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I HC Y T CNG CNG

B MN THNG K TIN HC

THNG K II

PHN TCH S LIU NH LNG

H NI, 2004

MC LC
MC TIU CA KHO HC .................................................................................................................. 4 CHNG 1. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU NH LNG ........................... 5 1.1. Mc tiu ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Cu hi nghin cu............................................................................................................................. 7 1.4. Cc thit k nghin cu nh lng c bn ........................................................................................ 8 1.5. Cc thnh phn ca thit k c nh hng ti vic phn tch kt qu .............................................. 10 1.5.1. n v quan st......................................................................................................................... 11 1.5.2. Phng php chn mu............................................................................................................ 11 1.5.3. Cc bin u ra ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.5.4. Bng kim cc thng tin gip bn chun b cho phn tch thng k.................................... 12 CHNG 2: QUN L S LIU........................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. B s liu mu.................................................................................................................................. 14 2.3. X l thng tin nghin cu cho phn tch nh lng ...................................................................... 15 2.3.1. X l v nhp s liu ................................................................................................................ 15 2.3.2. Nhp s liu.............................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.3. Lm sch s liu ....................................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Cc v d v lm sch s liu ........................................................................................................... 26 2.4.1. S dng SPSS lm sch s liu ............................................................................................ 27 2.4.2. S dng SPSS qun l s liu .............................................................................................. 42 2.5. Tm tt ............................................................................................................................................. 46 CHNG 3: PHN TCH THNG K M T................................................................................... 47 3.1. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2. Tin trnh ca k hoch phn tch..................................................................................................... 47 3.3. Cc cu hi nghin cu t b s liu mu........................................................................................ 49 3.4. K hoch phn tch ca b s liu mu - thng k m t ................................................................. 50 3.5. Phn tch m t cho mt bin ........................................................................................................... 53 3.5.1. Mt bin danh mc ................................................................................................................... 53 3.5.2. Mt bin lin tc....................................................................................................................... 57 3.6. Tm tt cc mi lin quan ................................................................................................................ 64 3.6.1. Lin quan gia bin danh mc vi bin danh mc ................................................................... 64 3.6.2. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc v mt bin danh mc.................................................... 66 3.6.3. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc vi mt bin lin tc ...................................................... 70 3.7. Vit kt qu ca phn tch m t ...................................................................................................... 74 CHNG 4. K HOCH PHN TCH S LIU- THNG K SUY LUN ................................... 80 4.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................................... 80 4.2. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................................................... 80 4.3. Qu trnh lp k hoch phn tch s liu .......................................................................................... 80 4.4. Gi thuyt thng k .......................................................................................................................... 81 4.5. S dng kim nh no? .................................................................................................................. 81 4.6 S dng SPSS kim nh gi thuyt ............................................................................................. 82 4.6.1. So snh mt gi tr trung bnh vi mt gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr qun th.......................... 83 4.6.2. So snh trung bnh ca hai nhm ............................................................................................. 85 4.6.3. So snh gi tr trung bnh nhiu hn hai nhm ....................................................................... 89 4.6.4. So snh o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh cc trung bnh.................................. 95 4.6.5. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh trung v...................................... 98 4.6.6. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - cc t l ................................................ 101 4.6.7. So snh trung v ca hai nhm .............................................................................................. 105 4.6.8. So snh trung v ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm ................................................................... 109 4.6.9. Khng nhm - khi tt c cc bin trong mi lin h l lin tc v chun.............................. 112 4.6.10. Khng nhm Khi c hai bin trong mi quan h l lin tc v c phn b chun ............. 115 4.6.11. Khng phn nhm- c hai bin lin tc nhng khng c phn b chun............................. 118

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4.6.12. So snh mt t l mu vi mt t l qun th hay t l l thuyt........................................... 121 4.6.13. So snh t l ca hai nhm ................................................................................................... 124 4.6.14. So snh t l ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm........................................................................ 129 4.6.15. Mi lin quan ca kt qu phn loi vi bin lin tc.......................................................... 131 4.7. Trnh by kt qu ca cc phn tch suy lun................................................................................. 131 4.8. Gi nh.......................................................................................................................................... 133 4.8.1. S c lp ca cc n v quan st ........................................................................................ 134 4.8.2. Phn b chun........................................................................................................................ 134 4.8.3. Tnh ng nht ca phng sai cc nhm so snh.............................................................. 137 4.8.4. Cng tuyn.............................................................................................................................. 140 4.8.5. Gi tr k vng ln............................................................................................................. 141 4.8.5. Kt lun .................................................................................................................................. 145 CHNG 5: TNH C MU ................................................................................................................ 146 5.1. Mc tiu ......................................................................................................................................... 146 5.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh tin cy ca kt qu ........................................................................ 146 5.2.1. ngha thng k v ngha ng cnh................................................................................... 146 5.2.2. S bin thin trong o lng .................................................................................................. 147 5.2.3 Sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II ............................................................................................... 148 5.2.4. Cc mi quan h tng h...................................................................................................... 149 5.3. Nhng iu kin cn thit tnh c mu...................................................................................... 149 5.4. Tnh c mu.................................................................................................................................... 150 5.4.1. Nhng v d v s dng SSize................................................................................................. 151 5.4.2. nh hng ca thit k nghin cu n c mu..................................................................... 163 CHNG 6: NHIU V S IU CHNH ....................................................................................... 169 6.1. Gii thiu........................................................................................................................................ 169 6.2. Mc tiu ......................................................................................................................................... 169 6.3. Nhiu .............................................................................................................................................. 169 6.3.1. nh ngha nhiu .................................................................................................................... 169 6.3.2. Khng ch nhiu khi thit k nghin cu. ............................................................................... 170 6.3.3. Khng ch nhiu khi phn tch s liu.................................................................................... 171 6.3.4. Bi tp v d............................................................................................................................ 171 6.4 Kt lun ........................................................................................................................................... 176

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Cho mng cc bn n vi Thng k y t II_ Phn tch s liu Cng nh tiu ca kho hc cp, kho hc ny s tng kt li cc thng k c bn m bn c hc trong Thng K y t II, v kho hc ny cng cung cp cho cc bn cch ng dng cc loi kim nh thng k khc nhau vo b s liu iu tra thc. Bn s c hc cch thc hin phn tch s liu bng phn mm SPSS cng nh cch m bn phin gii s liu v vit bo co phn tch s liu im chnh ca kho hc ny l pht trin k nng thng k thc hnh. Gio trnh ny cng tm tt ni dung cc bi ging v cung cp cho cc bn v d tham kho. Mc d kho hc ny chi lm 6 phn ring bit c bn, nhng nhng g bn hc s c lin kt li vi nhau, cc khi nim ca cc chng trc s cn tht hiu cc khi nim ca cc chng sau. Mi bi hc s bt u vi mt dnah sch cc yu cu ca bi hc, l m t nhng g m bn cn mong mun l mnh hon thnh. Bn nn tham kho v t c mc tiu khi bn hon thnh bi hc.

MC TIU CA KHO HC

Sau khi kt thc kho hc, sinh vin s c kh nng p dng cc k nng phn tch s liu ph hp vi cch thit k nghin cu v qu trnh phn tch s liu: 1. Chn kim nh thng k ph hp cho cc loi cu hi nghin cu nghin cu khc nhau. 2. Phin gii c cc kt qu u ra ca phn mm thng k v chun b vit bo co cho kt qu phn tch s liu ca chng ta. 3. S dng phn mm SPSS thc hin phn tch s liu 4. S dng phn mm SSize tnh c mu cho cc loi cu hi nghin cu khc nhau

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CHNG 1. GII THIU CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU NH LNG


1.1. Mc tiu
phn tch tt mt b s liu bn cn hiu c thit k ca nghin cu Thng ip ny s xuyn sut ton b mn hc ny. Bn s khng th c c cc kt qu phn tch s liu ng nu nh bn khng hiu r v cu hi nghin cu, hoc khng nm c cc s liu c thu thp nh th no. Nhng chin lc c dng c c nhng s liu cn thit c gi l thit k nghin cu, s khng c mt phn tch thng k ng n no c th thc hin c nu nh bn khng nm chc thit k nghin cu tin hnh. Chng 1 s cung cp cho bn mt cch tm tt nhng khi nim quan trng cn thit cho vic phn tch s liu sau ny, l: Cc gi thuyt chnh xc (nh ngha ca cc bin c lp, bin ph thuc v o lng ca cc bin ) Loi thit k ( l nghin cu thc nghim hay nghin cu quan st) nh ngha n v quan st v cc quan st (vd. s ph thuc trong d liu) Xc nh cc ngun sai s (nhiu, v cc sai s do chn mu) Ai s l ngi s dng cc bo co ca bn (bo co khoa hc hay bo co dnh cho nhng i tng ngi c khc)

1.2. Cc bc tin hnh nghin cu


Nghin cu thng c tin hnh do nhng nhn thc hin c ca chng ta (hoc mc hiu bit ca chng ta) v mt vn no (i khi c gi l s thc) c cho l khng ng hoc cha y . Mt nh nghin cu thng a ra mt gi thuyt rng c mt quan im dng nh c th c coi l ng n hn v chnh l mc ch cho vic thu thp s liu chng minh gi thuyt . Nu nhng s liu thu thp c n nhp vi gi thuyt ca nh nghin cu mi a ra th c ngha l nh nghin cu ng khi nghi ng s thc trc kia. Vy nghin cu l mt qu trnh thu thp cc bng chng ng h hoc bc b mt quan im no . Quan im ca nh nghin cu chnh l i thuyt (alternative hypothesis) v s thc bit chnh l gi thuyt khng (thng c gi tt l gi thuyt null hypothesis). Bng chng chnh l cc d liu, v vic khng nh hay bc b s thc chnh l cc kim nh thng k. Bc b s thc hin thi cng c ngha l chp nhn s thc mi do nh nghin cu a ra (chnh l i thuyt). Mc nh ca nghin cu l thu thp cc thng tin chnh xc nht c th vi ngun lc hin c, vi mc tiu cung cp cc bng chng chnh xc tr li cu hi ca nh nghin cu. Thit k nghin cu ging nh l mt bi tp qun l, n bao gm vic lp k hoch cho qu trnh thu thp thng tin sao cho tit kim ngun lc (thi gian, ti chnh v nhn lc). Qu trnh nghin cu bao gm ba bc chnh: 1. Thit k nghin cu http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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2. Thu thp s liu 3. Phn tch v phin gii s liu Gio trnh ny tp trung vo giai on s 3, tuy nhin vic phn tch thng k s khng th tin hnh c nu thiu cc kin thc v hai giai on u. Phn ln cc cu hi nghin cu s tp trung vo nh gi s khc bit gia cc nhm hoc s khc nhau qua thi gian trn mt nhm. Chng ta s quan tm n s bin thin gia cc nhm hoc qua cc giai on thi gian. Cng nhiu ngun bin thin khc nhau ca cc thng tin thu thp c th cng c nhiu cch gii thch kt qu nghin cu ca chng ta. Mt phng php nghin cu tt lin quan n vic kim sot c cc ngun bin thin c th c. Hai ngun bin thin chnh ca s liu l s bin thin gia cc c th v s bin thin do vic o lng. Do chng ta khng th kim sot hon ton thc t khi tin hnh nghin cu do vy vic chng ta cng rt c th c nhng sai st (trong vic chn sai i tng nghin cu, trong vic o lng cc ch s cn thit, v.v.) Bt k mt li no chng ta mc phi u nh hng n nhng mc sai lch kt qu nghin cu ca chng ta. Ngoi ra, nhng kt qu nghin cu chng ta c c trong ngy hm nay c th khc vi cc kt qu nghin cu ca nhng ngy khc do vic mt i tng nghin cu rt c th s a ra nhng cu tr li khc nhau nhng thi im khc nhau vi cng mt cu hi. Mc ch ca mt nghin cu tt l c gng gim ti a cc ngun c th gy sai s. Bin php chnh l kim sot nhiu ngun sai s nht c th c (ngoi nhng bin thin ca cc c th m chng ta kh c th kim sot c). C hai loi sai s: sai s ngu nhin (random error) v sai s h thng (systematic error, hay bias). Sai s ngu nhin c th c nh ngha l mt thnh phn khng th d on c. Sai s h thng l sai s do o lng dn ti cc kt qu nghin cu c s sai lch mt cch c h thng. Thng thng, khi o lng mt c tnh hay tnh cht, chng ta c th khng gp sai s h thng mt cch tng th nhng li c nhng sai s ngu nhin khc nhau trong cc nhm nh, hoc trn mt s i tng nghin cu nht nh. Sai s o lng mt cch h thng c coi l nghim trng hn l cc sai s ngu nhin. Sai s ngu nhin dn ti s thiu chnh xc, v thng thng c ngha l s khc bit gia cc nhm c th b m nht i hoc bin mt. Sai s h thng nghim trng, tri li, c th lm cho s khc bit gia cc nhm b lch lc v kt lun ca nghin cu c th hon ton b sai lch. Do vy, kt qu s l khng chnh xc (inaccurate) v khng c gi tr (invalid). Sau y l mt vi ngun sai s h thng ca nghin cu, c bit l mt s ngun bin thin quan trng (sai s tim tng) c th nh hng n nghin cu sc khe l : 1. Sai s la chn (selection bias): sai s ny dn n vic cc nhm c chn la khng i din c cho nhm ngi m chng ta nghin cu. iu ny s lm lch lc s phin gii kt qu ca chng ta (tnh khi qut ho generalisability). 2. Nhiu (confounding): sai s ny xut hin khi so snh cc nhm vi cc c tnh khc nhau. Mt bin nhiu in hnh thng c nhc n l tui. Nghin cu thc nghim thng phn cc i tng mt cch ngu nhin vo trong cc nhm khc nhau, cho nn trnh c nhiu (v cc c tnh s tng ng trong tt c cc nhm) 3. Sai s thng tin (information bias): Khi cc o c dng khc nhau cc nhm so snh. V d: iu tra vin c th hi cc cu hi mt cch k lng c ch nh i vi nhng ngi b nhim HIV hn l vi nhng ngi khng b nhim HIV khi h bit v tnh trng nhim HIV ca cc i tng.

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C rt nhiu ngun sai s khc nhau trong nghin cu, tuy nhin nhng loi sai s chnh trn y cn c bit n khi phin gii cc kt qu nghin cu ca bn. L ngi phn tch s liu, cng vic ca bn l xc nh v nu c th, ch ra ln ca cc ngun sai s cng nhiu cng tt trong phm vi s liu cho php.

