngha l
chng c bin khng bng nhau v gc lch pha khc 120
0
. iu ny nh hng xu
n h dng in.
2. Tn hao tng v rto nng.
Khi ti khng i xng t trng quay ngc sinh ra dng in c tn s 2f rto lm
tng tn hao rto v lm cho rto nng ln, ng thi tng tn hao v gim hiu sut.
3. Hin tng my rung.
Khi ti khng i xng do tc dng tng h gia t trng cc t vi t trng quay
ngc ca stato v t trng quay thun vi t trng ca cc dng in c tn s 2f
rto. chng s gy nn cc mmen quay c du thay i v lc p mch vi tn s 2f tc
dng tip tuyn vi b mt rto lm cho my b rung ng v gy n.
Thng ch cho php my ng b lm vic lu di vi ti khng i xng khi dng
in cc pha khng vt qu nh mc v mc sai lch dng in cc pha khng qu
10% i vi my cc n; 20% vi my cc li.




My in 2 27
5.4 Ngn mch khng i xng.
Hnh 5-4
Ngn mch 1 pha
1. Ngn mch mt pha.
Gi s pha a b ngn mch mch, hnh 5-4, ta c:
0 =
a
U
&
5-12
0 = =
c b
I I
& &
5-13
Ba phng trnh ny kt hp vi 9 phng trnh (5-1); (5-2) v
(5-4) thnh h thng 12 phng trnh 12 n s v gii c.
Trc ht ta c: 5-14
1 n a
I I
& &
=
T (5-13) v (5-1) ta suy ra:
5-15
2 1
I I
& &
=

1 2 1 0
3
1
3
1
n a
I I I I I
& & & & &
= = = = 5-16
Thay (5-16) vo (5-4) ta c:

0 2 1
0
2 1 0
Z Z Z
E
I I I
+ +
= = =
&
& & &
5-17
v dng in ngn mch mt pha c tr s:

0 2 1
0
0 1
3
3
Z Z Z
E
I I I
a n
+ +
= = =
&
& & &
5-18
in p cc pha b v c xc nh theo 2 biu thc cui ca (5-4).
B qua r

ta c th vc t ca dng in v in p khi ngn mch mt pha, hnh 5-5.

Hnh 5-6 Mch in thay
th khi ngn mch mt pha
Hnh 5-5 th vc t dng v in p khi ngn mch 1 pha
T s phn tch trn ta lp mch in thay th nh hnh 5-6. Vi E
0
biu th ngun ca
my pht vi tng tr th t thun Z
1
. v ch ngn mch Z
2
; Z
0
gia im M v N.
Mch in thay th hnh 5-6 hon ton ph hp vi biu thc (5-17). in p U
1
gia
hai im M v N c trng cho ch ngn mch, cn cc in p ri trn Z
2
v Z
0
l U
2
v
U
0
.
Mch in thay th ny c th p dng cho ngn mch mt pha trong li in phc
tp. Lc Z
1
; Z
2
v Z
0
l cc tng tr th t thun, ngc v khng ca li.


My in 2 28
2. Ngn mch hai pha.
Hnh 5-7 Ngn mch
hai pha my pht .b
Gi s ngn mch hai pha b v c nh hnh 5-7, ta c:
5-19
c b
U U
& &
=
5-20 0 =
a
I
&
5-21 0 = +
c a
I I
& &
tm tr s dng in ngn mch hai pha trc ht ta cng
cc phng trnh (5-1) sau kt hp vi (5-20); (5-21) v (5-22)t
ta c:
0 ; 0 ; 0
2 1 0 0
= + = = I I U I
& & & &
. T (5-19) suy ra th vo phng trnh (5-2)
ta c: , thay vo (5-3) c:
0 =
c b
U U
& &
2 1
U U
& &
=
hay l
1 2 1 0
) ( I Z Z E
& &
+ =
2 1
2 1
Z Z
E
I I
+
= =
&
& &

Cui cng ta c
2 1
0
1 1
2
2 1
2
2
3
3 ) (
Z Z
E j
I j I a a I a I a I I I
c b n
+

= = = + = = =
&
& & & & & & &
(5-22)
B qua r

ta c th vc t dng in v in p khi ngn mch hai pha nh hnh 5-8

v mch in thay th nh hnh 5-9.
Hnh 5-9 Mch in thay
th khi ngn mch 2 pha Hnh 5-8 th vc t dng v in p khi ngn mch 2 pha
T s phn tch trn so snh ngn mch 1 pha, 2 pha chng ny v ngn mch 3
pha chng 4 ta thy: V Z
1
> Z
2
> Z
0
nn theo cc biu thc (5-18); (5-22) v (4-1) th
vi cng mt gi tr E nh nhau s c I
n1
> I
n2
> I
n3
.
Nh vy ngn mch 1 pha s c dng in ln nht. Khi s pha b ngn mch tng ln
th tc dng ca phn ng phn ng kh t cng tng ln nn dng in ngn mch gim
xung.





My in 2 29
Phn V
My in mt chiu
Chng 6. Dy qun phn ng my in mt chiu.
6.1 i cng.
y l phn dy qun t trong cc rnh ca li thp phn ng, n c th c 1 hoc
nhiu mch vng kn. Dy qun phn ng l b phn tham gia trc tip qu trnh bin i
nng lng in t trong my v chim t gi ng k ca gi thnh my.
Yu cu i vi dy qun phn ng:
- Sinh ra c S.. cn thit, cho I
m
i qua lu di m khng pht nng qu mc cho
php. Sinh ra c mmen ln v i chiu tt.
- Tit kim c vt liu, kt cu n gin, lm vic tin cy v an ton.
- Phn loi dy qun:
Dy qun xp n gin, phc tp
Dy qun sng n gin, phc tp
1. Cu to ca dy qun phn ng.
Hnh 1.2 Phn
Hnh 1.1 (a) dy qun xp, (b) dy qun
Dy qun phn ng gm nhiu phn t ni vi nhau theo
quy lut xp hoc sng, nh hnh 1.1. Phn t l phn c bn
nht ca dq, n l mt bi dy c 1 hoc nhiu vng. Hai u
ca 1 phn t ni vi 2 phin gp
Dy qun phn ng thng c
thc hin 2 lp, nn 2 cnh tc dng
ca 1 phn t c phn b, 1 lp
trn v 1 lp di, hnh 1.2. Trong
mt rnh c th c 1 hoc nhiu cp
cnh tc dng, hnh 1.3. Gi Z l s
rnh thc (s rnh ca li thp phn
ng) v Z
ngt
= u.Z l s rnh nguyn
t (s rnh cha cc cp cnh tc
dng). Gi S l s phn t, G l s phin gp, ta c quan h: S = G = Z
ngt
= u.Z
Hnh 1.3 (a) u
= 1,
Hnh 1.4 (a) dq
ng u
Khi u > 1 cc phn t dy qun c th thc hin ng u hoc phn cp, hnh 1.4
My in 2 30
2. Cc bc dy qun.
Bc dy qun th nht, k hiu y
1
, l khong cch gia 2 cnh tc dng ca 1 phn t
Bc dy qun th 2, k hiu y
2
, l khong cch gia cnh tc dng th 2 ca phn t
th nht v cnh tc dng th nht ca phn t th hai
Bc tng hp, k hiu y, l khong cch gia cc cnh tc th nht ca phn t th
nht v phn t th hai
Bc phin gp, k hiu y
G
, l khong cch gia hai phin gp ni vi hai u ra ca
mt phn t.
6.2 Dy qun xp n gin
1. Cc bc dy qun.
a) Bc dy qun th nht.
Bc dy qun th nht, hnh 1.5 c tnh:
2p
Z
y
ngt
1
= 1.1
Nu 0 dng dy qun
bc ngn tn ng hn.
b) Bc y v y
G

Dy qun xp n gin
y = y
G
= 1 1.2
c) Bc dy qun th hai.
Dy qun xp n gin
y
2
= y
1
- y 1.3
Hnh 1.5 Bc y
1
: (a) bc , (b) bc ngn, (c)
2. Gin khai trin dy qun
Xt dy qun xp n gin
c Z
ngt
= S = G = 16; 2p = 4
Lp trn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 1


a) Cc bc dy qun:
4
4
16
2
1
= = =
p
Z
y
ngt

dqbc
y = y
G
= 1 v y
2
= y
1
- 1 = 4 - 1 =
3
b) Th t ni cc phn t v gin
khai trin dy qun, hnh 1.6
Quy c:
- Cnh phn t lp trn v bng nt
lin, lp di nt t
- V tr cc t phi i xng, b rng
b
c
= b
G
= 0,7.
Hnh 1.4 Gin khai trin dy
- Chiu quay, chiu s..
- Chi than t chnh gia trc cc t
c E
max
v dng in trong phn t b ni ngn mch b.
Hnh 1.6 Gin khai trin dq xp
My in 2 31
3. S i mch nhnh song song.
Xc nh chiu s.. theo quy tc bn tay phi th
chiu A
1
v A
2
l cc (+), cn BB
1
v B
2
B l cc (-). Ni A
1

vi A
2
v BB
1
vi B
2
B nhn t ngoi vo ta c s nh
hnh 1.7.
4. a gic sc in ng ca dy qun phn ng.
Nu t cm di cc t phn b hnh sin th E
pt
l
hnh sin v ta c th biu din E
pt
bng 1 vc t m tr
tc thi l hnh chiu ln trc tung.
Gc lch gia 2 rnh nguyn t k nhau.
S
p.360
Z
p.360

0
ngt
0
= = 1.4
Vi th d trn ta tnh c = 45
0
v v c hnh tia v a gic s.., hnh 1.8
Hnh 1.7 S k hiu
ca
- a gic s.. khp kn chng t tng s.. trong mch vng bng 0 iu kin lm vic
bnh thng khng c dng cn bng
- Hnh chiu a gic s.. ln trc tung l
E

v thy c s p mch s..

