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GII THIU
1.1 LCH S
* Thng tin in : - Telegraphy (1884)
- Telephony (1878)
* Nn tng l thuyt : LT trng in t Maxwell (1854)
* H thng Telegraphy khng dy dng bc x in t (Marconi 1897)
* n in t v pht dao ng (1904 1915)
CC H THNG THNG TIN
Mng ni ht
Thnh ph
ng dn c
H thng yu
cu ph TH hp
(truyn thanh)
Dng bc x in t
C ly thng tin ln
Tn, k hiu
Very low freq. (VLF)
Low freq. (LF)
ng dng
o hng, nh v
Pha v tuyn cho mc ch o
hng
300
Medium freq. (MF)
Pht thanh AM, hng hi, trm
3000kHz
thng tin duyn hi, ch dn tm
kim
3 30 MHz
High Freq. (HF)
in thoi, in bo, pht thanh
sng ngn, hng hi, hng khng
30 300MHz Very High Freq. (VHF)
TV, pht thanh FM, iu khin
giao thng, cnh st, taxi, o
hng
0,3 3 GHz
Ultrahigh (UHF)
TV, thng tin v tinh, do thm,
Radar gim st, o hng
3 30 GHz
Superhigh freq. (SHF)
Hng khng, Viba (microwave
links), thng tin di ng, thng
tin v tinh
30 300GHz Extremly
high
freq. Radar, nghin cu khoa hc
(EHF)
CHNG 2
C S L THUYT AN TEN, CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN
2.1 M U
Mt s qui c v k hiu: ch nt mvector, ch nghingthng s
+ nh ngha anten: l mt cu trc c lm t nhng vt liu dn in tt, c
thit k c hnh dng kch thc sao cho c th bc x sng in t theo mt kiu
nht nh mt cch hiu qu.
+ Nguyn l hot ng: dng in thay i theo thi gian trn b mt anten bc
x sng in t
Anten l mt cu trc m dng thay i theo thi gian, c cp t mt ngun
thch hp qua ng truyn hoc ng dn sng, c th b kch thch vi bin ln
trn b mt anten.
+ Yu cu v cu trc anten: n gin, kinh t (v d : anten na sng)
+ Bi ton chnh ca l thuyt v k thut anten: xc nh phn b mt dng
in J trn b mt anten sao cho trng bc x tha mn cc iu kin bin trn
anten. Bi ton ny thng ch c th gii gn ng.
+ Phn b dng trn anten c th c xc nh chnh xc hn khi xc nh c c
trng tr khng ca anten.
+ T c tnh tuyn tnh ca h phng trnh Maxwell, v nguyn tc c th xc nh
c phn b trng tng khi bit phn b trng ca phn t dng.
+ Cc phng trnh Maxwell, th vector v th v hng l nhng cng c ton hc
ch yu gii bi ton v anten.
+ Cc c trng c bn ca mt anten:
- Kiu bc x (hm phng hng).
- rng tia, h s nh hng, in tr bc x.
+ Cc phn t bc x c bn: Phn t dng in nguyn t, vng in nguyn t,
dng t nguyn t, vng t nguyn t.
2.2
( r , t ) = Re E ( r )e
j t
(2.1)
E = j B
(2.2a)
H = j D + J
(2.2b)
D =
(2.2c)
B = 0
(2.2d)
J = j
(2.2e)
D = 0 E , (2.3a);
B = 0 H ,
0 = 10 36 ( Fara / met);
(2.3a);
(2.2b) => H = ( j + )E + J = j + E + J
j
= ): (2.5)
Bn trong vt dn: E , H = 0
Trn b mt: n x E = 0, n . H = 0
Mt dng in mt: J s = n x H
Mt in tch mt: s = n.D
BIN CA MT VT DN KHNG L TNG: Trng in t xuyn qua b mt vi
2.1x10-4 cm tn s 1GHz.