1.3. Cu hi nghin cu
Cc cu hi nghin cu thng thng c pht biu mt cch rt khi qut, v kh c th tin hnh phn tch thng k c cho n khi c phn tch thnh cc gi thuyt khoa hc c th kim nh c. Ch nghin cu c th rt rng, chng hn sc kho ca cng nhn nh my ng gch, t hng trm cu hi nghin cu c th c t ra (v d c s khc nhau v sc kho ng h hp ca nhm th lm m v nhm th lm b phn l hay khng?). y l mt cu hi nghin cu chi tit, ch xem xt mt vn c th l tnh trng h h hp ca cng nhn nh my ng gch - vy cn vn sc kho tm thn (sang chn tinh thn, trm cm) hay cc vn khc nh: tim mch? Vic chn cu hi nghin cu trong khun kh mt vn ln hon ton ph thuc vo s u tin ca nh nghin cu. nh ngha ca cu hi nghin cu cn c tin hnh cn thn trc khi thit k nghin cu c th c xc nh c th. Cu hi nghin cu cn c chuyn sang dng cc gi thuyt khoa hc. N bao gm vic xc nh cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc s c o lng nh th no? V lm th no phin gii mi quan h ca chng. Trong v d trn, bin ph thuc l tnh trng h h hp. Nh vy vn cn qu rng, liu c th l dung tch th ra gng sc o bng lt (FEV1) hay l tin s cu bnh vim ph qun (c mc hay khng mc), hay l mt vn g khc. Nh vy, c rt nhiu cch chn v nh nghin cu s phi quyt nh ci g l ph hp nht i vi ni dung nghin cu (chng hn nh FEV1 - mt bin lin tc). Mc d vy, liu mt ln o FEV1 l hay l ngi cng nhn phi c theo di trong mt vi ngy hay c th l mt nm? Kin thc v bin ph thuc v v tin cy ca php o trn thc t, v hn na nhng hiu bit v sinh l hc ca cc nguy c gy bnh v ng h hp, s gip chng ta a ra cu tr li cho vn ny. Bin c lp l loi cng nhn (lm vic m v trong l nung) - trong trng hp ny l mt bin phn loi rt r rng. Phn ln cc nghin cu nh lng thng c s so snh, c th l gia hai hay nhiu nhm hoc so snh qua thi gian trn cng mt nhm hay kt hp nhiu so snh. Trong trng hp ny chng ta s chn so snh FEV1 gia hai nhm ti mt thi im. Gi thuyt khoa hc, theo thng l, thng c vit thnh hai mnh , gi thuyt khng v i thuyt. i thuyt l nhng g m nh nghin cu thc s tin hay mong i l s ng, da trn kt qu nghin cu s tm ra, gi thuyt th hin s trung trung tnh hoc mt kt qu i lp. Trong v d trn: Gi thuyt: (cn c gi l H0): FEV1 hai nhm cng nhn t l v cng nhn lm ti m l ging nhau . i thuyt: (cn c gi l H1): FEV1 khc nhau trong hai nhm cng nhn. y cn gi l kim nh hai pha. Tuy nhin, gi thuyt khoa hc cng c th c t ra theo mt cch khc, nu nh nghin cu tin chc rng ngi cng nhn lm vic trong l

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nung s c nhiu nguy c b mc cc bnh v ng h hp hn so vi cng nhn lm cc cng vic khai thc, vn chuyn ti m: H0: H1: FEV1 nhm cng nhn ti l nung l bng hoc tt hn so vi cng nhn ti m. FEV1 ca nhm th l km hn so vi nhm th ti m.

y cn gi l kim nh mt pha. Tuy nhin, thng thng ngi ta hay dng kim nh hai pha hn mc d nghi ngh v hng ca php so snh. Kim nh hai pha thng an ton hn v cho php nh nghin cu a ra kt qu thng k theo c hai hng (k c khi thu c nhng kt qu khng mong i). Tt c cc nghin cu nh lng tp trung vo vic thu thp thng tin bc b H0 (mc d chng ta lm nghin cu v cho rng H1 l ng). Kt lun cui cng ca chng ta thng s c vit sao cho th hin r iu ny, v d Khng bng chng bc b H0, nh vy, trong nghin cu ny chng ta kt lun l bnh h hp khng lin quan n loi cng vic ca cng nhn trong nh my gch Hoc C bng chng bc b H0, nh vy chng ta kt lun l nghin cu ny cho thy vn bnh ng h hp c lin quan n khu vc lm vic ca cng nhn trong nh my gch. Nhng cng nhn lm vic trong khu l c nguy c suy gim chc nng h hp nhiu hn cng nhn lm vic trong khu m khai thc.

1.4. Cc thit k nghin cu nh lng c bn


C hng lot cc thit k nghin cu cho php lm gim thiu ngun sai s ngu nhin v h thng trong nghin cu. Hai loi thit k nh lng c bn l thc nghim v quan st (khng thc nghim). Thit k nghin cu thc nghim l dng thit k c i chng v do vy c coi l l tng. Loi thit k ny c t nguy c xy ra s sai lch trong kt qu nht. Tuy nhin, do s lng i chng cn thit v qui trnh kim sot nghin cu, loi thit k ny thng to ra mt bi cnh nghin cu mang tnh nhn to r rt, t phn nh c thc ti. iu ny i khi lm cho dng nghin cu ny hon ton khng ph hp, hoc thm ch vi phm cc qui nh v o c vi mt s dng cu hi nghin cu c th. C 3 c tnh chnh phn bit thit k nghin cu thc nghim, l: C can thip, trong cc i tng nghin cu c yu cu tham gia thc hin cc kim tra/hnh vi/cc hot ng no m trong iu kin thc t cuc sng h cha chc phi lm. C mt nhm i chng, l nhm i tng nghin cu khng nhn c s can thip ni trn. C s phn b ngu nhin: cc i tng c phn vo cc nhm khc nhau: nhm can thip hay nhm i chng. Hay ni cch khc, bt c mt i tng no cng c mt c hi bng nhau c chn vo mt trong hai nhm.

Ba c im trn lm tng ti a kh nng tt c cc c tnh ca i tng (v d nh tui, c im dn s, tin s v bnh, v.v.) l tng ng nhau cc nhm, v v th gim thiu c cc sai s do bin nhiu.

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Cc nghin cu thc nghim t kh thi hn nhng loi thit k khc v v th nhng loi thit k nghin cu t cht ch hn thng c la chn. t cht ch hn ng ngha vi vic kh nng dn ti sai s ln hn. Di y lit k cc loi thit k nghin cu t loi c kim sot tt nht (nghin cu thc nghim) cho ti kim sot km nht (nghin cu m t) thng c s dng trong cc nghin cu y t cng cng: THC NGHIM GI THC NGHIM (cn gi l bn thc nghim quasi-experimental) Nghin cu nh gi sau can thip (Post test) Nghin cu nh gi trc / sau can thip (Pre-Post test) TNG QUAN Thun tp (Cohort) Bnh - Chng (Case-Control) Ct ngang (Cross-sectional) M T M t nhiu trng hp (Case-series) M t trng hp (Case-study) Trn thc t, khi thit k nghin cu c can thip nhng li khng c s phn b ngu nhin hoc khng c nhm chng th c gi l thit k nghin cu gi thc nghim (hoc bn thc nghim). Tt nhin, cht lng nghin cu s b gim khi thiu i cc c im ca thit k thc nghim, ch yu l nguy c xut hin sai s do s khng cn bng gia cc c tnh ca cc nhm. Vic thiu nhm chng c th lm gim kh nng phn tch cc mi quan h nhn qu, v chng ta mt i kh nng xc nh cc hiu qu ca can thip hay khng nh nhng kt qu l vt khi phm vi nhng thay i t nhin c th xy ra. Tuy nhin do vic gim s kim sot cht ch trong thit k, thit k gi thc nghim kh linh hot v thng c s dng nhiu trong thc t. Chng ta cn lu khi phin gii kt qu ca nghin cu gi thc nghim, c bit khi chng c dng rt ph bin trong cc nghin cu v sc kho. Tip theo trong danh sch phn loi cht lng thit k l cc nghin cu khng thc nghim. Cc thit k ny khng thc hin cc can thip hay phn b ngu nhin i tng nghin cu vo tng nhm, chng da trn c s duy nht l quan st nhng g hay s xy ra. Trong mt s tnh hung, mt s thit k kiu ny cng c th c nhm chng nhng khng cho php thc hin cc can thip. Nhng nghin cu thuc dng do khng c c s kim sot cht ch, thng c khuynh hng d mc cc sai s. Cc thit k nghin cu quan st gm hai dng c bn l tng quan v m t. Nghin cu m t c thit k m t tm tt cc vt hin tng, v thng thng cc mi quan h gia nhng bin s trong dng nghin cu ny t khi c nhn mnh. V d, ngi ta c th thit k mt nghin cu xc nh t l ngi trong mt cng ng s dng chm cu cha au. Nghin cu m t thng thng c thit k cung cp nhng thng tin c bn v l dng thit k d sinh ra sai s nht (ch yu l sai s chn v nhiu). Nghin cu tng quan a ra cc mi lin quan gia bin c lp v bin ph thuc, thng thng, sinh ra cc gi thuyt. V d, c im ngh nghip no c nh hng n vic hi lng vi ngh nghip? lm iu ny chng ta s thu thp s liu lin quan n ngh nghip, nh s gi lm vic, lng, mi trng lm vic v xem xt mi lin h ca chng vi mt thang im v s hi lng v ngh nghip. Chng ta c th khng thu c mt nhn

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nh chnh xc l liu lng c bao nhiu v mi trng lm vic nh th no th quyt nh mc hi lng v cng vic nhng nghin cu tng quan ca chng ta s c th xc nh nhng c tnh ngh nghip no c th lin quan n s hi lng v ngh nghip v to tin cho cc nghin cu thc nghim v vn ny (chng hn, liu nhng ngi c chn ngu nhin vo nhm nhn c can thip nng cao k nng lm vic nhm c im hi lng cao hn nhng ngi lm nhm cng vic khc hay khng?) Nghin cu thc nghim c can thip c th cung cp bng chng v nguyn nhn trc tip cho s hi lng v cng vic hn l nghin cu tng quan. Tuy nhin, nghin cu thc nghim ch c th tin hnh vi mt hay mt s rt t bi cnh ni lm vic, v i hi phi c s kim sot cht ch, trong khi nghin cu tng quan - v ch n thun l mt nghin cu quan st - c th xem xt rt nhiu yu t cng mt lc. C mt s dng thit k nghin cu quan st c th trong tng loi nghin cu tng quan hay nghin cu m t. Sau y l cc thit k nghin cu thng thng nht: Nghin cu tng quan trong y t cng cng bao gm iu tra ct ngang, nghin cu bnh chng v nghin cu thun tp. Nghin cu ct ngang in hnh thng c thc hin di dng mt cuc iu tra v a ra mt bc tranh ti mt thi im v mt s vn sc kho hay cc yu t nguy c lin quan n vn . Tng iu tra dn s l mt v d v nghin cu ct ngang. Nghin cu thun tp l mt nghin cu trong cc thnh vin c theo di qua mt thi gian v ngi ta m s xut hin ca mt s s kin (thng thng l cc trng hp bnh mi). Cc i tng trong nghin cu thun tp c chn t mt b phn cc c th c cng mt c im chung no (v d tt c nhng ngi sng ti cng mt vng a l ti thi im bt u nghin cu, hc cng mt trng, lm cng mt khu cng nghip). Nghin cu thun tp l mt nghin cu dc, lin quan n vic tin hnh cc php o lng lp i lp li theo thi gian. Mt thit k nghin cu bnh chng thu thp s liu theo phng php hi cu, ngc vi nghin cu thun tp. Trong nghin cu bnh chng, chng ta xc nh cc trng hp bnh trc tin, ri thu thp s liu lin quan ti nhng c tnh ca i tng trong khong thi gian trc khi bnh xy ra. Chng ta cng lm tng t vi nhm i chng, nhng ngi khng b bnh nhng cng c nhng c im nht nh tng t nh cc trng hp bnh. V vy, c hai nhm c chn vo nghin cu. Thit k nghin cu ny rt thng dng khi cn nghin cu cc s kin hay cc bnh him (trong khi nu lm nghin cu thun tp th c th chng ta s phi tin hnh trong nhiu nm mi c th c c thm ch ch mt s nh cc s kin). l ba loi thit k nghin cu c bn thng c dng trong nghin cu YTCC, tuy nhin cn c rt nhiu cc thit k nghin cu nh lng khc. Khi nim quan trng nht m chng ta cn nh l vi cc thit k nghin cu khc nhau th kh nng gp phi sai s cng s khc nhau, v iu ny cn c lu ti khi phn tch.

1.5. Cc thnh phn ca thit k c nh hng ti vic phn tch kt qu


Vi quan im ca ngi phn tch s liu, mt s vn thit k ng vai tr quan trng trong khu phn tch. Di y l mt s vn bn cn xem xt ti khi tin hnh phn tch thng k, bt k vic phn tch n gin ti mc no. Phn 1.5.4. s tm tt thnh mt bng kim cn thit khi phn tch.