- Mi a gic s.. ng vi mt i mch
nhnh
- nh ca a gic s.. l cc im ng
th, c th ni dy cn bng.
5. S p mch ca in p ra.
/2) cos U U
2 1
= ;
Hnh 1.8 (a) hnh sao sc in ng, (b) a gic sc in
Hnh 1.9 S p mch ca sc
/2) cos (1
2
1
2
U U
U
2 1
tb
+ =
+
= 1.5
My in 2 32
/2) cos (1 U
2
1
U U U U U
2 1 tb tb 2
= = = 1.6
S p mch /a ra c biu th trn hnh 1.9 v c xc nh:
/2 tg
/2) cos (1 0,5.U
/2) cos (1 0,5.U
U
U
2
2
2
tb
=
+

1.7
G/2p
180
S/2p
180
S
p.360

0 0 0
= = = Khi G/2p = 8 th p mch < 1%
6.3 Dy qun xp phc tp.
1. Bc dy qun.
S khc nhau gia dq xp n v xp phc l bc phin
gp y
G
. Dq xp phc c y
G
= m (m = 2, 3...) thng m = 2.
Nu y
G
= 2 th cnh tc dng ca phn t th nht khng ni
vi phn t th 2 m ni vi phn t th 3, c th cho n khi
khp kn mch. Nu i ht chu vi phn ng m mt na s
phn t c cha ra, ta thc hin tip mch vng th hai. Dq
xp phc by gi gm 2 dq xp n xen k nhau, hnh 1.10.
Hnh 1.10
Ni cc pt dq
2. Gin khai trin dq.
Xt dq xp phc tp c y
G
= m = 2 vi 2p = 4; Z
nt
= S = G = 24.
a) Cc bc dq.
4 2 6 y y y 2; y y 6;
6
24

2p
Z
y
1 2 G
nt
1
= = = = = = = =

b) Trnh t ni cc phn t.
Vi cc bc dy qun xc
nh trn, ta thc hin trnh t ni
dy qun v c 2 dy qun xp n
c lp vi nhau, nh hnh bn.
c) Gin khai trin dy qun
Theo th t ni cc phn t dy
qun ta v c gin khai trin
nh hnh 1.11
d) Hnh tia v a gic s..
Vi s liu dy qun trn ta xc
nh c gc lch gia hai phn t
lin tip l:
Hnh 1.11 Gin khai trin dq xp phc

0
0 0
30
24
2.360
S
p360
= = =
T y v c hnh tia v a gic s.. nh hnh 1.12
My in 2 33
3. S mch nhnh song song
Dy qun sng phc tp c s i mch nhnh song song l a = mp. Vi dy qun ang
xt c s i mch nhnh song song a = mp = 2.2 = 4
Khi =
p
Z
y
nt
2
1
nu = 0 ta c
dy qun xp phc gm 2 mch in
c lp, cn nu 0 ta c 2 mch
in khng c lp nh hnh 1.13.

Hnh 1.13 Dy qun c: a) 2 mch in
kn c lp; b) khng c lp
Hnh 1.12 Hnh tia v a gic s.. ca dq
a)
6.4 Dy qun sng n
1. Bc dq.
Bc dy qun th nht nh dy qun xp n;
Bc dy qun tng hp
p
1 G
y y
G

= = 1.8
Biu thc 1.8 khi ly du (-) ta c dy qun tri (thng dng), ly du (+) ta c dy
qun phi
Bc dy qun th hai y
2
= y - y
1
1.9
T biu thc 1.8 c th vit:
p
1
p
Z
p
1 Z
p
1 G
y y
nt nt
G
=

= =
V 2 =
p
Z
nt
nn hai cnh tc dng ca hai phn t ni tip nhau s lch nhau mt gc
1/p bc rnh trong t trng.
2. Gin khai trin dq.
Xt mt dy qun sng n c: G = S = Z
nt
= 15; 2p = 4.
a) Bc dq
3
4
3
4
15

2p
Z
y
nt
1
= = = dy qun bc ngn; 7
2
1 15
p
1 G
y y
G
=

= = dy qun tri
y
2
= y - y
1
= 7 - 3 = 4

My in 2 34
b) Th t ni cc phn t.
c) Gin khai trin dy qun
T th t ni cc phn t dy qun
ta v c gin khai trin nh hnh 1.14.
Trn gin ta thy phn t 1 ni vi phn t 8
v 15 u cch nhau 7 phn t v u nm di
cng mt cc tnh (cc S), nhng khi ni n
phn t 5 tr i th chng u nm di cc N.
Nh vy quy lut ni l ni ht cc phn t
nm di cc cc cng cc tnh li ri ni cc
phn t di cc cc tnh khc cho n ht.
d) Hnh tia v a gic s..
Hnh 1.14 Gin khai trin dq
Vi s liu dy qun trn ta xc
nh c gc lch gia hai phn t
lin tip l:

0
0 0
48
15
2.360
S
p360
= = =
T y v c hnh tia v a
gic s.. nh hnh 1.15
Hnh 1.15 Hnh tia v a gic s.. ca dq
3. S i mch nhnh
Dy qun sng n c a = 1


6.5 Dy qun sng phc tp
1. Bc dy qun.
Dy qun sng phc tp, khi cc phn t ni tip nhau i ht 1 vng quanh b mt phn
ng n khng tr v bn cnh phn t xut pht m cch 2 hoc m phn t, t y khi ni
ht tt c cc phn t n s to nn 2 hoc m mch vng kn khc nhau. Bc vnh gp.

p
m G
y y
G

= = 1.10
Cc bc dy qun khc ging nh dy qun xp n gin.
2. Gin khai trin.
Xt dy qun xp phc tp c: m = 2; 2p = 4; S = G = Z
nt
= 18