(2.10)
Z 0 = 0
0
= 377Ohm
(2.11)
- n gin ta chn :
- Khi (2.14) tr thnh :
A = j 0 0
2 A + k02 A = 0 J
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.17)
6
(2.18)
(2.19)
1 2 Az
(r
) + k 02 Az = 0
(2.20)
2
r
r r
dA
1 d
Thay Az =
th z =
v (2.20) tr thnh :
r
dr
r dr r 2
d 2
+ k 02 = 0
(2.21)
2
dr
Png trnh dao ng iu ho ny c 2 nghim : C1e jk0 r v C 2 e jk0 r
Lu : k =
w
c
, C = ( o E o ) 2
(
jw t r
c
(r ,t ) = C1e
( 2.22)
Th thu c:
- Nhn xt: Phng trnh sng bc x vi gc pha ban u k0r, thi gian tr r/c
- Tnh C1: Tch phn (2.19) trong th tch ca hnh cu c bn knh ro rt nh,
vit:(cng thc)
- Lu : dV = r2sin d d dr v Az l hm ca 1/r. Nu chn ro rt nh th tch
phn khi ca Az s t l vi r2 v c th b qua. Tch phn khi ca Jz chnh l Idl,
ta c: ( ngha ca grad)
r
- Li gii cui cng ca A s l:
e jk 0 r
az
A = 0 Idl
(2.24)
4 r
* Nhn xt:
- Th vector c dng sng lan truyn ra khng gian vi bin
gim t l nghch vi r.
- Bc sng
C
C
2
=
=
w
ko
f
2
(2.25)
(2.27)
4 r r 2
0
T (2.18) =>
E = j A +
.A
= Er ar + E a
j0 0
(2.28)
e jk0r
a
E = jZ 0 Idlk0 sin
4r
e jk0r
H = jIdlk0 sin
a
4r
1 1
,
r2 r3
(2.29a)
(2.29b)
* Nhn xt:
- Vy khu xa, trng bc x ch c thnh phn ngang, in trng v t trng
vung gc vi nhauv vung gc vi phng truyn sng. t s bin ca chng
1
2
chnh bng tr khng sng ca khng gian t do Z0; Z 0 = 0
0
- Dng vector:
Trong :
E = Z0 ar H
(2.30a)
H = Y0 a r E
(2.30b)
Y0 = Z
1
0
Idlk0 sin
a
(2.32a)
4r
Z Idl 2 cos
1
sin
1
a
+
+
+
E= 0
1
1
a
r
jk0 r
r 2
jk0 r (2.32b)
4 r 2
H=
E=
sin
Qdl 2 cos
ar +
a
3
4 r
r3
(2.32c)
H s nh hng v li:
- Cc anten thng khng bc x dng u theo mi hng.
- S thay i ca cng bc x theo hng khng gian c m t bi hm h
s nh hng D(,) ca anten.
- Cng bc x l cng sut bc x gc t (hay gc khi). Chnh bng tch ca
vector Poynting vi r2.
- i vi dipole nguyn t: (lu (31))
dPr
sin 2
2
= I .I * Z 0 (dl ) k 02
(2.33)
32 2
d
nh ngha h s nh hng:
D ( , ) = 4
dPr
(2.34)
Pr
I .I *Z0 (dlk0 )
Pr =
12
(2.35)
V d =sin d d.
T (2.33) v (2.34) =>
D ( , ) = 1,5 sin 2
(2.36)
Cc i t gi tr 1.5 khi =/2.
H s nh hng cc i (thng vit tt l h s nh hng) c trng cho
kh nng ca anten tp trung nng lng bc x theo mt hng cho trc.
Anten v hng: Bc x ng u theo mi hng.
li G(,)ca 1 anten c nh ngha tng t nh h s nh hng, nhng
cng sut bc x c thay bng cng sut ton phn t vo anten Pin.
Pr = Pin
(2.37)
Hiu sut ca anten:
G( , ) = G( , )
Vy :
(2.38)
* Effectve isotropic radiated power: (EIRP)=(input power)x(maximum gain).
chng hn 1 anten c li =10, cng sut ngun = 1W ch t hiu qu nh 1
anten c li 2 v cng sut 5W. C hai anten c sng 1 ch s EIRP.vy c th
gim cng sut my pht nu s dng anten c li cao.
* in tr bc x Ra :
- nh ngha: l in tr tng ng tiu th cng 1 lng cng sut nh anten
bc x khi dng cung cp nh nhau.
- i vi anten dipode :
=>
2
dl
Z 0 (dlk 0 )
Ra =
= 80 2
6
0
(2.39)
10
Trong : Z 0 = 120 , k 0 = 2
M = r02 I ar
(2.40)
Vi
0 Ir0d '
dA=
a x sin ' + a y cos ' e jk R
4R
0 Ir0 2 e jk R
A=
a x sin ' + a y cos ' d '
4 0 R
0
(2.41)
* Nhn xt: ch cc s hng cha cos2 ' v sin2 ' mi c tch phn 0.
