Cng ngh hn h quang tay - Manual Arc Welding Hn h quang quang que hn c v bc (SMAW) l phng php hn h quang s dng

nhit ca h quang gia que hn c v bc v b hn. Phng php thng dng cng vi s bo v t vic phn hu ca v bc que hn khi b t chy trong qu trnh hn, trong phng php ny khng s dng p lc, v kim loi in y thu c t que hn. Phng php hn ny pht trin nhanh chng tip theo ca phng php hn h quang in cc carbon. Hn h quang que hn c v bc l sn phm tt nhin ca hn h quang kim loi trn (khng c bo v), n s dng mt in cc trn hoc in cc c ph mt lp mng, l phng php hn c xa. 2. CC YU T C BN CA QU TRNH HOT NG. Phng php hn h quang que hn c v bc, c trnh by trong (hnh 2) gm c h quang gia que hn c thuc bc v kim loi nn. H quang c hnh thnh bi s iu khin in cc rt nhanh ti vt hn. Nhit ca h quang nu chy b mt ca kim loi c bn to thnh vng nng chy. Kim loi c nu chy t in cc chuyn dch ngang qua ct h quang vo trong vng hn. Khi n ho cng tr thnh cht kt lng kim loi mi hn. Vng nng chy, trc y cn c gi l vng hn (b hn), phi c s kim sot mt cch ng n mi cho kt qu ng dng ca phng php hn SMAW. Kch thc ca vng hn v chiu su ngu chy quyt nh khi lng ca kim loi nng chy di s iu khin ca ngi th hn. Nu dng in qu cao, chiu su ngu chy s qu mc v khi lng kim loi hn nng chy s tr nn khng kim sot c. Tc di chuyn cao lm gim bt kch thc ca vng hn nng chy.

Khi cc mi hn khng c thit k trong v tr bng, kim loi nng chy c th chy ra ngoi vng hn v gy nn kh s l v kim sot. iu chnh cc thay i hn v thao tc bng tay h quang s cho php ngi th hn kim sot vng kim loi nng chy mt cch ng n. Kim loi mi hn ng c c bao ph mt lp x t v bc que hn. H quang trong vng h quang trc tip c bao bc khi khng kh ca kh bo v l kt qu ca s phn hu thuc bc que hn. Phn ln li que hn chuyn dch ngang qua ct h quang, tuy nhin c mt lng nh

thot ra t khu vc mi hoc vng hn (hin tng bn to). 3. U IM V LNH VC S DNG. Phng php hn h quang SMAW l mt trong nhng phng php hn c a chung nht. N c ti a tnh linh hot v c th hn vi nhiu loi kim loi trong tt c cc v tr hn t chiu dy nh nht cho ti nhng chiu dy ln nht. S u t v thit b tng i r tin. Phng php ny c s dng trong ch to v trong cng vic khai thc cho xy dng v bo dng. 4. KH NNG HN TRONG CC V TR y l phng php c kh nng hn trong tt c cc v tr (hnh 3). Hn trong cc v tr ngang, ng v v tr trn ph thuc vo loi v bc que hn v kch thc ca que hn. Dng in hn v k nng thao tc ca ngi th hn. 5. CC KIM LOI C TH HN C. Hn h quang que hn c v bc l phng php c th c dng hn vi nhiu loi thp v mt vi kim loi khng c cht st. N ch yu c s dng cho cc mi ghp l thp, bao gm carbon thp hoc thp mm(t carbon), thp hp kim thp, thp cng cao, thp ngui v ti, thp hp kim cao, thp khng g, thp chu n mn, cho hn gang v thp rn. N c dng cho hn niken v hp kim niken, s lng t cho hn ng v hp kim ng. N c th dng, nhng t khi c s dng cho hn nhm. SMAW khng c s dng cho hn mangan, cc kim loi qu, hoc kim loi chu nhit. Bng 1 trnh by cc kim loi c bn c th hn c. Phng php hn SMAW cng c dng cho hn ph cng b mt.

Bng 1 - Tnh cht hn c ca kim loi cho hn SMAW 6. H THNG HN. Hnh 4. Trnh by h thng s phng php hn SMAW. N m phng cc cp hn dn dng in hn t ngun hn ti h quang. Dy cp hn c u t mt bn ca h thng v cp mt bn kia ca h thng. Chng c gn cht vo cc cc ca my hn. 7. THIT B C YU CU My hn hoc ngun hn l im chnh ca h thng hn SMAW. N c mc ch ch yu cung cp nng lng in mt cch chnh xc dng in v in p duy tr, kim sot v n nh h

