You are on page 1of 60

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp - T do - Hnh phc _______________________

D tho

CHNG TRNH MC TIU QUC GIA NC SCH V V SINH MI TRNG NNG THN (Giai on 2006 - 2010)

H Ni, 15 thng 9 nm 2005 1

MC LC
M U.......................................................................................................................4 I. S CN THIT PHI XY DNG CHNG TRNH .............................................6 I.1. Kt qu thc hin Chng trnh giai on 1998 - 2005 .................................................. 6 I.2 Nhng kh khn v thch thc........................................................................................... 6 I.3. S cn thit phi tip tc xy dng Chng trnh (giai on 2006 2010) .................. 9 II. MC TIU, PHNG CHM V NGUYN TC....................................................9 II.1. Mc tiu .............................................................................................................................. 9 II. 1.1. Mc tiu chung............................................................................................................. 9 II.1.2. Mc tiu c th............................................................................................................ 10 II.2. Phng chm ................................................................................................................... 10 II.3. Nguyn tc ........................................................................................................................ 10 III.THI GIAN THC HIN, PHM VI HOT NG V I TNG CA CHNG TRNH .......................................................................................................11 III.1. Thi gian thc hin ........................................................................................................ 11 III.2. Phm vi thc hin chng trnh................................................................................... 11 III.3. i tng hng th ca chng trnh ....................................................................... 11 IV. CC NHIM V CH YU CA CHNG TRNH.............................................11 IV.1. Xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc sch....................................................................... 11 IV.2. Xy dng cc cng trnh nh tiu h gia nh, trng hc v trm y t. ................. 12 IV.3. X l cht thi lng ngh v cht thi chn nui ........................................................ 13 V. CC GII PHP CH YU THC THI CHNG TRNH..............................14 V.1. Gii php v Thng tin - Gio dc - Truyn thng v tham gia ca cng ng........ 14 V.2. Gii php v Ti chnh .................................................................................................... 19 V.2. 1.Kinh ph thc hin ....................................................................................................... 19 V.2.2. Phng thc huy ng vn 20 V.2.3.Phng thc lp k hoch vn ca chng trnh ........................................................ 21

V.2.4. Gii ngn, thanh quyt ton........................................................................................ 22 V.3. Gii php v cng ngh cp nc sch, cht lng nc v v sinh nng thn ........ 34 V.3.1. Gii php v cng ngh cp nc, qun l cc cng trnh cp nc v cht lng nc ....................................................................................................................................... 34 V.3.2. Cng ngh nh tiu h gia nh, v sinh trng hc v v sinh cng cng................ 39 V.3.3. Cng ngh x l cht thi lng ngh v cht thi chn nui...................................... 41 V.3.4.Cng trnh th im ...................................................................................................... 43 V.4. Gii php v Quy hoch v c ch qun l k hoch chng trnh............................ 43 V.4.1. Quy hoch .................................................................................................................. 43 V.4.2. C ch qun l k hoch Chng trnh ...................................................................... 43 V.5. o to pht trin ngun nhn lc................................................................................. 45 VI. HIU QU CA CHNG TRNH.......................................................................46 VI.1. Hiu qu v kinh t, x hi v mi trng.................................................................. 46 VI.2. Tc ng tch cc ca chng trnh i vi cc chng trnh khc ......................... 47 VII. T CHC QUN L V IU HNH THC HIN CHNG TRNH ..........47

VII.1. T chc qun l v iu hnh...................................................................................... 47 VII.2. Vai tr trch nhim ca cc ngnh, cc cp trong qun l v iu hnh thc hin Chng trnh............................................................................................................................ 49 VII.2.1. Cp trung ng: ........................................................................................................ 49 VII.2.2. Cp tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng .......................................................... 50 VII.2.3. Cp huyn................................................................................................................... 51 VII.2.4. Cp x ......................................................................................................................... 51 VIII. IX. GIM ST NH GI TNH HNH THC HIN CHNG TRNH............51 XUT .........................................................................................................54

IX.1. Cc c ch chnh sch cn ban hnh p dng cho vic thc hin......................... 54 Chng trnh............................................................................................................................ 54 IX.2. Cc xut khc ............................................................................................................ 56 PH LC: CC BNG THUYT MINH.....................................................................60

M U
Nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn l mt vn c ngha quan trng c ng, Nh nc, Chnh ph c bit quan tm. Trong nhng nm qua, v tr, vai tr, ngha v cc mc tiu ca cng tc ny lin tc c cp n trong nhiu loi hnh vn bn quy phm php lut ca ng, Nh nc v Chnh ph, nh : Ngh quyt Trung ng VIII, Ngh quyt Trung ng IX, Chin lc ton din v tng trng v xo i gim ngho, Chin lc quc gia Nc sch v v sinh nng thn giai on 2000 n 2020 tng nhanh t l dn c nng thn c s dng nc sch v s h gia nh c nh tiu hp v sinh, thc hin mc tiu ci thin iu kin sng v sc kho ca ngi dn nng thn, nhm gp phn thc hin cng cuc xo i gim ngho v tng bc hin i ho nng thn, t nm 1999, Vit Nam trin khai thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on 1999 2005 theo Quyt nh s 237/1998/Q-TTG ngy 03 thng 12 nm 1998 ca Th tng Chnh ph. Qua gn 7 nm thc hin, vi s tham gia ca nhiu B, ngnh Trung ng v n lc phn u ca 64 tnh, thnh ph trong c nc, n nay cc mc tiu chnh ca Chng trnh ra u c bn hon thnh. Nhng thnh qu t c cng nh nhng mt tn ti c khng nh ti Hi ngh tng kt Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on 1999 2005 t chc vo ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2005 ti H Ni; Ngoi ra cn c cp n trong Bo co nh gi 5 nm thc hin Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, Bo co ca on nh gi phi hp Chnh ph v cc nh ti tr. pht huy nhng thnh qu t c ca Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia NS&VSMTNT giai on 1999 2005 v gii quyt nhng kh khn cn tn ti, gp phn hon thnh cc mc tiu ra cho giai on pht trin kinh t x hi giai on 2006 2010, trn c s kt lun Hi ngh tng kt Chng trnh ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2005, B Nng nghip v PTNT c T trnh trnh Th tng Chnh ph giao cho B xy dng Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on 2006 2010 (T trnh s 1829 ngy 29 thng 7 nm 2005). Ni dung ca Chng trnh c phn nh chi tit trong bo co gm cc phn chnh sau : 4

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

S cn thit phi xy dng Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia NS&VSMTNT giai on 2006 2010 Mc tiu, phng chm, nguyn tc ca Chng trnh Thi gian thc hin, phm vi hot ng v i tng ca Chng trnh Cc nhim v ch yu ca Chng trnh Cc gii php thc hin Chng trnh Hiu qu ca Chng trnh T chc qun l v iu hnh thc hin Chng trnh xut Gim st nh gi tnh hnh thc hin Chng trnh Cc s minh ho Cc Ph lc

I. S CN THIT PHI XY DNG CHNG TRNH MTQG NC SCH V V SINH MI TRNG NNG THN GIAI ON 2006 - 2010
I.1. Kt qu thc hin Chng trnh giai on 1998 - 2005

Tnh n cui nm 2005, trn a bn c nc c khong 62% s dn nng


thn c cp nc sinh hot; khong 50% s h gia nh c nh tiu hp v sinh; nhiu chung tri chn nui c ci to v xy mi m bo qun l cht thi; khong 70% tng s trng hc, nh tr, lp mu gio, 58% tng s trm x x, 17% tng s ch khu vc nng thn c cung cp nc sinh hot v c cng trnh v sinh tiu chun; 28 n bin phng cng vi hn 8 vn dn vng ln cn c cung cp nc sinh hot. Kt qu ny gp phn quan trng vo vic pht trin c s h tng nng thn, ci thin cnh quan v v sinh mi trng, ci thin iu kin sng, iu kin sinh hot v nng cao sc kho cho nhn dn. Cng vi kt qu , trn phm vi c nc c bn hon thnh quy hoch tng th nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng theo tng vng, tng tnh; Nhiu loi hnh cng ngh trong cp nc v v sinh c xc nh v ng dng ph hp vi iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi, c im dn c, tp qun v truyn thng s dng nc sinh hot ca tng a phng. Tnh n nay, b my qun l thc hin cng tc cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn t Trung ng n cp c s c hnh thnh. Nhiu vn bn chnh sch, ti liu hng dn v qun l, cng ngh k thut... c xy dng v ban hnh. Nhn thc ca chnh quyn cc cp v nhn dn v vic s dng nc sch v v sinh mi trng c nng cao mt bc. Bn cnh , chng trnh hnh thnh c mt s m hnh huy ng vn u t c hiu qu, bao gm cc ngun vn t ngn sch Nh nc, vn tn dng, vn t cc thnh phn kinh t, vn h tr ca quc t v vn ng gp ca nhn dn. I.2 Nhng kh khn v thch thc Tuy t c nhng kt qu quan trng trn y nhng thc t vic cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn nc ta vn cn kh nhiu kh khn v thch thc, l:

1. Cht lng nc v cht lng xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc nhn chung cn thp, cha t cc yu cu t ra. n nay vn cn 38% dn s nng thn cha c tip cn vi nc sinh hot hp v sinh. Trong s 62% dn s nng thn c s dng nc hp v sinh th ch c cha n 30% c tip cn vi ngun nc sch t tiu chun ngnh ca B Y t. Nhiu vng ang din ra tnh trng nhim ngun nc do s xm nhp mn, do cht thi chn nui, cht thi lng ngh, ho cht s dng trong nng nghip ngy cng nghim trng, nh hng ln n sinh hot, sc kho ca nhn dn. Bn cnh , nhiu khu vc cc vng ng bng pht hin hm lng Asen c trong nc ngm kh cao so vi tiu chun cho php ang l mt trong nhng thch thc ln i vi cng ngh x l v ngun lc u t. 2. Tnh ng u trong vic cp nc sch cc vng, min cn nhiu hn ch. Trong khi 3 vng sinh thi c s dn c nng thn c cp nc sinh hot trn 60%, th 4/7 vng cn li ch c cha n 50% s dn c cp nc sinh hot ; nhiu vng nh: min ni, vng ven bin, vng kh khn v ngun nc, ngi dn ch c s dng bnh qun di 20 lt/ ngi/ ngy. Nhiu ni tnh trng khan him nc din ra t 5 n 6 thng trong nm nh Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn... 3. Tnh bn vng ca cc thnh qu t c v cp nc cha cao. S lng v cht lng nc cung cp nhiu ni hin ang b gim st, vic gim st v kim tra cht lng nc cha ng quy nh c bit l i vi cc cng trnh cp nc nh l. Qun l bn vng cng trnh cp nc tp trung sau xy dng cn yu, hu ht do kinh ph cha m bo duy tr qun l, khai thc, tu sa dn n cng trnh b xung cp, thm ch khng tip tc hot ng c. Mt s cng trnh do t nhn hoc HTX nc sch u t v qun l tuy c kh hn nhng cng ch m bo ti sn xut n gin. 4. Phng php, cng ngh x l rc thi, nc thi tp trung nng thn, c bit l vng lng ngh ang l vn bc xc, cha c gii php hu hiu. Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia giai on 1999 2005 mi ch tp trung vic gii quyt nc sinh hot cho ngi dn m cha quan tm y n v sinh mi trng, x l nc thi, x l rc thi, cht thi chung tri chn nui v x l cht thi lng ngh do y ang l vn cn tr s pht trin ca cc lng ngh v pht trin chn nui nng thn.