(2.13) =>
jk 0 0 ( .I .r02 )
A=
sin e jk 0 r .a
4r
(2.42)
(2.43)
MZ0k02 sin
E = Z0 ar H =
sin.e jk0r .a
4r
(2.44)
Z 0 k 04
12
(2.45)
* in tr bc x tng ng:
r
R a = 320 0
0
(2.46)
0 J ( r ' ) dV ' jk
e
4 R
0R
(2.47)
'
Vi R = r r
* Vng xa:
R r ar .r '
(2.47)
0e jk r
A(r ) =
J ( r )e jk a .r dV '
4r V
0
=>
'
'
0 r
J
e
dV '
(r ) r
(r )
r
4r
V
4r
C
(2.48)
(2.49)
(2.50)
(2.51)
12
________________________________________________
Za Zc
Za + Zc
(2.59)
VSWR =
1+
1
(2.60)
I 0 cos k 0 z
2r0
- Tn hao Ohmic:
13
I 1 1 2
0
Pd = 2r0 0 0
= I0 R =
8 2r0 S 2
8r0S
(2.62)
Vg .b
I(0)
(z ) = 0 khi z 0
(2.65)
(z')
dz'=1
2
(k + 2 )[A11(z1 ) + A12 (z1 )] = j0 0V1 (z1 )
z1
2
0
2
(k + 2 )[A21(z2 ) + A22 (z2 )] = j0 0V2 (z2 )
z2
2
0
(2.66a)
(2.66b)
14
jk0Y0 0
V1 sin k0 z1 + C1 cosk0 z1
2
jk Y
A21(z2 ) + A22 (z2 ) = 0 0 0 V2 sin k0 z2 + C2 cosk0 z2
2
(2.67a)
(2.67b)
I1(l1) = I2(l2) = 0
lj
e
I j (z 'j )dz'j
Aij (zi ) = 0
4 l Rij
(2.68)
i , j =1, 2
[
]
= [(z z ') + d ]
= [(z z ') + d ]
= [(z z ') + a ]
1
2
Vi :
R12
R21
1
2
1
2
1
2
R22
2
2
T (2.69) v (2.67) c th vit
(2.69)
0
2
, v cch nhau
0
5
th tr khng ring tr
l 2
z 21
( z 2 ) I 2 ( z 2 )dz 2 =
l1
z12
( z1 ) I1 ( z1 )dz1
(2.71)
l 1
(2.72)
l1
jk0Y0V1
=>
l1
+ I 2( 0)
l2 l2
l 2 l 2
I1( z1)
I1(0)
l1 l1
l1 l1
I1(0) I 2(0)
I1(0) I1(0)
2 e jk0R11 '
(k + 2 )
dz dz1
z1 4R11 1
2
0
(2.73)
2 e jk0R12 '
(k + 2 )
dz2 dz1
z1 4R12
2
0
(2.74)
(2.75)
=> (2.74) tr thnh :
l2
e jk0R1 e jk0R2
jZ0
e jk0R0
R1 = (l1 z1)2 + d 2
R2 = (l1 z2) +d
1
2
1
2 2
R0 = z 2 + d 2
___________________________________________
16
CHNG III :
* Gm 2 nhnh 0 4
* Th nghim +LT phn b dng c dng sng ng hnh sin :
I = I 0 cos k 0 z 0 z 0
4
4
(2.52)
E=
jk0 I 0 Z 0e
4r
jk0 r
jk0r
jI0 Z0e
2r
(a
0
cos( cos )
2
a
sin
jI0 Z0 jk0r
e
2r
* Mt dng cng sut :
2
=>
H = H .a =
(2.53)
cos( cos )
2
a
sin
(2.54)
cos( cos )
I
Z
1
2
Re E H = 0 2 20
(2.55)
2
8 r sin
2
I Z 0 2 cos( 2 cos )
Pr = 0
(2.56)
sin . d . d
0 0 sin
8
Pr = 36 ,565 I 0
(2.57)
17
cos( 2 cos )
D ( , ) = 1,64
sin
Dmax = 1,64
Phn t dng
Gc na cng sut = 780
(2.58)
ar
(rE ) = jo H a
r r
(3.1a)
a
ar
(sin .H ) (rH ) = jo E a
(3.1b)
r sin r
r r
V gi thit Er = 0 nn s hng u tin trong (3.1b) phi =0 => c th t :