My in 2 35
a) Cc bc dy qun.
4
4
2
4
18

2p
Z
y
nt
1
= = =
bc ngn
8
2
18
p
m - G
y y
G
=

= = =
2

y
2
= y - y
1
= 8 - 4 = 4
Hnh 1.16 Gin dq sng phc tp vi
b) Trnh t ni dy qun
Dy qun ny c 2 mch vng
kn.
c) Gin khai trin.
T trnh t ni cc phn t ta
v c gin khai trin dy
qun nh hnh 1.16
d) Hnh tia v a gic s..
Vi s liu dy qun trn ta
xc nh c gc lch gia hai phn
t lin tip l:
0
0 0
40
18
2.360
S
p360
= = =
T y v c hnh tia v a gic
s.. nh hnh 1.17
3. S i mch nhnh.
Dy qun sng phc c:
a = m
1.5 Dy qun hn hp
Dy qun hn hp l s kt hp
gia dq xp v dq sng, nh hnh 1.18.
Hnh 1.17 Hnh tia v a gic s.. ca dq
1.6 Dy cn bng in th.
1. Dy cn bng loi mt.
Dy cn bng loi 1 dng cho dy qun xp n, ni cc
im ng th trn dq vi nhau, im 1 v 9; 2 v 10; 3 v 11,...
trn hnh 1.6 v hnh 1.8(b). Dy cn bng loi mt nhm cn
bng in th ca cc nhnh di cc cp cc khc nhau.
2. Dy cn bng loi hai.
Hnh 1.18 Dq
Dy cn bng loi 2 dng cho dy qun sng phc tp. Vi
dq xp phc tp th cc dq xp n dng dy cn bng loi 1 gia cc dq xp n dng dy
cn bng loi 2.
Dy cn bng loi 2 thng c ni pha cc phin gp, khc phc s phn b
in p gia cc phin i chiu k nhau khng u nhau.
My in 2 36
Chng 7 i cng v my in mt chiu
7.1 Cu to ca my in 1 chiu.
Cu to ca my in mt chiu nh hnh 2.1
1. Phn tnh (Stato)
Phn tnh ca my in 1 chiu gm cc b phn sau:
a) Cc t chnh
y l b phn sinh ra t trng chnh trong
my, n bao gm:
- Li cc t: Hnh dng nh hnh 2.1, c th
lm bng thp khi v dn t 1 chiu. Tuy nhin
gim kch thc, ngy nay n c lm bng thp
k thut in (KT) cn lnh khng ng hng.
- Dy qun cc t chnh.
c lm bng dy dn trn c bc cch in
hoc dy dn tit din ch nht qun nh hnh ri
lng vo thn cc t. Cc dy qun kch thch t
trn cc cc t chnh thng c ni ni tip vi nhau.
b) Cc t ph.
y l b phn dng ci thin i chiu.
- Li cc c th lm bng thp khi
- Dy qun cc t ph, t trn cc t ph v ni ni tip vi dy qun phn ng qua
cc chi than. Cc t ph c b tr xen k vi cc t chnh.
c) Gng t.
Lm mch dn t, ni lin cc cc t chnh v ph, ng thi lm v my.
My nh v va gng t lm bng thp tm, my ln lm bng thp c.
d) Cc b phn khc.
- Np my: che chn cc vt ngoi ri vo my v lm gi bi
- C cu chi than: Hp chi than v chi than c c nh trn np my
Hnh 2.1 Mt ct dc v ngang ca mt my in mt
Hnh 2.2 Cc t
My in 2 37
2. Phn quay (Roto)
a) Li thp phn ng.
y l b phn dn t xoay chiu, nn lm bng thp KT, dy 0,35 - 0,5. Trn li
thp c dp rnh b tr dy qun phn ng. My nh v va c l thng gi hng trc,
my ln cn c knh thng gi hng knh, hnh 2.3.
b) Dy qun phn ng.
y l b phn tham gia trc tip
qu trnh bin i nng lng in t,
n c phn b trong cc rnh ca li
thp phn ng, hnh 2.4. Dy qun
phn ng xt chng 1.
c) C gp.
y l b phn i chiu dng
in hay c th coi n l b chnh lu
c kh. C gp bao gm cc phin gp
lm bng ng, c ghp v p li
thnh c gp hnh tr. Gia cc phin
gp c lp cch in bng mica dy
0,4 - 1,2 mm.
d) cc b phn khc.
- Trc my
- Qut gi
Hnh 2.3 L thp phn ng Hnh 2.4 Rnh li thp
Hnh 2.5 Phin gp v c gp
7.2 cc tr s nh mc.
i vi my in mt chiu cc tr s nh mc bao gm:
- Cng sut nh mc P
m
(kW)
- in p nh mc U
m
(V)
- Dng in nh mc I
m
(A)
- Tc nh mc n
m
(vg/ph)
Cc thng s khc nh kiu my, phng php v dng in kch thch...

My in 2 38
7.3 Nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my in mt chiu.

Hnh 2.6 S nguyn l lm vic ca
S nguyn l nh hnh 2.6. N gm mt khung dy abcd hai u ni vi 2 phin
gp, t trong t trng ca nam chm vnh cu N-S, hai chi in A v B t c nh v t
st ln trn 2 phin gp.
Khi cho khung dy quay, theo nh lut cm ng in t trong cc thanh dn ab v cd
s cm ng c mt s...
e = Blv (v)
Trong : - B (T) l t cm ca nam chm N-S
- l (m) l chiu di ca thanh dn
- v (m/s) l vn tc di ca thanh dn
Ti thi im trn hnh 2.6 thanh dn ab nm di cc N nn s.. c chiu hng t b
n a, thanh dn cd nm di cc S c s.. chiu hng t d n c. Lc ny dng in
chy trong mch ngoi hng t chi A (+) n chi B (-). Khi khung dy quay c 1/2
vng, thanh dn cd lc ny nm di cc N nn chiu s.. v dng in hng t c n d,
cn trong thanh dn ab nm di cc S v chiu e hng t a n b. Nh vy mch
ngoi chi A vn c du (+) v chi B vn mang du (-).
Nh vy mc du chiu ca s.. v dng in trong thanh dn thay i nhng chiu
ca chng mch ngoi l khng i. Chi A lun (+) v chi B lun (-).
Sc in ng v dng in mch ngoi nh hnh 2.6b.
c s.. ly ra ln v t p mch ta b tr nhiu khung dy ni tip v lch nhau 1
gc no (dy qun phn ng).
Trn y l nguyn l lm vic c bn ca my pht in.
Nu ta cho dng in 1 chiu chy vo chi A (+) v chy ra chi B (-) th dng in
trong thanh dn di cc N lun hng t trc ra sau, v dng in trong thanh dn di
cc S lun hng t sau ra trc v vy lc (mmen) in t do chng sinh ra s c chiu
khng i nn n lm cho khung dy quay vi mt chiu khng i. l nguyn l lm
vic ca ng c in 1 chiu.



My in 2 39
Chng 8. Qu trnh in t trong my in mt chiu
8.1 Sc in ng, mmen v cng sut in t.
Gi s chiu ca

nh hnh 4.1, khi cho phn ng quay vi tc n, gi s theo

chiu kim ng h. T thng

qut qua dy qun phn ng v cm ng ln trong thanh

dn s..:
e
td
= B
tb
.l.v 4.1
Trong :
Hnh 4.1 S.. v m men in t Hnh 4.2 M men in t trong
Trong my pht in 1 chiu ng c in 1 chiu
60
n
p 2
60
n D
v = = v
l
B

tb

= 4.2
Vy
60
n
. p 2 e
td
= 4.3
Nu gi N l tng s thanh dn th s thanh dn trong mt nhnh song song l N/2a.
Nh vy s.. ca dy qun phn ng s l:
n C n
60a
pN
e
2a
N
E
e td u
= = = (V) vy E

= C
e

n 4.4
Trong :

tnh bng (Wb); n (vg/ph); C

e
= pN/60a l h s S...
Khi trong thanh dn c dng in i

vi chiu nh hnh 4.1 v 4.2, th thanh dn s chu

mt lc in t tc ng, chiu xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri, ln:
f
t
= B
tb
.l.i

, vi i

= I

/2a th f
t
= B
tb
.l. I

/2a 4.5
v M = NfD/2 vi D = 2p/ v BB
tb
=

/l 4.6
Ta c: M = C
M

.I

(N.m) 4.7
Trong C
M
= pN/2a l h s mmen

My in 2 40
Hoc
u M
.I . C
9,81
1
M = (kg.m) 4.8
Trong ch my pht M ngc chiu n; E

cng chiu i

. Ch ng c ngc li.
- Cng sut in t.
y l cng sut ng vi M ly vo ch my pht v a ra ch ng
c.
P
t
= M. vi
60
n 2

= l tc gc ca phn ng.
u u u u dt
I E .n.I
60a
pN
.I
a 2
pN
.
60
n 2
P = = = vi n
60a
pN
E
u
=
Vy P
t
= E

.I

4.9
Ch my pht: u vo c/s c P = M.; u ra c/s in P = E

.I

Ch ng c: u vo c/s in P = E

.I

; u ra c/s c P = M.
8.2 Qu trnh nng lng v cc phng trnh cn bng.
1. Tn hao trong my in 1 chiu.
a) Tn hao c (p
c
)
y l tn hao do ma st bi, chi than v vnh gp; tn hao thng gi lm mt. p
c
t
l vi n v hiu sut bi,...
b) Tn hao st (p
fe
)
Nguyn nhn do t tr v dng in xoy p
fe
f
1,2-1,6
v B
2
Tn hao khng ti:
P
0
= p
c
+ p
fe
ta c M
0
= p
0
/
c) Tn hao ng (p
cu
):
Bao gm: p
cu.
v p
cu.t
p
cu.
= I

2
.R

vi R

= r

+ r
f
+ r
tx
p
cu.t
= U
t
.i
t
d) Tn hao ph (p
f
)
Tn hao ph trong ng v thp (p
f
= 1%P
m
)
2. Qu trnh nng lng v cc phng trnh cn bng.
a) My pht in.
Gi P
1
l c/s c a vo u trc ca my pht, bin thnh c/s in t n phi mt i
cc tn hao p
c
v p
fe
.
P
t
= P
1
- (p
c
+ p
fe
) = P
1
- p
0
= E