5. Mc d c nhiu tin b, tuy nhin, vn v sinh nng thn vn cha c ch trng nh i vi cp nc. Tnh n nay, c nc vn cn 50% s h gia nh cha c nh tiu hp v sinh v ang phi s dng cc loi nh tiu khng hp v sinh nh nh tiu cu, nh tiu o, nh tiu ao c...hin l nguy c cao gy nhim bn cc ngun nc mt phc v cho sinh hot ca cng ng. Trong khi , nhn thc ca cc cp chnh quyn v ngi dn vn cn lch lc, coi trng vn cp nc hn v sinh, coi trng vic xy dng mi hn l pht huy hiu qu nhng cng trnh hin c. 6. Tng vn u t huy ng ca chng trnh cha p ng c nhu cu, c cu phn b vn u t cha hp l. Mc d Chng trnh vn c u tin phn b vn nm sau cao hn nm trc nhng tng ngn sch nh nc cp cn rt khim tn so vi nhu cu ra (ch bng 22% tng ton b ngun vn huy ng c). Ngn sch nh nc ch yu tp trung h tr cho cc vng kh khn, cc h gia nh chnh sch, cc h ngho, vng su, vng xa, vng dn tc t ngi v ch yu l cho xy dng mi cc cng trnh, t u t cho truyn thng v o to nng cao nng lc. 7. Th trng nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn cha hnh thnh r rng, cc chnh sch khuyn khch u t v c ch tn dng hin c cha thu ht c s tham gia ca cc thnh phn kinh t trong x hi, c bit l khu vc t nhn. 8. Theo bo co thng k cc bnh truyn nhim nm 2003 ca Cc Y t d phng v Phng chng HIV/AIDS B Y t, 10/26 bnh truyn nhim gy dch c gim st c t l mc trn 100.000 dn cao nht theo th t l cm, tiu chy, st rt, st xut huyt, l trc khun, quai b, l amib, HIV/AIDS, vim gan virus, thu u... Nh vy, khong mt na cc bnh truyn nhim c t l mc cao nht l nhng bnh c lin quan ti nc sch v VSMT. iu ny cho thy cn phi tp trung hn na cho vic ci thin cc iu kin cp nc v v sinh nh l mt trong cc gii php ng b nhm tng bc khng ch v gim t l mc ca cc bnh dch ny. 9. Cc cng trnh cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng trong cc trng hc, trm y t v cc c s cng cng khc nng thn mc d c quan tm nhng kt qu t c vn cn kh khim tn so vi nhu cu thc t. Nhiu trng hc cn thiu cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh hoc c nhng khng p ng c nhu cu; thm na, nhiu c s cng cng ang c xy dng mi nhng khng c hng mc xy dng cng trnh cp nc v v sinh. 8

I.3. S cn thit phi tip tc xy dng Chng trnh (giai on 2006 2010) Vic tip tc thc hin Chng trnh giai on 2006 - 2010 l rt cn thit thc hin cc mc tiu v nhim v ca Chin lc Quc gia NS&VSNT c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 104/Q-TTg , ngy 25 thng 8 nm 2000 , gp phn thc hin mc tiu thin nin k (MDGs) v mc tiu pht trin ca Vit Nam (VDGs) n 2010, ng thi gp phn thc hin thnh cng Chin lc ton din v tng trng v xo i gim ngho (CPRGS) ca Vit Nam. Bn cnh , Chng trnh MTQG NS&VSMTNT giai on 1998 2005 thu c nhiu thnh cng ng khch l, nhiu ni dung ang trn thc hin thnh cng. pht huy hiu qu ca Chng trnh v gii quyt mc tiu Chin lc n 2010 nh cam kt ca Chnh ph vi nhn dn v quc t, vic trin khai Chng trnh mc tiu thm mt giai on na l cn thit v hp l, c s ng tnh ca nhiu B, ngnh v cc a phng. Nh cp trn, mc d t c nhiu kt qu song hin ti cp nc v v sinh nng thn vn cn rt nhiu vn kh khn, thch thc cn c tip tc gii quyt bi khng ch mt B, ngnh. Hn na, hin nay nhiu t chc quc t ang c nhng cam kt h tr cho Chng trnh ny, nu c Chnh ph cho php s c c hi v iu kin huy ng thm c nhiu ngun vn quc t t hp tc song phng v a phng. II. MC TIU, PHNG CHM V NGUYN TC II.1. Mc tiu II. 1.1. Mc tiu chung 1. Nng cao iu kin sng cho ngi dn nng thn thng qua ci thin cc dch v cp nc sch, v sinh; nng cao nhn thc v thay i hnh vi ca cng ng v bo v mi trng, v sinh v v sinh c nhn. 2. Gim tc ng xu do iu kin cp nc v v sinh km gy ra i vi sc kho ca dn c nng thn v gim thiu tnh trng nhim mi trng trong cng ng.

II.1.2. Mc tiu c th Chng trnh nhm t c cc mc tiu c th n nm 2010 nh sau: a. V cp nc: 85% dn s nng thn c s dng nc sch vi mc 60 lt/ngi/ngy. b. V v sinh mi trng: 70% s h gia nh sng nng thn c nh tiu hp v sinh, m bo 70% s h nng dn c chung, tri hp v sinh, c. C gng tp trung n 2010 tt c cc nh tr, trng tiu hc, trng mm non, trm x, tr s x nng thn c nc sch v c nh tiu hp v sinh ; tng bc gim thiu s nhim mi trng cc lng ngh, c bit l cc lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm quy m thn, x. II.2. Phng chm Pht huy ni lc ca dn c nng thn, da vo nhu cu, ngi s dng quyt nh m hnh cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn ph hp vi kh nng cung cp ti chnh ca mnh, t t chc thc hin v qun l cng trnh; nh nc ng vai tr hng dn v h tr. Hon thin cc c ch, chnh sch pht trin th trng nc sch v dch v v sinh mi trng nng thn theo nh hng ca Nh nc. y mnh x hi ho cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn: vn ng v t chc, to c s php l huy ng s tham gia ng gp tch cc v nhiu mt ca mi thnh phn kinh t v cng ng dn c trong u t vn, thi cng xy lp, sn xut thit b ph tng, cc dch v sa cha v qun l vn hnh; Khuyn khch khu vc t nhn u t xy dng cng trnh cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn, nht l cng trnh cp nc tp trung. II.3. Nguyn tc Nguyn tc c bn l pht trin bn vng, gn lin vi Chin lc ton din v tng trng v xo i gim ngho ca Chnh ph nhm t c s tng trng bn vng v cng bng, ci thin mi trng x hi v iu kin sng ca dn c nng thn, nht l ngi ngho, vng ngho. 10

III.THI GIAN THC HIN, PHM VI HOT NG V I TNG CA CHNG TRNH III.1. Thi gian thc hin Chng trnh c thc hin t nm 2006 n ht nm 2010 v chia lm 2 giai Giai on 1: T nm 2006 n ht nm 2007 Giai on 2 : T nm 2008 n ht nm 2010 Sau giai on 1 c t chc s kt nh gi rt ra nhng bi hc kinh nghim v iu chnh cn thit cho giai on 2. Kt thc giai on 2 s t chc hi ngh tng kt nhm nh gi li ton b chng trnh, rt ra nhng bi hc kinh nghim cho vic thc hin cc mc tiu n nm 2020. III.2. Phm vi thc hin chng trnh Chng trnh thc hin trn phm vi ton b cc vng nng thn Vit Nam. Trong u tin cho nhng vng cn kit ngun nc, vng su, vng xa, vng kinh t kh khn, cc vng c t l dn c c cp nc sch v v sinh tnh n nm 2005 thp hn 60%, vng ven bin, vng ng bo dn tc thiu s, vng pht trin mnh lng ngh. III.3. i tng hng th ca chng trnh i tng hng th ca Chng trnh l c dn tt c cc vng nng thn trn ton quc. IV. CC NHIM V CH YU CA CHNG TRNH IV.1. Xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc sch v kt hp vi cc hot ng Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng v nc sch. m bo c cng trnh cung cp nc sch cho 85% dn s nng thn vo cui nm 2010, tng thm 23% (tng ng khong 15 triu ngi) so vi nm 2005. Nng cao nhn thc v thay i hnh vi ca ngi dn i vi vic xy dng v s dng cc cng trnh cp nc sch. 11

on:

Khi lng cng trnh cp nc sch d tnh cn xy dng mi, nng cp, ci to l: cng trnh Trong : o Nng cp ci to cng trnh cp nc tp trung: o Xy mi cng trnh cp nc tp trung: o H cha va v nh, ging khoan su: o nh..): 4300 cng trnh 4900 cng trnh 2700 cng trnh 147.300 cng trnh 159.200

Cng trnh cp nc nh l (lu, b, ging o, ging khoan ng knh

IV.2. Xy dng cc cng trnh nh tiu h gia nh, trng hc v trm y t kt hp vi vic trin khai cc hot ng Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng v v sinh v v sinh c nhn. C s tnh ton s lng nh tiu h gia nh cn xy dng trong giai on 2006 - 2010 trong bo co ny l da trn s liu c cng b chnh thc ca Bo co tng kt Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on 1999 2005 l c 50% s h gia nh nng thn c nh tiu hp v sinh. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thc hin Chng trnh giai on 2006 2010 s tin hnh nh gi li t l s gia nh c nh tiu hp v sinh theo tiu chun B Y t mi ban hnh ti Quyt nh s 08/2005/Q-BYT thng nht s liu v nu cn th phi iu chnh li mc tiu hoc ngun lc cho ph hp. S lng cc cng trnh nh tiu hp v sinh d tnh cn xy dng trong giai on 2006 2010 nh sau: Tng s nh tiu hp v sinh h gia nh : 2.601.000 ci. Trm y t: 4167 ci Trng hc: 20.643 trng. UBND x: 2794 ci Ch nng thn: 2473 ci

12

Song song vi vic xy dng cc cng trnh v sinh, cn tng cng cc hot ng Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng nhm nng cao nhn thc v thay i hnh vi ca ngi dn i vi cc cng trnh v sinh v vic s dng cc cng trnh v sinh cng nh thc hnh cc hnh vi v sinh tt. IV.3. X l cht thi lng ngh v cht thi chn nui IV.3.1. V x l cht thi chn nui Hin ti nng thn Vit Nam c khong 8,5 triu h c chn nui vi 5 triu con b; 2,8 triu tru; 26 triu con ln; 220 triu gia cm. Ring v nui ln t 1 - 5 con chim 50%. S h nui 6 - 10 con chim 20%, s h nui t 11 con tr ln chim 30%. 1600 trang tri nui b. S liu chn nui ln theo vng nh sau: + ng bng Sng Hng 6,9 triu con. + ng Bc 4,3 triu con. + Ty Bc 1,3 triu con. + Trung B 3,8 triu con. + Duy hi min Trung 2,2 triu con. + Ty Nguyn 1,4 triu con. + ng Nam B 2,4 triu con. + ng Bng sng Cu Long 3,7 triu con. Chn nui pht trin song phng thc chn nui lc hu, c bit nhng h nui quy m nh v va cha quan tm n x l cht thi lm cho mi trng nng thn vn nhim cng nhim hn. Trong giai on thc hin Chng trnh quc gia giai on 1999 2003, vic x l cht thi chn nui v cht thi lng ngh cha c quan tm y , do nhng kt qu t c n nay l rt khim tn. gii quyt vn ny trong giai on 2006 2010 cn phi thc hin nhiu gii php ng b, trong c vic tng vn u t t tt c cc ngun xy dng s lng cng trnh nh sau: Tng s chung tri c ci to, xy mi: khong 5 triu ci. Trong : Biogas: 1.000.000 ci 13

Chung xy mi: 600.000ci Chung ci to: 2.400.000 ci H phn: 1.000.000 ci

IV.3.2. V x l cht thi lng ngh Theo s liu thng k trong nghin cu quy hoch pht trin lng ngh th cng c nc c khong 2017 lng ngh. Cc cht thi lng ngh khng c x l thi ra mi trng tim n cc yu t gy bnh va l mi trng thun li cho cc vi khun gy bnh cho con ngi v vt nui pht trin, mt khc cc cht thi trn phn hu t nhin to ra cc loi kh c, mi hi thi... Do s a dng v cc loi hnh lng ngh do x l cht thi i hi rt nhiu loi hnh cng ngh khc nhau. Trong phm vi chng trnh ny ch tp trung xy dng mt s m hnh th im x l cht thi cho cc lng ngh ch bin thc phm, lng ngh dt th cng v lng ngh giy sau s nh gi, ph bin nhn rng. V. CC GII PHP CH YU THC THI CHNG TRNH V.1. Gii php v Thng tin - Gio dc - Truyn thng v tham gia ca cng ng Thng tin - Gio dc - Truyn thng c tm quan trng c bit nhm m bo thc hin thnh cng cc mc tiu ca chng trnh. Trong thi gian qua, cng tc Thng tin _ Gio dc - Truyn thng c quan tm, tuy nhin vic trin khai li rt khng ng u. Nhng ni thuc khu vc d n ca cc nh ti tr th c nhn rt nhiu cc hot ng TT- GD TT, trong khi cc vng khc th c nhn rt t hoc hu nh khng nhn c bt k hot ng no. Do cn c s quan tm hn na n cng tc ny nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng.
a. Mc tiu ca Thng tin- Gio dc- Truyn thng:

Tng nhu cu dng nc sch v nh tiu hp v sinh i vi ngi dn nng thn. Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit ngi dn c th t la chn loi cng ngh cp nc v nh tiu ph hp 14