quang hn. c tnh ngoi ca ngun hn phi l kiu dng in khng i (constant currentCC). Thng thng gii hn dng in t 25 - 500A c s dng theo kch thc in cc. in p thay i t 15 - 35V. B phn quan trng tip theo ca thit b l km hn, n c nm gi v kim sot bi ngi th hn. C cc rnh nh dng kp vng chc que hn v chuyn ti dng in ti n. 8. QUE HN C V BC Que hn c v bc l hng mc duy nht ca vt liu hn thng thng c yu cu. Vic la chn que hn thuc bc cho c trng ca tng cng vic da trn que hn thch hp cho vic s dng, thnh phn ho hc v c tnh ca lng kim loi mi hn. Trong tng bc la chn in cc hp l, iu cn thit l tm quan trng ca chc nng v bc que hn, l c s ghi r cc nhn t tin li v cc tnh cht kt lng ca kim loi mi hn. V bc ca que hn cung cp 1) Kh t s phn hu ca thnh phn no trong thuc bc bo v h quang khi khng kh. 2) Cht kh oxi y kh v lm thanh khit kim loi mi hn kt lng. 3) X t s chy ca v bc lm nhim v bo v kim loi mi hn kt lng trnh khi s oxi ho ca khng kh. 4) Yu t ion ho to nn h quang n nh nht v c tc dng cng vi dng in xoay chiu. 5) Cc nguyn t hp kim cung cp c bit, c tnh cho kt lng ca kim loi mi hn. 6) Bt st ci thin nng sut ca que hn. Trc nhng nm 1920, in cc trn v in cc ph mt lp v mng thng c s dng. Chng gy nhiu kh khn cho vic s dng v khng mang li cht lng cao cho kim loi mi hn do vy chng khng c dng na. Que hn s c phn loi da trn cc thnh phn ho hc. AWS (Hip hi hn M) thit lp h thng ng nht ho v ghi r s khc bit ca tng loi que hn. Cc que hn v bc cho thp mm v thp hp kim thp c k hiu ch ci u tin l E. Tip theo l 4 hoc 5 con s. -Ch ci u E l Electrode. in cc hay cn c gi l que hn. -Hai ch s th nht (hoc ba ch s) ch cho bit sc bn ko ca kim loi mi hn. -Ch s th 3 hoc th 4 ch cho bit v tr no m in cc c ch nh hn. S 1: Cch thc cho hn tt c cc v tr; Hn bng, ngang, ng, v trn. S 2: Cch thc cho hn v tr gc ngang v duy nht v tr hn bng S 4: Cch thc hn ng tin hnh t trn xung -Ch s th 4 hoc th 5 l mt hiu sut c th dng c, ch cho bit loi v bc no , v kiu dng in c s dng. Quy tc chnh xc ca mi ch s c trnh by trong (bng 2). Ch khi ch s th 4 hoc th 5 l s 0, loi ca v bc v dng in c s dng c quyt nh bi ch s th 3. Tnh cht c kh ca kim loi mi hn kt lng phi ngang bng hoc vt qu kim loi c bn c hn. Kim loi mi hn cng phi c khong chng thnh phn tng ng v tnh cht vt l. CH S TH NHT V TH HAI CHO BIT CNG KO V CC TNH CHT C KH

NG DNG CA QUE HN DA TRN CC CH S SAU

T l phn trm bt st da trn trng lng ca thuc bc. thp carbon thp v thp hp kim thp 9. K NNG S DNG PHNG PHP Xc nh mi quan h gia dng in hn, kch thc ca que hn, v v tr hn. iu ny phi c la chn cho th hn kim sot c b hn nng chy trong sut thi gian hn. Nu vng hn tr nn qu rng, n dn n kh kim sot v kim loi nng chy c th chy ra ngoi vng hn, c bit khng c v tr hn. Th hn phi duy tr u n m thanh ku lch tch i cng vi cc hnh ng chnh xc. Hnh dng ca b hn nng chy v s chuyn ng ca kim loi v pha sau ca vng hn tch ra cng nh trong hng dn kim tra cht lng mi hn. Kt qu gn sng trn cc ng hn phi u nhau v cc ng hn phi mn khng c hin tng trn lp hoc chy cnh. By nhn t sau l cn thit cho vic duy tr hn cht lng cao: 1) Loi que hn chnh xc: N quan trng trong vic la chn thch hp que hn cho mi cng vic. 2) Kch thc que hn hp l: La chn kch thc que hn bao gm loi que hn, v tr hn, chun b mi ghp, dng in hn, chiu dy ca vt liu c bn, v k nng ca ngi th hn. 3) Dng in hp l: Nu dng in qu cao, que hn nu chy qu nhanh v vng hn rng, khng u v kh kim sot. Nu dng in qu thp khng nhit nu chy kim loi c bn v vng hn tr nn qu b, s chng ln nhau v khng u (hnh ) 4) Chiu di h quang hp l: Nu h quang qu di, kim loi nng chy ngt ra khi que hn l cc dng ht cu ln m n dung lc t bn ny qua bn kia to cho vng hn rng, bn to v ng hn khng u cng vi ngu km trn kim loi c bn. N c th cho kt qu l r