.I

Vy P
t
= P
1
- p
0
hay M. = M
1
. - M
0
.
Hay ta c phng trnh cn bng mmen: M = M
1
- M
0
4.10
My in 2 41
Cng sut in a ra b hn
cng sut in t mt lng tn hao
trn R

P
2
= P
t
- p
cu.
= E

.I

-I

2
.R

=
U.I

Vy ta c phng trnh in p:
U = E

- I

.R

4.11
Hnh 4.3 Gin nng lng ch my
b) ng c in.
Cng sut ly vo l c/s in, c/s a ra l c/s c.
P
1
= P
t
+ p
cu.
= E

.I

+ I

2
.R

= U.I

Ta c pt cn bng in p:
U = E

+ I

.R

4.12
Cng sut c a ra u trc b
hn c/s in lng tn hao khng ti.
Hnh 4.4 Gin nng lng ch ng
P
2
= P
t
- p
0
hay P
t
= P
2
+ p
0

hoc M = M
2
+ M
0

Ta c phng trnh cn bng mmen:
M = M
2
+ M
0
4.13
T s phn tch trn ta v c gin nng lng:
4. Tnh cht thun nghch ca my in mt chiu
Gi s my ang lm vic ch my pht vi
0
R
U E
I
u
u
u

=
E

> U v M l mmen hm. Nu gim I

t
th
t
gim xung, dn ti E

gim xung,
cho ti khi E

< U th I

i du, my chuyn sang ch ng c.

My in 2 42
Chng 9. i chiu dng in trong m..1.c
9.1 i cng
i chiu l ton b cc hin tng xy ra ca dng in trong phn t dy qun phn ng,
khi n dch chuyn t v tr b chi than ni ngn mch qua ranh gii tip theo. Xt 1 dy
qun xp n gin, hnh 5.1
Khi t = 0, Chi than ph
hon ton ln phin 1. Lc
nu dng in chy trong
phn t b l (+ i

), th ti thi
im t = T
c
Chi than ri
khi phin 1 v ph hon
ton ln phin 2, lc ny phn
t (b) chuyn sang mt
nhnh khc v dng in
trong n i chiu (- i

).
V tr trung gian khi 0 < t
< T
c
phn t (b) b ni ngn
mch, dng in chy trong
phn t (b) lc ny bin thin
theo nhng quy lut rt phc
tp, ph thuc vo qu trnh qu trong phn t (b) v cc phn t cng i chiu cc
nhnh khc.
Hnh 5.1 Qu trnh i chiu trong dy qun
Thng T
c
< 0,001 (s) nn f
c
= 1000 - 3000 (Hz).
5.2 Qu trnh i chiu.
Vit phng trnh nh lut K1 v K2 cho nt (1), (2) v mch vng ca phn t (b) ta
c:
i

+ i - i
1
= 0 5.1
i

- i - i
2
= 0 5.2
r
pt
.i + (r
d
+ r
tx1
).i
1
- (r
d
+ r
tx2
).i
2
= e 5.3
Trong :
i l dng in chy trong phn t (b) b ni ngn mch;
i
1
v i
2
l dng in chy trong dy ni vi phin i chiu 1 v 2;
r
pt
l in tr ca phn t dy qun;
r
d
l in tr dy ni;
r
tx1
v r
tx2
l in tr tip xc gia chi than vi phin 1 v 2;
e l tng cc s.. cm ng c trong phn t i chiu (b), n gm:
a) S.. t cm e
L
, do s bin thin ca dng in trong phn t i chiu sinh ra.
b) S.. h cm e
M
, do cc dng in i chiu trong cc phn t khc h cm qua.
c) S.. i chiu e
c
, do phn t i chiu chuyn ng trong vng trung tnh hnh hc
c B 0.
Vy e = e
L
+ e
M
+ e
c
= e
pk
+ e
c
. 5.4
Gii 3 phng trnh trn, khi b qua r
pt
v r
d
(v chng rt b), ta c:
My in 2 43

tx2 tx1
u
tx2 tx1
tx1 tx2
r r
e
.i
r r
r r
i
+
+
+

=

5.5
Gi thit r
tx1
v r
tx2
t l nghch vi b mt tip xc S
tx1
v S
tx2
gia chi than v phin
gp 1 v 2. Nu coi qu trnh i chiu t t = 0 n t = T
c
, ngha l b
c
= b
G
th:
S
T
t T
S
dc
dc
tx1

= v S
T
t
S
dc
tx2
= 5.6
Trong : S l mt tip xc ton phn gia chi than v phin i chiu, th r
tx
l in
tr tip xc ton phn. T y ta c:

tx
dc
dc
tx
tx1
tx1
r
t T
T
r
S
S
r

= =
tx
dc
tx
tx2
tx2
r
t
T
r
S
S
r = = 5.7
Thay cc gi tr trn vo (4) ta c:

n
u
dc
r
e
).i
T
2t
(1 i

+ = vi
t) (T t
T
. r r
dc
2
dc
tx n

= 5.8
1. i chiu ng thng.
Nu e = 0 ta c
u
dc
).i
T
2t
(1 i =
Quan h gia i = f(t) l ng thng, trn hnh
v ta c mt dng in:
Pha ra
1
dc
dc
1 dc
tx1
1
1
.tg
S
T
t T
i
.
S
T
S
i
j =

= =
Pha vo
2
dc 2 dc
tx2
2
2
.tg
S
T
t
i
.
S
T
S
i
j = = =
V
1
=
2
nn j
1
= j
2
ngha l mt dng
in pha phin gp i ra bng pha phin gp i
vo, iu ny rt thun li cho qu trnh i chiu.
Hnh 5.2 i chiu ng
2. i chiu ng cong.
Thc t e 0, nn ngoi dng in trn cn c
dng in ph:
0
r
e
i
n
f
=

5.9
ng biu din r
n
v i
f
nh hnh 5.3.
a) i chiu tr hon (e > 0)
Lc ny i = i
cb
+ i
f
v dng in i chiu i qua gi
tr zro chm hn i chiu ng thng (a a'), hnh
5.4. Khi i chiu tr hon
1
>
2
nn j
1
> j
2
tia la xut hin pha chi than i ra. iu
ny ging nh tia la khi ta m cu dao c ti.
Hnh 5.3 Dng

My in 2 44
b) i chiu vt trc
(e < 0)
Lc ny i = i
cb
- i
f
v dng in i chiu i qua gi tr zro sm hn i chiu ng
thng (a a''), hnh 5.5. Khi i chiu vt trc
1
<
2
nn j
1
< j
2
tia la xut hin
pha chi than i vo. iu ny ging nh tia la khi ta ng cu dao c ti.
9.3 Nguyn nhn sinh tia la v bin php khc phc.
1. Nguyn nhn.
a) Nguyn nhn v c
- Vnh gp khng ng
tm vi trc
- S cn bng phn quay
khng tt gy dao ng
hng knh
- C gp khng trn, lc
p chi than khng .
b) Nguyn nhn v in
- Sc in ng i chiu
khng trit tiu c s..
phn khnh e 0
- S phn b khng u
ca mt dng in trn b mt tip xc
- Tc dng nhit, ha...
2. Bin php khc phc.
a) Gii quyt cc tn ti c kh
a) B tr cc t ph.
Sc t ng ca cc t ph F
f
ngoi vic
phi cn bng c F
q
cn phi to nn uc
e
c
ln lm trit tiu e
pk
.
c) X dch chi than khi ng trung tnh
hnh hc
Hnh 5.4 i chiu tr hon Hnh 5.5 i chiu
Hnh 5.6 X dch chi than
Nhng my nh khng b tr cc t ph, ci thin i chiu ta c th x dch chi
than khi ng trung tnh hnh hc.
Trng hp my pht ta x dch chi than theo chiu quay mt gc = +
Trong : ng vi gc l ng trung tnh vt l, thm mt gc to nn s..
i chiu trit tiu s.. phn khng e
pk
. Hnh 5.6
d) Dy qun b.
To nn t trng lm trit tiu t trng phn ng di b mt cc t nh vy m t
trng khe h s phn b u n, thun li cho qu trnh i chiu.