Nng cao hiu bit ca ngi dn v v sinh v mi lin quan gia nc sch, v sinh vi sc kho. Khuyn khch ngi dn thc hnh cc hnh vi tt c lin quan n v sinh c nhn, v sinh cng cng v mi trng. Khuyn khch ngi dn t nguyn ng gp ti chnh xy dng cng trnh cp nc sch v nh tiu hp v sinh. b. Ni dung ca Thng tin- Gio dc - Truyn thng: Cc thng tin v sc kho v v sinh; Thng tin v cc loi cng trnh cp nc sch v v sinh khc nhau, cch gim st xy dng, vn hnh v duy tu bo dng cng trnh; Thng tin v cc h thng h tr ti chnh, hng dn cc th tc xin tr cp, vay vn; Cch thc t chc qun l cc h thng cp nc tp trung; Cc chnh sch c lin quan n cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng. Cc iu kin v th tc lm n xin vay vn v tr cp cho vic ci thin cc cng trnh CN&VS. Thnh lp hi s dng nc trong cng tc xy dng v qun l cng trnh cp nc tp trung. Ph bin cc m hnh tt v in hnh tin tin v cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn. c. Cc nguyn tc v hot ng chnh Lng ghp nhiu phng php S dng phng tin truyn thng ph hp c ngha rt quan trng, c bit l gip cho cc nh lnh o c bit v cc vn CN&VSNT v khuyn khch h u tin cho lnh vc CN&VSNT. Kinh nghim cho thy, cc hot ng Thng tin - Gio dc - Truyn thng cn phi tin hnh thng xuyn, lin tc v bng nhiu hnh thc, phng php khc nhau. Bao gm: Truyn thng trc tip thng qua cc tuyn truyn vin co nc v v sinh thn bn, cn b y t thn v cc ban, ngnh, on th chnh tr x hi x; Phn pht ti liu, thng th vo lc truyn thng trc tip; Cc s kin 15

c bit nh cc ngy pht ng, biu din ca nhc, thi, ng kch; S dng truyn thng i chng, bao gm cc chng trnh Ti Vi v Radio, loa phng thanh thn, cc bi bo, tp ch. Truyn thng trc tip ti cp thn, bn: ng vai tr quan trng trong cng tc Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng. V th, cn thit lp i ng tuyn truyn vin v nc sch v v sinh ti cc thn bn, ng thi tp trung tp hun cho h cc ni dung cng nh k nng truyn thng nhm gip h thc hin tt cng tc tuyn truyn, vn ng ti cng ng. Nn b sung cho truyn thng trc tip thm cc phng tin truyn thng khc, k c thng qua cc s kin c bit nh cc bui din ca nhc, cc cuc thi, ng kch. Nn tp trung khng nhng nng cao dn tr/ thc ca ngi dn m cn ch trng vo vic ci thin hnh vi. Vic s dng cc phng php c s tham gia c bit l rt quan trng trong vic ci thin cp nc v hnh vi v sinh. Cc n phm: Pht trin ti liu truyn thng cho cc i tng khc nhau ph hp vi cc gi tr, thi , nim tin, li sng, trnh hc vn, la tuiCn u tin cung cp cho cc tuyn truyn vin tuyn c s y thng tin v cc ti liu thch hp vi cht lng tt, dung lu di. Nn c nhiu sn phm nghe nhn cho tr em hay nhn dn cc vng c trnh dn tr thp. Truyn thng i chng: Cc phng tin thng tin a chng nh Bo, i, Tivi nn c ch trng s dng ti cp quc gia. ng thi c k hoch h tr, o to nng cao nhn thc ca i ng phng vin vit v lnh vc nc sch v v sinh mi trng. Tip th x hi: thc y nhu cu xy dng v s dng nh tiu hp v sinh, thc hnh cc hnh vi v sinh c bit l hnh vi ra tay bng x phng v nc sch. Lng ghp cc ni dung, tp trung vo truyn thng thay i hnh vi. Nguyn tc lng ghp to iu kin cho ngi dn cng mt lc c th tip cn c vi nhiu loi thng tin m h cn, trn c s gip h a ra c quyt nh hp l nht. Hot ng Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng phi c lng ghp cht ch vo cc hot ng lin quan ti ti chnh, k thut v th ch. Bn cnh , cn tp trung t chc cc hot ng nhm thay i hnh vi ca ngi dn i vi vic s dng 16

nc sch, bo v mi trng, ngun nc, gi gn v sinh cng cng v v sinh c nhn. M rng gio dc sc kho di hnh thc gii tr cho tr em. Trng tm ca vic gio dc sc kho cho tr em l t chc cc hot ng x hi hay ngoi kho nh thi vit, v, sng tc, k chuyn, biu din vn ngh, tr chitrong cc chin dch truyn thng hng nm hay trong cc hot ng ngoi kho thng xuyn. Gio vin cn c o to v khuyn khch s dng phng php gio dc tch cc ly hc vin lm trung tm, ng thi s dng ti liu nghe nhn h tr. Xem xt s khc bit v tp trung vo cc khu vc kh khn. Nhng c th v tp qun, truyn thng, vn ho, iu kin kinh t - x hi, trnh dn tr, tn gio, gii tnh cn phi c xt n khi lp k hoch v thc thi cc hot ng Thng tin - Gio dc - Truyn thng. c bit l lu n ngi ngho, ngi dn tc thiu s, ph n, tr em v h thng t c tip cn vi cc ngun thng tin. S tham gia ca nhiu ngnh vo cng tc Thng tin- Gio dc - Truyn thng Kinh nghim ch ra rng, lm cho cc hot ng IEC hiu qu th s tham gia ca cc ngnh, cc cp khc nhau ng vai tr rt quan trng. Do , hot ng Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng s c s tham gia ca cc B v cc ngnh ch cht sau: Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, Y t, Gio dc v o to, Hi ph n, on Thanh nin, Hi Nng dn, U ban Dn tc v Min ni, cc c quan thng tin i chng trung ng v a phng. Tuy nhin, m bo c s tham gia tch cc ca cc ban, ngnh v tng cng s phi hp cht ch trong vic lp k hoch, t chc thc hin thng nht trong cc thng ip, trnh s chng cho, lng ph v ngun lc cn thit lp cc nhm cng tc v Thng tin Gio dc - Truyn thng ti cc cp. C quan thng trc Chng trnh cc cp s ng thi ng vai tr l iu phi nhm Thng tin - Gio dc - Truyn thng cp mnh. Nh nc khuyn khch cc t chc quc t, cc t chc Phi chnh ph v cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia thc hin cc hot ng Thng tin _ Gio dc - Truyn thng v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn. 17

Cng tc Thng tin- Gio dc - Truyn thng phi c thc hin tt c cc cp Nhm huy ng s hng ng v tham gia ca cc i tng khc nhau nh: cn b qun l, cn b lp k hoch, k thut, ngi s dng

m bo ngun lc thc hin Trong thi gian qua, vic u t cho hot ng TT-GD-TT cn rt hn ch, mc u t cho TT-GD-TT bng ngun ngn sch ch chim cha n 3%. Tuy nhin, bo co tng kt thc hin Chng trnh ca cc i phng cho thy nh lm tt cng tc TT-GD-TT nn mc huy ng ng gp ca nhn dn cho cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh tng mt cch r rt. Hn na hot ng TT-GD-TT khng th th trng iu tit m phi c s nh hng v iu phi ca nh nc. Do , cn b tr nhn lc v kinh ph cho hot ng ny. d. S tham gia ca cng ng S tham gia ca cng ng chnh l diu kin tin quyt thc hin Chng trnh mt cch hiu qu v bn vng Chng trnh. V vy, cng ng phi c tham gia thch ng vo tt c cc giai on ca chu trnh d n, t vic xc nh u t, la chn k thut, ng gp v mt ti chnh v cc loi hnh ng gp khc, gim st xy dng v qun l cng trnh sau xy dng. Cng ng phi pht huy quyn lm ch v hiu r rng vic ci thin iu kin cp nc v v sinh cng nh cng tc duy tu bo tr cng trnh l trch nhim ca cng ng. Vic thc hin Chng trnh phi gn lin vi vic thc hin quy ch Dn ch c s, khuyn khch t chc nhng cuc hp thn/ bn xc nh nhng u tin ca a phng v quyt nh cc vn c lin quan n nc sch v v sinh mi trng. m bo c s cn bng v gii ph n c tham gia vo vic ra quyt nh v tt c cc kha cnh ca cp nc, v sinhNh nc khuyn khch ph n chim mt na trong cc ban, nhm s dng nc hoc qun l cp nc v v sinh. C quan c giao qun l Chng trnh cn lp mt chng trnh khen thng khuyn khch cc a phng, cng ng lm tt cng tc cp nc v v sinh, khuyn khch cc a phng lm ch v u t cp nc v v sinh nng thn. 18

V.2. Gii php v Ti chnh Trong nhng nm qua mc d thu c nhiu kt qu quan trng trong vic thu ht cc ngun vn u t, song mc huy ng vn thc hin chng trnh cn thp, tng s vn huy ng c trong giai on 1999 2005 ch t 40% so vi d kin nhu cu. Ngoi ra c cu huy ng vn cn cha tht s hp l, c cu phn b vn u t cha ph hp vi thc t nhu cu u t cho tng vng; c ch giao kinh ph cho tng mc tiu, nhim v ca chng trnh cha c th, nh mc ch chi tiu cha hp l, nhiu mc chi cn thp, vic phn cp qun l ti chnh cn cha r rng; cch tip cn mc tiu ca chng trnh tp trung nhiu vo cc hot ng xy dng m cha xc nh v h tr ti chnh cho cc hot ng khc c cp trong chin lc. Chnh v th, trong giai on 2006 2010 cn thit phi i mi c ch ti chnh, bao gm c c ch huy ng, qun l v u t trn c s pht huy nhng bi hc kinh nghim thu c t giai on 1999 2005 v khc phc nhng tn ti, yu km nu trn y. V.2. 1.Kinh ph thc hin Tng kinh ph: 22.600.000 triu ng, trong : + Vn u t xy dng, ci to, nng cp cc cng trnh cp nc: 9.000.000 triu ng, khong 40%; + Vn u t xy dng, ci to, nng cp cc cng trnh v sinh nng thn: 4.800.000 triu ng, khong 21%; + Vn u t cho ci to, xy dng cng trnh x l cht thi chn nui: 6.800.000 triu ng, khong 30%; + Cc chi ph chung bao gm: kho st, quy hoch, truyn thng, o to pht trin ngun nhn lc, chuyn giao cng ngh, qun l v gim st 2.000.000 triu ng, khong 8,9%. C cu ngun kinh ph u t cho Chng trnh nh sau: - Ngn sch TW: - Quc t: - Dn ng gp: - Tn dng u i: 4.500.000 triu ng, khong 20% 3.400.000 triu ng, khong 15% 6.800.000 triu ng, khong 30% 5.600.000 triu ng, khong 25% 19 - Ngn sch a phng: 2.300.000 triu ng, khong 10%

V.2.2. Phng thc huy ng vn - i mi gii php huy ng ngun ti chnh ca cng ng, ly x hi ho ngun lc ti chnh lm trng tm: vn ng v t chc, to c s php l khuyn khch s tham gia ca nhn dn, ca cc thnh phn kinh t v ton x hi u t vo s pht trin cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn; pht huy ni lc, ngi s dng ng gp mt phn chi ph xy dng cng trnh v ton b chi ph vn hnh, duy tu bo dng v qun l cng trnh; vn ng cc nh ti tr thu ht thm vn cho chng trnh. - M rng th trng nc sch v v sinh thng qua vn vay u i ca nh nc v quc t u t cho cc vng kinh t pht trin ng bng, gim dn vn ngn sch cho cc vng ny tp trung u tin cho cc vng min ni, vng kh khn v cc vng thng xuyn b thin tai. Vn ngn sch nh nc: Mc d c s tng ln ng k nhng vn ngn sch nh nc u t cho Chng trnh NS&VSMTNT trong thi gian qua cn rt t so vi yu cu, do nh nc cn tip tc tng thm vn cho cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn mt cch tho ng trong giai on 2006-2010 tng xng vi v tr ca nng thn trong chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc. Vn ngn sch nh nc cn thit c s lng ghp phi hp vi cc d n khc ca chng trnh MTQG ngay t khi thm nh v trnh duyt. Vn ca dn v vn ca cc doanh nghp, cc thnh phn kinh t khc
y mnh cc hot ng tuyn truyn, vn ng huy ng cc h gia nh

ng gp mt phn thu nhp ca mnh u t cho cng trnh cp nc v v sinh di cc hnh thc xy ring cho tng h, cho nhm h hay xy dng h thng cp nc tp trung cho c thn, x. Ngi s dng dng khon tit kim t thu nhp ca mnh chi tr mt phn chi ph xy dng, t nht l 25-30% v c vay t 70-75% chi ph xy dng cc cng trnh trong thi hn t 3 n 5 nm. Vn u t ca cc doanh nghip, cc thnh phn kinh t khc, ca t nhn s c ch trng huy ng thc hin Chng trnh thng qua vic xy dng v hon thin cc chnh sch ng vin ng gp t cc nh u t, cc doanh nghip, cc t chc x hi, khi dy ngun vn t ni lc ca nn kinh t; khuyn khch tham gia ca khu vc t nhn v cc thnh phn kinh t khc u t xy dng cng trnh cp nc 20

tp trung thng qua cc chnh sch u i nh chnh sch v t ai, gim thu, min thu, vay tn dng u i Vic pht huy ni lc, khi dy cc tim nng, khuyn khch v thu ht s tham gia ca khu vc t nhn, cc doanh nghp, t chc x hi v nhn dn pht trin cp nc v v sinh mi trng nng thn ng thi gn lin vi vic tng cng qun l nh nc i vi cp nc v v sinh mi trng nng thn. Vn vay tn dng u i D kin ngun vn tn dng cho chng trnh l 5649 t ng. t c k hoch ny, cn tng thm ngun vn cho tn dng, ng thi m rng Qu tn dng u i thc hin Chng trnh v Chin lc cp nc v v sinh nng thn ca Chnh ph theo Quyt nh s 62Q-TTg 2004 ra tt c cc tnh trong ton quc. Vn vin tr quc t Ngun vn vin tr quc t cn huy ng l 3400 t ng. Ngun vn ny c huy ng thng qua cc hnh thc hp tc a phng, song phng, vn ti tr khng hon li, vn vay tn dng, k c vn u t kinh doanh cng trnh cp nc ca cc cng ty t nhn, cng ty lin doanh H tr ti chnh ca quc t cho cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh mi trng theo cc hnh thc: ng gp chung cho qu tr cp v qu tn dng, tr cp cho cc d n hoc mt khu vc. Vn vin tr quc t cho chng trnh phi c k hoch ho ngay t khu thm nh, ph duyt v th hin trong k hoch hng nm. Ngun vn h tr ca cc nh ti tr d kin gm: Ngn hng th gii (WB): 730 t ng; Ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB): 300 t ng; UNICEf: 491 t ng; DANIDA v AusAID 1500 t ng; JICA: 330 t ng Hp tc quc t cn c thc hin nhiu lnh vc nh: hp tc k thut, vin tr xy dng cng trnh bng ngun vn vay v vn khng hon li, nng cao nng lc, th ch, h tr theo d n, h tr cho h ngho, vng ngho V.2.3.Phng thc lp k hoch vn ca chng trnh - Tt c k hoch vn c thng bo cho Ban ch nhim chng trnh ngay t u nm, c phn b r thnh cu phn vn s nghip v cu phn vn u t XDCB. - Ban ch nhim chng trnh quyt nh phn b vn theo cc mc tiu cng vic ca chng trnh cho cc B, ban ngnh trung ng v a phng. 21