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1.5.1. n v quan st Mt c im quan trng th hin s khc nhau gia cc loi thit k l s khc bit gia n v quan st v cc quan st trong mt nghin cu. Mt n v quan st l mt thnh phn (v d nh ngi, ng vt, cy, vng a l, v.v.) c nghin cu. Nu chng ta ch thu thp s liu mt ln cho mi n v quan st th s cc quan st s bng vi s n v quan st. Tuy nhin, trong cc nghin cu c nhiu php o lng c tin hnh lp li trn cng mt n v quan st th s cc quan st s nhiu hn s n v quan st. Trong phn tch s liu, s cc n v quan st l rt quan trng v l nhn t nh hng ti cc php tnh ton. Mt nghin cu nghe c th rt n xt v phng din lng s liu thu thp c khi c tt c l 40 quan st nhng li khng n xt v mt thng k nu chng ta bit thm rng trong nghin cu ngi ta thu thp ti 20 quan st trn mi i tng nghin cu, v vn vn ch c tt c l 2 i tng nghin cu. Cc thit k nghin cu thu thp s liu nhiu ln trn cng mt ngi c gi l nghin cu o lng lp li hoc thit k trn cng mt i tng (within-subject). Cc thit k thu thp s liu 1 ln trn mi i tng nhng so snh cc i tng khng lin quan vi nhau c gi l thit k gia cc i tng (between-subject). Mt s loi thit k c th c c hai thnh phn, v d: mt b cu hi c hi trc v sau khi tin hnh mt can thip gio dc, trong mt nhm i tng c nhn c can thip gio dc cn nhm kia th khng. Trong v d ny, s so snh thay i gia trc v sau ca c hai nhm chnh l so snh trn cng i tng, cn s so snh gia nhm khng qua can thip v nhm c nhn c can thip l so snh gia cc i tng. Cc cng thc thng k cho php phn tch phng sai ca tng thnh phn (gia cc i tng v trn cng i tng). V th, nu chng ta b qua thc t l mt s quan st ca chng ta bt ngun t thit k trn cng i tng th cc php tnh v sai s chun v khong tin cy s khng chnh xc. 1.5.2. Phng php chn mu Mt vn thit k khc c nh hng ti vic tm tt v phn tch kt qu l cc i tng c chn vo nghin cu nh th no? Mt mu c th c chn t mt tp hp (qun th) theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Cch chn l tng nht l chn mu ngu nhin n (random sample), trong phi xc nh mt danh sch cc i tng ph hp (khung mu) v s dng bng s ngu nhin chn mt mu t khung mu. Nu c tin hnh ng, mu chn theo cch ny thng s i din cho qun th v rt khch quan. Nh , ngi nghin cu khng th c c hi quyt nh i tng ny thch hp hn i tng khc (chng hn, v h d tip cn hn, hay v h sn lng tr li cu hi phng vn hn). Vic ny m bo cho tt c cc i tng c mt c hi c chn vo mu nghin cu nh nhau, v l im mu cht ca phng php ly mu ngu nhin n. C nhiu bin th ca phng php ly mu ngu nhin n gip vt qua nhng hn ch v hu cn khi tin hnh nghin cu. Mu ngu nhin phn tng c s dng bo m s cn bng v c mu trong cc phn nhm m chng ta quan tm. V d: Mt mu ngu nhin n gm cc ng b hoc b m sng c thn c th s c nhiu ph n hn nam gii. Nu nh trong nghin cu ny, chng ta c bit quan tm n vic c c mu phn tch v cc ng b c thn, chng ta nn phn tng khung mu ca chng ta thnh hai nhm nam v n v trong mi tng (cn gi nhm) chng ta chn ngu nhin s cc i tng nam gii v n gii bng nhau. Chn nh th, chng ta c mt mu trong nam gii c chn vt t l (over-representation) v s c mu khi phn tch ring nam gii. Khi cn tng

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hp s liu cho c hai gii, chng ta s gii quyt vic ny bng cc th thut thng k (chng hn nh t trng s - weight) v nam v n c chn vi cc xc sut khc nhau. Thng thng, rt t khi chng ta c th ly mu theo phng php ngu nhin n, c bit l trong cc iu tra qun th. Ngi ta thng phi dng mt s cch chn mu phc tp hn: chn mu cm (cluster sampling), chn mu nhiu giai on (multi-stage sampling). Chn mu cm thng c s dng nghin cu cc nhm i tng phn b theo tng cm mt cch t nhin (v d nh ngi dn sng thnh tng lng, hc sinh trong tng trng, hay khu vc). Khi , mt mu ngu nhin cc lng, trng, ... c chn, v sau tt c cc thnh vin ti tng a bn c chn vo trong mu nghin cu, hoc mt s thnh vin c chn da trn nguyn tc ngu nhin. Ly mu phc tp c phn cm s a thm s ph thuc vo trong b s liu nh trng hp mt i tng cung cp nhiu quan st m t trong phn 1.5.1. V th, cc php tnh phng sai s phi c hiu chnh trc khi c th a ra sai s chun v khong tin cy mt cch chnh xc. Nu chng ta b qua yu t thit k nghin cu c s dng cc th thut ly mu phc tp v coi nh nghin cu s dng mu ngu nhin n th sai s chun v khong tin cy tnh c s khng chnh xc. 1.5.3. Cc bin u ra Nh bn s thy nhng phn tip theo, cc loi bin s trong cu hi nghin cu s nh hng rt ln n s la chn phng php phn tch thng k. Mc d c rt nhiu loi bin khc nhau, cho mc ch phn tch, chng ta han ton c th n gin ha chng thnh 2 loi l bin lin tc v bin phn loi. Lin tc y bao gm cc bin lin tc thc s v bin s dng thang o khong (interval). Trong khi bin phn loi bao gm bin nh thc (dichotomous), nh danh (nominal), v bin th bc (ordinal). Bin s s dng l lin tc hay phn loi s quyt nh cch chng ta tm tt s liu (trung bnh hay t l phn trm), hoc cch chng ta la chn kim nh thng k. Trong cc phn sau y, bn s thy r vai tr ca tng loi bin m bn s phn tch. 1.5.4. Bng kim cc thng tin gip bn chun b cho phn tch thng k. Thit k nghin cu s quyt nh phng php thu thp s liu v ri iu ny s nh hng ti cc loi bin s dnh cho khu phn tch. Khi chun b tin hnh phn tch mt b s liu bn nn bt u bng vic thu thp v tr li cc thng tin v thit k nghin cu nh sau: 1. Cu hi nghin cu l g? Thng thng c nhiu hn mt cu hi nghin cu. C gng chuyn cu hi nghin cu thnh gi thuyt khoa hc c th kim nh c (gi thuyt khng v i thuyt). Cc bc sau y s gip bn lm iu : 2. l thit k nghin cu thc nghim hay quan st ? 3. n v quan st l g? 4. Cc n v quan st c ly mu theo phng php ngu nhin n hay cc phng php mu phc tp hn? 5. Cc php o lng c c lp li (theo thi gian) hay c lin quan vi nhau (chng hn trn cng mt v tr, hay mt ngi) khng? 6. u ra ca nghin cu l g? thng thng c nhiu hn mt u ra

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7. Bin u ra l bin lin tc hay bin phn loi? 8. Nhng nhm no c so snh? c th so snh khc bit ca cc nhm i tng nghin cu khc nhau hoc so snh s khc bit ca cng mt nhm qua cc mc thi gian khc nhau. Phn tch thng k thch hp cho mt b s liu ph thuc vo cc cu tr li cho nhng cu hi trn. Cc bi hc tip theo s cung cp cc cng c thng k hoc nhng cch tip cn phn tch tnh ton cho cc tnh hung khc nhau. Mc ch ca chng trnh ny hng dn bn l nhn ra s khc nhau, la chn v p dng cc k thut thng k c bn ph hp phin gii cc kt qu phn tch.

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CHNG 2: QUN L S LIU


2.1. Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng: 1. Hiu c qu trnh chun b mt b s liu nghin cu nhp liu. 2. Hiu c l do c bn, cc nguyn tc lin quan, ca vic m ho s liu v nh ngha m ca mt b s liu. 3. Xc nh v xy dng mt k hoch lm sch s liu. 4. Nhn bit c cc chin lc khc nhau cho vic m bo tnh ton vn ca b s liu. Trc khi phn tch s liu, iu cn thit l bn m s liu thu thp di dng s ph hp cho my tnh phn tch. Sau khi c m, chng ta s nhp s liu vo my tnh, tt nht l nhp trc tip vo mt phn mm thng k. Trc khi vic phn tch c th bt u, s liu cn phi c kim tra v tnh chnh xc v y . Phn ny lin quan vi cc vn chun b v sng lc s liu trc khi phn tch. Trn thc t, phn ln thi gian phn tch s liu l dnh cho vic chun b s liu. iu ny lin quan n vic m hoa s liu, nhp s liu v kim tra tht cn thn b s liu trc khi phn tch. Chun b s liu l bc c bn m bo rng phn tch ca bn l chnh xc v i din cho s liu bn thu thp. Khng nn nh gi thp tm quan trng ca bc ny, cng nh s lng thi gian lin quan n vic t c tnh ton vn ca b s liu

2.2. B s liu mu
Phn ny gii thiu cho bn khi nim v qun l s liu, v gii thiu mt b s liu trch ra t Nghin cu Chn thng trn ton quc nm 20011, b s liu ny s c dng trong sut quyn sch v kho hc ny. Ch nghin cu l: Trong s nhng ngi b chn thng giao thng nm 2001, nhng tc ng no ca chn thng n cht lng cuc sng ca h? S liu c thu thp nm 2001. Nghin cu ny l mt nghin cu m t ct ngang trn mt mu i din ton quc vi qun th nghin cu l ton b ngi dn Vit Nam. Mu nghin cu da trn cch chn mu ngu nghin n v b cu hi t in dnh cho bt k trng hp chn thng no trong mt nm trc thi im nghin cu, trng hp chn thng l cc nn nhn b chn thng m phi ngh hc hoc ngh
1

B s liu s dng trong chng trnh ging dy c rt ra t nghin cu chn thng trn ton quc do H Y t cng cng phi hp cng 8 trng H v Vin Y tin hnh. B s liu dng ging dy y c chnh sa mt phn so vi b s liu gc vi mc ch ph hp vi ni dung ca bi hc.

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vic t nht l mt ngy. Nghin cu ny thu thp s liu mc v t vong ca nhiu loi chn thng khc nhau, tuy nhin cun sch ny ch s dng cc s liu lin quan n cc trng hp chn thng giao thng. Cc bin dn s-x hi (tui, gii, vng, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip) v cc chi tit v chn thng giao thng (loi phng tin giao thng c lin quan), hu qu ca chn thng (v tr chn thng, s ngy nm vin) cng c thu thp. Cc i tng nghin cu c hi v t nh gi v cht lng cuc sng trc v sau chn thng. Lng gi v cht lng cuc sng da trn thang im 100, bt u t 0 (cht lng cuc sng khng th thp hn) n 100 (cht lng cuc sng khng th cao hn c). Cc i tng nghin cu c gn mt m xc nh, v s khng c c hi lin kt cc b cu hi vi cc c nhn sau khi b cu hi c thu thp xong.

2.3. X l thng tin nghin cu cho phn tch nh lng


2.3.1. X l v nhp s liu
2.3.1.1. M ho s liu.

Mc ch ca vic m ho s liu l chuyn i thng tin nghin cu thu thp thnh dng thch hp cho vic phn tch trn my tnh. Thng th bn s s dng mt b cu hi hoc biu mu thu thp s liu khc nhau thu thp s liu. a ra c nhng kt lun t nghin cu ca mnh, bn s phi tm tt cc kt qu ca cuc iu tra. Hu ht cc nghin cu u lin quan n mt s lng ln cc i tng tham gia, cc thng tin t b cu hi v cc phiu iu tra nn c nhp vo cc phn mm thng k (nh EpiInfo hay SPSS) cho tt c cc s liu thu thp c lu tr v x l mt cch thun tin. Phn mm thng k thng c dng bng tnh v s liu phi c nhp vo cc bng tnh ny. Mt bng tnh l mt nh ngha tng i v thc cht n l phn hin th trn mn hnh vi nhng ng k trong . Cc ch s v cc k t c th c nh my trong tng . Khc vi nhng phn mm bng tnh thng dng nh EXCEL, cc phn mm phn tch thng k thng c nhng gii hn cht ch hn trong vic nhp liu vo nhng ny. Trong hu ht cc tp s liu, thng tin cho tng i tng/quan st c nhp trn mt hng ca bng tnh. Cc ct ca bng tnh tng ng vi cc cu hi trong b cu hi/cng c thu thp s liu. Mt cu tr li ca mt i tng c m trn mt ca bng tnh (v d mt = mt cu tr li v tt c cc cu tr li cho mt cu hi nm trn mt hng hc di ct tng ng). Cc cu tr li nn c m ho bng s cng nhiu cng tt v ta nn hn ch vic dng m bng cc k t. V d:

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Mu phiu trong b s liu c dng nh sau: iu tra chn thng giao thng quc gia nm 2003 M h: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vng : __________________________________ Ngy phng vn: _________________________ Thng tin v ngi tr li 1. Anh/ch bao nhiu tui (tnh trn nm)? ____________________________ 2. Anh/ch l nam hay n (khoanh vo la chn ph hp)? Nam N

3. Anh/ch sng u? (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp) Thnh ph Nng thn

4. Anh/ch hc n lp my (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)? Khng i hc Hc ngh Tiu hc i hc Di THCS Trn i hc Trn THCS Tr nh

5. Anh/ch lm ngh g (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)? Lm rung Hc sinh Tht nghip Thng tin v chn thng 6. Khi chn thng xy ra anh/ch l (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp): Ngi li xe Hnh khch Ngi i b Khc CBCNVC Ngh th cng Tr nh Bun bn nh Ngh hu Other Lm ch Mt sc

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7. Loi phng tin no lin quan n chn thng ca anh/ch (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)? Xe t Xe my Xe p Ngi i b Khc

8. Anh/ch b chn thng nng nht u (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)? u/ct sng Thn mnh Tay/chn

9. Anh/ch c phi vo vin v chn thng ny khng? (Khoanh vo la chn ph hp)? C Khng

10. Nu c, anh/ch phi nm vin bao nhiu ngy? ____________________________________ Thng tin v cht lng cuc sng 11. Vi thang im t 0 (khng th thp hn) n 100 (khng th cao hn), anh/ch c lng cht lng cuc sng qua sc kho ca anh/ch trc chn thng l bao nhiu? ________________________________________________ 12. Hin nay anh/ch c lng cht lng cuc sng qua sc kho ca anh/ch l bao nhiu? ________________________________________________

Bng s liu c dng nh sau: h_id 10111001 10121003 72012051 Region (Vung) 01 02 03 Age
(Tuoi)

36 28 47

Gender (Gioi) 1 2 1 ...

education
(Hoc van)

qol_bel
(Clcuocsong)

3 8 1

34 71 63

Lu rng trong khi tn ct c th l bt k tn g bn mun, hu ht cc phn mm thng k quy nh cht ch v di v dng. ph hp, hy dng du gch di _ vo tn bin di hn 8 k t, khng khong trng gia cc t (v d h_id thay cho household id), v khng bao gi bt u bng mt con s (cho d k t s c th

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dng bt k v tr no khc trong tn ct). Nu bn thit k b cu hi mt cch ng n, hu ht cc bn cu hi s d dng c th c m bng ch s. Mc d bn ch c s dng tn ct khng nhiu hn 8 k t, hu ht cc phn mm thng k bao gm c SPSS u cho php bn gn nhn cho tn ct. Nhn ny c th di bao nhiu tu theo bn mun v s xut hin thay vo tn ct trong phn kt qu ca SPSS. V d bn c th t tn ct biu th cho tui l age nhng bn mun nh rng bn ni v tui tnh theo nm dng lch hn l theo thng hoc nm m lch. Bn c th gn mt nhn cho ct tn chng hn Tui dng lch, n s xut hin trong phn kt qu khi bn s dng bin ny. Gn nhn cho tn ct l mt thi quen tt c th d dng xc nh bin no bn ang s dng - c bit nu bn c hai bin vi tn tng t hoc o lng nhng iu tng t.
2.3.1.2. Bng m s liu