My in 2 45
Chng 10 My pht in mt chiu
10.1 i cng.
1. My pht in 1 chiu kch thch c lp
Gm: my pht 1 chiu kch thch bng nam chm vnh cu, ch to vi cng sut rt
b. My pht in 1 chiu kch thch in t, ngun kch thch ch yu ly t c quy, cng
sut ln, iu chnh in p d dng v di rng, hnh 6.1a.
2. My pht in 1 chiu t kch thch.
- MF1C kch thch song song,
hnh 6.1b. Mch kch thch ni song
song vi mch phn ng. Dq kch
thch c s vng dy nhiu, tit din
dy b.
- MF1C kch thch ni tip, hnh
6.1c. Dq kch thch ni ni tip vi dq
phn ng. Dq kch thch c s vng
dy t, tit din dy ln.
Hnh 6.1 Nguyn l kch thch ca cc loi
- MF1C kch thch hn hp, hnh
6.1d.
10.2 Cc c tnh ca my pht in 1 chiu.
My pht in 1 chiu c 4 i lng c trng l: U, I

, I
t
v n. Trong n thng
c gi khng i cn li 3 i lng xc nh cho ta 5 ng c tnh.
1) c tnh khng ti U
0
= E = f(I
t
) khi I = 0, n = C
te
;
2) c tnh ngn mch I
n
= f(I
t
) khi U = 0, n = C
te
;
3) c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi I
t
= C
te
; n = C
te
;
4) c tnh iu chnh I = f (I
t
) khi U = C
te
, n = C
te
;
5) c tnh ti U = f(I
t
) khi I = C
te
, n = C
te
;
Trong 5 c tnh trn th c tnh khng ti l trng hp c bit ca c tnh ti, khi
I = 0; c tnh ngn mch l trng hp c bit ca c tnh iu chnh khi U = 0.
c tnh khng ti v ngn mch ca cc loi
my pht 1 chiu c bn ging nhau, nn ta xt
chung. Cc c tnh khc ta xt ring cho tng loi
my.
a) c tnh khng ti
ly c tnh khng ti ta lm th nghim
khng ti. Lc cu dao ni vi ti bn ngoi h,
cho my quay ln n tc n = n
m
= const. Tng
dn dng kch t I
t
t 0 n I
tm
lc in p u cc
my t khong U = (1,15 - 1,25)U
m
. Gim I
t
cho
n lc U = 0. Vi my kch t c lp i chiu
dng in kch t li tng v gim theo chiu (-) ta
c ton b ch trnh t tr BABA'B'A nh hnh 6.2.
Hnh 6.2 c tnh khng
ti ca
My in 2 46
on OB l s.. E
d
= (2 - 3)%U
m
ng vi I
t
= 0 l do t d gy nn. ng trung
bnh ca chu trnh t tr l c tnh khng ti ca my. y cng chnh l c tnh t ha
xc nh phn tnh ton t trng khng ti.
b) c tnh ngn mch
I
n
= f(I
t
), khi U = 0, n = C
te
;
c c tnh ngn mch tt c cc loi my pht u phi c kch t c lp. Ni
ngn mch cc chi than, quay my ln tc n = n
m
, iu chnh I
t
ta c cc gi tr I
tng ng. Khi ngn mch, E

=R

.I

v R

rt b nn I

=(1,25-1,5)I
m
th I
t
rt b nn
mch t khng bo ha do vy quan h I

= f(I
t
) l ng thng. ng 1 my cha kh t;
ng 2 my kh t.
c) Tam gic c tnh.
Trn cng 1 trc ta v cc ng c tnh khng ti (1) v c tnh ngn mch (2),
hnh 6.4. T I
nm
= I
m
chiu sang (2) v chiu xung trc I
t
, ta c I
t
= OC. Dng I
t
ny
gm 2 phn: OD sinh ra E
nm
= AD = BC, phn cn li DC = AB khc phc phn ng
phn ng lc ngn mch. Ta gic ABC c cnh AB v BC u t l vi I gi l tam gic c
tnh hnh 6.4a. Vi my kch thch hn hp dy qun kch thch ni tip c ni thun, b
tha th cnh AB nm bn phi cnh BC, hnh 6.4b.
Hnh 6.4 Dng tam gic c tnh: a) khi phn
ng phn
Hnh 6.3 c tnh ngn
1. My pht in 1 chiu kch t c lp.
a) c tnh ngoi U=f(I) khi I
t
=C
te
, n=C
te
.
Theo phng trnh in p my pht in 1
chiu U = E - R

nn khi I tng, R

tng v phn
ng phn ng tng, nn E gim xung, cui cng l U
gim xung.
10)% (5 100
U
U U
% U
dm
dm 0
dm
=

=
- Xy dng c tnh ngoi bng phng php v:
Trn h trc ta UOI
t
v c tnh U = f(I
t
).
Trn trc I
t
ly I
t
= OP = C
te
, t tam gic c tnh
ABC c cc cnh AB v BC t l vi I
m
, sao cho nh
A nm trn c tnh khng ti, cnh BC nm trn
Hnh 6.5 c tnh ngoi
my pht
My in 2 47
ng PP' th on PC = U khi I = I
m
. Dng sang h trc UOI ta c im D' ca c
tnh ngoi. T y ta tm tip c
cc im D''.. khc, hnh 6.6.
Chng minh: Khi khng ti
I = 0, dng kch t I
t
= OP sinh
ra E = U
0
= PP' = OD. Khi ti nh
mc I = I
m
, dng kch t ch cn li
phn I
t0
= OQ v n mt i phn
QP = AB khc phc phn ng
phn ng. Nh vy s.. cm ng
c trong dq phn ng by gi l
E

= QA = PB. in p trn u cc
s l U = E

- R

= PB - BC = PC.
Thc t do mch t c bo ha
nn ng c tnh ngoi thc
nghim l ng t nt, nm di.
b) c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U=C
te
, n = C
te
.
c tnh iu chnh cho bit hng cn phi iu
chnh I
t
nh th no gi cho U = C
te
. Thng t
khng ti n ti I
m
gi U = U
m
dng I
t
phi tng
t (15-25)%, hnh 6.7.
Xy dng c tnh iu chnh bng phng php
v:
V c tnh khng ti, trn trc OU ly U = U
m

= OF. K ng FD song song vi trc honh, ct c
tnh khng ti ti im M. T M h vung gc vi
trc honh xc nh c im M' ng vi dng kch
t I
t0
khi khng ti I = 0. Trn ng FD ta t tam gac
c tnh ng vi I = I
m
, sao cho nh A nm trn c
khng ti, nh C nm trn ng FD v BC// OU. T
im C ta xc nh c im N, th ON = I
tm
, ng vi
I
m
.
Hnh 6.6 c tnh ngoi xy dng theo phng
Hnh 6.7 c tnh iu
C lm nh vy ta xy dng c c tnh iu
chnh, hnh 6.8.
ng c tnh iu chnh thc nghim l ng
t nt do c nh hng ca bo ha.
2. My pht in 1 chiu kch t song song.
a) iu kin t kch thch.
T ng c tnh khng ti ta thy, khi my in 1
chiu ngng hot ng, trong li thp cc t chnh,
gng t vn cn mt lng t thng d. Khi quay my
n tc nh mc n = n
m
, ban u I
t
= 0, lc ny u cc ca my pht vn c mt in
p do
d
cm ng nn, U = E
d
= (2-3)%U
m
. Nu mch kch t c ni kn trong n s
Hnh 6.8 Dng tam gic
My in 2 48
c dng in kch t I
t0
chy qua. Dng I
t0
sinh ra t thng
kch t u tin
d.
Nu
t0
cng chiu vi
d
th in p
u cc ca my pht s tng trng, qu trnh thnh lp
in p s c thit lp. Nu
t0
ngc chiu vi
d
chng
s trit tiu nhau v my khng t kch c.
in p xc lp u cc my pht l giao im ca
ng c tnh t ha ca mch t v ng c tnh Vol-
Ampe ca mch kch thch, hnh 6.9. T ta c tg = U/I
t

= R
t
. Nu R
t
qu ln th in p s xc lp ti im ng vi
E
d
.
Vy iu kin my t kch l:
Hnh6.9 qu trnh
- My phi c t d
- Chiu quay ca my phi ph hp
t0
cng chiu vi
d
- R
t
nh U t gi tr yu cu.
b) c tnh ngoi U=f(I) khi R
t
=C
te
, n=C
te
.
Dng ca c tnh ngoi nh hnh 6.10, ng 1 ca
my pht kch thch song song, ng 2 ca my kch thch
c lp. Ta thy ng 1 dc hn ng 2 l v, vi my
pht kch thch song song, khi ti tng (I tng), ngoi 2
nguyn nhn l cho in p u cc gim xung l:
- St p trn R