+ i vi cc B, c quan trung ng: Cn c vo kinh ph chng trnh c Th tng Chnh ph giao, cc B, c quan trung ng phn b giao nhim v cho cc n v trc thuc ph hp vi mc tiu, ni dung ca chng trnh gi B Ti chnh theo quy nh lm cn c cp pht kinh ph. + i vi cc a phng: Cn c tng kinh ph ca tt c cc chng trnh MTQG c Chnh ph giao cho a phng, UBND cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng c trch nhm ch ng lng ghp cc chng trnh mc tiu trn a bn, b tr mc kinh ph cho chng trnh MTQG NS&VSMTNT trn a bn tnh, thnh ph. - B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (c quan qun l chng trnh) c trch nhim lp k hoch v nhim v, mc tiu v nhu cu kinh ph, xut cc gii php thc hin chng trnh gi B K hach v u t, B ti chnh tng hp trnh Chnh ph. Cn c tng mc kinh ph ca chng trnh c cp c thm quyn thng bo, c quan qun l chng trnh ch tr phi hp vi B K hoch v u t, B Ti chnh d kin phn b kinh ph ca chng trnh cho cc B, c quan trung ng v cc tnh, thnh ph trnh Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh. V.2.4. Gii ngn, thanh quyt ton i vi vn vin tr, vn ngn sch nh nc, vn tn dng Vic gii ngn cho chng trnh MTQG NS&VSMTNT c thc hin qua ba knh ch yu, l: - Gii ngn vn vay, vn vin tr ca nh ti tr thng qua ngn hng phc v tnh v thc hin theo Hip nh vin tr c k kt gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v nh ti tr. - Vn ngn sch nh nc (vn s nghip v vn XDCB) c gii ngn thng qua h thng Kho bc Nh nc kim sot chi v qun l theo cc vn bn hng dn ca Lut Ngn sch Nh nc. - Vn tn dng u i trong nc cho cc ch h vay thng qua ngn hng chnh sch x hi. V.2.4.1. Vn ngn sch nh nc - Cn c vo thng bo kinh ph ca chng trnh, B Ti chnh tin hnh phn b vn ngn sch v thng bo kinh ph phn b n KBNN v S Ti chnh. KBNN cn c vo phn b vn ca B Ti chnh chuyn tin v Kho bc tnh. Kho bc tnh cn c vo phn b vn ca S Ti chnh chuyn tin n Kho bc huyn. Kho bc 22

huyn cp pht cho i tng th hng ca chng trnh trn c s phn b vn ca Phng Ti chnh huyn v danh sch i tng th hng ca chng trnh c UBND huyn ph duyt. - C quan ti chnh cc cp a phng thm nh quyt ton thu, chi ngn sch ca c quan cng cp v quyt ton ngn sch cp di, tng hp lp, quyt ton ngn sch a phng trnh UBND cng cp, bo co c quan hnh chnh nh nc v c quan ti chnh cp trn trc tip. - Kim sot v thanh ton phn vn ngn sch nh nc qua h thng kho bc nh nc c quy nh c th ti Thng t 79/2003/TT-BTC ngy 13/8/2003 ca B Ti chnh hng dn ch qun l, cp pht, thanh ton cc khon chi ngn sch Nh nc qua Kho bc Nh nc V.2.4.2. Vn tn dng trong nc c gii ngn theo quy trnh cho vay vn ca NHCSXH ban hnh. V.2.4.3. Vn vay v vn vin tr nc ngoi (ODA) Vic gii ngn, thanh quyt ton i vi vn vic tr Quc t cho Chng trnh s c thc hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau da trn s tho thun ca tng nh ti tr v Chnh ph ph hp vi cc quy nh hin hnh. Sau y l 3 phng n xut i vi vn vay v vn vin tr nc ngoi cho Chng trnh trong giai on 2006 2010. a. Phng n 1 : Hng nm, cn c hng dn lp d ton NSNN ca B Ti chnh v cc vn bn cam kt, tho thun, cc Hip nh vn tr hoc vn vay do Th tng k kt vi cc nh ti tr, k hoch trin khai d n hoc thng bo phn phi vin tr ca c quan ch qun cho n v, tnh hnh thc hin d n trong nm; cc n v ch u t lp d ton thu, chi v vin tr v vn i ng gi v c quan ch qun d n.

23

M hnh minh ho gii ngn vn ODA theo PHNG N 1

Ti tr

Ngn sch nh nc

Tn dng

BQL d n TW NH phc v TW

B Ti chnh Kho bc NN TW

B KH&T

NHCSXH

BQL d n tnh NH phc v tnh

S Ti chnh KBNN tnh

S KH&T

NHCSXH tnh

Phng TC huyn Kho bc NN huyn

NHCSXH huyn

Ch u t, ch d n, ch h

Ghi ch: - K hiu: - K hiu:

Gii ngn ngun ti chnh ca chng trnh. Thng bo k hoch vn.

24

Nguyn tc gii ngn - Nh ti tr v Chnh ph Vit nam thng bo d n ti tr ca mnh di cc dng: + Hip nh ti tr, vn kin cam kt ti tr hoc k hoch trin khai d n, thng bo phn phi d n c cp c thm quyn duyt trong cc Hip nh ti tr. V nguyn tc phi quy nh r c cu vn ti tr cho chng trnh NS&VSNT, trong chia ra vn u t v vn s nghp, quy nh t chc qun l d n, c ch gii ngn ca ngun vn. + Tt c cc hot ng chi tiu phi c d ton c th v cn c vo cc khon mc c c quan ti tr chp thun, chi tiu ng i tng, ng mc ch v khng c chi vt mc tho thun vi nc ngoi. Phng thc gii ngn Khi d n vin tr c k kt v ph duyt xong, c quan ch qun chng trnh, c quan ch d n c trch nhim khn trng hon tt cc Iu kin v th tc cn thit cho vic gii ngn vn vin tr nu vic gii ngn qua mt ngn hng phc v th vic la chn ngn hng c u quyn rt vn s do B Ti chnh quyt nh. Ngn hng phc v c B Ti chnh u quyn lm dch v rt vn vin tr v c hng ph theo quy nh hin hnh do ch u t thanh ton bng ngun vn i ng trong nc hoc theo tho thun ca nh ti tr. + Th trng cc n v nhn vin tr phi chu trch nhim lm th tc xc nhn vin tr theo cc quy nh hin hnh. + Cn c tng s vn vin tr ca cc nh ti tr xc nh v thng bo mc phn b cho tng a phng. Mt phn vn ca nh ti tr thng qua ngn hng phc v TW chuyn vn cho BQL d n TW thc hin cc cng vic ca BQL d n TW nh: tuyn truyn, hi ngh, hi tho, chi qun l vn phng. Phn cn li s c phn b vn trc tip cho BQL d n tnh thng qua Ngn hng (NH) phc v tnh. Ngn hng phc v tnh cn c vo cc iu kin c m bo ca BQL d n tnh cp thanh ton cho cc ch u t, ch d n, ch h theo ng quy nh hin hnh.

25

+ Nm th nht ca d n, Ban qun l d n tnh xy dng k hoch nm gi nh ti tr v c vn bn thng bo cho BQL d n TW. Sau khi xem xt, nh ti tr chp thun v tr li bng vn bn ti Ban qun l d n tnh. T nm th hai tr i, k hoch ca cc Ban qun l d n tnh s do nhm nh gi k thut xem xt v gp . Da trn gp ca nhm nh gi k thut, Ban qun l d n tnh s chnh sa li bn k hoch v gi li nh tI tr v BQL d n TW. Hnh thc gii ngn Hnh thc rt vn thanh ton t ti khon vin tr v t ti khon c bit, d n c thc hin theo quy nh hin hnh ca Chnh ph v tun th cc nguyn tc gii ngn ca nh ti tr. Cc ni dung chi c ti tr 100% bi nh ti tr khng thc hin kim sot chi qua Kho bc Nh nc cng cp. Tu theo yu cu v tnh cht ca cc ln thanh ton Ban qun l d n trung ng c th p dng cc hnh thc rt vn: Rt vn thanh ton qua ti khon c bit, thanh ton trc tip qua ti khon vin tr, th tc hon vn, th cam kt. Ring Ban qun l d n tnh ch thanh ton qua ti khon c bit v thanh ton theo th tc hon vn (nu c). Gii ngn vn vin tr cho cc Ban qun l d n tnh Nh ti tr chuyn vn cho Ban qun l d n tnh phi tun th cc quy nh trong Hip nh vin tr v cc quy nh hin hnh ca Chnh ph Vit Nam. Thc hin kim sot chi i vi d n vin tr Cc khon chi tiu (ti Ban qun l d n cc cp) c t l gp vn i ng ca Chnh ph u phi c thc hin kim sot chi. Quy trnh kim sot chi c thc hin theo hng dn ca B Ti chnh. i vi Ban qun l d n trung ng: Thc hin tt c cc hnh thc rt vn p dng cho chng trnh. Gm cc chi tr trc tip t ti khon vin tr cc t rt vn b sung vo ti khon c bit v cc hnh thc khc (nu c) c nh ti tr chp thun (cam kt c bit, th tn dng). ng thi, Ban qun l d n trung ng c trch nhim hng dn, gim st cc hot ng qun l ti chnh ti cc Ban qun l d n tnh. 26

i vi cc Ban qun l d n tnh: Thc hin cc hot ng trong k hoch c Nh ti tr chp thun v Ban ch o chng trnh ca tnh, thnh ph ph duyt. Chu trch nhm v ngh chuyn vn b sung v hot ng chi tiu ti Ban qun l d n tnh. Chu trch nhim v lu gi h s ti liu theo quy nh ca Lut k ton v nh ti tr. Ban qun l d n tnh c trch nhm cung cp tt c cc ti liu c nh tI tr v cc c quan c thm quyn yu cu. Ban qun l d n tnh c trch nhim gim st, kim tra vic trin khai cc hot ng ca cc n v tham gia chng trnh trong phm vi ph trch m bo cc hot ng ca d n c trin khai ng mc ch v c hiu qu. M ti khon i vi vn vin tr, vn i ng: - Ban qun l d n Trung ng c m cc ti khon sau: Ti khon c bit: Ban qun l d n trung ng c m 01 ti khon c bit ngoi t (USD) mang tn D n Ngn hng phc v tip nhn ngun vin tr khng hon li ca nh ti tr. Ti khon tin gi: Ban qun l d n Trung ng c m 02 ti khon tin gi Ngn hng thng mi, trong : Mt ti khon tin gi USD v mt ti khon tin gi VND gi vo nhng khon thu ti d n nh tin bn h s thu, tin bo lnh d thu, bo lnh thc hin hp ng v cc khon thu vng lai khc. Ti khon d ton: Ban qun l d n trung ng c m mt i khon d ton ti Kho bc Nh nc tip nhn vn i ng do NSTW cp cho cc hot ng ca d n. - Ban qun l d n tnh c m cc ti khon sau: Ti khon c bit ti tuyn tnh: Ti Ngn hng phc v tnh, Ban qun l d n tnh c m 01 ti khon c bit (VND) tip nhn ngun vn vin tr khng hon li ca nh ti tr chuyn n theo k hoch ti chnh c duyt . Ti khon tin gi: Ti Ngn hng thng mi, Ban qun l d n tnh c m mt ti khon tin gi (VND) gi vo nhng khon thu ti d n nh: Tin bn h s thu, tin bo lnh thu, bo lnh thc hin hp ng, tin ng gp ca ngi c hng li (nu c) 27