C. f (r )
H =
(3.2)
sin C =const
=> (3.1a,b) tr thnh :
C.r. f (r)
(rE ) = jo
(3.3a)
r
sin
.r. f (r)
(
) = jo rE
r sin
(3.3b)
=>
2
(rE ) = k02rE
2
r
e jk0r
e jk0r
rE = C1( )
+ C2( )
r sin
r sin
(3.4)
jk0r
e jk0r
e
+C
E = C
r sin
r sin
+
(3.5)
e jk0r
e jk0r
+ C Y0
H = C Y0
r sin
r sin
+
(3.6)
0
Y0 =
: dn np sng ca khng gian t do
0
V =V+ejk0r +Vejk0r
(3.7)
e jk0r
e jk0r
C Y0
J s = C Y0
r sin
r sin
+
(3.9)
Yc =
Y0
ln cot g ( 0 )
2
Tr khng c trng:
Zc = Yc1 =
Z0
(3.8)
2
2
(3.10)
* Nu ti r = l 0 , cc mt nn h mch l tng th I = 0 v
V + e jk 0 l 0 = V e jk 0 l 0
(3.11)
Z a = Zc
(3.12)
Zt + jZctgk0l 0
Zc + jZt tgk0l 0
a
0
z
19
Zc( z ) = 120ln
2z
a
(3.13)
l
Zc( z ) = 120ln 1
a
=>
(3.14)
in tr bc x ca anten tr (xilanh) :
l
Ra = 20
o
(3.15)
0
2
>l>3
0
2
Tr khng vo 130 20
Nu ni vi ng truyn c tr khng c trng 158 th s phi hp tr
khng rt tt trong di tn 3 -1: f max f
min
* 1 dng gn ging trong thc t l anten tam gic, s dng trong di UHF t knh
14 n 83 (450900 MHz) (anten c o)
* Mt kim loi, Cu, Al hoc cu trc dy
__________________________________
3.3 ANTEN GP
* Cu to:
- Gm 2 vt vi nhau u cui
- Mt trong hai c h ti tm v ni vi ng truyn.
- Ra = 292 -> ni vi Z c 300 (ph bin cho anten thu)
- Do c im cu trc c th b c mt s thay i tr khng vo anten theo
tn s ph rng .
- Khi l o/2: dng trn mi vt dn l nh nhau nu c cng ng knh (do
tr khng tng h);I1=Io cos koz.
- Nu hai vt dn dt rt gn nhau c th b qua s khc pha ca trng bc
x trng tng =2 ln trng ring , Pr (t ) = 4Pr (r) (ring) =>
2
Pr = 4 36 ,56 I 0
Trong I 0 : l dng cung cp bi ng truyn
Ra = 4 73,13= 292,5
(3.19)
20
__________________________________________
4l + l
hnh qut in tr bc x s tng 1 ln(l1=1/2 mi thanh hng qut)
2l 1 + l
_____________________________________________
3.5 ANTEN N CC
+ Cu trc t mt na ca anten dipole c t trn mt t thng c chiu di
= 1 0 c s dng ch yu cho pht thanh AM (500-1500kHz). L do : l loi
4
21
22
CHNG4
ANTEN MNG
e jk0r
E r = f ( , )
4r
(4.1)
Ri = r ar r i
e jkr
= f ( , )
4r
C e
i =1
j i + jk0 a r r i
(4.2)
e jkr
= F( , ) f ( , )
4r
n
F( , ) = Ci e
ji+ jk0 a r r i
i=1
H s nh hng E
(4.3)
D( , ) = f ( , ) F( , )
(4.4)
F = I0
( + k0 cos )d
sin
2
2
(hay 0,21) bin tia chnh.
