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TM TT KIN THC
1. Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion. - Axit mnh: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4.... - Baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2... - Cc mui tan: NaCl, K2SO4, Ba(NO3)2,... 2. Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt phn s phn t ho tan phn li ra ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch. - Axit yu: CH3COOH, HClO, H2S, HNO2,HF, H2CO3, H2SO3... - Baz yu: Mg(OH)2, Bi(OH)3, Cu(OH)2... - H2O in li rt yu. 3. in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t ho tan (no)
=
n C = no C 0
( 0 1)
K H 2O = [H+][OH] = 1,0.10-14
5. Tnh pH: nh gi axit v kim ca dung dch,ngi ta dng pH vi quy c: [H+] = 1,0.10-pH M pH = -lg[H+] Mi trng Axit Trung tnh Baz [H+] > 1,0.10-7 M = 1,0.10-7 M < 1,0.10-7 M pH <7 =7 >7
II. BI TP
DNG 1: BI TP V NNG ION Cu 1: Tnh nng mol ca cc ion trong dung dch: a) Trong 0,2 l dung dch c ha tan 11,7 g NaCl b) Dung dch HNO3 10% (D = 1,054 g/l) c) 250 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M trn ln vi 250ml dung dch NaCl 0,2M
d) Trn ln 117 ml dung dch c cha 2,84g Na2SO4 v 212ml dung dch c cha 254 g NaCl v 354 ml H2O Cu 2: Trong mt dung dch cha a (mol) Ca2+, b (mol) Mg2+, c (mol) Cl-, d (mol) NO31) Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d 2) Nu a = 0,01 ; c = 0,01 ; d = 0,03 th b bng bao nhiu Cu 3: Mt dung dch c cha 2 loi cation l Fe2+ 0,1 mol ; Al3+ 0,2 mol cng 2 loi anion l Cl- x mol v SO42y mol. Tnh x; y bit khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 46,9 g cht rn Cu 4: 500ml mt dung dch cha 0,1 mol K+ ; x mol Al3+ ; 0,1 mol NO3- v y mol SO42-. Tnh x; y bit khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 27,2 g cht rn. DNG 2: PHNG TRNH PHN T, ION RT GN Cu 1: Vit PTPT, PT ion rt gn cho cc phn ng (nu c) xy ra gia cc cp cht sau: 1. FeSO4 + NaOH 18. Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl 2. Fe2(SO4)3 + NaOH 19. Ca(HCO3)2 + NaOH 3. (NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 20. Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 4. NaF + HCl 21. Fe(NO3)3 + Ba(OH)2 5. NaF + AgNO3 22. KHCO3 + HCl 6. Na2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 23. Cu(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 7. Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 24. CaCl2 + Na3PO4 8. CuSO4 + Na2S 25. NaHS + HCl 9. NaHCO3 + HCl 26. CaCO3 + H2SO4 10. NaHCO3 + NaOH 27. KNO3 + NaCl 11. HClO + KOH 28. Pb(NO3)2 + H2S 12. FeS ( r ) + HCl 29. Mg(OH)2 + HCl 13. Pb(OH)2 ( r ) + HNO3 30. K2CO3 + NaCl 14. Pb(OH)2 ( r ) + NaOH 31. Al(OH)3 + HNO3 15. BaCl2 + AgNO3 32. Al(OH)3 + NaOH 16. Fe2(SO4)3 + AlCl3 33. Zn(OH)2 + NaOH 17. K2S + H2SO4 34. Zn(OH)2 + HCl Cu 2: Vit PTPT v ion rt gn cho cc phn ng theo s sau: a. MgCl2 + ? MgCO3 + ? b. Ca3(PO4)2 + ? ? + CaSO4 c. ? + KOH ? + Fe(OH)3 d. ? + H2SO4 ? + CO2 + H2O Cu 3: Vit PTPT cho cc PT ion rt gn sau: a. Ag+ + Br AgBr e. CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O b. Pb2+ + 2OH- Pb(OH)2 f. SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4 c. CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH g. HS- + H+ H2S d. S2- + 2H+ H2S h. Pb2+ + S2- PbS Cu 4: Trong dung dch c th tn ti ng thi cc ion sau y c khng? Gii thch a, Na+, Cu2+, Cl-, OHb, K+, Ba2+, Cl-, SO4 2-. c, K+, Fe2+, Cl-, SO4 2-. d, HCO3-, OH-, Na+, ClDNG 3: BI TP V pH V NNG DUNG DCH