Ti khon d ton: Ti Kho bc Nh nc tnh, Ban qun l d n tnh c m 01 ti khon d ton vn ngn sch thc hin vic thanh ton vn i ng. Ch bo co, kim tra, quyt ton vn vin tr. Ch bo co: Hng qu v c nm, th trng cc n v trc tip s dng vin tr phI lp bo co tnh hnh tip nhn v s dng vin tr gi c quan ch qun d n nI tip nhn vin tr. Ch kim tra: C quan ti chnh cc cp c trch nhim thng xuyn kim tra v hng dn cc ch qun l vin tr. Ch quyt ton: Hng nm khi kt thc d n, ch d n s dng vin tr ly bo co quyt ton v gi cho c quan ch qun d n theo quy nh ca B Ti chnh. Ring quyt ton nm, B Ti chnh ch tr thm nh bo co quyt ton nm v ngun thu v s dng vin tr ca cc B, ngnh TW cng vi vic thm tra quyt ton kinh ph HCSN cho chng trnh NS&VSNT do B, ngnh TW qun l. Cn c vo bin bn thm tra quyt ton ngun vn vin tr, B TI chnh s thng bo duyt tng s quyt ton chi HCSN ca chng trnh trong c quyt ton ngun vin tr. Vn i ng ca cc d n vin tr c quyt ton nh quyt ton ngun NSNN cp theo Lut NSNN. S TI chnh cc tnh, thnh ph v phng TI chnh cc qun, huyn, th x ch tr thm tra quyt ton thu v s dng vin tr hng nm ca cc n v thuc Phng TI chnh qun l cng vi vic thm tra quyt ton kinh ph HCSN. Quyt ton d n vin tr: - Khi d n vin tr kt thc quyt ton vi nh tI tr m vn cn tha tin, ch d n bo co phng n x l vi c quan ch qun v c quan ti chnh cng cp. - Cng vi vic gi bo co quyt ton d n, ch d n phi bo co x l ti sn, cng n vi c quan ch qun v c quan ti chnh cng cp. b. Phng n 2: H tr ngn sch theo mc tiu : Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu l cch tip cn mi trong vic cung ng v s dng vn ODA, c nhiu li th so vi cch tip cn d n. Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu l m hnh h tr v s dng vn ODA trc tip 28

b sung vo ngn sch khng qua c ch d n, khng cn b my qun l ring. Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu s h tr ngn sch cho cc hot ng c Chnh ph Vit Nam xc nh trong Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v c gii ngn v gim st qun l theo c ch ca Lut Ngn sch v Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia. Mc tiu ca Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu ng thi cng l cc mc tiu ca Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia c Chnh ph Vit Nam ph duyt Vic gii ngn ca Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu d kin s din ra nhanh chng theo tin c tha thun trn nguyn tc "ngun vn ODA c ho vo ngun ngn sch v s c chuyn trc tip vo cc Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng". Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu to iu kin ho nhp" s h tr ODA vi nhng n lc ca Chnh ph t ti cng mc tiu. y l mt bc tin mi trong cng tc hi ho ho cc th tc gia Chnh ph v cc nh ti tr. Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu s c thc hin da trn c ch Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia thay i trong phn b kinh ph, gim st v nh gi trn c s thc hin vic phn cp qun l. C ch bo co da vo quy trnh/ th tc thng thng ca Chnh ph, ch cn ci tin m khng to ra mt quy trnh ring trong qu trnh thc hin Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu. C ch gii ngn vn khng hon li v vn vay nc ngoi: Hip nh tn dng s c m phn gia nh ti tr v ngn hng Nh nc Vit nam theo th tc yu cu ca mi bn. Mi nh ti tr s k mt hip nh ti chnh vi B Ti chnh theo th tc yu cu ca cc bn. Ni dung chnh ca cc hip nh tn dng v cc hip nh ti chnh s l ging nhau i vi Chng trnh xut. Vic gii ngn ca vn vin tr c thc hin theo c ch chuyn trc tip vn ODA vo ngn sch Nh nc thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn hng ti t mc tiu ca chng trnh. Vic gii ngn s tin hnh theo tng nm v kt qu thc hin ca nm trc l cn c gii ngn cho nm tip theo.

29

Khi d n vin tr c k kt v ph duyt xong, cc th tc v cc iu kin cn thit c hon tt cho vic gii ngn, vn vn tr c chuyn vo Kho bc Nh nc Trung ng theo k hoch hng nm c duyt gia Chnh ph v nh ti tr, theo lnh ca Ban ch nhim Chng trnh v thng tin phn hi t a phng (Ni dung, mc tiu chi ca Chng trnh), B Ti chnh (V Ngn sch Nh nc) lm th tc lnh chi theo k hoch, Kho bc Nh nc Trung ng tin hnh chuyn vn vin tr vo Ti khon Kho bc Nh nc tnh, thnh ph thc hin gii ngn ti n v th hng trc tip. Bo co quyt ton vn vin tr Ngun vn vin tr ca Chng trnh h tr ngn sch theo mc tiu s c qun l, quyt ton theo quy nh ti chnh ca Lut Ngn sch Nh nc v cc quy nh hin hnh. iu ny cho php cc cn b v cp qun l c th qun l chng trnh mt cch c hiu qu. Phng php ny nh du s chuyn i t c ch h tr kiu d n sang phng thc h tr trc tip vo ngn sch theo nhng mc tiu c th. Kho bc Nh nc cn lp cc bo co ti chnh trong nm v chi tit cho Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn, Tnh v huyn cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn b cc ngun vn b sung mt cch minh bch v qun l mc chi tiu cng nh tng chi tiu. Hng nm cc tnh phi np bo co ln Ban ch nhim Chng trnh v tnh hnh thc hin theo mu quy nh, cc bo co ny l c s ph b kinh ph theo k hoch cho tnh vo nm tip theo.

30

M hnh minh ho gii ngn vn ODA theo Phng n 2


Ti tr

Ngn sch nh nc

Tn dng

Ti khon ca NHNNVN

B Ti chnh Kho bc NN TW

B KH&T

NHCSXH

S Ti chnh KBNN tnh

S KH&T

NHCSXH tnh

Phng TC huyn Kho bc NN huyn

NHCSXH huyn

Ch u t, ch d n, ch h

Ghi ch: - K hiu: - K hiu: Gii ngn ngun ti chnh ca Chng trnh. Thng bo k hoch vn.

31

c. Phng n 3:
Ngun vn tn dng ODA cng vi NSNN chuyn cho NHCSXH cho vay theo cc mc tiu ca chng trnh. i vi vn ODA khng yu cu hon tr mang tnh cht xy dng c bn (xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc, h x, ) c chuyn qua h thng Kho bc nh nc cp pht v kim sot chi nh i vi ngun vn i ng c NSNN cp pht cho chng trnh. Ring khon thanh ton trc tip cho cc cng ty t vn quc t, cc chuyn gia quc t hoc mt s mua sm quc t khc do Nh ti tr trc tip tin hnh mua sm do Nh ti tr trc tip qun l. Ngun vn ODA khng yu cu hon tr nhng khng c tnh cht xy dng c bn nh: chi qun l d n, chi truyn thng, chi o to, hi tho, tp hun, s do nh ti tr chuyn qua ti khon ca B Ti chnh m ti ngn hng thng mi. Cn c hip nh, tho thun, vn kin chng trnh/d n ; k hoch hot ng v k hoch ngn sch c Ban Ch nhim chng trnh duyt v yu cu gii ngn hng qu ca Ban qun l d n Trung ng, B Ti chnh s chuyn tin ti BQLDA TW, BQLDA cp tnh, BQLDA cp huyn theo k hoch qu hoc thanh ton trc tip cho Nh cung cp hng ho, dch v theo yu cu ca cc BQLDA. i vi vn ODA khng yu cu hon tr nhng khng c tnh cht xy dng c bn, cc ch v nh mc chi tiu s do Chnh ph tho thun vi cc nh ti tr. Vic kim sot chi s do cc BQLDA t chu trch nhim trong khun kh cc tho thun gia Chnh ph vi cc nh ti tr v cc quy nh qun l ti chnh hin hnh. nh k hng nm, cc nh ti tr c th tin hnh kim ton c lp vic chi tiu vn ODA, B Ti chnh s s dng kt qu kim ton ny nh gi vic chi tiu ca cc BQLDA v c bin php iu chnh cn thit vic chuyn tin cho k sau.

32

S minh ho gii ngn vn ODA theo PHNG N 3:

Nh Ti tr
Ngn sch nh nc V Ti chnh i ngoi Kho bc NN TW

NHCSXH

Cng ty t vn quc t Chuyn gia t vn quc t Kho bc NN a phng BQL d n huyn NHCSXH a phng

BQL d n tnh

Ch u t, ch d n, ch h, nh cung cp hng ho, dch v

Ghi ch:

K hiu : Lung vn tn dng Lung gii ngn vn i ng v vn ODA XDCB Lung thanh ton trc tip ca nh ti tr Lung gii ngn ODA ngoi XDCB

33

V.2.5. Phng thc thanh quyt ton v kim sot chi i vi vn vin tr, kim sot chi nhm m bo chi tiu ca chng trnh ph hp vi Hip nh vin tr c k kt gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v nh ti tr. i vi vn ngn sch nh nc, chi tr, thanh ton v kim sot thc hin theo cc quy nh hin hnh ca Chnh ph. V.2.6. Thu Min gim thu kinh doanh c thi hn, gim thu t cho mi thnh phn kinh t tham gia u t lm dch v cp nc sinh hot v v sinh mi trng nng thn. V.3. Gii php v cng ngh cp nc sch, cht lng nc v v sinh nng thn Gii php v cng ngh cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn l cha kho ca vic pht huy hiu qu khai thc, s dng cng trnh, n quyt nh n c vn ti chnh, ngun lc vn hnh v bo dng. Cng ngh c tc ng hi ho mi tng quan gia gi tr cng trnh, thnh phm nc sch v kh nng chi tr ca ngi dn. V vy, cn tp trung y mnh nghin cu v p dng tin b khoa hc k thut vo cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn ph hp vi tin trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho nng thn. i vi xy dng v qun l cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh: Cc c quan qun l nh nc rt khi kinh doanh xy dng cng trnh cp nc sch v v sinh, cng vic ny giao cho cc nh thu l doanh nghip nh nc hoc Cng ty t nhn m nhn thng qua u thu cnh tranh. Hnh thnh th trng cc dch v cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn theo nh hng ca nh nc. V.3.1. Gii php v cng ngh cp nc, qun l cc cng trnh cp nc v cht lng nc Phng thc tip cn cho gii php cng ngh - k thut cp nc sch l: a dng ha cc cng ngh ph hp vi iu kin t nhin kinh t - x hi ca mi vng nng thn; m bo nguyn tc bn vng. Trong , u tin cp nc tp trung cho nhng vng dn c tp trung, tn dng cc cng trnh cp nc hin c nng cp, m rng, ng thi tm kim cc ngun nc n nh cho cc vng c bit kh khn nh vng thng xuyn hn hn, l lt, vng ni cao, hi o; khai thc v s dng hp l 34

cc ngun nc bng cc loi hnh cng ngh ph hp, nng cao cht lng nc bng p dng v chuyn giao nhiu cng ngh mi...C th nh sau: Phc hi, nng cp, ci to v m rng cc cng trnh cp nc hin c: - Trc mt cn kim tra, nh gi y hiu qu s dng cc cng trnh cp nc c xy dng, t c k hoch c th phc hi, ci to, duy tr hot ng ca cc cng trnh. ng thi, nng cp cng ngh (hoc thay i cng ngh) , m rng cng trnh, pht huy ti a cng xut thit k nhm phc v cp nc cho ngi dn c nhiu nht. - C k hoch kim k, nh gi, phn loi cc ging khoan ng knh nh theo kiu UNICEF 2 vng ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long xut bin php s dng thch hp. Trc mt, s dng cc ging cn m bo cht lng (bao gm cht lng ging v cht lng ngun nc) ni mng bm dn n trm x l lm sch nc v phn phi bng ng ng phc v cho cc cm dn c t 10 50 h hoc nhiu hn ph hp vi kh nng khai thc cho php ca loi ging ny. Tip tc nghin cu v u t vo cc m hnh d n cp nc th im trin khai cho tng vng v nhn rng nhng vng c iu kin tng t trn ton quc: - R sot li cc m hnh, d n c ng dng th im trong giai on 1999 2005; c k hoch tng kt, ph bin nhn rng. - Giai on 2006 2010 cn tp trung nghin cu, th im cc m hnh cng ngh cp nc sch nng thn ph hp vi cc vng c th, nh: Cng ngh, k thut cp nc cho cc vng kh khn: vng ni cao, vng CASTO bng cng ngh xy h thu nc, gi nc, tr nc quy m va v nh cp nc cho cm dn c. - Tip tc nghin cu ng dng cng ngh cp nc cho vng l lt, vng b nhim phn ti cc vng ng bng, c bit l BSCL. - Nghin cu, ng dng th im v cng ngh k thut cp nc v x l nc cho cc vng Duyn hi, vng hi o, vng ngun nc b nhim mn. - Cng ngh x l nc mt bng trm cp nc ni, t hnh cp nc cho cc vng: ng Bng Sng Cu Long, vng dn c vn , vng nhiu knh rch.

35

- Cng ngh x l ngun nc nhim mn s dng nh nng mt tri bc hi bng gng knh thu nc ngt phc v cho n, ung cc tnh Duyn hi Min trung, vng hi o. - Th im s dng vt liu vi Polime, contak lm ti cha nc cp nc cho ma kh hn thay th cc b, lu cha nc cho vng cao, vng l lt, vng duyn hi min trung, hi o. - Nghin cu tip thu vic ng dng th im cng ngh cao, k thut hin i cho cc cng trnh cp nc tp trung cc vng ng bng. - Tip tc nghin cu v pht trin sn xut nguyn vt liu, thit b trong nc, gim gi thnh, to vic lm cho ngi dn. - R sot, hon chnh cc ti liu hng dn v cng ngh, k thut t chc ph bin rng ri cc ti liu ny n tn c s. S dng tng hp a mc ch ti nguyn nc: Trit tn dng ngun nc ca cc cng trnh phc v cp nc cho cc mc ch khc, tn dng ngun nc ti hn 750 h cha ln v trung bnh v hn 10.000 h nh cng cc cng trnh thy nng, knh mng dn hin c lm ngun x l nc phc v cho n ung v sinh hot. p dng cng ngh thch hp trn c s u tin ng dng tin b khoa hc k thut trong cp nc, duy tr cng ngh truyn thng ph hp: - Pht trin cng ngh cp nc tin tin vi cc quy m khc nhau, m rng ti a cp nc n h gia nh qua ng h o nc, c bit l ti cc tnh ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. Hn ch ti a vic cp nc phn tn nh l cc vng ng bng. - Xy dng cc b cha, lu cha nc ma vng ni cao, ni kh khn cc ngun nc ngm, nc mt. - Ch trng cc bin php x l nc vi quy trnh khc nhau m bo nng cao cht lng c bit l cc vng kh khn nh ni cao, vng b nhim phn, nhim mn, nhim Asen, nhim kim loi, vng ngun nc b nhim nng, vng ngp lt, hn hn.