3
2d
2d
N +1
k0d cos = (khi gc ca hm sin t s ca F = )
2
- Vi N >> , t = => 0
2
2 0
BW = 2 =
= 2 0 , vi L = (N+1)d : chiu di mng
L
( N + 1) d
-> cos
sin sin 0
sin cos
(N + 1)I 0
=
2
N +1
=> sin
u =
2
1u
2
( N + 1)
22
4
( N + 1)d
= 5,48
0
2 1,36 BW1
2
4
2 ( N + 1)d
( N + 1)d
=
= 2,37
0
2BW1
2,65 0
2
(trc x)
H s mng F c dng:
25
sin (N + 1) k 0 d (cos 1)
2
F = I0
k d
sin 0
(cos 1)
2
( )
- Khi N>> ln cn im khng c th vit cos = 1
2
2
( ) = 2 => BW = 2 20 2
2 ( N + 1)d
L
L = (N+1)d : Chiu di mng
=> BW t l nghch vi
chiu di mng (o theo bc sng)
* nh gi h s nh hng: theo gc na cng sut:
2
F = I0
=>
(N + 1) , cos
2
1
2
1 =
2
0
= 1, 63
d (N + 1)
=>
0 sin .d .d = 2 1 cos 1 2 1 2
4
( N + 1) d
= 4,73
u = u0 = k0 d +
md
= I0
d
d
(k d sin cos + )
(k d cos + )
sin
sin
2 0
2 0
[( )
- n gin t:
=>
F( u ) = I 0
[( )
u = k0 d sin cos ,
u0 = d
v = k0 d cos ,
v0 = d
( M + 1) d
( M + 1) d
( N + 1) d
+ H s nh hng c tnh gn ng:
27
D (max)
4
A
= 8,83
0
2 BW 1 BW 1
2 xy
2 yz
20
( N + 1)
(k0 d sin 0 )( 0 ) = => 2 =
2
( N + 1)d sin 0
1
ln, ( N + 1)d sin 0 ( di mng chiu ln phng
Nhn xt :
sin0
vung gc vi
_______________________________________________
n = N N => F =
C e
n= N
2C
n=1
jk0nd cos
cosnu
28
1+ 2m
xm = cos m = cos
, m = 0 (n 1)
2n
(1)
- Xt hm:
0
2
: khi 0
xmin = a + b cosk0d = 1
1 + x1 cos k 0 d
1 + x1
=
b
,
(2)
1 cos k 0 d
1 cos k 0 d
* Thit k mng c rng tia chnh cho trc: Gi im khng cui cng ca
Tn(x) trc khu x ri vo on [1,x1] l xz tng ng vi gc z v
hay a =
29
xz = a + b cosuz
(4)
cos u z + x z cos k 0 d
a = cos u cos k d
z
0
1 + xz
b =
cos u z cos k 0 d
a + b cos k0 d = 1
=>
a + b cos u z = x z
(3)
* T s mc chnh/ mc ph R:
TN ( x1 ) = TN (a + b) = R = cosh N cosh1 (a + b)
(5)
(6)
* Thit k: t (2) => a v b. rng tia chnh x, nh t x1 v xz cho bi (4), z
cho bi (3). Hoc tn a,b t (5) v R t (6). Phn b dng c tm t khai trin chui
Fourier ca Tn(a,b cosu)
Bi tp :
c thm mng Chebyshev v cc v d thit k.
2) Mng siu hng : c h s nh hng rt ln hn h s nh hng ca anten
mng ng nht mt chiu.
+ Xt mng c chiu di L c nh, gm 2N + 1 phn t, d =
L
c 2N im
2N
=>
d=
=>
Phn b dng :
ng u = uo = 0
k0 L
k L
u 0
2N
2N
0
4
30
Dng ti u vo ca on bc sng I a = I a + I a
Vf = Za .Ia = Za (Ia+ + Ia )
+ Ti u vo anten phn t :
+ j 2
a
Iin = I e
j 2
a
+I e
= jYa .Vf
Z 2
Z in = a
Z a ,in
Z b2
Z
b ,in
Z c2
Z
c ,in
31
_______________________________________
V1 = 0 = Z11I1 + Z12I 2
V1 = Z21I1 + Z22I 2
Z12.V2
Z11V2
I1
Z12
=
,
,
I
I
=
=
2
=> 1
Z11Z22 Z122
Z11Z22 Z122 I 2
Z11
H s mng:
F(u ) = 1
d ko d = hay d = (k )
o
d + ko d = 0, ; Z12 Z = 1
11
+ Nu
l1 <
l1 >
0
2
0
2
0 = Z 11I 1 + Z 10 I 0 + Z 11I1.....Z 1N I N
, = dn 2l v
n
- Nu tt c cc kch thc ca mng vi th phn t n tr thnh phn t n+1,
phn t n+1 n+2
Mng c cc c trng bc x nh nhau cc tng s f1, f2 =. f1, f3 = . f1.....
2
33
V ln
f
f2
= ln , ln 3 = ln 2 = 2 ln : nn mng c tn l log chu k.
f1
f1
- Thc nghim cho thy rng cn phi nui anten bng dy song hnh v to ra gc
lch pha 180o ca dng gia cc phn t lin tip.
- Ti mt tng s nht nh dnh trong tt c cc phn t s rt nh, ngoi tr phn
t s c chiu di tng ong bc sng /2(ph/ t cng hng )
- Dng in dc theo ng truyn s suy gim rt nhanh pha sau phn t cng
hng .