M s cho tng cu tr li nn c ghi li chi tit trong bng m s liu. Bng m s liu Ct h_id M t M h Gi tr m v ngha Chy t 10111001- 82436071

region

a im

1 = Ty Bc 2 = ng Bc 3 = Lu vc sng Hng 4 = Bc Trung b 5 = Ven bin min Trung 6 = Cao Nguyn trung b 7 = ng Nam 8 = Lu vc sng M Kng 0 65 1 = Nam 2 = N 0 = Thnh ph 1 = Nng thn 1 = M ch 2 = Tiu hc 3 = Cp II 4 = Cp III 5 = Hc ngh
18

ageround sex

Tui tnh theo nm Gii tnh

u_r

Ni c tr

educatio

Cp hc cao nht

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6 = i hc 7 = Sau i hc 8 = Tr nh 99 = Khng tr li occupati Ngh nghip 1 = lm rung/ry 2 = CBCNVC 3 = Bun bn nh 4 = Bun bn ln (lm ch) 5 = sinh vin 6 = tr di 6 tui 7 = Ngh th cng 8 = Ngh hu 9 = khng c kh nng lm vic 10 = Tht nghip 11 = Khc 99 = khng tr li

trantype

Loi phng tin giao thng -1 = Khng tr li s dng khi xy ra CT 1 = t 2 = xe p 3 = xe my 4 = Ngi i b 5 = khc Nn nhn l ngi i b? -1 = khng tr li 0 = khng 1 = c -1 = khng tr li 1 = u/ct sng 2 = thn mnh 3 = tay chn -1 = khng tr li 0 = khng 1 = c Gi tr t 1-200 . = khng nm vin

pedestrn

worst

V tr ca chn thng nng nht

hospital

Nn nhn c nm vin?

q9

S ngy nm vin

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qol_bef

Cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng Cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng

Gi tr t 0 - 100

qol_aft

Gi tr t 0 - 100

Bao gi cng vy, bn s nhn c nhng phiu phng vn m c nhng cu hi khng c tr li. Trong v d trn, m cho bin hospital khi khng c cu tr li l -1. l cch tt nht ph hp trong bng m ho ca bn, nhng bn nn thng xuyn kim tra nhng gi tr c s dng thay th cc thng tin b mt. V d s liu b mt bin occupati c m l 99. Mt s cu hi thm ch s khng c hi vi mt s i tng. V d, trong phiu iu tra trn chng ta ch hi Anh/ch phi nm vin bao nhiu ngy? vi nhng trng hp i tng phi nm vin. Nhng ngi ny c th c m l mt s liu nhng s khng thy s khc nhau gia h v nhng ngi c c hi nhng khng tr li. gii quyt vn ny cc i tng khng c hi c m l ., k hiu ny ch ra rng i tng ny khng ph hp vi cu hi. Cc vn khc ny sinh khi mt i tng tr li nhiu hn mt la chn (v d vi cu hi Anh/ch lm ngh g 3. Tiu thng 4. Cng chc 5.Sinh vin ..., trong i tng c th tr li c 3 v 5). Trong mt vi trng hp, c th l quan trng nu chng ta bit rng i tng phng vn l bun bn nh v chng ta khng cn bit h cng ang l sinh vin, v th trng hp ny nn chn cu tr li xc ng nht. Nu thy c hai ngh nghip u quan trng, dng gii php to hai ct trong bng m ho ph hp vi trng hp ny. Ct u tin s c gi l EMPLOY1 v ct th hai s l EMPLOY2 vi cc m 1 v 2 tng ng. Tt c cc trng hp khc m ch tr li mt la chn th m vo EMPLOY1 v chn m khng c s liu trong EMPLOY2. Mt gii php khc c th s dng l chng ta vn ch s dng mt ct EMPLOY v m thm mt gi tr na 3. Bun bn nh, 4.Cng chc, 5. Sinh vin, v 6. Bun bn nh v sinh vin ... Gii php u tin linh hot hn (v c a dng hn) nhng i hi nhiu thi gian m ho hn v c th khng hiu qu. 2.3.2. Nhp s liu Mt b cu hi hay mt biu mu s liu c m ho di dng s, chng cn c nhp vo my tnh chun b cho phn tch s liu. Tr khi cc mu phiu c thit k cho my tnh t qut, phn nhp s liu yu cu con ngi dng tay v mt chuyn nhng thng tin, v th c th xy ra cc li nh my. C nhiu cch nhp s liu m c th hn ch n mc thp nht cc li nh my. Cch tt nht l to mt chng trnh nhp s liu s dng mt phn mm qun l s liu v d nh Microsoft Access, chng trnh ny c nhng chc nng kim tra s lp li ca cc m hiu hoc cc gi tr khng c ngha. Tuy nhin, s phc tp ny cng khng trnh khi cc li nh my. hn ch mc thp nht sai lm ny, c mt gi a ra l tt c s liu nn c nhp hai ln, mi ln l mt ngi khc nhau. Bt k mt s khc nhau no gia hai bn s liu cng cn phi c lu v phi c kim tra da trn bn s liu gc hoc nu c th i chiu vi i tng phng vn. Nhp s liu hai ln do hai ngi c lp l l tng, n s lm hn ch ti a cc li khi c v li nh my. V d, ch vit tay i khi khng d c, mt ngi c th c l

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3, nhng ngi th hai c th c l 5. S khc nhau ny s c kim tra v m s ng s c chn. Nhp s liu hai ln bi cng mt ngi cng c th pht hin ra li nh my nhng khng pht hin c li c, cng mt ngi th gn nh vn c 3 l 3 trong c hai ln. Nhp s liu hai ln tn nhiu thi gian v t tin. Rt kh thc hin trn thc t v i khi khng cn thit nu chng trnh nhp s liu c vit v c nhiu chc nng kim tra qu trnh nhp liu. Di y l cc chin lc nhp s liu cho bn la chn, nhng cn bit rng kh nng mc cc li nh my tng ln khi danh sch ny i xung. V th, bn s cn phi c k hoch kim tra cn thn hn trong phn lm sch s liu. (i) (ii) (iii) Nhp ton b s liu hai ln bi hai ngi ring bit. Nhp ton b s liu hai ln do mt ngi thc hin, Nhp ton b s liu mt ln, sau chn ngu nhin n khong 20% b s liu v nhp ln 2. Nu nhng s khc nhau l ti thiu, dng li. Nu khng cn phi cn nhc (ii). Nhp ton b s liu 1 ln, chn ngu nhin n khong 20% b s liu, kim tra li bng mt. Nu nhng s khc nhau l ti thiu, dng li. Nu khng cn phi cn nhc (ii). Nhp ton b s liu mt ln, khng kim tra hai ln. Khng c ngh g.

(iv)

(v)

C rt nhiu cc chng trnh khc nhau nhp s liu, mt vi chng trnh rt phc tp (v d ORACLE, SQL), cc chng trnh khc th t phc tp hn (v d dBase, FoxPro, Access). Trong kha hc ny EpiInfo s c s dng nhp s liu nh mt h thng phn mm min ph v d dng s dng. Nu bn c phn mm khc m bn thng tho nh Microsoft Access hay FoxPro th cng c th s dng c. Hy nh rng li cnh bo v cc li nh my a ra trn v cc bc lm sch v qun l s liu lit k di s p dng cho bt k chng trnh nhp s liu no bn s dng.

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Xem b s liu trong SPSS Mi ln bn chuyn s liu ca bn vo SPSS bn s thy s liu xut hin trong Data Window. Window c hai phn, Data View v Variable View. DATA WINDOW DATA VIEW

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DATA WINDOW VARIABLE VIEW

gn nhn cho mt bin, m ca s s liu trong SPSS. Chn Variable view gc di tri mn hnh. Bn s thy ton b cc tn ct (bin) t trn xung pha tri. Vi tng tn bin bn c th a bt k nhn no bn mun dng vo ct Label bng cch nhp chut ln thch hp v nhp nhn vo . Bn cng nn gn nhn cho cc m s liu, vic lm ny c nhiu li ch, n c tc dng to ra mt bng m in t ca b s liu. thm cc nhn vo m s liu bn lm nh sau: 1. Vo Data Window Variable View

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2. Chn bin bn mun gn nhn vo m s liu, chuyn chut n ct Values. Nhp chut ln ny v mt hp nh mu xm s xut hin gc ny. Nhp chut ln hp v mn hnh hin th mt hp nh tng t nh di y.

3. gn thm nhn cho tng gi tr, nhp gi tr vo hp Value, sau a nhn bn mun cho vo trong hp Value Label. Nhp chut vo Add. Gi tr vi nhn c gn s chuyn xung hp di v hai hp trn s trng cho php bn nhp cc gi tr v nhn khc. 4. Sau khi bn a ton b cc nhn xung c hp di (nn nh l bao gm c cc m cho s liu b mt), nhp chut vo OK. Cc nhn ca bn c gn xong.

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2.3.3. Lm sch s liu a s liu t phiu phng vn vo phn mm my tnh c th l mt qu trnh tn thi gian v bun t, d c li ca con ngi nhiu im trong sut qu trnh ny. C rt nhiu kh nng chng ta s mc li trong qu trnh in phiu, m s liu v nhp s liu vo my tnh. C ba li chnh l: (i) (ii) (iii) Cc li v m s liu Cc li v nhp s liu Cc li v tnh nht qun (chc chn) ca s liu

m bo rng b s liu bn ang x l l chnh xc, bn cn phi hn ch n mc ti a nhng sai st trong qu trnh chun b v nhp s liu. Bc u tin kim tra s liu ca bn l bn lit k ton b cc gi tr ca tt c cc bin trong b s liu (bng tn s). Vic lm ny gip bn c th quan st nu c bt k li no v m s liu (v d nh m l 5 trong bin gii tnh v d trn trong khi ch c m 1 v 2 l hp l theo nh b m s liu.) Cc gi tr khc thng c th c lit k vi nhng m hiu tng ng v c th c kim tra li vi phiu gc. C th cc gi tr ng nghi ny l ng vi s liu gc thu thp c (v d mt ch s p lc ng mch cao khc thng), v th thay v s liu ng ng bn xc nh c mt gi tr bt thng (outlier) trong b s liu ca bn. Cc gi tr bt thng c th c so snh vi phiu gc kim tra xem chng c chnh xc khng, nu ng chng cng phi c a vo trong bt k mt phn tch no mc d gi tr c v k quc. Cc li m ho s liu (coding errors) lin quan n vic sai m ca i tng. Trng m xc nh i tng l mt li ph bin. Cc li khc cn phi xem xt bao gm c cc li m s liu. V d i tng tr li rt ng cho cu hi 1 (m 1) nhng li c m l ng (m 2) trong bng s liu. Cch tt nht chc chn rng khng c li m ho s liu l c v sa tp s liu t phiu gc. Tuy nhin, c v sa ch thc hin c vi tp s liu nh. Vi nhng tp s liu ln, cc li m s liu thng c kim tra bng cch nhp li ton b hoc chn ngu nhin t 10-20% trng hp ca tp s liu khc v so snh cc kt qu gia bn s liu gc v bn s liu nhp kim tra. Vic ny c gi l nhp kim tra (verification entry). l mt thnh phn quan trng m bo tnh chn thc ca s liu cho d n c th l mt vic lm tn km. Khng c vic nhp s liu no l hon ho, nhng nu c t hn 1 trong 1000 bn ghi thng tin l khng chnh xc, th cng c th cho rng tc ng ca sai s nhp liu ln cc phn tch l ti thiu. Lu : Bn nn thng xuyn ghi chp li nhng quyt nh m ho s liu ca bn. Chng ta s rt d qun cc nguyn tc dng m, v trong mt b s liu vic thng nht m ho theo mt nguyn tc l rt quan trng. Nu bn khng ghi chp li cc m dng th s c rt nhiu kh nng mc li hoc mu thun trong khu m ho s liu. Li nhp s liu (data entry errors) c th xy ra khi mt m b c sai khi nhp s liu vo my tnh (c bn vit tay l 5 khi trn bn vit l 3) hoc li nh my (c m l 6 nhng nh my l 5). Nhp kim tra c dng cha nhng li nhp liu. L tng l c hai ngi c lp nhp s liu hai ln ring r. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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Khi b s liu c nhp v lm sch nhng li nh my, cn c mt mc lm sch s liu cao hn cn nhc- l kim tra tnh nht qun (consistency checking). iu ny c ngha l nhng cu tr li khng nht qun cn c xc nh v kim tra. Mt v d v cu tr li khng nht qun l vi phiu c m l nam nhng li tr li l C cho cu hi bao gi mang thai cha?. Mt v d khc l ngy t vong li trc ngy sinh hoc tr li THCS nh l bc hc cao nht ca trnh hc vn nhng sau li m t v kho hc trnh h hon thnh. Tnh khng nht qun c th l do cc li m ho s liu hoc nh my m khng b pht hin trong hai ln kim tra (nu iu ny xy ra), hoc i tng phng vn trn thc t a ra nhng cu tr li khng nht qun. Nguyn nhn cui cng ny yu cu phi lin lc vi i tng phng vn xc nh li nhng iu ny thng l khng th thc hin c.

2.4. Cc v d v lm sch s liu


Trong cc chng 3 v 4 bn s c gii thiu v k hoch phn tch s liu. Tuy nhin, mt k hoch c tnh quan trng trong vic qun l s liu l vic chun b s liu sn sng cho phn tch. K hoch lm sch s liu ca bn phi khng phc tp. Bn c th s dng bn k hoch sau cho lm sch s liu nh l mt bng kim, phn ny s a bn n vic lm th no kim tra trong SPSS. K hoch lm sch s liu 1. Xc nh cc s xc nh i tng (ID) trng nhau. 2. Kim tra cc gi tr bt thng (outliers) ca tt c cc bin lin tc (ngoi tr ngy thng) 3. Kim tra cc m khng ph hp tt c cc bin danh mc (ngoi tr bin ID). 4. Kim tra ngy thng 5. Kim tra s gi tr b mt cho tng bin. 6. nh r nhng cu tr li khng nht qun, bn s kim tra v Tui bng 0 Tui sai khc khi ly ngy sinh tr i ngy phng vn. i tng c nm vin khi khng c chn thng Khng c s ph hp gia trnh hc vn v ngh Ngi i b c phn loi nh ngi li xe. Tr nh li i hc Tr em vi bc hc cao hn la tui Lit k nhng c nhn c cu tr li khng nht qun. Lu rng nhng s khng nht qun m bn chn kim tra s khc nhau gia cc b s liu khc nhau, danh sch trn ch l mt v d. Bn l ngi duy nht c th xc nh phm vi kim tra ph hp cho b s liu ca bn. 7. Nu c th hy i chiu tt c cc li vi phiu gc, bn s xc nh c cc li m ho hoc nhp s liu m c th chnh sa c.