36

Cc loi cng ngh cp nc: Cng ngh cp nc nh l Cc loi cng ngh cp nc nh l bao gm : - Ging o: cp nc cho tng h, cho tng cm h gia nh hoc cm dn c. Trong tnh hnh hin nay nhng vng ngun nc mt hoc nc ngm tng nng b nhim nng khng p dng loi hnh ny khai thc nc cho n ung. - B cha, lu cha nc: p dng cho nhng vng dn c tha tht khng c iu kin cp nc tp trung, ngun nc mt v nc ngm khan him nh vng ni cao, vng ni Cast, hi o, vng ven bin ngun nc b nhim mn, vng l lt, nhng ni khng c iu kin cp nc tp trung, nhng ni dn c tha tht - Ging khoan: Hn ch ti a vic pht trin ging khoan h gia nh, c bit l vng ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. Cc ging khoan khng m bo cht lng phi sm c lp trnh lm nhim ngun nc ngm. Cp nc tp trung Cp nc tp trung l mt gii php cp nc hon chnh, m bo cht lng v khi lng nc, do nhng vng c iu kin ngun nc di do, a hnh bng phng, dn c tp trung, kinh t pht trin, trnh dn tr cao th u tin pht trin loi hnh ny nhm nng t l dn c nng thn c s dng nc t cc loi hnh cng ngh cp nc tp trung ln khong 35% vo nm 2010. Cc loi hnh cng ngh cp nc tp trung gm c: - Cp nc t chy: ph hp vi vng cao, vng ni. Khai thc ngun nc mch l hoc nc sui v tr cao hn khu vc s dng nc. - H thng cp nc s dng bm ng lc: nhm khai thc ngun nc ngm hoc nc mt v p dng i vi vng ng bng ng dn c. - H cp nc tp trung quy m nh: tn dng ging khoan ng knh nh, ging o, thay bm tay bng lp bm in a ln thp nc c th tch nh, cao t 5 7m, dng ng ng dn nc n h gia nh, c lp ng h o nc phc v khong 50 100 h.

37

T chc xy dng, qun l v khai thc cc cng trnh cp nc: Vic trin khai xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc sch phi m bo nguyn tc dn ch, cng khai, ngi dn c tham gia ngay t khu lp k hoch u t, chun b u t, la chn cng ngh v tham gia gim st thc hin xy dng cng trnh. i vi cc cng trnh cp nc tp trung: Phng thc qun l v ch s hu cng trnh cp nc tp trung sau xy dng phi c xc nh ngay t khi lp d n v l mt iu kin bt buc ph duyt d n. Hin nay ang tn ti kh nhiu m hnh qun l cng trnh cp nc tp trung khc nhau, do trong nm 2006 phi t chc nh gi y v cc m hnh qun l hin nay t a ra c m hnh ph hp. c bit i vi cc cng trnh hin ang hot ng km hiu qu cn a ra l trnh chuyn i phng thc qun l v s hu. khuyn khch pht trin cc m hnh qun l nh: HTX, t nhn , Cng ty c phn, Cng ty cp nc sch nng thn... M hnh Trung tm nc sinh hot v v sinh mi trng nng thn qun l hin ti ang c hiu qu, song cn nh gi li chuyn dn sang hnh thc qun l khc ph hp vi nguyn tc nh nc khng trc tip qun l, kinh doanh cc cng trnh cp nc sch. i vi cc cng trnh cp nc tp trung gi tiu th nc sch theo nguyn tc tnh ng, tnh cc chi ph sn xut, m bo cho cc doanh nghip, cc nh u t t ch v ti chnh trong hot ng kinh doanh. Vi cc cng trnh cp nc nh l, ch s hu l t nhn (gia nh) t t chc xy dng v qun l. Tuy nhin, nh nc cn t vn y v cng ngh, k thut v hng dn cc quy nh trong vic hot ng m bo vic khai thc ngun nc v bo v mi trng. Tiu chun cht lng nc Cng tc qun l, nh gi gim st cht lng nc sch nng thn trong giai on 2006 2010 cn phi c quan tm c bit m bo kt qu t c mang tnh bn vng. Trong giai on trc mt, p dng cc tiu ch v quy trnh gim st, nh gi tiu chun v sinh nc sch nng thn theo Quyt nh s s 09/ 2005/Q/BYT i vi cc cng trnh cp nc c cng sut phc v di 500 ngi. 38

i vi cc cng trnh c cng sut ln hn 500 ngi tm thi p dng tiu chun v sinh nc n ung theo Quyt nh s 1329/2002/Q BYT ca B Y t ban hnh. Tuy nhin, ph hp vi thc t pht trin kinh t, x hi v kh nng p ng v k thut v trnh qun l, trong nm 2006 2007, cn xy dng v ban hnh b Tiu chun Quc gia cht lng nc sch thng nht chung cho cc loi hnh cp nc phc v cho n, ung v sinh hot nng thn. V.3.2. Cng ngh nh tiu h gia nh, v sinh trng hc v v sinh cng cng Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia Nc sch v VSMT giai on 1998 2005 t c nhiu thnh tu trong lnh vc cp nc nhng lnh vc v sinh mi trng ch t c kt qu hn ch. Cht lng xy dng, tnh trng s dng nh tiu thc t nhiu ni cn km, mt s trng hp chng loi nh tiu c la chn cha ph hp vi quy m s dng, do i hi phi c cc bin php thch hp v hiu qu t mc tiu ra. Trong nhng nm ti, vic la chn v pht trin cc loi hnh nh tiu ph hp cho h gia nh, trng hc, ni cng cng phi da vo nhu cu ca cng ng v a phng trn c s c s t vn v k thut ca nh nc. Cng ng tham gia ngay t giai on lp k hoch v quyt nh loi hnh nh tiu no s c la chn, tham gia vo tt c cc khu xy dng, gim st thi cng v qun l sau xy dng. ng thi ch trng thc hin cc gii php sau: Thng nht thit k v sn xut cc cu kin v sinh bng cc loi vt liu, ph kin khc nhau m bo k thut - trnh nhng sai lch v k thut trong vic xy dng cc cng trnh nh v sinh, cn thit phi trin khai nghin cu v h tr sn xut hng lot cc cu kin v sinh bng nhiu loi nguyn vt liu khc nhau theo ng quy chun thit k k thut cung cp cho a phng. Huy ng cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia sn xut v cung ng cc cu kin v sinh, xy dng cc cng trnh v sinh, hn ch c quyn, tn dng ngun nguyn liu sn c ti ch, gi thnh cnh tranh... - Thit b v sinh ca loi nh tiu t hoi: b x (b bt, b xm), ct L, ng PVC nhiu kch c, cc thit b ph kin km theo khc... c nhiu cng ty ca Vit

39

Nam v Cng ty lin doanh snh xut v cung ng theo nhu cu th trng, do vy cn h tr qung b cc sn phm ny v y mnh vic p dng. - Nghin cu sn xut hng lot b x ca nh tiu hai ngn v o ci tin bng cc vt liu bn, m bo v sinh v c tnh thm m cao (Composite, s trng men..) ng tiu chun k thut gii quyt nhng sai st k thut v tin li trong thi cng, h c gi thnh, huy ng c nhiu thnh phn tham gia. u t nghin cu th im cc m hnh v sinh ph hp cho cc vng ngp lt, h gia nh, trng hc, trm x, ch nng thn, y ban nhn dn cc x. - Nghin cu chun ho thit k i vi cc loi nh tiu HVS h gia nh. - Nghin cu ng dng sn xut cc loi vt liu composite, s, b tng c snv cc vt liu khc theo ng tiu chun thit k ph hp vi khu vc, a phng. - Nghin cu m hnh x l phn, nc tiu (k thut , s dng nng lng mt tri, biogas, cng ngh sinh hc, giun t...) hp v sinh, gi thnh h. - Nghin cu cc hnh thc t chc, s dng bo qun v quy trnh kim tra gim st nghim thu cng trnh. - M hnh th im v xy dng, s dng v bo qun nh tiu HVS trong trng hc (cc cp) ph hp vi s lng hc sinh v la tui. - M hnh th im v xy dng, s dng v bo qun nh tiu HVS cho trm x x, UBND x v ch (ch thng xuyn, ch hp phin). Thnh lp v t chc cc i k thut chuyn xy dng cng trnh v sinh ti cc tuyn huyn, x, thn. Nhm mc tiu hng dn cho cng ng xy dng cc cng trnh nh tiu ng k thut, m bo cht lng, ng thi h tr cng tc gim st s dng ti cng ng. Cc loi nh tiu hp v sinh: Hin nay c nhiu loi hnh nh tiu h gia nh ang c p dng ti cc vng nng thn Vit Nam, tuy nhin mt s khng cn ph hp do khng p ng c cc 40

nhu cu v m bo an ton v sinh mi trng. Do , trong thi gian ti y mnh p dng 3 loi hnh nh tiu l: nh tiu t hoi, nh tiu hai ngn phn ti ch/nh tiu sinh thi, nh tiu chm c ng thng hi. Trong nhng ni thun li v ngun nc s xy dng loi nh tiu t hoi, nhng ni khng thun li v ngun nc v iu kin a l kh khn khuyn khch xy dng loi nh tiu hai ngn v nh tiu o ci tin. Ngoi ra cn tip tc nh gi cc m hnh nh tiu hin c khc a ra nhng loi hnh ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, vn ho, phong tc tp qun ca tng khu vc nhm ph bin nhn rng. Nh tiu dng cho trng hc v cc c s cng cng nh ch, tr s u ban xkhuyn khch p dng loi nh tiu t hoi hoc hai ngn phn ti ch. Cc yu cu i vi nh tiu hp v sinh: - C lp c phn ngi, lm cho phn ti hoc phn cha an ton khng th tip xc c vi ngi, ng vt v cn trng. - Tiu dit c cc tc nhn gy bnh c trong phn v khng lm nhim mi trng xung quanh. V.3.3. Cng ngh x l cht thi lng ngh v cht thi chn nui Cng ngh ng vai tr rt quan trng x l cht thi chn nui cng nh lng ngh, v th trong nhng nm ti cn tip tc nghin cu a ra nhiu loi hnh cng ngh gip ngi dn c nhiu loi hnh ph hp la chn, ng thi nghin cu gim gi thnh cng ngh x l cht thi chn nui v lng ngh. X l cht thi chn nui h gia nh - y mnh p dng cng ngh Biogas x l cht thi chn nui. Kinh nghim thc hin chng trnh trong giai on qua cho thy, Biogas l cng ngh x l cht thi chn nui c hiu qu va x l cc yu t gy nhim mi trng, hn ch c cc nguy c truyn bnh va to ra kh s dng un nu. Biogas c rt nhiu loi nh: ti nilon, hm hnh tr xy gch np b tng hoc composit, hnh cu xy dng bng gch... Nhn chung cc loi hnh biogas u c u nhc im song cho n nay cng ngh biogas x l cht thi chn nui l u vit nht. iu kin tin quyt

41

biogas pht huy hiu qu l phi xy dng ng quy trnh k thut m bo kn, bn vng khng d kh v phi cung cp ti thiu 20 Kg phn ti trong 24 gi. Biogas c nhiu loi, tu thuc vo iu kin kinh t ca tng gia nh v tng vng m p dng cho ph hp. Da vo cht liu lm biogas ngi ta phn ra 2 loi chnh: - Biogas bng ti ni lon : Gi thnh thp, d xy dng song hay b thng, r kh, tn din tch, khng bn, p lc gas thp nn hiu sut t khng cao. - Biogas xy bng gch: c nhiu hnh thi khc nhau nh hm xy hnh tr np c nh bng b tng li thp hoc composit hoc loi hm hnh cu... M hnh ny gi thnh v k thut xy dng i hi cao song u im l bn vng, tn t din tch... - Thc y x l cht thi chn nui h gia nh bng mu chung do Vin chn nui b Nng nghip thit k. Nguyn tc chung l chung xy gch c mi che nn cng c nghing dn nc thi. Gn vi chung l h phn v b t hoi 3 ngn x l nc thi. Cho n nay mi c kiu chung hp v sinh do Vin chn nui thit k song vn hnh rt kh khn v hng ngy phi ht phn cho vo h . M hnh chung ca Vin Chn nui c trin khai th im H ty, Nam nh, Yn bi... nu c vn hnh tt x l cht thi chn nui c hiu qu hn ch cc nguyn nhn gy nhim ng thi to ra ngun phn bn hu c tt v an ton. M hnh ny ph hp p dng cho vng khng ngp lt, min ni, vng s dng phn bn cho cy trng. - Sn xut phn hu c vi sinh t nguyn liu phn v rc thi gia nh. y l m hnh c gii thng sng to mi trng do Trung tm nghin cu v pht trin cng ng nng thn Hi lm vn Vit Nam nghin cu. Quy trnh sn xut phn hu c vi sinh quy m h gia nh n gin r tin ph hp vi tp qun phn chung truyn thng ca cc h nng dn. M hnh ny va m bo x l phn, rc thi va to ra ngun phn bn hu c vi sinh cht lng tt, ph hp p dng cho vng khng ngp lt, min ni, vng s dng phn bn cho cy trng. i vi vic x l cht thi lng ngh Theo tnh ton s b th s vn cn u t s rt ln v kh c th gii quyt c trong phm vi Chng trnh ny. Phng n xut l tp trung u t xy dng mt s m hnh th im x l cht thi cho cc lng ngh ch bin thc phm, lng 42