- C th b sau cc phn t cng hng tng s thp nht mt vi phn t cng
nh c th b i cc phn t ng trc phn t cng hng tng s cao nht 1 s
phn t.
- c trng bc x ca mng s tong t tng s n . f v n+1. f khi 1 .
- Cc tnh ton gn ng s dng cc chng trnh tnh s ch ra khong ti u
cho = 0,96 0,8 v = 0,18 0,14
- Ch = 0,96 li =12dB , = 0,8 , li =8 dB
====================================================
4.7. ANTEN DY DI
- Chiu di bng 1 s ln bc sng, c treo bi 1 s thp thch hp, hot ng
gii tng s t 2 30MHz;
- Cc dng thng gp: Anten hnh ch V, hnh trm, (nm ngang hoc ng) v
anten dy n nm ngang.
- a s anten dy di c th hot ng nh anten cng hng, khi dng trn n c
dng sng ng hnh sin. nhng anten ny thng hot ng tt 1 tn s nht nh
no v cc hi bc cao hn ca n.
- Tr khng vo ca loi anten ny rt nhy vi tn s, do di tn cng tc rt
hp.
- a s anten dy di cng c th hot ng ch khng cng hng (dng
in c dng sng chy) nu ni vo u cui ca n vi 1 in tr c gi tr bng tr
khng c trng ca anten, khi coi n nh 1 ng truyn sng. Khi di tng cng
tc c m rng ng k.
- Thng dng cho di sng ngn (2 30MHz) khi s dng sng phn x t tn
in li. Khi gc bc x ti u t 10 300 so vi phng nm ngang
- nh hng ca mt t l rt ln..
- Bi ton thit k ch yul nhn c hng bc x nh mong mun so vi
mt t sao cho vic truyn thng tin khong cch xa s dng s phn x t tn
in ly l ti u v tho mn yu cu cho trc v mt phi hp tr khng vi ng
truyn.
34
n0
l=
I ( x)
2
= I 0 sin k0 x
E =
I 0 Z0
e
2r
n
jk0r + j (1+cos )
2
sinn sin2 ( )
2
n
.(1) .
sin
) dy.
l =3
0 = 2 420 = 840
0
2
35
E = 0 0 0 e 0 2
sin.
4r
sin2 ( )
2
- Hng bc x cc i c xc nh bi :
tg
2
2
= 2
vi = k0l sin ( 2 )
k 0l
e jk0r
E = f ( )
4r
(1)
36
E( ) = 1+ e j 2 jk0h sin
(3)
* H s phn x ph thuc vo dn in ca mt t vo gc , v c tnh
phn cc ca trng theo phng ngang hay phng thng ng. Thng c th coi
mt t l mt dn l tng, khi : = 1 v = i vi trng phn cc ngang
=>
E( ) = 2 sin( k0 h sin )
= 0 vi phn cc ng =>
E( ) = 2 cos(k0 h sin )
______________________________________________
37
CHNG 5 ANTEN MT
5.1 BC X T MT MT PHNG, PHNG PHP BIN I FOURIER
W(k x ) = w( x )e jk x x dx
(5.1a)
1
w( x ) =
W(k x )e jk x x dk x
(5.1b)
2 -
- Cc bin kx v x ng vai tr tng t nh bin thi gian t v tng s gc
trong cc ph tn hiu ph thuc thi gian.