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8. Nu khng c li khi m ho cng nh nhp s liu v cc i tng phng vn thc s a ra cc cu tr li khng nht qun bn nn lin lc vi h xc nh li thng tin. Tuy nhin iu ny thng l khng th thc hin c.

2.4.1. S dng SPSS lm sch s liu


2.4.1.1. Thc n hay Syntax?

SPSS l mt phn mm rt thun tin cho ngi s dng. C hai cch s dng phn mm ny; cch th nht l dng thc n c trong Data Window. Chng 3 v 4 cho bn thy lm th no SPSS a ra nhng thng k m t v suy lun t thc n. Hu ht cc lnh thng k m t v suy lun u thc n Analyse. Bn s khng thy iu g din ra khi kch chut vo thc n lnh. SPSS i nhng ch dn bn a ra t thc n thnh dng ngn ng ca SPSS v c gi l Syntax. Cch th hai ra lnh cho SPSS l vit mt cch chnh xc nhng g bn mun lm bng ngn ng ca chng trnh ny. N c vit trc tip vo Syntax Window trong SPSS, Syntax c th c m bng lnh File /New /Syntax t thc n trong Data Window. kim tra vic lm sch s liu, vit chnh xc nhng g bn mun SPSS thc hin vo Syntax s d hn rt nhiu vic s dng lnh t thc n. Chng ny s cung cp cho bn nhng c php (syntax) m bn cn thc hin cho tng kim tra v bn c th vit trc tip ln Syntax Window. Chp li c php tht cn thn (bao gm c khong trng, nt vch cho, du chm) v n cn c vit mt cch cc k chnh xc. Ngoi vic nhanh chng, li ch chnh khc ca vic s dng c php l bn c th lu li tt c nhng c php bn vit vo mt tp v bn c th s dng li tp ny v thc hin y ht qu trnh lm sch s liu v cc phn tch nh thc hin trc y. iu ny rt quan trng trong trng hp bn cn kim tra nhng g bn phn tch c bit vi nhng thng tin mi c pht hin. Bn cng c th dng li cc c php ny phn tch mt b s liu mi sau khi chnh sa cho ph hp, iu ny s tit kim rt nhiu thi gian cho bn. V d v dng Syntax Window c a ra di y. Bn nh my nhng cu lnh ca bn, bi en cu lnh bn mun thc hin v n ln hnh mi tn trn thanh cng c. Kt qu s xut hin trong Output Window nh hnh di y.

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SYNTAX WINDOW

OUTPUT WINDOW

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Mc d chng 3 v 4 s trnh by cho bn cch thc hin mt phn tch s dng thc n, nhng bn c th thy rng s dng c php lnh s cho php bn thc hin nhanh hn, hoc bn c th ghi li nhng g bn lm sau khi s dng thc n. SPSS cho php bn dng thc n dc thc hin cc phn tch sau chuyn lnh thc hin sang Syntax bng lnh Paste. Nn nh, bn cn nhn nt Paste thay v nhn nt OK. Cc c php bn to ra khi dng thc n dc s xut hin trong Syntax Window. Kt qu s khng xut hin cho n khi bn chy c php ny bng cch bi en n v nhn ln mi tn nh m t trn. Qu trnh ny c m t di trong phn Kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng.
2.4.1.2. Kim tra s liu trong SPSS

Kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng (ID) Bn cn kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng. Mi i tng khc nhau nn c mt s xc nh duy nht c th xc nh tng i tng. Nu s xc nh i tng b trng nhau th bn cn phi kim tra xem c phi mt ngi b nhp s liu hai ln hay khng, nu c th mt bn ghi s phi b loi b. Nu khng th h thng nh s ca bn sai v thc s y l bn ghi ca hai ngi ring bit. kim tra s ging nhau ca s xc nh i tng, cch d dng nht l xem tn s ca s xc nh. Tn s ca tt c cc s xc nh phi l 1, nu khng s xc nh b trng nhau v bn nn quay li kim tra phiu phng vn. S dng thc n T thc n dc chn Analyse /Descriptive Statistics /Frequencies. Mt hp thoi s xut hin nh hnh di y. 1. Chn bin bn cn, trong trng hp ny l h_id (m h gia nh),t danh sch bin bn tri v chun vo trong Variable(s): hp bn phi bng cch nhp chut ln mi tn. 2. m bo rng Display frequency tables c chn.

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3. Nu bn nhp chut ln OK kt qu s xut hin trong Output Window nhng bn s khng c bn ghi nhng g bn lm, v th nhp chut ln Paste. C php ca bn s xut hin trong Syntax Window nh hnh di y

4. Bi en ca c php ny v nhp chut ln mi tn thanh cng c thc hin c php. Kt qu s xut hin trong cc ca s ring r - Output Window. Bn c th sa li cu lnh ny v thay h_id bng bt k tn bin no biu th bng s xc nh v trc tip vit trn Syntax Window. Kt qu y l kt qu ca c php trn. Nh bn thy c mt s con s b trng v cn phi c kim tra li.

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Kim tra cc gi tr bt thng (outlier) ca bin lin tc Kim tra cc gi tr nm ngoi ca bin lin tc l mt trong nhng kim tra quan trng nht bn phi lm. Bn mun xc nh bt k mt gi tr tt cng no (c thp v cao) trong b s liu ca mnh. Hu ht cc kim nh thng k c m t trong chng 3 v 4 rt d b nh hng bi s xut hin ca cc gi tr tt cng c bit nu chng ta tin hnh cc kim nh gi tr trung bnh. Gi tr tt cng ny c th l hu qu ca li nhp s liu nh 123 c nhp thay v 13, hoc chng cng c th l cc gi tr thc s. Lit k cc i tng c gi tr tt cng bn c th quay tr li v kim tra phiu iu tra xem gi tr c thc hay khng. Nu l gi tr thc bn s cn phi a n vo trong phn tch ca mnh hoc gii thch cn thn ti sao bn li khng a n vo trong phn tch (mc d iu ny c nh hng n tnh khi qut ho trong kt qu ca bn). Nu khng, n c th c chnh sa trc qu trnh phn tch. SPSS cho php bn kim tra tt c cc gi tr bt thng ca cc bin lin tc cng mt ln s dng c php sau. Mi mt tn bin cn c a ra mt cch chnh xc nh n xut hin trong b s liu. Cc tn bin ny c nhp tng tn mt v cch nhau khong trng. C php ny nn c s dng kim tra tt c cc bin lin tc tr ngy thng. C php
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = ageround q9 qol_bef qol_aft/STA= MEAN STDDEV MEDIAN MIN MAX SKEW KURT/HISTOGRAM.

C php ny yu cu cc tn s ca cc bin lin tc c a ra trong bng trn, v cng yu cu v biu ct lin tc cho cc bin ny. Bn c th thay tn bin ( c php trn tn bin l nhng ch nh) bng nhng tn bin khc t b s liu ca bn.

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Kt qu

Frequencies
Statistics General quality of life before injury 1692 29 60.4054 60.0000 7.67448 .125 .123 37.00 88.00 general quality of life after injury 1693 28 54.6669 55.0000 9.99864 -.046 .059 20.00 88.00

N Mean Median Std. Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Minimum Maximum

Valid Missing

age (rounded) 1721 0 29.83 28.00 15.245 .266 -.688 0 65

hospital_day 810 911 11.15 7.00 15.689 4.611 35.761 1 200

Frequency Table

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Histogram

age (rounded)
300 500

General quality of life before injury

400 200 300

200 100

Frequency

Frequency

Std. Dev = 15.24 Mean = 29.8 0 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 65.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 N = 1721.00

100

Std. Dev = 7.67 Mean = 60.4 N = 1692.00 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0

age (rounded)

General quality of life before injury

hospital_day
600
400

general quality of life after injury

500
300

400
200

300

200

Frequency

Frequency

100 Std. Dev = 10.00 Mean = 54.7 0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 85.0 N = 1693.00

100 0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 120.0 100.0 160.0 200.0 140.0 180.0

Std. Dev = 15.69 Mean = 11.2 N = 810.00

hospital_day

general quality of life after injury

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Kim tra nhng m khng ph hp cho cc bin danh mc Bn cnh vic kim tra nhng gi tr bt thng, y cng l mt trong nhng kim tra quan trng. Bn mun m bo rng khng c gi tr khng hp l no c nhp, v d m 5 cho bin gii tnh khi m hp l ch l 1 hoc 2. iu ny s thc s quan trng khi bn so snh cu tr li gia hai nhm Nam v N, SPSS s c gng v so snh cu tr li gia 3 nhm, Nam, N v 5! V th kt qu ca bn s khng ng. C php
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = region u_r sex occupati educatio trantype q41_e worst hospital.

C php ny yu cu cc tn s (s tuyt i v t l) ca cc bin danh mc. Bn c th thay tn bin (trong c php trn tn bin l nhng k t nh) bng cc tn bin khc trong b s liu ca bn. Kt qu

Frequencies Frequency Table


region - stratum Cumulative Percent 11.6 14.9 26.5 41.5 50.4 59.3 76.4 100.0

Valid

ne nw rr nc cc ch se mr Total

Frequency 200 56 200 259 152 154 293 407 1721 urban/rural

Percent 11.6 3.3 11.6 15.0 8.8 8.9 17.0 23.6 100.0

Valid Percent 11.6 3.3 11.6 15.0 8.8 8.9 17.0 23.6 100.0

Valid

urban rural Total

Frequency 539 1182 1721

Percent 31.3 68.7 100.0

Valid Percent 31.3 68.7 100.0

Cumulative Percent 31.3 100.0

sex

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Valid

male female Total

Frequency 1107 614 1721 occupation

Percent 64.3 35.7 100.0

Valid Percent 64.3 35.7 100.0

Cumulative Percent 64.3 100.0

Valid

farmer gov. off petty tr employer studying children handicra retired poor hea unemploy other Total

Frequency 546 217 84 39 309 129 190 69 22 66 38 1709 12 1721 education

Percent 31.7 12.6 4.9 2.3 18.0 7.5 11.0 4.0 1.3 3.8 2.2 99.3 .7 100.0

Valid Percent 31.9 12.7 4.9 2.3 18.1 7.5 11.1 4.0 1.3 3.9 2.2 100.0

Cumulative Percent 31.9 44.6 49.6 51.8 69.9 77.5 88.6 92.6 93.9 97.8 100.0

Missing Total

System

Valid

illitera primary lower se upper se vocation undergra graduate children Total

Frequency 66 424 624 355 76 79 3 74 1701 20 1721

Percent 3.8 24.6 36.3 20.6 4.4 4.6 .2 4.3 98.8 1.2 100.0

Valid Percent 3.9 24.9 36.7 20.9 4.5 4.6 .2 4.4 100.0

Cumulative Percent 3.9 28.8 65.5 86.4 90.8 95.5 95.6 100.0

Missing Total

System

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Type of transportation in which victim travelling Cumulative Percent 4.5 26.2 84.5 95.5 100.0

Frequency Valid motorised vehicle Bicycle Motorised bike Pedestrian Other Total Missing Total -1.00 68 332 889 168 68 1525 196 1721

Percent 4.0 19.3 51.7 9.8 4.0 88.6 11.4 100.0

Valid Percent 4.5 21.8 58.3 11.0 4.5 100.0

Most severe injury Cumulative Percent 37.6 60.5 100.0

Valid

head/spine torso limbs Total

Frequency 624 379 656 1659 62 1721

Percent 36.3 22.0 38.1 96.4 3.6 100.0

Valid Percent 37.6 22.8 39.5 100.0

Missing Total

-1.00

Hospitalised due to injury Cumulative Percent 52.9 100.0

Valid

No Yes Total

Frequency 911 810 1721

Percent 52.9 47.1 100.0

Valid Percent 52.9 47.1 100.0

Kim tra ngy thng pht hin sai ngy thng Bn ang tm nhng ngy thng khng hiu lc, v d ngy phng vn nm ngoi thi gian thc hin nghin cu. Bn nn xc nh bt k mt gi tr ngy thng khng ph hp no v i chiu vi phiu gc xc minh li. Trong trng hp di y bn c th mun kim tra ngy 08/12/2001 l ngy phng vn khi thi gian phng vn t thng 8 n thng 11. tm ra nhng i tng nghin cu c phng vn ngy 08/12/2001 bn khng cn thit phi tm trong b s liu ca mnh. Thay v lm nh vy bn yu cu SPSS lit k nhng trng hp c ngy phng vn l 8/12/2001, khi c danh sch nhng m phiu ny bn s d dng nhn ra chng. Phn th hai ca c php yu cu SPSS thc hin vic ny. C php
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = date. TEMPORARY. SELECT IF (date = date.mdy(12,08,2001)). LIST h_id date.