ngh dt th cng v lng ngh giy sau t chc nh gi v tuyn truyn ph bin nhn rng din p dng. Cc lng ngh xy dng cc cc m hnh sau th im s c to iu kin vay vn vi li xut thp v thi hn tr vn hp l. V.3.4.Cng trnh th im Trong giai on 1999 2005 c hng lot m hnh cng ngh cp nc v v sinh cng nh m hnh qun l trin khai thc hin c th im, do trong nm 2006 cn t chc nh gi li cc loi hnh th im nhn rng ra cc a bn ph hp. Kinh nghim trong thi gian qua cng cho thy vic th im nn tp trung mt s a bn c th sau t chc nh gi v ph bin, nhn rng thng qua cc phng tin truyn thng i chng l c hiu qu (nh d n xy dng hm Biogas an Phng, H Ty). Ty theo yu cu v mc ch ca th im cn c phng n t chc xy dng v qun l c th m bo nguyn tc: - C s tham gia, phi hp cht ch gia c quan qun l, c quan thc hin, c quan khoa hc, cc nh khoa hc v cc a phng (hng th d n) - Th im phi gn vi s dng cng trnh. - C s phn cng theo di t chc nh gi kt qu th im, c k hoch ph bin nhn rng. V.4. Gii php v Quy hoch v c ch qun l k hoch chng trnh V.4.1. Quy hoch Trn c s quy hoch cp nc v v sinh mi trng nng thn hin c, trong nm 2006 2007 cn tin hnh nh gi, cp nht, b sung quy hoch, k hoch chi tit v cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn cc a bn dn c. a vic iu chnh, b sung quy hoch thnh mt nhim v thng xuyn ca cng tc qun l nh nc. Trong vn ny cn ht sc ch quy hoch khng gian mt bng dnh t cho mc ch pht trin cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn V.4.2. C ch qun l k hoch Chng trnh Thc trng cng tc k hoch i vi Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia NS&VSMTNT trong my nm qua c nhiu tin b, tuy nhin nhn chung vn cn 43

nhiu bt cp k c qu trnh lm k hoch, nng lc v t chc i ng cn b t cp x ln n cp tnh. Thm vo , vic phi hp theo chiu dc v chiu ngang trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch cn yu; k hoch cha thc s i t nhu cu thc t ca c s, cha th hin c nguyn vng ca ngi dn, cha i t mc ch cn t c xy dng k hoch ca chng trnh. khc phc cc tn ti trn, cn i mi cng tc xy dng k hoch ca Chng trnh theo phng php k hoch ho. Tng cng vic phn cp qun l m bo rng cc tnh ch ng hn trong vic lp k hoch, trin khai v qun l cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh nng thn. Vic xy dng k hoch ca chng trnh NS&VSMTNT c tin hnh theo lch trnh 5 nm v hng nm v phi xut pht t c s. C th nh sau: - Cp x tng hp nhu cu t cc thn, bn, c s tham gia ca ngi dn, ca cng ng dn c th hng chng trnh v t mc tiu chnh ca chng trnh v u t xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc, cc cng trnh v sinh ln k hoch v cp nc sch v VSMTNT ca x. K hoch ny phi c HND x thng qua v sau gi cho UBND huyn. - Cp huyn tng hp k hoch cp nc sch v VSMTNT t cc x trong huyn theo cc mc tiu, nhim v: s ngi dn c cp nc sch, s h c cng trnh hp v sinh, s lng ngh c x l mi trng, s cng trnh cp nc c u t xy dng mi, s nh tiu c xy mi (hoc ci to) hp v sinh; nhu cu vn u t pht trin v s nghip, nhu cu vay vn tn dng; k hoch huy ng ngun lc ca huyn cho chng trnh NS&VSMTNT... K hoch ca huyn phi c HND huyn thng qua v gi UBND tnh, S Nng nghip v PTNT.
- Cp tnh tng hp k hoch cp nc sch v VSMTNT t cc huyn trong

tnh theo cc mc tiu, nhim v: s ngi dn c cp nc sch; s h c cng trnh hp v sinh; s lng ngh c x l mi trng; s cng trnh cp nc c u t xy dng mi; s cng trnh h x c xy mi (hoc ci to) hp v sinh; nhu cu vn u t pht trin v s nghip, nhu cu vay vn tn dng; k hoch huy ng ngun lc ti a phng. K hoch ca tnh phi c HND tnh thng qua v gi th tng chnh ph, c quan qun l chng trnh l B Nng nghip v PTNT, B K hoch v u t, B Ti chnh. 44

- B Nng nghip v PTNT tng hp k hoch ca chng trnh t 64 tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v k hoch cp nc v v sinh mi trng nng thn ca cc B, ngnh c lin quan gi Th tng Chnh ph, B K hoch v u t, B Ti chnh. Giao ch tiu k hoch ca chng trnh: Vic giao ch tiu k hoch nm 2006 v cc nm tip theo ca chng trnh vn thc hin theo c ch nh k hoch nm 2005, c th l: Th tng chnh ph giao ch tiu tng kinh ph ca cc d n do a phng thc hin; kinh ph ca CTMTQG do c quan qun l chng trnh v c quan tham gia thc hin chng trnh thc hin. (Xem s s 2). V.5. o to pht trin ngun nhn lc o to pht trin ngun nhn lc phi p ng c vi cch tip cn da theo nhu cu v phn cp qun l, thc thi cho cc cp. C ngha l ngoi nhim v o to, vic pht trin ngun nhn lc cn bao gm vic tuyn m nhn vin v pht trin ngh nghip; ng thi da trn vic cp nht k hoch t chc v pht trin ngun nhn lc. Vic o to pht trin ngun nhn lc c thc hin i vi mi cp v vi tt c cn b nhn vin trong lnh vc cp nc v v sinh mi trng nh: cn b ch o, cn b qun l, lp k hoch, chng trnh, k thut, ti chnh, tn dng, c bit l o to cho nhn vin qun l v cng nhn vn hnh, sa cha, bo dng cng trnh cp nc v v sinh. Vic o to cn ch trng n vic dy thc hnh hn l l thuyt n thun; u tin o to th, cn b bo tr, vn hnh l ngi a phng to cng n vic lm v pht trin ngh nghip cho ngi dn. Hin nay b my t chc v cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn c thit lp cp tnh v Trung trng, tuy nhin, cp huyn v c bit l cp x khng c cn b chuyn trch v cng tc ny. Do , cn u tin pht trin ngun nhn lc cp huyn, x thc hin tt hn vai tr mi ca mnh. p ng tt cng tc o to, nh nc cn u t thm cc trang thit b, nng cao trnh ging dy cc c s o to hin c cc cp trong lnh vc cp nc v v sinh mi trng, bao gm: cc c s o to bc i hc, trung hc chuyn

45

nghip v trung tm dy ngh ca cc B: B NN&PTNT, B xy dng, B Gio dc v o to, B Lao ng- Thng binh- X hi Ni dung o to s cn c theo nhu cu thc t, tuy nhin cn lu tp trung vo mt s lnh vc sau: - Nng cao nng lc lp k hoch, qun l, gim st, nh gi cho cn b; - Nng cao nng lc v k thut xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh ti cng ng - K nng truyn thng; - Gim st nh gi d n.

VI. HIU QU CA CHNG TRNH


VI.1. Hiu qu v kinh t, x hi v mi trng Hiu qu v kinh t - To iu kin hnh thnh cc cm dn c pht trin tp trung theo tng ngh c th nh chn nui, sn xut nng nghip, lng ngh truyn thng. - Khi c nc sch, mi trng sng hp v sinh hn s gim c thi gian i ly nc ca ngi dn, t gip h dnh thi gian cho sn xut gp phn nng cao iu kin kinh t ca gia nh. - Hn ch tnh trng bnh tt trong dn c, c bit l cc bnh c lin quan n nc v v sinh nh thng hn, tiu chy, l, st rt, t mt ht t s gim chi ph phi chi cho mua thuc v cha tr bnh tt. - Hin nay ti nhiu ni nc ta ngi dn nng thn vn phi mua nc cho n ung vi gi rt cao v chim ti 30% tng mc thu nhp ca c gia nh trong mt nm. Do , vic thc hin Chng trnh s gip cc h gia nh cc khu vc kh khn v nc gim chi ph cho vic mua nc v t s c iu kin u t cho pht trin kinh t. Hiu qu v x hi - Gp phn nng cao cht lng sng ca ngi dn nng thn. - Hnh thnh np sng vn minh, hp v sinh, hn ch s chnh lch v iu kin sinh hot gia nng thn v th, gia cc vng nng thn vi nhau; gp phn hn 46

ch s di dn t vo th v di c t do cc vng khan him nc; hn ch tnh trng mt v sinh nghim trng ang din ra ti nhiu vng, trong c cc vng ven bin Hiu qu v mi trng - Thc hin chng trnh s khc phc c bn nn nhim mi trng; bo v cht lng cc ngun nc, c bit l khc phc c tnh trng khai thc, s dng ba bi, gy cn kit, nhim ngun nc ngm. - Gii quyt tnh trng nhim do phn ngi v phn gia sc gy ra gp phn lm p cnh quan, sch ng lng, ng xm VI.2. Tc ng tch cc ca chng trnh i vi cc chng trnh khc Vic Chng trnh NS&VSMT thc hin tt cc mc tiu, nhim v ca mnh s to iu kin thun li cho cc chng trnh khc nh: y t, DS KHHG, gio dc - o to thc hin tt cc mc tiu, nhim v ra. Trm x, nh tr, lp mu gio, trng tiu hc v trung hc c s, tr s lm vic ca cc ban ngnh, on th x hi v v cc cng trnh cng cng khc s hot ng hiu qu hn khi c nc sch v h x hp v sinh.

VII. T CHC QUN L V IU HNH THC HIN CHNG TRNH


VII.1. T chc qun l v iu hnh Nguyn tc chung l tn dng, kin ton, sp xp li cho hp l cc t chc hin c v cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn cc cp, c bit l n v c s, thn, bn. Tp trung u mi ch tr, phi hp nhim v cp nc sch v mi trng nng thn vo B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn; phn cng trch nhim r rng v c c ch phi hp tt gia cc B, ngnh v t chc x hi. B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt thnh phn Ban ch nhim chng trnh v Quy ch hot ng ca Ban ch nhim. Thnh phn Ban Ch nhim chng trnh gm c: B trng B Nng nghip v PTNT, Ch nhim. 47

Th trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, Ph Ch nhim thng trc. Th trng B Y t, Ph Ch nhim ph trch hp phn v sinh h gia nh. Th trng B ti nguyn Mi trng, Ph Ch nhim ph trch vn ngun nc v mi trng, trong lng ngh. Cc U vin Ban ch nhim gm c: i din cc B : B Gio dc v o to, B Quc phng, B Ti chnh, B K hoch v u t. i din cc on th : TW Hi Nng dn Vit Nam, TW on Thanh nin Cng sn H Ch Minh, TW Hi ph n Vit Nam Ban Ch nhim Chng trnh c cc chc nng v nhim v ch yu sau: i. xut ln Chnh ph nhng thay i trong lnh vc chnh sch v php l cho vic pht trin cp nc v v sinh nng thn. ii. Lp k hoch, hng dn, ch o thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia. iii. Qun l, phn b kinh ph ca Chng trnh. iv. Phi hp vi cc B, ngnh, a phng theo di, gim st, nh gi kt qu thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia. v. Tng hp bo co nh k (qu, nm) v tnh hnh thc hin Chng trnh vi cc c quan chc nng. Vn phng Ban ch nhim Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia t ti B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Vn phng thng trc chng trnh: L c quan gip vic Ban ch nhim Chng trnh, t ti B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Quy ch lm vic ca Vn phng thng trc Chng trnh do B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn quyt nh. Nhn s ca Vn phng gm c cn b chuyn trch thuc bin ch ca B NN&PTNT, cn b kim nhim theo s tho thun, cn b hp ng c tuyn dng theo d n.

48

VII.2. Vai tr trch nhim ca cc ngnh, cc cp trong qun l v iu hnh thc hin Chng trnh VII.2.1. Cp trung ng B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn Thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc c phn cng, tp trng ch yu vo cc ni dung sau : i. Ch tr, phi hp vi cc ngnh, cc cp xut, xy dng c ch chnh sch qun l, iu hnh thc hin chng trnh trnh Chnh ph ban hnh hoc ban hnh theo chc nng nhim v c quy nh. ii. Xc nh mc tiu, xy dng v tng hp k hoch hng nm, 5 nm v cn i phn b ngun lc cho cc ngnh, cc cp v cc a phng. iii. Hng dn, ph bin cc hnh thc cung cp nc m bo cht lng, cc bin php s dng ho cht trong cng tc s nghip. iv. Phi hp vi cc B, ngnh chc nng c lin quan trong cng tc quy hoch, xy dng k hoch thu gom v x l cht thi ; kim tra, gim st, xut gii php gim thiu nhim mi trng. v. iu phi chung v Thng tin Gio duc Truyn thng vi. Hng dn, thanh tra, kim tra thc hin Chng trnh. B Y t Thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v y t v sc kho, trong ch trng : i. Hng dn, ph bin tiu chun cht lng nc sch nng thn. ii. Hng dn, ph bin, ch o cng tc v sinh v xy dng cc chng trnh v sinh cng cng, v sinh h gia nh nng thn. iii. Qun l nh nc v cht lng nc, v v sinh c nhn, v sinh cng ng nng thn. B K hoch u t v B Ti chnh Thc hin cc chc nng phn b cc ngun vn, iu phi kinh ph chung v iu phi cc ngun ti tr bao gm c vic iu phi ngn sch nh nc hng nm cho lnh vc cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn v cho cc d n c ti tr.