I tng
- Phn ng phn ng tng lm E gim
N cn nguyn nhn th 3 l khi U gim th I
t
= U/R
t

s gim, dn ti
t
gim v E gim nhiu.
T ng c tnh ta thy khi ti
tng n mt gi tr ti hn I
th
ng
vi im K th sau in p tt
nhanh v zro, vi dng in ngn
mch xc lp I
0
ng vi E
d
. im K
l im ng vi im chm bo ha
trn ng c tnh khng ti, sau
l phn tuyn tnh nn in p s
gim nhanh.
c tnh ngoi ca my pht kch
thch song song xy dng theo
phng php v nh trn hnh 6.11.
V my pht kch thch song song I
t

ph thuc vo U nn ng U = R
t
I
t

l ng 0P i qua gc ta .
Hnh 6.10 c tnh
Hnh 6.11 c tnh ngoi xy dng theo phng
b) c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U=C
te
, n = C
te
.
V vic iu chnh dng in I
t
khng ph thuc ngun kch t ly t u nn ng
c tnh iu chnh ca my pht kch thch song song cng ging nh my pht kch thch
ni tip, tuy nhin do in p ca MF kch thch song song thay i nhiu hn nn I
t
phi
iu chnh nhiu hn.
My in 2 49
3. My pht in 1 chiu kch thch hn hp.
My pht in 1 chiu kch thch hn hp c 2
dy qun kch thch l song song v ni tip. Tu
theo cch ni dy qun ni tip m t trng kch
thch ca 2 dy qun c th cng chiu (ni thun)
hoc ngc chiu (ni ngc). Ni ngc ch dng
cho my pht hn in 1 chiu.
a) c tnh ngoi U = f(I) khi n = C
te
Cun dy kch t ni tip c th ni thun
hoc ni ngc, nn dng cc c tnh ngoi nh
hnh 6.12. ng 1, ni thun, b tha; ng 2,
ni thun, b ; ng 3, kch thch
song song; ng 4, ni ngc
Hnh 6.12 c tnh ngoi MF-
Phng php dng c tnh ngoi t
c tnh khng ti v tam gic c tnh
tng t nh my pht kch thch song
song. Trn hnh 6.13, ng (1) l c
tnh khng ti, ng (2) l l quan h
U = r
t
I
t
, ng (3) l in p ri trn
R

. Giao im ca ng (1) v (2) l

im M ng vi I

= 0 dng sang trc

tung ta c U
0
, in p lc khng ti.
Tam gic ABC ng vi I
m
v trng
hp b tha. Cho ABC tnh tin theo
ng thng 2, sao cho A' nm trn ng (1), C' nm
trn ng (2) th G
0
C' = U
m
, dng sang bn tri ct
ng I
m
cho ta im D l im ca c tnh ngoi ng
vi I
m
. Lm tng t vi tam gic A
1
B
Hnh 6.13 c tnh ngoi theo phng
Hnh 6.14 c tnh
iu chnh my P1C kch
B
1
C
1
ng vi I
m
/2 ta
c im D
1
Ni cc im U
0
, D
1
, D ta c c tnh
ngoi. Khi cn b in p trn ng dy ti ta tng dng
kch t ni tip v c tnh ngoi l ng t nt (ng
vi im D')
b) c tnh iu chnh I
t
= f(I) khi U=C
te
, n = C
te
.
c tnh iu chnh ca my kch t hn hp nh hnh
6.14 vi ng 1, ni thun, b ; ng 2, ni thun, b
tha; ng 3, ni ngc
10.3 My pht in mt chiu lm vic song song.
1. iu kin ghp song song cc my pht.
Gi s my pht 1 ang pht in ln thanh ci, ta cn ghp my pht 2 vo lm vic
song song vi my 1, hnh 6.15. vic ghp c thun li th phi m bo cc iu
kin sau:
1. Cc tnh ca my pht phi ni ng cc tnh ca thanh ci
2. S.. ca my pht bng in p ca thanh ci (E
2
= U)
3. Vi my kch t hn hp cn phi c dy cn bng in th
My in 2 50
iu kin th nht bt
buc phi m bo: nu khng
khi ni my 2 vo li th c
hai my u b ngn mch.
iu kin th 2 nu khng
m bo: khi ghp my 2 vo
li th hoc l my 2 s phi
nhn ti t ngt (nu E
2
> U),
hoc l my 2 s chuyn sang
lm vic theo ch ng c
(nu E
2
< U).
iu kin th 3 nu khng
m bo: My kch t hn hp,
cun kch t ni tip thng
c ni thun. Do nu khi
vn hnh v mt l do no
gi s tc ca my 1 tng
ln, lc s.. E
1
tng ln, th I
1
tng ln v E
1
tip tc tng. C nh th cho n khi my
1 dnh ht ti v b qu ti, cn my 2 chuyn sang lm vic ch ng c.
Hnh 6.15 My pht in mt chiu lm vic
2. Phn phi v chuyn ti gia cc my pht.
Gi s my pht 1 ang lm vic vi ti I, c
c tnh ngoi, ng (1) trn hnh v. Nu my
pht 2 c c tnh ngoi dng nh ng (2), ta
cn chuyn ti t my 1 qua my 2, qu trnh
c tin hnh nh sau: Tng kch t ca my 2
y ng (2) ln pha trn, ng thi gim
kch t ca my (1) h thp ng (1) xung,
sao cho U = C
te
v I = I
1
+ I
2
. Nu mun chuyn
ton b ti sang my 2 ta c tin hnh nh trn,
cho n khi E
1
= U, th ct hn my 1 ra khi
li v my 2 s mang ti ton b, hnh 6.16
Ch rng:Nu ta gim I
t1
qua nhanh m
E
1
< U th my 1 s chuyn sang lm vic ch
ng c. iu ny rt nguy him nu cc
my pht c ko bng ng c nhit.
Hnh 6.16 Phn phi ti gia
T hnh 6.16 ta nhn thy rng mun s phn phi ti gia cc my hp l v thun
li th cc my phi c c tnh ngoi c dc nh nhau.






My in 2 51
Chng11 ng c in mt chiu
11.1 i cng
ng c in 1 chiu c s dng nhiu trong giao thng v nhng ni cn iu chnh
tc lin tc trong di rng.
Phn loi ng c 1 chiu cng nh my pht: kch thch c lp, song song, ni tip v
hn hp
11.2 M my ng c in 1 chiu.
Yu cu:
- Mmen m my cng ln cng tt d dng thch ng vi ti
- Dng in m my cng b cng tt
Cc phng php m my.
1. M my trc tip
Theo phng php ny khi cn m my ta ch vic
ng thng ng c vo li.
c im ca phng php: Ti t = 0, khi n = 0
nn E = C
e
n = 0, dng in m my lc l:

u u
mm
R
U
R
E U
I =

= v R

rt b, thng R
*
= 0,2 -
0,1 nn I
mm
= (5-10)I
m
Hnh 7.1 M my nh
bin tr
Phng php ny ch c p dng cho cc ng c
c cng sut b, v vi cc ng c ny R

tng i ln
2. M my nh bin tr.
S m my nh hnh 7.1.
Do c bin tr mc ni tip vo mch phn ng
nn dng in m my c tnh.

f u f u
mm
R R
U
R R
E U
I
+
=
+

= .
in tr R
f
c chn sao cho I
mm
= (1,4-1,7)I
m

i vi ng c ln v I
mm
= (2,0-2,5)I
m
vi ng c
b.
Theo s hnh 7.1 qu trnh m my c tin
hnh nh sau:
Khi t < 0, con trt ca R
c
v tr b
t
c
gi tr cc i, chuyn mch CM t v tr s 1, ton b in tr ph c ni ni tip vi
dq phn ng
Hnh 7.2 Qu trnh m my
nh bin tr mc vo mch phn
Khi t = 0, ng c c ng vo li in, c dng in I

v
t
phn ng s xut
hin mmen M = C
M

t
I

nu M > M
C
ng c s quay, tc ng c tng t 0 n 1
gi tr no , s.. tng theo n, (E = C
e

t
n). Khi E tng ln th
f u
u
R R
E U
I
+

= gim xung,
My in 2 52
dn ti M gim xung, gia tc gim xung. I

v M gim theo quy lut hm m, ph thuc

vo hng s thi gian R

-L

ca dy qun phn ng.

Ti thi im t = t
1
khi I

= (1,1 - 1,3)I
m
quay chuyn mch sang v tr 2, ct bt mt
phn R
f
ra khi mch phn ng, dng in I

li tng ln, M tng ln v n li tip tc tng.