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Kt qu

Frequencies
Statistics date of interview N Valid Missing 1796 10 date of interview

through to

Kim tra s lng thng tin b mt iu quan trng l kim tra s lng nhng trng hp mt thng tin trong tng bin. Cc i tng phng vn ch c trong phn tch nu h a ra nhng cu tr li c gi tr m bn ang xem xt. V d bn c th c 1721 i tng trong b s liu ca bn nhng thc t ch c 1504 ngi tr li cho cu hi v cht lng cuc sng, v th tt c cc phn tch c lin quan n cht lng cuc sng ch c thc hin trn 1504 ngi ch khng phi 1721 ngi. Nu bn c qu nhiu trng hp b mt s liu th bn nn nghi ng rng bn mc li thu thp s liu trong nghin cu, v d nhng ngi nhn thy cht lng cuc sng ca h rt km th gn nh h s khng tr li cho cu hi v cht lng cuc sng. Bn cn kim tra v tm ra nhng mi lin quan gia tnh hp l v tnh khi qut trong nghin cu ca mnh. Khng c s nht qun trong vic xc nh s liu mt bao nhiu l qu nhiu. Theo mt qui c th, nu s liu b mt vi bt k bin no di 10% l chp nhn c. Nu bn b mt trn 10% bn nn tham kho mt chuyn gia thng k xem lm th no i ph vi vn ny. Nu bn nhn vo phn kt qu trn, c mt bng xut hin ngay t u ca bn kt qu vi tiu Frequencies. Trong bng ny SPSS cho bn thy s lng thng tin b mt cho tng bin. Nh bn thy cc bin ny c di 10% trng hp mt thng in,

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ngoi tr s ngy nm vin c 911/1721 trng hp mt thng tin. Nn nh gii thch kt qu ca bn tht cn thn. Ch c nhng ngi phi nm vin chng ta mi hi s ngy nm vin, v th cc trng hp mt thng tin ny bao gm c nhng ngi tht s khng tr li v nhng ngi khng c hi cu hi ny. Kim tra tnh khng nht qun Mc d vic kim tra nhng cu tr li khng nht qun l mt phn cn thit trong vic lm sch s liu nhng khng c nguyn tc no cho vic xc nh nhng mi lin quan ca cc cu hi bn s kim tra. Trong phm vi nghin cu ca mnh bn s c mt d kin v nhng mi lin quan c th c gia cc cu tr li v nhng mi lin quan no l khng th. Vi b s liu ca cuc iu tra chn thng giao thng quc gia, c mt s s khng nht qun m chng ta c th kim tra. 1. C ai khng b chn thng m li vo vin khng? (iu ny c th ng nhng vn l hu ch khi i chiu li vi phiu gc) 2. C s kt hp khng c thc gia trnh hc vn v ngh nghip khng? 3. Nhng ngi i b c b phn loi vo nhm nhng ngi khch trn xe hay l li xe khng? 4. C nhng a tr di 5 tui m i hc khng? 5. C nhng a tr t 6-9 tui m li hc cao hn tiu hc khng? kim tra s khng nht qun bn cn yu cu SPSS tm ra bt k ai c s kt hp ca nhng cu tr li bn nh, v d tui nh hn 6, trnh hc vn nhm 3 (THCS) v lit k cho bn. Bn khng ch tm ra nhng ngi tr li bng vi mt gi tr no , m bn cng c th dng SPSS tm ra nhng ngi tr li t hn, nhiu hn, hay khng bng... Cc m bn dng l: Variable EQ 0 Variable NE 0 Variable GT 0 Variable LT 0 Variable GE 0 Variable LE 0 Bng 0 Khng bng khng 0 Ln hn 0 Nh hn 0 Ln hn hoc bng 0 Nh hn hoc bng 0

Bn c th thay 0 bng bt k s no thch hp hoc dng mt bin to nn cc li pht biu nh ngy sinh phai trc ngy t vong. SELECT IF dob LT dod.

Bn c th kt hp cc cu lnh s dng t AND v OR to ra c php v d: SELECT IF var1 LT 3 AND (var2 EQ 1 OR var3 EQ 1)

Lnh SELECT IF gii hn bt k lnh no theo sau ch thc hin trn mt tp h con ca b s liu bn c. Bn c th lm nh vy cho bt k mt lnh no, v d: IF gender EQ 2

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FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = var1 SPSS s cho bn tn s ca bin 1 (var1) vi nhng i tng m gii tnh c m l 2. Bn c th vit nhng cu nhc bn tng phn nm trong c php m khng phi l cu lnh cho SPSS thc hin theo. SPSS bit khng phi l lnh n thc hin bn cn bt u cu vi * v kt thc vi du . . SPSS s nhn ra rng bt k cu no nh vy u khng phi l lnh

Di y l tt c cc c php cn kim tra 5 s khng nht qun c th xc nh trong b liu. C php


** CHECKING FOR INCONSISTENCIES. ** [1] did anyone with no body sites injured end up in hospital? Possible but worth checking. TEMPORARY. SELECT IF (q9 GT 0 AND worst EQ -1). FORMATS q9 worst (f3.0). LIST h_id q9 worst. ** [2] are there improbable education-occupation combinations?. * firstly, identify unlikely combinations. CROSSTABS TABLES = educatio BY occupatio/cell = count. * secondly, list out the individual records. TEMPORARY. SELECT IF (educatio EQ 1 AND occupati EQ 2). LIST h_id educatio occupatio ageround sex u_r. ** [3] Are there pedestrians classified as drivers or passengers in a vehicle?. TEMPORARY. SELECT IF (trantype EQ 4 AND (q41_e eq 1 OR q41_e EQ 2)). LIST h_id trantype q41_a q41_e. ** [4] Are there children up to 5 years of age with schooling?. TEMPORARY. SELECT IF (ageround le 5 AND (educatio NE 1 AND educatio NE 8)). LIST h_id ageround educatio. ** [5] Are there children between 6 and 9 years of age with more than primary schooling?. TEMPORARY. SELECT IF (ageround GE 6 AND ageround LE 9 AND educatio NE 2). LIST h_id ageround educatio.

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Kt qu Kt qu c a ra di l cc kim tra [4] v [5]. Nu khng c i tng no tr li khng nht qun phn kt qu s cho bn thy khng c trng hp no c tm ra v c lit k trong v d th nht. Nu SPSS tm thy cc i tng c cu tr li khng nht qun n s lit k ra cc m phiu cng nh thng tin khc m bn yu cu v cho bn bit c bao nhiu trng hp nh vy, trong trng hp ny nhng a tr tui t 6-9 m hc trn tiu hc c tm ra l 9.

List
Number of cases read: 0 Number of cases listed: 0

List
_

H_ID AGEROUND EDUCATIO 41012008 41123022 41132055 61732173 61831086 61832013 72113047 72132065 72132065 7 8 6 8 7 6 7 6 6 8 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Number of cases listed: 9

Number of cases read: 9

2.4.2. S dng SPSS qun l s liu Cc kim tra lm sch s liu trn c thc hin trn cc bin c cu tr li trc tip trn phiu phng vn. V d, phng tin giao thng c phn lm 5 loi l da vo nhng tr li cho cu hi 7. iu g s xy ra nu chng ta quan tm n cc i tng l ngi i b hay khng phi ngi i b hn l quan tm n loi xe m h s dng. Chng ta cn phi c mt bin m ch c 2 phn loi ch khng phi l 5, iu ny s d dng cho chng ta bit i tng c phi l ngi i b hay khng. Bn c th to ra bin mi bng cch hp nht cc phn loi ca bin c. Thao tc ny l mt phn ca qun l s liu. Phn ny s gip bn bit cch lm th no qun l s liu: M li cc bin Tnh ton cc bin mi. Chn mt tp hp nh trong cc bn ghi s dng.

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2.4.1

M ho li cc bin

M ho li mt bin danh mc Trong phiu iu tra chn thng giao thng quc gia cu 4 hi v trnh hc vn, v cu 8 hi v v tr ca chn thng trm trng nht. Trong phn tch ca mnh cc nh nghin cu khng mun c qu nhiu phn loi trnh hc vn v h ch quan tm cc chn thng u/ct sng trong so snh vi cc v tr chn thng khc. H mun to ra cc bin mi m c t phn loi hn. lm c iu ny h c th to nn cc bin mi bng cch gp cc phn loi hin ti, v kt hp mt s phn loi vi nhau, to ra mt bin trnh hc vn mi edgrp vi 4 loi, v mt bin chn thng u/ct sng mi ch vi 2 loi. C php
** Defining new variable edgrp by collapsing education. COMPUTE edgrp=educatio. RECODE edgrp (8=1) (1,2=2) (3,4=3) (5 thru 7=4) (else=-1). VAR LABELS edgrp 'Education - grouped'. VALUE LABELS edgrp 1 'Children' 2 'Less than secondary' 3 'Secondary' 4 'More than secondary'. MISSING VALUES edgrp (-1). EXECUTE. FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = educatio edgrp. *defining new variable headspin (head or spinal injury) by collapsing worst (site of most severe injury). COMPUTE headspin=worst. RECODE headspin (1=1) (2,3=0). VAR LABELS headspin 'Injury to head or spine'. VALUE LABELS headspin 0 Not injured at these sites 1 'Injured'. MISSING VALUES headspin (-1). EXECUTE. FREQUENCIES VARIABLES = worst headspin.

Dng COMPUTE yu cu SPSS to ra bin mi m bn c th nhm li (khng bao gi nhm bin gc v bn c th mt cc s liu hin c). Dng RECODE cho SPSS bit nhm bin mi ny nh th no v d nh phn loi ca bin c s chuyn sang cc phn loi ca bin mi nh th no. Dng VAR LABELS: gn nhn cho bin mi bn c th bit n l bin g. Dng VALUE LABELS: gn cc nhn cho m ca bin mi bn c th bit cc m c ngha l g. Dng MISSING VALUES: cho SPSS bit m cc gi tr b mt nh th no. Dng cui cng FREQUENCIES: nn c chy kim tra rng m ca bin mi thc hin ng. y khng phi l mt kim nh nhng i khi bn nn xem xt k kim tra cc s phn loi ca bin mi l ng v phn b cc trng hp l n.

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V d, bn ghi nh sau l ng:


Most severe injury Cumulative Percent 3.6 39.9 61.9 100.0

Valid

-1.00 head/spine torso limbs Total

Frequency 62 624 379 656 1721

Percent 3.6 36.3 22.0 38.1 100.0

Valid Percent 3.6 36.3 22.0 38.1 100.0

Injury to head or spine Cumulative Percent 63.6 100.0

Frequency Valid Not injured at these sites Injured Total Missing Total -1.00 1089 624 1713 8 1721

Percent 63.3 36.3 99.5 .5 100.0

Valid Percent 63.6 36.4 100.0

Phn loi mt bin lin tc phn loi mt bin lin tc thay v nh r cc gi tr mi cho cc phn loi hin ti bn s cn cho SPSS bit s sp xp ca bin lin tc tng ng vi cc phn loi bn mun trong bin mi. V d, ca cht lng cuc sng thp (m l 0) c xc nh l 50 hoc nh hn, vi 51 im hoc cao hn c xc nh l im tng xng ca cht lng cuc sng cao (m l 1). Nu hai bin lin tc c th c gp li theo mt cch ging ht nhau th bn c th thc hin trn c hai bin trong cng mt ln. C php
*defining two new variables QoL before and QoL after both grouped. freq var = qol_bef qol_aft/format=notable/sta=min max. COMPUTE qolbefg = qol_bef. COMPUTE qolaftg = qol_aft. RECODE qolbefg qolaftg (0 thru 50=0) (51 thru 100=1). VALUE LABELS qolbefg qolaftg 0 'Suboptimal QOL' 1 'Adequate QOL'.

Dng COMPUTE: cho SPSS bit to ra hai bin mi m bn c th nhm c (khng bao gi nhm cc bin gc v bn c th b mt cc s liu hin c) Dng RECODE: cho SPSS bit nhm bin mi ny nh th no. Dng VALUE LABELS: gn cc nhn cho m ca bin mi cho php bn bit tng m c ngha l g.

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2.4.2 To bin mi i khi bn mun tnh ton mt bin mi da trn cc bin hin c trong b s liu. V d, chng ta cn bit s khc nhau gia im cht lng cuc sau chn thng vi trc chn thng tng i tng. Chng ta c th tnh c bng tay nhng tnh cho 1721 i tng s tn rt nhiu thi gian. Thay v tnh bng tay chng ta c th s dng SPSS tnh ton s khc nhau ny v a cc gi tr vo bin mi. Trong v d ny bin mi c gi l diff. C php
*defining new variable difference in QoL after injury compared to before. compute diff = qol_aft - qol_bef. freq var = qol_bef qol_aft diff/sta=mean median min max/histogram.

Dng bt u bng COMPUTE: yu cu SPSS tnh mt bin mi. Dng bt u bng FREQ: yu cu mt s thng k tm tt cho hai bin gc v bin mi gip bn c th kim tra xem bin mi c c tnh ng khng. 2.4.3 Chn mt tp hp nh cc bn ghi i khi bn ch mun xem mt nhm i tng no ch khng phi l tt c. iu ny s ph thuc vo cu hi nghin cu ca bn l g. V d, nu bn vit bo co cho mt t chc v sc kho ca tr em, bn c th ch mun xem xt nhng i tng l tr em trong b s liu ca bn. Nu bn vit bo co v an ton xe bn c th ch cn quan tm n nhng i tng chn thng khi i xe v loi tr nhng i tng i b ra khi phn tch. Trong b s liu bin loi phng tin phn lm 5 loi: 1 = t; 2 = xe p; 3 = xe my; 4 = ngi i b v 5 = khc. Bn cn chn nhng i tng m loi phng tin khng bng 4, c ngha khng phi ngi i b. SPSS c th lc v chn cc i tng m bn yu cu. lm c iu ny dng c php di. Nh s dng phn th hai ca c php di loi b s lc ny v chn li tt c cc i tng cho nhng phn tch v sau. C php
* excluding pedestrians from just this analysis. COMPUTE filter_$=(trantype ne 4). VARIABLE LABEL filter_$ 'trantype ne 4 (FILTER)'. VALUE LABELS filter_$ 0 'Not Selected' 1 'Selected'. FORMAT filter_$ (f1.0). FILTER BY filter_$. EXECUTE . * remember to select all cases again afterwards. FILTER OFF. USE ALL. EXECUTE .

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2.5. Tm tt
iu quan trng l phi dnh thi gian thch ng cho vic nhp s liu, m s liu, lm sch s liu v qun l b s liu ca bn. Nu bn lm nhng vic ny tt bn s tit kim c thi gian v cc vn ny sinh v sau khi bn bt u phn tch s liu. Gi mt bn ghi chnh xc tt c nhng g bn lm trong phn ny bn c th quay li kim tra bt k vn g xut hin sau ny. Mt cch tt gi cc bn ghi ny l ghi li tt c cc c php m bn vit. cng l mt sng kin tt v bn c th chnh sa n v tip tc dng cho nhng nghin cu tip theo. Mt khi s liu ca bn c nhp v lm sch bn sn sng cho bc tip theo, l phn tch s liu. Hai chng tip theo 3 v 4 s trnh by v qu trnh phn tch s liu.

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CHNG 3: PHN TCH THNG K M T

Sau khi hc xong phn ny hc vin c kh nng: 1. La chn c cc thng k th thch hp cho vic m t cc loi bin s v mi lin quan. 2. a ra cc l do ca s la chn 3. Hiu c cc gi nh lin quan n tng tm tt 4. S dng c phn mm SPSS phn tch thng k v v th.

3.1. Gii thiu


Phn tch s liu lin quan n vic tm tt v so snh cc s liu nh lng tr li cc cu hi nghin cu m t cc o lng thay i nh th no v xc minh mi c lin quan g gia cc bin. Trong cun phn Thng k sinh hc I, bn hc v cc tip cn c bn tm tt thng k v kim nh gi thuyt. Chng ta c kh nhiu kim nh thng k v mt s kim nh trong s c nhng c im kh l ging nhau v i khi s tng ng ny dn n nhng s nhm ln ca chng ta. Chng ta s s dng nhng kim nh no v vo lc no? Qu trnh la chn kim nh thng k thch hp cho mt b s liu chnh l k hoch phn tch phn tch ca bn. Vic c mt k hoch phn tch chi tit, r rng s gip bn tit kim rt nhiu thi gian v trnh nhng sai st v sau ny. Chng ny gii thiu cho bn nhng khi nim ca k hoch phn tch. Thi im l tng a ra mt k hoch phn tch l trong giai on thit k nghin cu, khi m nhm nghin cu ang lp k hoch o lng ci g, ai v khi no. Cc cu hi nghin cu cn thit phi c tr li trong nghin cu v chng ta s khng th lp k hoch phn tch s liu nu chng ta thiu cu hi nghin cu c a ra r rng. Nu nghin cu ny l do bn thit k v t thu thp s liu th vic bit cu hi nghin cu l mt vic n gin. Tuy nhin, i khi cu hi nghin cu khng c r rng lm khi bn ch l mt thnh vin ca nhm nghin cu v bn khng phi l ngi lnh o nhm. Trong trng hp ny, nu bn l ngi phn tch bn phi tho lun cu hi nghin cu vi cc thnh vin khc ca nhm nghin cu.