kh, c bit l loi que hn hydrogen thp. Nu h quang qu ngn, khng nhit cho mi h quang dn ti vic nu chy kim loi c bn khng v que hn c th dnh vo vt hn. 5) Tc di chuyn hp l: Khi tc di chuyn qu nhanh, vng hn ng kt qu nhanh. Ln cc tp cht v khng c kh nng loi b. ng hn nh v to cc im gn. Khi tc hn qu chm kim loi chng ln nhau, ng hn qu cao v rng cng vi phn no kh hn cc gn sng thng. Hnh dng in chnh xc, chiu di h quang chnh xc (hoc in p h quang) v tc di chuyn chnh xc tt c c lin quan n nhit cung cp. 6) Gc que hn hp l: Gc que hn l quan trng, mt cch c bit l trong hn gc v trong hn rnh su. Khi thi cng cc mi hn gc que hn phi c gi vng cng nh n chia i gc gia cc tm v vung gc ti ng trc ca mi hn. Khi chy cnh xut hin trn tm ng, h thp gc que hn v hng h quang gn v chi tit ng. 7) K thut thao tc hp l: Cc kiu thao tc khc nhau c s dng cho cc loi khc nhau ca que hn, thit k mi hn khc nhau, v cc v tr hn khc nhau. S nhn bit ca cc kiu khc nhau i hi c hc trong cc chng trnh o to hn. 10. DNG H QUANG Nu mi hn cn c tip tc, ming b hn cn nh c, v h quang phi nhanh chng c lp li. Nu n l im cui ca mi hn, h quang s khng ngt qung cho n khi di chuyn c dng li, ngay tc khc ch ti vic lm y ming hn. Khi dao ng, b rng ca dao ng v dng im cui ca mi dao ng cng vi cc chuyn ng hc l rt quan trng. Ngi th hn phi dng mi im cui ca dao ng cho php ngu hon ton vo trong cnh ca ng hn. Ngi th hn phi di chuyn que hn nhanh chng qua phn gia ca mi hn khng to ra sng (g) gia. B rng ca s dao ng i vi cc que hn hydro thp s khng vt qu 2 ln ng knh li que hn, i vi cc kiu que hn khc, iu ny c th bng hai ln ng knh. 11. CC GII HN CA PHNG PHP Gii hn ch yu ca phng php hn h quang que hn c v bc l gin on (khng lin tc). Mi khi mt que hn c t chy v cn li trong khong 50mm ca c chiu di que, th hn phi dng li. Cng vic hn khng c lin tc v cn b li phn khng c thuc bc ca que hn trong km hn s khng c dng n. iu ny xut hin nhiu thi gian b mt i cho mt ngy lm vic v n c kim sot bi kch thc v chiu di ca que hn. iu ny ngn cn th hn t c h s thao tc hoc chu k lm vic ln ti 25%. Hn na tnh hn ch l s dng kim loi in y. Cc mu que hn v thuc bc b ph cho php i vi ton b s lng s dng ca que hn thuc bc xp x 65%. 12. K NGH C S DNG V CC NG DNG IN HNH Cc ng dng in hnh ca phng php hn h quang SMAW gm nhiu loi khc nhau v ph bin l hn h quang t bo v. Hn SMAW s lun lun chc chn l c s chnh cho cng vic duy tr bo dng v hn sa cha. Bi v hn t c yu cu cc v tr xa xi ho lnh, cc cng vic c lin quan nh v n l v cng vic khc nhau. Hn SMAW cng mi gi nguyn c v tr a chung trong cc xng ch to nh, nhng ni c gii hn ln c th vn c dng v nhng ni c lin quan nh ti qu trnh hot ng sn xut. mi s lu y khi s dung may han(noi chung)

-khi s dung va vn hanh may han ta l*uu y n chu ki tai cua may,cac thng s ki thut,cac hng dn v vn hanh cua may.t may vi tri kh rao,thng thoang va han ch ti a bui st...tranh vic s dung may qua tai thng xuyn:y la nhng nguyn nhn chinh dn n tinh trang h hong cua may. Thng xuyn v sinh va kiem tra may theo inh ki hang tun ,hang thang . vi cc phng php hn ta c dng in hn tng: 1; dong xoay chiu(AC):l dng in khng c cc tnh,cc tnh thay i lin tc do dng in i chiu lin tc, do vy lng nhit sinh ra gia in cc v vt hn l nh nhau.dng in khng n nh c tc dng lm sch lp oxit khi hn nhm v magi... 2: dng mt chiu DCEP (+):tc l cc dng ni vi km hn ,cc m ni vi vt hn.c im ny l lng nhit sinh ra cc + nhiu hn(70%) cn li 30% cc (-) (do tc ng va p ca cc in t vo + cc.Vi kiu dng hn ny cng sut nng chy ca kim loi p ln hn,nng sut cao ,rt thch hp cho cc phng php hn MIG,MAG,SMAW,SAW 3: Dng in 1 chiu m DCEN(-):ngc li vi DCEP vi loi dng in ny th in cc b nung nng t hn so vi vt hn do vy nng sut hn thp thch hp vi cc phng php hn cn khng ch nhit ca in cc hn (GTAW)