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nCO2)
Hoc khi 2 ankan th = nCO2/(nH2O nCO2)
Thi du 2: t chay hoan toan 0,15 mol hn hp 2 ankan thu c
9,45g H2O. Cho san phm chay vao dung dich Ca(OH)2 d thi
khi lng kt tua thu c la:
A. 37,5g B. 52,5g C. 15g D. 42,5g
nCO2 = nH2O nankan = 0,525 0,15 = 0,375 = nCaCO3
m CaCO3 = 0,375.100 = 37,5 g
Thi du 3: t chay hoan toan hn hp 2 hidrocacbon lim tip
trong day ng ng thu c 22,4 lit CO2(ktc) va 25,2g H2O.
Hai hidrocacbon o la:
PA. C2H6 va C3H8 B. C3H8 va C4H10
C. C4H10 va C5H12 D. C5H12 va C6H14
p dng CT : = nCO2/(nH2O nCO2 )
= 1/(1,4 -1) = 2,5 => C2H6 v C3H8
+ S nguyn t C:
+ S nguyn t C trung binh: ;
Trong o: n1, n2 la s nguyn t C cua cht 1, cht 2
a, b la s mol cua cht 1, cht 2
CT trn ly t phn ng t chy hidrocacbon
Trng hp c bit : Khi s nguyn t C trung binh bng trung
binh cng cua 2 s nguyn t C thi 2 cht co s mol bng nhau.
VD : = 1,5 ; 2,5 ; 3,5 th mol n1 = mol n2
Tng t c 1 s trng hp khc : = . , 67 ; hoc .... , 33
= ,2 ; = , 8 . Ch .... l mt s bt k nh 1 ; 2 ; 3;4
Thay vo trn th tm c t l mol ca 2 cht.
VD = 1,67 th n1 = 1 , n2 = 2
=>1,67 = (a + 2b)/(a+b) 0,67a = 0,33b 2a = b
Tc l s mol cht 2 = 2 ln s mol cht 1
Ch : Cch tm % theo th tch nhanh ca bi 2 cht lin tip
nhau.
VD . Khi tm c = 1,67 => % Vcht c C ln nht (Tc l n =2)
= 67% => %V Cht c C nh = 100 67 = 33%
Nhn thy % V cht c C ln nht l s ... ,67 . cn nh nht th
tr i l c
VD . = ,3 (Ch c th l 1 hoc 2 hoc 3 .)
%V c C ln nht = 30% => %V nh hn = 70%
Nu bi bo tnh % theo khi lng th da vo t l s mol
VD: Cho 2 ankan lin tip tm c = 1,67
=> t l mol 2a = b(va lm trn) n1 = CH4 , n2 = C2H6
=> %CH4 = 16 a /(16a + 28b) = 16a /(16a + 28.2a) = 22,22%
=> % C2H6 = 77.78%
T phn 10 Ta tm c CT sau:
- Ru no : CnH2n + 2 m (OH)m hoc CnH2n + 2Om ( m l
s chc)
ng khung ging ht CT ca ankan
Bi tp ging ankan
n Ru = nH2O nCO2 , n = nCO2/(nH2O nCO2) (C th
l)
(Khng tin th Vit PT ri lm nh phn ankan)
-Ru khng no,c 1lk pi (Ging anken):CnH2n+ 2 -2-m(OH)m
= CnH2n Om
Ging anken => nCO2 =nH2O
-Ru khng no, c 2lk pi(Ging ankin): CnH2n+2 -4-m(OH)m
= CnH2n-2Om
Ging ankin =>n Ru = nCO2 nH2O, n=nCO2/(nCO2
nH2O)
VD4:t chy hn hp 2 ru ng ng c cng s mol nhau, ta
thu c kh CO2 v hi nc H2O c t l mol nCO2:nH2O =
3:4. Bit khi lng phn t 1 trong 2 cht l 62. Cng thc 2
ru l ?