Cu 1: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau: - H2SO4 0,00005M - NaOH 0,0001M. - HNO3 12,6%, D= 1,12 g/ml. Cu 2:. a,Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 1,46 g HCl trong 400ml. b, Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 1,6 g NaOH trong 200ml. Cu 3: Mt dung dch cha 0,01 mol Cu2+, 0,02 mol Al3+, 0,02 mol Cl-, 0,04 mol SO42- v H+ trong 0,4 lt. ( b qua s thy phn ca ca ion Cu2+ v Al3+) . Tnh pH ca dung dch. Cu 4: Trn 20ml dung dch HCl 0,05M vi 20ml dung dch H2SO4 0,075M. Nu coi th tch sau khi pha trn bng tng th tch ca hai dung dch u th pH ca dung dch thu c l bao nhiu? Cu 5: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi cho: a. 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 0,005M tc dng vi 4 lt dung dch NaOH 0,005M. b. 50 ml dd HCl 0,12 M vi 50 ml dd NaOH 0,1M. c. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh sau khi trn 100ml dd HCl 1M v 400ml dd NaOH 0,375M Cu 6: Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch: a,HNO3, pH = 4 b, H2SO4 , pH= 3 c,KOH, pH= 9 d, Ba(OH)2, pH=10 Cu 8: a. Cho 220ml dung dch HCl c pH = 5 tc dng vi 180ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 9 th thu c dung dch A. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. b. Cho 2,75 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 c pH = 13 tc dng vi 2,25 lt dung dch HCl c pH = 1 th thu c dung dch B. Tnh pH ca dung dch B. Cu 9: Ho tan m gam kim loi Ba vo nc thu c 2,0 lit dung dch X c pH =13. Tnh m. Cu 10: Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha ch 300ml dung dch c pH= 10 Cu 11: Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH) 2 0,1M. Cu 12: Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Xc nh gi tr pH ca dung dch X. Cu 13: trung ho hon ton 600ml dung dch hn hp HCl 2M v H2SO4 1,5M cn bao nhiu mililit dung dch hn hp Ba(OH)2 v KOH 1M. Cu 14: Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 a mol , thu c m gam kt ta v dung dch sau phn ng c th tch 500 ml v c pH = 12. Tnh m v a. Cu 15: Trn 3 dung dch H2SO4 0.1M ; HNO3 0,2M; HCl 0,3 M vi nhng th tch bng nhau c dung dch A. Ly 300 ml dung dch A cho tc dng vi dung dch B gm NaOH 0,2 M v KOH 0,29 M. Tnh th tch dung dch B cn dng khi trn vi 300 ml dung dch A c dung dch c pH = 2. Cu 16: Cho dung dch HCl c pH = 4. Hi phi pha long dung dch trn bng nc ct bao nhiu ln thu c dd HCl c pH = 6. Cu 17: Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13. Cn pha long dung dch bng nc ct bao nhiu ln thu c dd NaOH c pH = 10. Cu 18: Pha long 10 ml dung dch HCl vi H2O thnh 250 ml dung dch c pH = 3. hy tnh nng molca HCl trc khi pha v pH ca dung dch . Cu 19: Thm t t 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 98% vo nc v iu chnh c 1 lt dung dch A. Tnh nng molca ion H+ trong A v pH ca dung dch A. Phi thm vo 1 lt dung dch A bao nhiu dung dch NaOH 1,8M thu c: - Dung dch c pH = 1. - Dung dch c pH = 12.