- Tng t vi hm 2 bin u(x,y) :
jkx x+ jky y
dxdy
u(x, y) = U(kx , k y )e
jkx x jky y
2
2
E
k
E
+
=0
0
=>
E = 0
dkx dky
(5.2a)
(5.2b)
(5.3)
38
t
= j s (t )
dt
u( x, y)
x
= jk x x u( x, y)
2u( x, y)
2
x
= ( jk x ) x u( x, y)
x 2
2u( x, y)
yx
= k x k y yxu( x, y)
xy
(5.4)
2
2
2
2
k
E
+
+
+
2
0 ( x, y , z ) = 0
2
z 2
x y
(5.5)
Ex + E y + Ez = 0
x
z
y
2
2
2
2
2 + (k0 k x k y ) E ( k x ,k y ,z) = 0
z
(5.6)
k x Ex (k x , k y , z) + k y Ey (k x , k y , z) + j z Ez (k x , k y , z) = 0
2
2
2
2
* t k z = k0 k x k y th (5.6) =>
2 E ( k x , k y , z)
+ k z2 E(k x , k y , z) = 0
z 2
=> Nghim tng qut ca (5.7) c dng :
(5.7)
(5.8)
k. f = 0
(5.9)
* S dng php bin i Fourier ngc s thu c biu thc ca cng in
39
E ( x, y , z )
1
j k r
= 2 f (kx , k y )e dkx dky
4 -
(5.10)
j k r
2
2
2
2
* : k z = k0 k x k y => k = k0
1
E= 2
4
f (k , k )e
t
jkx x jky y
dkx dky
(5.11)
T ( 5.2 ) ta c :
f t (kx , k y ) =
1
jkx x+ jky y
E
(x,
y)
e
dx.dy
a
4 2
Sa
(5.12)
f t kt k x . f x k y . f y
f
=
=
* T (5.9) => z
kz
k02 k x2 k y2
(5.13)
r
E
=
e
f (k0 sin . cos , k0 sin . sin )
r
(
)
(5.14)
Khi :
2r
* Nhn xt :
- Trng bc x khu xa t l vi nh Fourier ca trng b
mt vi (cng thc) l cc thnh phn ca vectorng ca sng cu lan truyn theo
hng (,).
- Theo hngZ,fz0v
cos1thng bc x c tnh theo
r
(5.14)+(5.12) v t cc i; E ch c
thnh phn Ex,Ey t l vi fx,fy .
r r
r
_____________________________________________
41
E = E0 ax vi
x a
y b
= 0 vi cc gi tr khc ca x,y
(5.12) tr thnh
f t = 4abE0 ax
sin u sin v
u v
(5.16)
E( r )
(5.17)
* Nhn xt :
- (5.17) c dng tng t nh mng ng pha 1 chiu
- C dng tng t nh ca kiu bc x trong vng kh kin ca khng gian
u,v vi u k 0 a, v k 0b
- Cc cc i ph c ln gim dn
* Trong mt phng = 0 :
E( r ) =
jk0 jk0r
sin(k0a sin )
e a 4abE0
2r
k0a sin
(5.18)
vi a >> 0
a
____________________________________________
E = E0 ax vi
=0
x2 + y2 a2
vi x 2 + y 2 > a 2
Khi :
f t = 2a E0 ax
2
J1 (k0a sin )
k0a sin
42
22
(
)
J
x
sin(x )
* Vi x>> 1
4
x
* th ca hm phng hngc dng tng t nh ca bc x t ming ch
nht, vi s suy gim nhanh hn ca cc cc i ph
3,832 0
BW =
a
R = -17,6dB
_________________________________________
E = E0 ax e jx jy vi
f t = E0 ax
=>
y b
j ( kx ) x+ j ( k y b) y
dx.dy
(5.21)
ab
E (r ) =
=>
a b
x a
k0 a sin . cos = u0 = a
k0bsin.cos = u0 = b
=>
tg = ,
(
sin =
+2
k0
1
2
arcsin = arcsin 0
2
k0
43
BW = 2( 0 ) =
0
a cos 0
E = E0 ax (1
x
a
vi
y b
sin k b sin k x ( a )
y
2
f t = 2 abE 0 a x
k y b k x (a )
2
=>
(5.23)
( ) (a cos a sin.cos )
(5.24)
( )
u
jk0 abE0 jk0r sinv sin 2
E( r ) =
e
r
v u
2
=>
x a
E
max
k0 abE0
r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
44
trng in t, c th coi tn ti
x
=
cos
J
E
a
ms
dng t mt
0 x
f y = 2 abE 0
[ ( 2 )] cos [k (a 2 )]
k (b ) (k a )
2
sin k y b
- Trong mt phng =
(6.3)
(yoz) , kx =0, E t l vi
fy =
abE 0
[ ( 2 )]sin
[k (b 2 )]sin
sin k 0 b
0
- Trong mt phng = 0, k y = 0, E t l vi
45
fy =
[ ( 2 )sin ] cos
(k (a )sin )
2
cos k 0 a
ab
YW E02
4
Pr =
=> H s nh hng :
D = 4
r 2Y0 E
64 ab
2Pr
0 20
* nh gi h s nh hng: chng hn cho di X (8 12 GHz),
E a = E0 ay cos
vi
a'
x a'
y b'
2
2
( )
2
= k02 a'
1
2
k0
46
- H s nh hng : D = 10 , 2
a'b
20
- li G D
- Vi cng 1 chiu di ca loa th li s tng nu tng gc m . Tuy nhin khi
sai pha trn ming loa tng theo gim li
- Cc tnh ton l thuyt vi cng chiu di loa th li cc i nhn c do
tng rng ming loa a cho n khi sai pha 0,75 .