A.CH4O v C3H8O B,C2H6O v C3H8O
C.C2H6O2 v C4H10O2 D.CH4O v C2H6O2
p dng CT: nH2O>nCO2 => ru no
CO2. Hidro hoa hoan toan 2 anehit nay cn 0,2 mol H2 thu c
hn hp 2 ru no, n chc. t chay hoan toan hn hp 2 ru
thi s mol H2O thu c la:
A. 0,4 mol PB. 0,6mol C. 0,8 mol D. 0,3 mol
Suy lun: p dng CT trn nH2O = nCO2 + nH2 = 0,4 + 0,2 =
0,6 mol
A + O2 CO2 + H2O
Ta co: Vi mA = mC + mH + mO
VD15: t chay hoan toan m gam hn hp Y: C2H6, C3H4,
C4H8 thi thu c 12,98g CO2 va 5,76g H2O. Tinh gia tri m? (ap
s: 4,18g)
VD16: cho 2,83g hn hp 2 ru n chc tac dung va u vi
Na thi thoat ra 0,896 lit H2 (ktc) va m gam mui khan. Gia tri cua
m la:
A. 5,49g B. 4,95g C. 5,94g PD. 4,59g
VD17:Cho 4,2g hn hp gm ru etylic, phenol, axit fomic tac
dung va u vi Na thy thoat ra 0,672 lit H2 (ktc) va 1dd. C
can dd thu c hn hp rn X. Khi lng cua X la:
A. 2,55g PB. 5,52g C. 5,25g D. 5,05g
Suy lun: Ca 3 hp cht trn u co 1 nguyn t H linh ng
S mol Na = 2nH2 = 2.0,03 = 0.06 mol
Ap dung LBTKL:
mX = m hn hp + mNa mH2 = 4,2 + 0,06.23 0,03.2 =
5,52g.
Hoc dng tng gim khi lng mX = m hn hp + m Tng
= 4,2 + 0,06(23-1)=5,52
VD18: Chia hn hp 2 anehit no n chc lam 2 phn bng
nhau:
P1: em t chay hoan toan thu c 1,08g H2O
P2: tac dung vi H2 d (Ni, t0) thi thu hn hp A. em A t chay
Gi CT ca X : CxHyOz
% ca 1 cht trong hp cht = M cht / M hp cht
VD. Tm % ca Na trong Na2CO3 => %Na = 23.2.100%/(23.2
+ 12 + 16.3) = 43,4%
Theo nh trn th
%O = 16z.100%/(12x + y + 16z ) = 53,3 %
Ly 100/53,3 ng ly 53,3 . (12x + y + 16z) lm g
16z.100/53,3 = 12x + y + 16z 14z = 12x + y
Gii PT 3 n : ta th z = 1 vo trn => 12x + y = 14
Cch tm x = 14/12 = a,.... th a = x
(Tc l khi thay z = 1 vo th x = 14z/12 ly phn nguyn ko
ly sau du , hoc lm trn) => x = 1 => y = 2 => CT n gin
(CH2O)n hoc ( HCHO)n
Theo u bi nAg/nX = 4 = 2.2 => c 2 gc CHO m HCHO
c 2 gc CHO => n= 1
CT HCHO
c tnh du p n mi hi tm tng h s)
Phng php gii PT ba n:
Nh bi trn CT A. CxHyOz
%O = 16z.100%/(12x + y + 16z) = 43,24%
16z.100/43,24 = 12x + y + 16z 21z = 12x +y
Thay z = 1,2,3 vo tm nghim nguyn.( xem hp l th chn)
Nu thay nhiu th u tm ra c 1 cng thc n gin .
VD. Thay z = 1 => x = a,.... = 21/12 = 1,... => y = 9
Ta thy v l khng c cht l CH9O
Ta thay tip z = 2 => x = a,.... = 21.2/12 = 3 ( ln nh ly s trc
du ,)
y = 42-36 = 6
CT: (C3H6O2)n
Ta ch cn thay n y thi
Nu thay tip z = 4 => (C6H12O4)n khng ti gin bng CT kia
Theo bi mO trong 1mol A < m N trong 150gNH4NO3
Nh m ca 1 cht trong hp cht :
Cho a mol AxBy => m A = a.x . MA, m B = a.y.MB
32n < 14.2.1,875 n<1,64 => n = 1 => CT : C3H6O2 => tng
h s = 3+6+2 = 11
Tng t VD: Cho 1 hp cht hu c c mch h cha 3 nguyn
t C,H,O c % O = 50. t chy 0,1 mol A thu c V lt CO2
Tm gi tr V.
%O
CTCT
55,17%
(CHO)n
53,33%
(CH2O)n
50%
CH4O
43,24%
(C3H6O2)n
37,21%
(C2H3O)n
34,78%
C2H6O