3.2. Tin trnh ca k hoch phn tch


Phn tch thng k mt b s liu khng kh nu s liu c lm sch v chun b thch ng cho vic phn tch (xem chng 2) v cc gi thuyt nghin cu c xc nh mt cch r rng (xem chng 1). Phn kh khn ca phn tch s liu l xc nh cu hi nghin cu mt cch r rng, phn cn li l vic chng ta lm theo mt cng thc. Quyn sch ny v chng ny s cung cp cho bn mt cng thc cho hu ht cc phn tch thng k c bn thng thng m bn s thc hin trong cc nghin cu sc kho.

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Bn nn chun b mt k hoch v nhng vic bn s lm th no tm tt v phn tch b s liu. C rt nhiu cu hi bn cn c th c tr li gip bn chun b k hoch ca mnh: 1. Cu hi nghin cu ch lin quan n m t s liu hay n yu cu kim nh gi thuyt? Nu ch m t s liu, tip tc theo cu hi 3 (i) di. Nu khng, 2. Nhng gi thuyt khoa hc no c bao hm trong cu hi nghin cu? Mt gi thuyt kim nh bao gm c gi thuyt khng (H0) v i thuyt (H1). Nhng bn s thy, thng bao gi cng c nhiu hn mt gi thuyt khoa hc t mt cu hi nghin cu. 3. Cho tng mc ch m t hoc cc gi thuyt kim nh thc hin, hy: (i) (ii) LIT K CC BIN Xc nh bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp Xc nh loi bin (bin lin tc/khong chia hoc danh mc) TM TT CC BIN v CC MI LIN QUAN S dng cc thng tin t (i), v chuyn n cc bng 3.1 v 3.2 (c m t cui chng ny), chn xem bn s lm th no tm tt thng k hoc mi lin quan gia hai bin v a ra mt bng gi m t cc kt qu cho mi lin quan ny trong bo co cui cng ca bn

Nu ch m t, th k hoch phn tch ca bn hon thnh. Nu khng, cho mi gi thuyt c kim nh, (iii) (iv) CHN MT KIM NH THNG K S dng cc bng 3.1 v 3.2, vi cc thng tin t (i) v (ii) trn, chn hu ht cc kim nh thng k ph hp Kim tra cc gi nh cho kim nh ny (xem phn 4.8) v La chn cui cng kim nh da trn gi nh c c tho mn hay khng. PHIN GII CC KT QU THU C La chn mc ngha thng k s c dng kim nh gi thuyt, Vit ra nhng g bn mun ni v cc kt qu trong bo co cui cng nh th no nu ngi c bo co ca bn l ngi khng c chuyn mn su v thng k (gi s rng bn hon thnh phn phn tch v tm thy kt qu c ngha thng k) Gp c vic a ra kim nh thng k no bn chn v l do ti sao

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Phn cn li ca chng ny dnh cho nhng khi nim ca k hoch phn tch gip bn thy mt phn tch bao gm nhiu kim nh thng k tr li cho mt cu hi nghin cu. Chng ny cng m t cch s dng phn mm thng k SPSS thc hin cc phn tch thng k thng thng m bn cn cho vic phn tch m t mt b s liu.

3.3. Cc cu hi nghin cu t b s liu mu


Chng 2 gii thiu vi bn khi nim v qun l s liu v gii thiu mt b s liu t Nghin cu chn thng giao thng quc gia. Bn s nh rng ch nghin cu l Trong s nhng ngi b chn thng giao thng nm 2001, nhng tc ng no ca chn thng c nh hng n cht lng cuc sng? Nhm nghin cu chuyn ch nghin cu thnh nhng cu hi nghin cu c th: Cung cp cc kt qu m t: 1. M t s lc yu t x hi-dn s (gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip) ca nhng i tng b chn thng giao thng. 2. M t s lc v tui v gii ca mu trong cc vng nghin cu. 3. M t im cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng, v xem n c b nh hng ca tui hay khng. xc minh tnh i din ca mu nghin cu i vi qun th chung, t c th bit kt qu nghin cu c khi qut c cho qun th hay khng. 4. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l tng t nh qun th chung, l 50 im. Xc minh mi lin quan gia cc yu t x hi-dn s vi cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng. 5. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l nh nhau nam v n. 6. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l nh nhau tt c cc vng nghin cu. 7. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL trc chn thng l nh nhau tt c cc trnh hc vn Kim tra s thay i cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng : 8. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL sau chn thng giao thng l cao hn hoc khng thay so vi trc chn thng.

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9. H0: im QoL thp (im danh mc) l nh nhau trc v sau chn thng Xc nh mi lin quan gia s ngy nm vin gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi i xe. 10. H0: Trong s nhng ngi phi nm vin, s ngy nm vin trung bnh l tng t nhau gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi i xe. Loi tr nhng ngi i b, tm hiu mi lin quan gia s ngy nm vin vi loi phng tin b tai nn. 11. H0: Loi tr nhng ngi i b, s ngy nm vin trung bnh l tng t nhau cc nhm i tng s dng cc phng tin khc nhau. Tm hiu mi lin quan gia cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng vi tui ca ngi b chn thng hoc s ngy nm vin. 12. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL sau chn thng khng c mi lin quan vi s ngy nm vin. 13. H0: im trung bnh ca QoL sau chn thng khng c mi lin quan vi tui ca ngi b chn thng. Nhm nghin cu quan tm n chn thng u/ct sng. Trong nm 1997, t l nn nhn chn thng giao thng c tn thng u/ct sng l 37%. xc minh xem t l ny nm 2001c thay i hay khng: 14. H0: T l cc nn nhn b chn thng gaio thng c tn thng u/ct sng l 37%. C kin cho rng nhng ngi i b t c bo v hn nhng ngi i xe, nn c th d b nhng chn thng nng c bit l u/ct sng. 15. H0: So vi nhng ngi b chn thng khi i xe, t l chn thng u/ct sng nhng ngi i b l tng t hoc thp hn. Nhm nghin cu cng mun cn nhc n s nhn thc v s khc nhau im di ca QoL da trn mc chn thng, v c lng gi bng v tr chn thng c nh hng ln nht. 16. H0: T l nn nhn nhn thc v im di ca QoL l tng t nhau khng k mc chn thng, v c lng gi bng v tr chn thng c nh hng ln nht.

3.4. K hoch phn tch ca b s liu mu - thng k m t


Cc cu hi trn bao gm hai loi phn tch thng k: phn tch m t cho cu hi 1 n 3 v thng k suy lun cho cc cu hi t 4 n 12.

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Phn cn li ca chng ny s ni v k hoch phn tch bao gm cc phn tch m t cho cc cu hi nghin cu t 1 n 3. K hoch phn tch cho cc gi thuyt c nu ra trong cc cu hi nghin cu t 4 n 16 s c ni n chng 4. Vic la chn tm tt phn tch ca mt bin hoc mt mi lin quan gia hai bin b nh hng bi cc o lng ca bin ph thuc v dng so snh trong cun sch ny c hai bng a ra s la chn v cch lm th no tm tt v phn tch b s liu ca bn. Cc bng ny tm tt nhng hng quyt nh cho hu ht cc thng k m t v cc kim nh thng k c bn ca cc bin lin tc v danh mc. bn hy dnh thi gian xem xt ni dung ca cc bng ny v cn nhc xem chng c s dng nh th no trong cc v d trong chng ny cng nh chng 4. Bng 3.1 c dng chn cc tm tt v kim nh thng k phn tch bin ph thuc lin tc/khong chia. Bng 3.2 c dng chn cc tm tt v kim nh thng k phn tch bin ph thuc danh mc. Mt trong nhng gi nh cn phi c tho mn cho vic tm tt v phn tch cc bin ph thuc lin tc bng gi tr trung bnh l phn b tn s ca bin phi l phn b chun. Trong khi cn rt nhiu gi nh khc cng thng cn phi cn nhc cho cc dng kim nh thng k khc nhau, gi nh ny phi c xem xt trc nhng phn khc trong bng chn c mt tm tt thng k ph hp. Cc loi gi nh khc s cn c cn nhc khi chn cc kim nh thng k cho kim nh gi thuyt, iu ny s c ni n trong chng 4. Lm th no bit phn b c phi l phn b chun hay khng c m t trong phn 4.8, mt phn dnh gii thch tt c cc gi nh bn c th cn phi cn nhc. Mt k hoch phn tch gi cho cu hi u tin trong 3 cu hi m t c a ra di y: K hoch phn tch - Thng k m t: M t s lc yu t x hi-dn s (gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip) ca nhng i tng b chn thng giao thng. Cc bin: Cu hi ny yu cu tm tt tt c 4 loi bin v yu t x hi-dn s. Chng l cc loi khc nhau; gii tnh l bin nh phn, tui l bin lin tc; trnh hc vn l bin th hng v ngh nghip l bin danh mc. Tm tt: Theo bng 3.1 nu mt bin l bin danh mc th s lng v t l nn c dng a ra mt tm tt bin ny di dng s, v biu ct s thch hp biu din bin ny. Nu l bin lin tc th lng gi bng trung bnh v phn tn l thch hp; gi tr trung bnh v lch chun nu phn b ca bin l phn b chun, nu khng trung v v khong (gi tr cc tiu, gi tr cc i) l ph hp. Biu , biu Box-and-Whisker s ph hp vi bt k mt bin lin tc no, k c c phn b chun hay khng. V th k hoch xut pht t

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(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Tnh cc tn s, cc t l v cc biu ct cho bin gii tnh, trnh d hc vn, ngh nghip. Kim tra xem tui c phn b chun hay khng Nu tui l phn b chun, th s dng gi tr trung bnh, lch chun, biu Box-and-Whisker, nu khng Nu tui khng l phn b chun, s dng ga tr trung v, cc tiu, cc i v biu Box-and Whisker.

M t s lc v gii tnh v tui ca mu trong vng. Cu hi ny yu cu m t mi lin quan gia hai bin, M t gii trong cc vng nghin cu M t tui trong cc vng nghin cu

Cc bin: gii tnh v vng min u l bin danh mc v th yu cu cc thng k m t cho bin danh mc bng cc mi lin quan danh mc. Tui l bin lin tc v vng min l bin danh mc, bin ny yu cu cc thng k m t. Tm tt: Theo bng 3.2, nu nu mi lin quan gia hai bin danh mc th trnh by kt qu bng bng c tn s v t l. Vi gii tnh theo vng, chng ta c th c bng nh sau: Bng Phn b gii tnh theo vng Tn s Vng Ty Bc ng Bc ng bng sng Hng Bc trung b Duyn hi ven trung b Ty nguyn ng nam b ng bng sng Mekong T l nam gii (%)

L mt iu tt nu chng ta lun s lng cc i tng trong tng loi danh mc. Bng trn cho ta thy s lng cc i tng trong tng vng theo gii tnh, yu cu cc t l theo hng ngang khi chng ta mun c t l ca nam trong tng min theo nh bng trn.

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Bng 3.1 gi rng cc gi tr trung bnh v lch chun, c tm tt trong tng vng l mt tm tt ph hp bng s cho mi lin quan gia tui trong cc vng. Bng c dng sau: Bng Phn b gii tnh theo vng Tn s Vng Ty Bc ng Bc ng bng sng Hng Bc trung b Duyn hi ven trung b Ty nguyn ng nam b ng bng sng Mekong T l nam gii (%)

Cch ny yu cu cc gi tr trung bnh v cc lch chun v cng a ra biu boxand-whisker gii thch. Mt m t v im cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng v xem xt im ny c b nh hng bi tui hay khng. Cc bin: Cu hi ny cp n mi lin quan gia hai bin lin tc, cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng v tui. Tm tt: T bng 3.1, hu ht cc tm tt bng biu ph hp ca mi lin quan ny l biu chm im (scatter) v nu mi lin quan ny gn nh mt ng thng th h s tng quan hu nh s ph hp tm tt di dng s. Nu hai bin l phn b chun h s tng quan Pearsons la thch hp, nu khng nn s dng h s tng quan Spearmans. Thc hin mt k hoch phn tch M t thng k b s liu c th dng di dng s hoc biu . Cc phn tip theo s m t cho bn dng SPSS nh th no a ra hu ht cc dng thng thng ca tm tt thng k. Chng c trnh by theo cch xc nh k hoch phn tch c lit k trn cho cc cu hi m t b s liu mu.

3.5. Phn tch m t cho mt bin


3.5.1. Mt bin danh mc
3.5.1.1. Bng tn s

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Cc bng tn s v biu ct ca tn sut v t l m t phn b cc gi tr ca mt bin danh mc c c qua SPSS bng cch dng lnh sau: Dng SPSS cung cp nhng thng tin bn cn v mt phn b tn s T thc n dc chn: Analyse /Descriptive Statistics/Frequencies 1. T danh sch cc bin, chn bin sex (gii tnh), edgrp (trnh hc vn), v occupati (ngh nghip) v chuyn chng vo hp Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln phm mi tn

3.5.1.2 Biu ct

v biu ct biu din bng tn s, nhp chut ln Charts . Bn c th chn biu ct biu din tn sut nhng tt hn l biu din di dng cc t l (cc tn s lin quan).

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SPSS s cho kt qu trong ca s kt qu.