I

v M tng gn nh tc thi v R

rt b. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi ton

b R
f
c ct ra khi mch phn ng v tc ng c t n gi tr nh mc, hnh 7.2.
3. M my bng cch gim in p.
Phng php m my ny gn ging nh m my nh bin tr nhng cn phi c mt
b ngun c th iu chnh c in p.
11.3 c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu.
c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu l quan h n = f(M), y l c tnh quan trng
nht ca ng c.
T biu thc s.. v phng trnh in p ca ng c 1 chiu ta c:

e
u
e
C
IR U
C
E
n

= = 7.1
v M = C
M
I nn
2
e M
u
e
C C
M R
C
U
n

= 7.2
Xt s lm vic n nh ca ng c theo s phi hp c tnh c ca ng c v c
tnh c ca ti, hnh 7.3a,b
Trng hp hnh 7.3a, v mt l do no y tc ca ng c tng ln n = n
lv
+ n th
M
C
> M v ng c s b hm li tr v n
lv
ban u ng vi im P. Cng vy nu tc
ca ng c gim xung th M
C
< M v ng c s c gia tc tr v im P.
S phi hp c tnh c ca ng c v ca ti nh hnh 7.3b th ngc li. Nu tc
ca ng c tng ln th M
C
< M v ng c tip tc c gia tc v tng mi. Nu tc
ca ng c gim th n tip tc gim v n = 0.
Hnh 7.3 (a) ch lm vic n nh, (b) ch lm vic khng
Vy iu kin h lm vic:
n nh l
dn
dM
dn
dM
C
7.4
v khng n nh
dn
dM
dn
dM
C
> 7.5
My in 2 53
1. c tnh c ng c in 1 chiu kch thch song song hoc c lp.
Nu U = U
m
= C
te
v I
t
= C
te
, th khi M thay i, vn khng i, nh hng lm
gim do phn ng phn ng ngang trc rt b khng ng k nn ta c phng trnh c
tnh c:
Hnh 7.4 c tnh c
ng c
K
.M R
n n
u
0
= 7.6
c tnh n = f(M) l ng thng, hnh 7.4. V R

rt
b nn t khng ti n nh mc, n = (2-8)% , hai loi
ng c trn c c tnh c rt cng, ph hp cho cc my
ct gt kim loi.
a) iu chnh n bng cch thay i .
T phng trnh c
tnh c
2
e M
u
e
C C
M R
C
U
n

=
Khi tng R
c
ta ch c
th gim c t thng ,
khi ta c mt h
ng c tnh c c
dc khc nhau ng vi:

m
> ' > '' >
''' v n
m
< n
1
< n
2
<
n
3
Hnh 7.5 iu chnh Hnh 7.6 iu chnh n
Nh vy theo phng
php ny ta c th iu
chnh n > n
m
hnh 7.5
n bng bng cch
b) iu chnh n bng cch thay i R
f
.
Khi a thm R
f
vo mch phn ng, c tnh c
l:
K
).M R (R
n n
f u
0
+
=
7.7
Theo phng php ny n
0
= C
te
, khi tng R
f

dc ca c tnh c tng ln, tc l tc thay i
nhiu hn khi ti thay i, hnh 7.6.
c) iu chnh n bng cch thay i U.
V ch c th thay i c U < U
m
, nn khi
gim U ta s c mt h c tnh cng dc ( cng), hnh 7.7
Hnh 7.7 iu chnh tc bng
cch thay i
U
m
> U
1
> U
2
v n
m
> n
1
> n
2

Phng php ny ch c th iu chnh c n < n
m
v ch p dng cho cc ng
c kch t c lp.
My in 2 54
2. c tnh c ng c in mt chiu kch thch ni tip
Loi ng c ny c I
t
= I

= I v = K

I, trong K

= C
te
khi I < 0,8I
,m
, cn khi
I > 0,8I
m
th K

gim xung mt t do nh hng bo ha ca mch t.

T

K
C I C M
2
M u M
= =
7.8
suy ra
M
C
M K

=
thay vo biu thc
2
e M
u
e
C C
M R
C
U
n

= ta c:

K C
R
M K C
.U C
n
e
u
e
M
=
7.9
Hnh 7.9 Cc s /c tc .c..1.c kch t
b qua R

th
M
U
~ n hay
2
2
n
C
M =
7.10 Vy c tnh c ca ng c in
mt chiu kch t ni tip s c dng ng
hypecpon, hnh 7.8 (ng 1)
T ng c tnh c ta thy ng c kch t
ni tip khi M tng n gim rt nhiu. c bit khi
khng ti (I = 0, M = 0), tc c tr s rt ln. iu
ny rt nguy hi v n c th lm gy trc, v vy vi
loi ng c ny khng c mt ti (truyn ng
ai). Ch cho php lm vic vi cng sut ti thiu P
2

= (0,2-0,25)P
m
Hnh 7.8 c tnh c
.c..1.c vi
Khi xt n bo ha, ng M = f(n) l ng
t nt.
a) iu chnh n bng cch thay i t thng .
Vi ng c kch t ni tip vic thay i t thng c thc hin bng cch: mc
sun dy qun kch thch, hnh 7.9a; iu chnh s vng dy kch thch, hnh 7.9b; mc sun
vo phn ng, hnh 7.9c.
Hai s 7.9a v 7.9b u c cng mt kt qu, ng 2 hnh 7.8.
Lc u I
t
= I, sau khi mc sun hoc iu chnh W
t
th I
t
= K.I
t

Khi mc sun 1
R R
R
K
st t
st
<
+
=
Khi thay i W
t
, 1
W
W
K
t
t
<

=
Nh vy hai phng php ny cho t thng gim nn n tng, (n > n
m
)
My in 2 55
Bin php th 3 mc sun vo mch phn ng, lc ny in tr ton mch gim xung
I tng ln v I
t
= I tng ln, tng dn ti n < n
m
, ng 3 hnh 7.8.

b) iu chnh n bng cch thm R
c
vo mch phn ng hnh 7.8d
Lc ny in tr tng ca ton mch tng ln nn I
t
= I u gim xung, /c n < n
m
,
ng 4 v 5, hnh 7.8.
c) iu chnh bng cch thay i in p.
V ch c th /c U < U
m
nn n < n
m
, ng 6, hnh 7.8.
3. c tnh c .c kch thch hn hp.
ng c kch t hn hp thng cun kch thch ni tip c ni thun (b kch thch)
do c tnh c c dng trung gian gia kch thch song song v kch thch ni tip, hnh
7.10.
ng 1 kch thch hn hp b thun; ng 2 kch thch hn hp ngc; ng 3 kch
thch song song v ng 4 kch thch ni tip.
11.4 Cc c tnh lm vic ca ng c in
mt chiu.
Cc c tnh lm vic ca ng c in mt
chiu l quan h: n, M, = f(I

) khi U =
U
m
= C
te
.
c tnh n = f(I

) ging nh c tnh c n
= f(M) v M ~ I

.. ng 1 ng vi ng c kch
thch song song, ng 2, 3 vi ng c kch thch
hn hp khi dq ni tip ni thun v ni ngc;
ng 4 vi ng c kch t ni tip, hnh 7.11
c tnh M = f(I

) khi U = U
m
= C
te
. y
chnh l quan h M = C
M
I

Vi ng c kch thch song song = C

te

nn ng M = f(I

) l ng thng (ng I).

ng c kch t ni tip ~ I

nn M ~ I

2
c tnh mmen l ng parabol (ng IV).
ng c kch t hn hp c c tnh mmen trung gian gia kch thch song song v ni
tip (ng II v III).
Hnh 7.10 c tnh c .c..1.c
kch thch hn hp so vi cc loi .c
c tnh hiu sut = f(I

) khi U = U
m
= C
te
nh hnh 7.12.
Hiu sut cc i thng c thit k ng vi I

= 0,75I
m
Thng = 0,75 - 0,85 vi ng c cng sut b v = 0,85 - 0,94 vi ng c cng
sut trung bnh v ln.

My in 2 56


Hnh 7.12 Hiu sut
Hnh 7.11 Cc c tnh l/vic ca




















My in 2 57
Chng 8 : ng c in mt pha c vnh gp
ng c 1 pha c vnh gp c kt cu tng t nh ng c in 1 chiu, nhng in
p t vo l in p xoay chiu 1 pha. Loi ng c ny c dng nhiu trong cc my
sinh hot dn dng.
8.1 Sc in ng bin p v sc in ng quay.
Khi ng c in 1 pha c vnh gp lm vic trong dy qun phn ng cm ng c 2
loi sc in ng l: s.. bin p v s.. quay.
1. S.. bin p, E
ba
.
t in p xoay chiu 1 pha U
~
vo dy qun kch t K trn phn tnh, t thng do
dng in xoay chiu to nn s p mch vi tn s f ca li in. Khi n = 0 t thng
s bin thin v xuyn qua dy qun phn ng v cm ng nn trong cc thanh dn ca dy
qun phn ng cc sc in ng nh trong my bin p, E
ba
dy qun kch thch l dy
qun s cp v dy qun phn
ng l th cp. Chiu ca s..
hai pha trc dy qun kch t K
s tri du nhau.