E =
2 sin
J1 (1,84 )
a
(5.3.1)
dJ (1,84 )
2a cos 1
a
E =
1,84
d
(5.3.2)
(hnh v)
- Trong h to Decarte :
Ex = E cos E cos
(5.3.3)
Ey = E sin E cos
(hnh v)
- S dng tnh cht ca hm Bessel
E x = J 2 (1,84
) sin 2
(5.3.4)
(5.3.5)
E =
jk 0 jk 0 r 2
J (1,84 ) J 1 ( u )
e
2 a sin 2 a 2 1
r
u
1,84
(5.3.7)
E =
1,84 J 1 (1,84 ) dJ 1 ( u )
jk 0 jk 0 r 2
e
2 a cos
2
2
r
du
(1,84 ) u
(5.3.8)
* Nhn xt
47
- trong mp =
D=
66 a 2
(5.3.9)
0 20
6.4 LOA H.
- nhn c trng bc xc tnh nh hng cao hn so vi ming ng dn
sng, c th m rng(hay lm loe ra) cc ming ng dn sng thnh cc anten loa.
- Nu ming ng dn sng ch nhtc m rng trong mp H , ta c anten loa H,
- Trng bc x vo loa t pha ming ng s c dng sng tr vi cc mt ng
pha dng mt tr trn (hnh v)
- trng ming loa gn ng pha th gc m phi nh.
- li v kiu bc x s rt ging vi ming bc x ng pha, nu lng sai
4a'
E a = E0 ay cos
x
a'
, vi
x a'
y b
2
2
49
P(,) = g( ,)
1 d
r d
(7.2.3)
4f 2 f 2
cos = 2
4f + f 2
2
(
1+ cos )
P(,) = g( ,)
= g( ,)
4f 2
(7.2.4)
16 f 2
(4 f 2 + f 2 )2
(7.2.5)
50
( )
4
Nu g ( , ) = const th P(,) = 4 cos 2
* H s nh hng ca b chiu x :
4 g ( 0 ,0 )
Df =
(7.2.7)
Pch
E a (, ) == Ex (, ) ax + Ey (, ) ay
- Cng sut bc x ton phn t ming: gi thit sng l sng phng
2 a
Pa =
P( , ) .d .d
0 0
k 02Y0
1
2
2
Y0 r E =
2
8 2
2 a
( , ) .d .d
(*)
0 0
2P
Ea = a 2 1
a Y0 2
(**)
k02a 2 Pa
4 2
- Thng chiu thnh phn phn cc c s dng, chn thnh phn Ey, kh :
t s cng sut bc x do thnh phn Ey
Gi l hiu sut ming
mt cng sut bc x trn n v gc c
2
2 a
=
a
( , ) .d .d
0 0
2 a
2
(E
2
x
(7.2.9)
+ E y ) .d .d
0 0
+ Hiu sut ming c th c biu din bng tch ca 3 s hng, bao gm tn hao
do chiu x khng ng nht (1-i), tn hao do s khng ng pha ca trng ming
(1- p) v tn hao phn cc ngang (1- x), tc l:
= i p
51
g =
+ li trc :
I
Pin
4 I
Pin
vi
: l hiu sut ca b
S PT = Pa
G = S . f .4
=>
+ Tng qut :
I
Pa
I
G = S . f . x . p . i 4
a 2
jk 0 E0 jk0r 2
e a a
E = E =
2r
1
Y0 r 2 E
2
k 02 E02
=
Y0 a 4
8
D=
=>
+ Tng qut :
1
Pa = a2Y0 E02
2
(a 2 )
4
D = 2 (a 2 ) S . A
0
2
0
(7.2.10)
(7.2.11)
____________________________________________________
52
20
G
Ae =
4
Vi anten ming Ae din tch thc ca ming
V Ae ~ din tch thc ca ming
+ c trng phn cc rca 1 anten c th c m t bi vic s dng thng s
chiu di hiu dng phc h .
Pinc = (1 t )Pin.
Gt (t ,t )
4r 2
(8.2)
53
Pin
Gt (t ,t )
4r 2
(8.3)
Pin20
Prec = p(1 r )(1 t ) 2 Gr (r ,r )Gt (t ,t )
4r
2
Vi :
p =
h .Ei
(8.4)
(8.5)
Ei
54