Cu 20: Tm nng mol ca cc ion trong dung dch H 2SO4 c pH = 3. Cn pha long dung dch trn bao nhiu ln bng dung dch NaOH c pH = 12 thu c dung dch mi c pH = 5. DNG 4: BI TP V IN LI V KCB CA DUNG DCH AXIT V BAZ YU ( 11 NNG CAO) Cu 1: Dung dch HClO 0,2M c nng H+ bng 0,008M. Tnh in li ca HClO trong dung dch. Cu 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,01M bit = 4,25%. Cu 3: Tnh hng s phn li ca CH3COOH bit rng in li ca axit trong dung dch 0,1 M l 1,32%. Cu 4: Tnh in li : - axit HClO (hipoclor) trong dung dch 0,2M bit Ka = 4.10-8. - HCOOH nu dung dch 0,46%( D = 1) ca axit c pH =3. Cu 5: Tnh pH: - dung dch axit flohiric HF 0,1 M bit hng s phn li l 6,8.10-4. - dung dch CH3COOH 0.1 M sau khi cho thm CH3COONa n nng 0,1 M. Bit hng s phn li Ka = 1,8.10-5. Cu 6: Tnh nng H+ (mol/l) trong cc dung dch sau: a. CH3COONa 0,1 M Bit Kb ca CH3COO- l 5,71 .10-10. b. NH4Cl 0,1 M . Bit Ka ca NH4+ l 5,56 .10-10. Cu 7: C hai dung dch sau: a. CH3COOH 0,10M ( Ka= 1,75.10-5). Tnh nng mol ca ion H+. b. NH3 0,10M ( Kb= 1,80.10-5). Tnh nng mol cu ion OH Cu 8: Tnh nng mol ca cc ion H+ v OH- trong dung dch NaNO2 1M. Bit rng hng s phn li baz ca NO2- l Kb = 2,5 .10-11. Cu 9. Tnh pH ca ca dung dch HCOOH 10-3M = 0,13 v dung dch NH310-2M, Kb = 1,8.10-5 Cu 10: Mt dung dch c cha 3 gam axit CH3COOH trong 250 ml dung dch. Cho bit phn ly ca axit l 1,4%. a. Tnh nng mol ca phn t v ion trong dung dch axit . b. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit trn. DNG 5: D ON pH CC DUNG DCH. (11 NNG CAO) Cu 1: Cc cht v ion cho di y ng vai tr lng tnh, trung tnh, axit hay baz: Al3+ ; NH4+ ; C6H5O- ; S2- ; Zn(OH)2 ; Al(OH)3 ; Na+ ; Cl- ; CO32- . Ti sao? Ho tan 6 mui sau y vo nc: NaCl; NH4Cl ; AlCl3 ; Na2S ; Na2CO3 ; C6H5ONa thnh 6 dung dch, sau cho vo mi dung dch mt t qu tm. Hi dung dch c mu g? Cu 2: Theo nh ngha mi v axit- baz ca Bronsted cc ion: Na+ ; NH4+ ; CO32- ; CH3COO- ; HSO4 ; HCO3-; K+ ; Cl- l axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh? Ti sao? Trn c s hy d on pH ca cc dung dch cho sau y c gi tr nh th no so vi 7: Na2CO3 ; KCl ; CH3COONa ; NH4Cl ; NaHSO4. Cu 3: Dng thuyt Brosted hy gii thch v sao cc cht AlOH)3 ; Zn(OH)2 ; H2O ; NaHCO3 c coi l nhng cht lng tnh. Cu 4: Vit cng thc tng qut ca phn Nhm- Amoni, cng thc ca Xda. Theo quan nim mi v axit- baz th chng l nhng axit hay baz? Gii thch. Cu 5: Cho a mol NO2 hp th vo dung dch cha a mol NaOH. Dung dch thu c c pH ln hn hay nh hn 7? Gii thch.