Nu chi than t trn ng
trung tnh hnh hc th s.. trong
cc thanh dn hai pha trc dy
qun kch t s trit tiu nhau,
hnh 8.1a, nn E
ba
= 0.
Nu chi than t trn trc
dy qun kch t th E
ba

= E
ba max
, hnh 8.1b.
Tr hiu dng ca s.. bin
p l:
E
ba
= 4,44 f Wk
dq

max
. 8.1
S.. bin p chm sau mt gc 90
0
, hnh 8.1c.
Khi chi than lch vi ng trung tnh hnh hc mt
gc , hnh 8.2, th:
E
ba
() = E
ba
sin. 8.2
2. Sc in ng quay E
q

Nu
m
= const, khi phn ng quay vi tc n, cc thanh
dn ca dy qun phn ng qut qua t trng kch t v s
cm ng c s.. xoay chiu c tn s f = pn/60, nhng
s.. ly ra 2 u chi than l s.. 1 chiu, nh trong my in mt chiu,
n
a
pN
E
m q
.
. 60
= 8.3
Khi chi than nm trn trung tnh hnh hc E
q
= E
qmax
v khi chi than nm trn trc
dy qun kch thch th E
q
= 0.
Khi chi than lch vi ng trung tnh hnh hc mt gc , th:
Hnh 8.1 S.. E
ba
do t trng p mch sinh ra
K K
Hnh 8.2 E
ba
khi
chi than lch TTHH,
My in 2 58
E
q
() = E
q
.cos.
8.4
Nu t thng p mch vi tn s f v phn ng quay vi
tc n th trong mi phn t dy qun s tn ti c 2 loi s..:
S.. quay c tn s f
q
= pn/60 v s.. bin p c tn s f
ba
= f.
Khi chi than t trn ng trung tnh hnh hc th E
ba
= 0
cn E
q

m
khi n = const. Chiu ca E
q
ph thuc chiu ca n
nh hnh 8.3.
Khi chi than lch so vi trung tnh hnh hc mt gc no
th s tn ti c hai loi E
ba
v E
q
c cng tn s f. Hnh 8.3

2 2 2 2
cos sin
q ba
E E E + = 8.5
8.2 ng c ni tip mt pha
1. S lc cu to v nguyn l lm vic.
V kt cu ng c in mt pha ging nh ng c in
mt chiu kch thch ni tip. Nhng v n c dng vi li
in xoay chiu nn mch t ca n c lm bng thp k thut
in. ng c nh thng c cu to cc li, ng c ln c cu
to cc n. Trn cc t ngoi dq kch thch K, ci thin i
chiu ngi ta cng b tr dq b B v cc t ph F nh ng c
in mt chiu, hnh 8.4.
Nguyn l: Khi t /a xoay chiu mt pha vo ng c, t
thng tc dng vi dng in I chy dy qun phn ng to nn m men lm cho ng c
quay. V phn ng ni tip vi dy qun kch thch nn v I lun cng du vi nhau, do
mmen lun dng hay ng c lun quay theo mt chiu xc nh.
Hnh 8.4
/c in ni tip
Loi ng c 1 pha ny c dng nhiu trong cc my sinh hot.
2. Mmen ca ng c.
Gi s:
i

= I
m
sint 8.6
=
m
sin(t - ) 8.7
vi l gc lch gia i

v do tn hao st t
Ging nh my in 1 chiu, ta c mmen tc thi
) . sin( . sin

+ = = t t I
pN
i
pN
M
m um u t
8.8
Hnh 8.5 ng
cong i, v M ca ng c
Mmen trung bnh



cos
2
1
0
m u t
I
pN
dt M M = =

= C
M
I

m
cos 8.9
Vi I

l tr hiu dng dng in trong mt nhnh song song ca dy qun phn ng.

m
l bin t thng kch t, rt nh nn cos 1 nn mmen ca ng c kh ln.
ng cong dng in, t thng v mmen ca ng c 1 pha c vnh gp nh hnh 8.5.
My in 2 59
3. th vc t
Gi s ng c quay vi tc n v chi than t trn trung tnh hnh hc, th khi t
in p U vo ng c, dng in I chy trong cc dy qun chm pha so vi U mt gc
. T thng chnh chm pha so vi I mt gc (tn hao st). Sc in ng quay E
q

ngc pha so vi, (ch ng c, E ngc chiu I). Sc in ng bin p E
ba
= 0 (v
chi than t trn trung tnh hnh hc). Sc in ng ri
trn in khng ca cc dy qun chm pha so vi I mt
gc 90
0
: S.. cm ng trn dy qun kch thch (x
K
x I j
&
K

l in khng ca dy qun kch thch); s.. tng ca cc
dy qun khc (vi l tng in khng ca
dy qun phn ng, dy qun b v dy qun cc t ph).
St p trn cc in tr (vi

x I j
&

r I
&

r l tng in tr ca
cc dy qun k c in tr tip xc ca chi than)
Phng trnh in p ca ng c ni tip mt pha.
8.10

+ + + = ) ( x x I j r I E U
K q
& & & &
Hnh 8.6 th

T s phn tch trn v phng trnh 8.10 ta v c th vc t nh hnh 8.6.

ng c ni tip 1 pha c cos = 0,7 - 0,95 tc cng cao h s cos cng cao.
4. Cc c tnh lm vic.
c tnh c n = f(M) nh ng c in 1 chiu kch thch ni tip, hnh 8.7. c tnh
hiu sut = f(M) v Cos = f(M) nh hnh 8.8
nng cao h s cos thng cc loi ng c ny c ch to vi khe h rt b,
vi my b hn 100 kW, = 1,5 - 2,5 mm; my c cng sut ln hn = 2 - 4 mm
Hnh 8.7 c tnh c n
Hnh 8.8 c tnh = f(M) v Cos
f(M)
5. ng dng.

ng c in c vnh gp 1 pha c dng nhiu trong
lnh vc ng st, u my xe in,...Vi kh nng t tc
cao (3000 - 30.000 vg/ph) v phm vi iu chnh tc rng
nn n c dng cho my ht bi, my mi, my khu,...
Vi nguyn l trn ngi ta ch cc ng c vn nng
c th s dng li in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu, s
nguyn l nh hnh 8.9. T in C gim nhiu v tuyn. Hnh 8.9 /c

My in 2 60
8.3 ng c in y.
1. ng c in y 2 dy qun phn tnh
ng c ny phn tnh c 2 dy qun, kch t K v b B ni ni tip, t vung trc vi
nhau, dy qun phn ng c ni ngn mch. Khi t mt in p xoay chiu vo dy
qun phn tnh hnh 8.8a.
Nu chi than t trn ng trung tnh hnh hc, ban u khi n = 0, S.. E
q
= 0, t
thng ca cun b B cm ng nn E
bamax
, hnh b. V dy qun phn ng ni ngn nn trong
n c dng I
2
. Dng in ny tc dng vi
K
to nn mmen quay lm ng c quay. Lc
y ta thy dng nh c mt s y gia t trng phn ng v t trng cc t to ra
mmen quay, nn n c tn l ng c in y.
Khi chi than nm
trng vi trc dy
qun K th E
ba
= 0,
hnh c, nn I
2
= 0 v
mmen bng khng
nn ng c khng
quay.
Biu thc mmen
quay vn c dng quen
thuc:
Hnh 8.10 ng c in y 2 dy qun
8.11 ) , cos(
2 2 K K m
I I C M
& &
=
V gc gia I
2
v
K
gn bng khng nn:
M C
m
I
2

K
8.12
2 ng c in y c mt dy qun trn
phn tnh (/c Tmxn)
Trn phn tnh ch c mt dy qun w,
hnh 8.11a, nhng chi than c th x dch mt
gc bt k. Lc ny ta phn w thnh hai
phn w
1
= wsin ng vai tr cun K v w
2
= wcos
ng vai tr cun B, hnh 8.11b. Chiu quay ca loi
ng c ny ph thuc vo chiu x dch chi than i
vi trc ca ca w.
Hnh 8.11 /c ch c 1 dy qun
Khi = 90
0
, E
ba
= 0, M = 0, y l ch khng
ti, hnh 8.12a.
Khi = 0, E
ba
= E
bamax
v trong dy qun phn ng
c dng in I
2
, dng in ny ngc vi dng in
kch thch nn M = 0. Ti v tr ny ca chi than ng
c c xem nh m.b.a lm vic ngn mch, v tr chi
than c coi l v tr ngn mch, hnh 8.12b.
Hnh 8.12 V tr chi
than khi khng ti (a) v ngn
Ti cc v tr gc khc c tnh c v cc c tnh lm vic ging nh ng c kch
thch ni tip. Vic iu chnh n bng cch x dch v tr ca chi than.
My in 2 61