49

B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Qun l nh nc v ngun nc, v mi trng lng ngh v mi trng nng thn ni chung B Xy dng i. QLNN v tiu chun xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc ii. QLNN v cng tc qui hoch cc khu dn c nng thn. B Gio dc v o to: i. Hng dn, ph bin, o to nng cao kin thc v nc sch v v sinh trng hc cho gio vin, hc sinh. ii. Kim tra, gim st nh k vic xy dng cng trnh nc sch v v sinh trng hc. Cc B ngnh khc i. Hng dn, b tr vn xy dng c bn xy dng cng trnh co nc v v sinh ph hp vi nhim v ca cng trnh chuyn dng do ngnh mnh qun l. ii. Trc tip hng dn c quan chuyn ngnh cp di thc hin y mc tiu v CNS&VSMTNT cho cc cng trnh cng cng chuyn dng do ngnh mnh qun l. Cc t chc qun chng Tham gia theo chc nng ca mnh c bit l tham gia vo cc hot ng Thng tin Gio dc Truyn thng, huy ng cng ng tham gia tch cc xy dng, vn hnh v qun l cc cng trnh cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn, tham gia hot ng tn dng cho cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn. Gip ngi s dng thnh lp cc nhm hoc cc hnh thc qun l khc qun l cc cng trnh cp nc. VII.2.2. Cp tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng Ch tch UBND tnh, thnh ph chu trch nhim t chc trin khai thc hin Chng trnh ti tnh; ch ng huy ng thm ngun lc, lng ghp cc hot ng c lin quan ca cc chng trnh khc trn a bn cho vic thc hin cc mc tiu ca chng trnh trn a bn tnh; bo co nh k vic thc hin cc mc tiu, nhim v ca chng trnh trn a bn tnh/ thnh ph theo qui nh hin hnh. Chu trch nhim 50

trc nh nc v vic s dng ng mc tiu v c hiu qu ngun vn ca chng trnh, thc hin chng tham nhng v tht thot vn ca chng trnh. Giao cho S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn l n v thng trc gip UBND tnh ch o thc hin v qun l Chng trnh trn a bn ca tnh. VII.2.3. Cp huyn Ch tch UBND huyn chu trch nhim t chc trin khai thc hin Chng trnh ti huyn. C trch nhim t chc thc hin cc mc tiu, nhim v ca chng trnh theo cc ch tiu k hoch c UBND tnh, thnh ph giao. Thc hin ng v y cc qui nh hin hnh ca Chnh ph v qun l u t v xy dng, v qun l ti chnh v ngn sch, thc hin qui ch dn ch c s, cng khai ti chnh, cng khai k hoch thc hin d n v ngun vn c giao thc hin, t chc huy ng v s dng hp l ngun lc ti ch ca a phng cho vic thc hin cc d n ca chng trnh. Giao cho Phng Kinh t- K hoch l n v thng trc gip UBND huyn ch o thc hin v qun l Chng trnh trn a bn ca huyn. VII.2.4. Cp x UBND x chu trch nhim t chc trin khai thc hin cc hot ng v nc sch v v sinh mi trng ti x, phng. C cn b theo di v phi hp trin khai thc hin Chng trnh.

VIII. GIM ST NH GI TNH HNH THC HIN CHNG TRNH


Mc ch ca vic gim st, nh gi chng trnh.

T chc h thng gim st, nh gi l nhm m bo tnh khch quan trong vic phn nh tnh hnh thc hin cc mc tiu, nhim v ca chng trnh, Thi gian thc hin vic gim st nh gi Vic gim st nh gi thc hin cc mc tiu v nhim v ca chng trnh c tin hnh hng nm ti tt c cc cp. H thng ch tiu, ch s gim st, nh gi (dng cho c 4 cp: TW, tnh, huyn v x). 51

V cp nc sch: bao gm cc ngun nc c xc nh m bo cho n ung v sinh hot. + S dn nng thn c s dng nc sch + T l % s dn nng thn c s dng nc sch/ dn s nng thn; + % s ngi c s dng nchch t ging o + % s ngi s dng nc sch t ging khoan + % s ngi s dng nc my + % s ngi s dng cc ngun nc sch khc V v sinh : + T l % s h gia nh nng thn s dng h x hp v sinh/ tng s h gia nh nng thn + T l (%) s nh tr, lp mu gio tp trung tp trung c cp nc hp v sinh, s dng h x hp v sinh/ tng s nh tr tp trung, lp mu gio (ca x, huyn, tnh, c nc) + T l (%) s trng tiu hc c cp nc hp v sinh v c h x hp v sinh/ tng s trng tiu hc (ca x, huyn, tnh, c nc) ; + T l (%) s trng THCS c cp nc sch v c h x hp v sinh/ tng s trng THCS (ca huyn, tnh, c nc) ; + S trm x x c cp nc sch v c h x hp v sinh; + T l (%) s trm x x c cp nc sch v c h x hp v sinh (ca x, huyn, tnh, c nc) ; + T l (%)s tr s UBND x c cp nc sch v c h x hp v sinh/ tng s x (ca huyn, tnh, c nc); + S ch c cp nc sch, s dng h x hp v sinh ; + T l (%) s ch c cp nc sch, s dng h x hp v sinh/ tng s ch (ca huyn, tnh, c nc); V mi trng: + S chung tri chn nui c x l cht thi m bo v sinh mi trng; 52

+ T l (%) s chung tri chn nui c x l cht thi m bo v sinh mi trng/ tng s chung tri chn nui cn phi x l. + S lng ngh c x l cht thi m bo v sinh mi trng ; + T l (%) s lng ngh c x l cht thi m bo v sinh mi trng/ tng s lng ngh cn phi x l. V vn u t : Tng s vn u t cho vic xy dng, ci to cc cng trnh cp nc v v sinh trong nm, chia ra: + Tng s vn u t t ngun ngn sch nh nc + Tng s vn u t t ngun h tr quc t + Tng s vn u t ca t nhn + Tng s vn u t, ng gp ca dn + Ngun khc (ghi r). C ch thc hin vic gim st, nh gi thc hin chng trnh Cp x - UBND x chu trch nhim thu thp, qun l v lu gi nhng thng tin v thc hin chng trnh ti x. Tng hp thng tin x v gi bo co cho UBND huyn. Cp huyn - C quan thng trc Chng trnh ca UBND huyn chu trch nhim qun l v lu gi nhng thng tin u vo do cc x bo co; kim tra, hng dn v gip cp x gi bo co theo ng nh k; chun b bo co theo nh k. - UBND huyn gi bo co tng hp thng tin theo tng x nh k cho c quan thng trc Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia tnh l S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn.

53

Cp tnh - S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn chu trch nhim qun l v lu gi nhng thng tin tng hp theo tng x do huyn bo co. - Kim tra v hng dn cp huyn gi bo co ng nh k. - Tng hp thng tin v gi bo co nh k ln Ban ch nhim Chng trnh TW. Cp trung ng - Vn phng thng trc Chng trnh chu trch nhim qun l v lu gi thng tin do tnh bo co. - Kim tra v hng dn cp tnh gi bo co theo ng nh k. - Kim tra ngun s liu v tin cy ca cc s liu. Gip Ban ch nhim chun b cc bo co nh k.

IX. XUT IX.1. Cc c ch chnh sch cn ban hnh p dng cho vic thc hin Chng trnh H thng vn bn quy phm php lut y v hon thin s to mi trng php l cn thit thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia. Tuy nhin, trn thc t h thng vn bn quy phm php lut hin hnh v cp nc sch v v sinh nng thn rt phn tn, ri rc, nhiu khi b chng cho. Nhiu vn bn quy phm php lut cn thit cn thiu iu chnh qu trnh thc hin phng chm y mnh x hi ho v hnh thnh th trng nc sch nng thn theo nh hng ca nh nc. Cha c th ch r rng v c th v s tham gia ca ngi s dng, ngi dn v cng ng chng trnh, d n V vy trong nhng nm trc mt cn xy dng mt h thng Vn bn quy phm php lut ng b, c th iu chnh c cc hot ng trong lnh vc cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn. Trc ht cn tin hnh r sot, sa i v ngh b sung cc vn bn quy phm php lut cn thit thc y thc hin Chng trnh giai on 2006 2010 theo nhng phng chm, nguyn tc v cch tip cn ca Chin lc quc gia nc sch v v sinh nng thn n 2020 v to 54

thnh c s php l qun l tt cc thnh qu v cp ncsachj v v sinh mi trng nng thn t c. C th nh sau : a. Nhng vn bn cn r sot li i. R sot, b sung Quyt nh s 42 TTg c mt c ch hp l, iu chnh c cc vn : + Qui nh r nhim v, quyn hn v trch nhim tham gia ca ngi dn i vi vic lp, trnh duyt cc qui hoch, d n xy dng cc cng trnh cp nc tp trung. + B sung vo qui ch u thu thc hin phng chm Tng cng s tham gia ca ngi dn bng nhng qui nh nh: Qui nh c th vic ch nh thu i vi nhng cng trnh c vn u t thp, k thut n gin v s dng nhiu lao ng a phng; Qui nh h s u tin cao cho nhng t chc bao thu cam kt s dng trn 60% chi ph nhn cng thu lao ng ti a phng. ii. Cn xem xt li vic b sung quy ch u thu trong Quyt nh 42/2002/QTTg. iii. R sot, iu chnh, b sung Thng t lin tch s 66/2003/TTLT/BTCNN&PTNT v Hng dn qun l, cp pht v quyt ton kinh ph chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn cho ph hp vi giai on 2006 2010. iv. R sot, iu chnh, b sung Thng t lin tch s 03/1999/TTLB/BKH-NN v Hng dn thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn cho ph hp vi Chng trnh giai on 2006 - 2010. b. Cc vn bn cn xy dng mi i. Nghin cu, xy dng ban hnh Ngh nh (hoc Thng t) v y mnh x hi ha, pht trin th trng nc schv v sinh mi trng nng thn ; Quy ch dn ch c s trong lnh vc cp nc v v sinh mi trng nng thn. ii. Xy dng v ban hnh tiu chun Quc gia v nc sch. iii. Nghin cu, xy dng, ban hnh Ngh nh (hoc Thng t) v phn cp xy dng, hng dn t chc qun l, khai thc cc cng trnh sau xy dng, quy ch hot ng ca cc n v qun l.

55

iv. Ban hnh thng t lin tch B NN&PTNT- B Y t hng dn gim st Cht lng nc v nh tiu hp v sinh . IX.2. Cc xut khc - nh gi vic t chc thc hin Chin lc quc gia Nc sch v v sinh nng thn, t c nhng xut cp nht chin lc. - T chc nh gi li t l s h gia nh nng thn c nh tiu hp v sinh theo cc ch tiu c B Y t ban hnh. - T chc nh gi li t l s dn nng thn c cp nc sch theo tiu chun ca B Y t ban hnh.

56

PHN PH LC

57

S 1:

S MINH HO
XY DNG K HOCH CA CHNG TRNH CHNH PH

B KHC

B GD&T

B Y T

B NN&PTN

B KH&T

B TI CHNH

UBND TNH

S GD&T

S Y T

S NN&PTNT

S KH&T

PHNG CHC NNG

UBND CC HUYN

UBND CC X K hoch c xy dng t c s, c s tham gia ca cc ngnh lin quan trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin cc mc tiu, nhim v ca Chng trnh

58

S 2 :

S MINH HO GIAO CH TIU K HOCH CA CHNG TRNH

CHNH PH B KH&T hng dn

B KHC

B GD&T

B Y T

B NN&PTNT

UBND TNH

S NN&PTNT

UBND CC HUYN

UBND CC X

59

Ph lc A: CC BNG THUYT MINH V S LNG CNG TRNH, KINH PH THC HIN CHNG TRNH
BNG 1 : TNG QUAN V NGUN TI CHNH CA CHNG TRNH MC TIU QUC GIA NS&VSMTNT GIAI ON 1999 - 20005

n v tnh: triu ng
ST T 1 2 3 4 5 Ngun ti chnh Ngn sch trung ng Ngn sch a phng v dn Ngn sch khc Vn vin tr Vn tn dng Tng cng Tng s 1.420.000 2.518.702 1.221.585 1.008.600 323.863 6.492.750 C cu ngun ti chnh 22 38 19 16 5 100

BNG 2: KT QU CP NC SINH HOT THEO VNG TNH N 2005

TT

Danh mc

S dn c cp nc (ngi) 5.559.506 9.742.835 5.707.670 3.923.530 1.593.730 3.259.129 10.126.332 39.912.732

T l %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Min ni pha bc ng bng sng hng Bc Trung b Duyn hi min trung Ty Nguyn ng Nam b ng bng sng Cu Long Ton quc

56 66 61 57 52 68 66 62

60

You might also like