Frequency Table
sex Frequency 1107 614 1721 Percent 64.3 35.7 100.0 Valid Percent 64.3 35.7 100.0 Cumulative Percent 64.3 100.0

Valid

male female Total

Education - grouped Frequency 83 474 991 154 1702 19 1721 Percent 4.8 27.5 57.6 8.9 98.9 1.1 100.0 Valid Percent 4.9 27.8 58.2 9.0 100.0 Cumulative Percent 4.9 32.7 91.0 100.0

Valid

Missing Total

Children Less than secondary Secondary More than secondary Total -1.00

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occupation Frequency 546 217 84 39 309 129 190 69 22 66 38 1709 12 1721 Percent 31.7 12.6 4.9 2.3 18.0 7.5 11.0 4.0 1.3 3.8 2.2 99.3 .7 100.0 Valid Percent 31.9 12.7 4.9 2.3 18.1 7.5 11.1 4.0 1.3 3.9 2.2 100.0 Cumulative Percent 31.9 44.6 49.6 51.8 69.9 77.5 88.6 92.6 93.9 97.8 100.0

Valid

Missing Total

farmer gov. off petty tr employer studying children handicra retired poor hea unemploy other Total System

Bar Chart
sex
70 60 50 40 30 20

Percent

10 0 male female

sex

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Education - grouped
70 60 50 40 30 20

Percent

10 0 Children Less than secondary Secondary More than secondary

Education - grouped

occupation
40

30

20

10

Percent

0 farmer gov. off petty tr studying handicra poor hea other employer children retired unemploy

occupation

3.5.2. Mt bin lin tc Dng bng tn s cho mt bin lin tc l khng ph hp, v c rt nhiu ga tr c a vo bng. Cc tm tt thng k bng s, v d cc gi tr trung bnh v cc gi tr trung v tng ng lng gi phn tn, s ph hp hn. V o lng lin tc lng gi cho bin lin tc, biu ct lin tc ph hp hn l biu ct. Trong b s liu mu, chng ta mun m t phn b ca tui trong mu nghin cu. Phn b ca tui cn c nh gi l phn b chun (xem phn 4.8). V th bn thc s cn phi c c hai gi tr trung bnh v trung v, cc thng k khc l c kh nng quyt nh gi tr trung bnh hay gi tr trung v l thch hp!
3.5.2.1 Trung bnh v s phn tn: Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun.

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Gi nh bin tui l phn b chun, v bn mun s dng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun m t phn b ca bin ny. Dng SPSS c nhng thng tin bn cn v gi tr trung bnh v lch chun. 1. T thc n dc chn Analyse/Descriptive Statistics/Frequencies 2. T danh sch bin, chn bin age (tui) v chuyn vo hp Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln biu tng

4. Nhp chut ln Statistics, chn Mean v Std deviation.

3.5.2.2 Biu ct lin

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Trong cng mt kt qu bn c th yu cu v biu biu din s phn b v d biu ct lin tc. 5. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh, nhp chut ln Charts, chn Histogram v Normal curve.

6. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v thc n chnh. V bn bit rng bng tn s cho tui c rt nhiu phn loi, nhp chut ln nt Format, v trong thc n chn Suppress.

7. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh, nhp chut ln OK kt thc lnh. Kt qu s xut hin trong mn hnh kt qu ca SPSS nh sau

Frequencies

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Statistics age (rounded) N Mean Std. Deviation Valid Missing 1721 0 29.83 15.245

age (rounded)
300

200

100

Frequency

Std. Dev = 15.24 Mean = 29.8 0 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 65.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 N = 1721.00

age (rounded)

3.5.2.3 Trung bnh v s phn tn: Gi tr trung v v khong

Gi nh bin tui khng l phn b chun, v bn cn c gi tr trung v v mt s gi tr lng gi phn tn m t phn b ca bin ny. o lng phn tn bao gm nhng gi tr n gin l gi tr cc tiu v gi tr cc i ca phn b, hoc chnh thc hn l khong (cc tiu-cc i) hoc la chn mt trong nhng nhm , thng l nhm 2.5 v 97.5 cha 95% phn b. yu cu cc thng k ny bn thc hin cc bc t 1 n 4 trong phn 3.4.2.1 trn sau thc hin tip: Dng SPSS cung cp thng tinbn cn v gi tr trung v v phn tn thng k.

2.

Nhp chut ln Statistics, chn Median, Minimum, Maximum, v Range.

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Nu bn mun chn nhm 2.5th v 97.5th , chn hp Percentiles, nhp s 2.5 vo hp lin k, nhp chut ln Add, nhp s 97.5 vo hp ny v nhp chut ln Add.

Nhp chut ln Continue/OK hon thnh lnh. Phn kt qu thng k ca SPSS a ra nh sau:

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Statistics age (rounded) N Valid Missing Median Range Minimum Maximum Percentiles 2.5 97.5 1721 0 28.00 65 0 65 4.00 61.95

3.5.2.4 Biu Box-and-Whisker

Mt dng khc ca biu biu din bin lin tc l biu Box-and-Whisker, biu ny ph hp vi c phn b chun v khng phi phn b chun. Dng SPSS v biu BOX-and-WHISKER 1. T thc n dc chn: Graph/Boxplot , chn Summaries of Separate Variables/Define

2. T danh sch cc bin trong mn hnh tip theo, chn bin age (tui) v chuyn vo hp Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln 3. Nhp chut ln OK kt thc lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS c dng:

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70 60

50

40

30

20

10

0 -10
N= 1721

age (rounded)

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3.6. Tm tt cc mi lin quan


3.6.1. Lin quan gia bin danh mc vi bin danh mc M t v gii tnh ca mu nghin cu theo vng. Gii tnh v vng du l cc bin danh mc, v th kt qu SPSS CROSSTABS s a ra kt qu cn thit. Dng SPSS cung cp gi tr trung bnh v lch chun 1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Descriptive Statistics /Crosstabs 2. T danh sch bin, chn bin region v chuyn vo hp Row(s) bng cch nhp chut ln 3. Chn bin sex v chuyn vo hp Column(s).

4. Nhp chut ln nt Cells v chn nt Row yu cu a kt qu t l theo hng (gii tnh theo vng).

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5. Nhp chut ln Continue sau OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS c dng:

region - stratum * sex Crosstabulation sex male female 141 59 70.5% 29.5% 34 22 60.7% 39.3% 124 76 62.0% 38.0% 171 88 66.0% 34.0% 96 56 63.2% 36.8% 107 47 69.5% 30.5% 194 99 66.2% 33.8% 240 167 59.0% 41.0% 1107 614 64.3% 35.7%

region stratum

ne nw rr nc cc ch se mr

Total

Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum Count % within region - stratum

Total 200 100.0% 56 100.0% 200 100.0% 259 100.0% 152 100.0% 154 100.0% 293 100.0% 407 100.0% 1721 100.0%

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Bng ny khng ph hp trong bo co, v dng bng khng quen thuc vi ngi c. Tuy nhin, trong bng ny c ton b cc thng tin cung cp cho cc bng khc d c hn trong k hoch nghin cu. 3.6.2. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc v mt bin danh mc Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc v mt bin danh mc c th c m t theo c hai cch bng s v biu . Hy cn nhc hai cch tip cn cho cu hi nghin cu th hai, M t s lc tui ca mu nghin cu theo vng
3.6.2.1 Tm tt bng s

Tui l bin lin tc v vng l bin danh mc. C nhiu cch c gi tr trung bnh (trung v) trong cc nhm ca bin khc. Cch ton din nht l: Dng SPSS tnh gi tr trung bnh trong tng phn nhm. 1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Reports/Case Summaries 2. T danh sch bin, chn bin ageround (tui) v chuyn vo hp bin, sau chn region v chuyn vo hp Grouping Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln

3. B nh du Display Cases bn khng mun iu ny.

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4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics, v bi en Mean v Standard Deviation, sau chuyn chng qua hp Cell Statistics.

5. Nhp chut ln nt Continue, sau l nt OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS c dng nh hnh di y. Mt ln na bn thy, trong khi bng ny khng ph hp trong cc bo co th bn c tt c cc thng tin cn thit c m t trn.
Case Summaries age (rounded) region - stratum ne nw rr nc cc ch se mr Total N 200 56 200 259 152 154 293 407 1721 Mean 31.47 32.43 31.88 30.41 29.32 26.82 29.47 28.89 29.83 Std. Deviation 13.066 13.042 15.689 16.515 12.943 14.535 14.820 16.582 15.245

Dng SPSS cung cp gi tr trung v trong cc phn nhm. http://www.ebook.edu.vn


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c c gi tr trung v thay v gi tr trung bnh, lp li bc 1 n 3 trn, sau 4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics, bi en Median, Minimum, Maximum, v Range, ri chuyn vo hp Cell Statistics.

5. Nhp chut ln nt Continue, sau chn OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS c dng nh di y
Case Summaries age (rounded) region - stratum ne nw rr nc cc ch se mr Total N 200 56 200 259 152 154 293 407 1721 Median 31.00 32.00 31.00 29.00 28.00 26.00 27.00 24.00 28.00 Minimum 0 5 3 2 4 2 1 0 0 Maximum 65 59 64 65 61 65 63 65 65 Range 65 54 61 63 57 63 62 65 65

3.6.2.2 Tm tt bng biu Boxplot trong cc phn nhm

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Dng SPSS v biu BOXPLOTS trong cc phn nhm 1. T thc n dc chn: Graph/Boxplot , chn Simple, v Summaries for Groups of Cases/Define

2. T danh sch cc bin trong mn hnh tip theo, chn bin ageround (tui) v chuyn vo trong hp Boxes Represent bng cch nhp chut ln 3. T danh sch bin trogn mn hnh tip theo, chn bin region v chuyn vo hp Category Axis bng cch nhp chut ln

4. Nhp chut ln OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS c dng sau:

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70 60 50 40 30 20

age (rounded)

10 0 -10
N= 200 56 200 259 152 154 293 407

ne

nw

rr

nc

cc

ch

se

mr

region - stratum

3.6.3. Mi lin quan gia mt bin lin tc vi mt bin lin tc Mi lin quan gia hai bin lin tc c th c tm tt di dng s nh l h s tng quan hoc biu chm. Vi cu hi nghin cu th 3 trong b s liu mu, M t cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng, v xem c s nh hng ca tui n cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng hay khng. Tui l mt bin lin tc v im cht lng cuc sng cng l bin lin tc. Nu c hai bin u c phn b chun, th h s tng quan Pearsons l c gi tr, nu khng cn phi s dng h s tng quan Spearmans.
3.6.3.1 Tm tt bng s - Cc h s tng quan

Dng SPSS tnh h s tng quan 1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Correlate/Bivariate 2. T danh sch bin, bi en bin ageround (tui) v region sau chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut ln

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3. H s Pearsons c mc nh trong SPSS, v th khng cn thay i tr khi bn mun tnh h s Spearmans. Khng th yu cu c hai- k hoch phn tch ca bn s gip bn la chn h s no l ph hp. 4. Nhp chut ln OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS cho h s tng quan Pearsons c dng sau:
Correlations General quality of life before injury .059* .015 1692 1 . 1692

age (rounded)

General quality of life before injury

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N

age (rounded) 1 . 1721 .059* .015 1692

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Yu cu h s Spearmans l kt qu ca bng tip theo:

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Correlations General quality of life before injury age (rounded) 1.000 .065** . .007 1721 1692 .065** 1.000 .007 . 1692 1692

Spearman's rho

age (rounded)

General quality of life before injury

Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N

**. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).

3.6.3.2 Tm tt bng biu - biu chm

yu cu v biu chm v mi lin quan gia hai bin lin tc, u tin bn cn nh r bin no nm trn trc X v bin no s nm trn trc Y. Trong v d ny, chng ta thy cht lng cuc sng chu nh hng ca tui hp l hn l tui chu nh hng ca cht lng cuc sng, v th tui s nm trn trc X v cht lng cuc sng nm trn trc Y. Dng SPSS v biu chm 1. T thc n dc chn: Graph/Scatter/Simple

2. Nhp chut ln Define, sau t danh sch bin, chn bin ageround (tui) v chuyn vo hp X-axis, sau chn bin qol_bef (im cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng) v chuyn vo trong hp Y-axis bng cch nhp chut ln

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3. Nhp chut ln Titles v kt qu mt tiu ph hp s xut hin trong biu kt qu. and provide an appropriate title that will appear with the output graph.

4. Nhp chut ln Continue, sau l OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu trong SPSS c dng sau:

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Influence of age on quality of life before injury


90

80

General quality of life before injury

70

60

50

40

30 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

age (rounded)

3.7. Vit kt qu ca phn tch m t


Mt trong nhng phn tt nht ca k hoch phn tch pha trc trong phn tch ca bn l mt s phn ca bo co cng c vit. Bn s c thng tin vit phn phng php nghin cu, v kin c ch v phn kt qu s vit th no. Trong v d mu, phn tip theo oc tm tt t k hoch phn tch v cc kt qu t c t nhng phn tch m t trn. y l mt v d gi cho bn cch vit kt qu t cc nghin cu tng t, nhng mi ngi u c phong cch ring ca mnh. Bo co mu Phng php thng k Thng k m t c dng cho 3 mc tiu nghin cu u tin, nhng mc tiu m t s lc cc yu t x hi-dn s ca cc i tng chn thng giao thng nm 2001 trong mu nghin cu, xc nh s khc nhau v phn bgii tnh v tui gia cc vng v xc minh c hay khng mi lin quan gia tui v cht lngcuc sng trc chn thng. V cc bin lin quan c cc loi khc nhau, mt lot cc phn tch thng k c thc hin. Phn b ca tui c xc nh l phn b chun nn gi tr trung bnh v lch chun c chn tm tt bin nytrong ton b qun th cho mc tiu u tin v cho tng vng min cho mc tiu th hai. Tn xut v t l c dng tm tt bin gii tnh, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip cho mc tiu u, v m t s khc nhau v tui gia cc vng cho mc tiu th hai. V im cht lng cuc sng cng c xc nh l phn b chun nn h s tng quan Pearsons c dng tm tt mi lin quan gia tui v cht lng cuc sng cho mc tiu th ba

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Lu rng phn phng php thng yu cu cng ngn cng tt, v trnh s nhc li khi bn s dng cc tm tt v kim nh ging nhau trong nhiu ln. Nhng l do gii thch ti sao li chn kim nh ny cng cn phi trnh by r rng (v l phn b chun hay danh mc...).

Kt qu Cc c im x hi-dn s Mu nghin cu bao gm 1721 i tng chn thng giao thng nm 2001 c tui t 65tr xung. Gn 2/3 (1107, 64%) i tng l nam, tui trung bnh l 29.8 tui ( lch chun, sd = 15.2 tui). Hn mt na c trnh hc vn l THCS (991, 58%), 1/3 i tng c THV di THCS (5% l tr em cha n tui i hc), v 9% cn li c trnh hc vn sau THSC. V ngh nghip, khong 1/3 (546) i tng lm rung, 1/5 cn ang i hc, v trn 10% i tng l CBCNVC hoc cng nhn th cng. Nhiu nhm ngh nghip khc c t l nh, s liu c trnh by trong biu 3.1.

occupation
40

30

20

10

Percent

0 farmer gov. off petty tr studying employer handicra children retired poor hea unemploy other

occupation

Hnh 1. Phn b ngh nghip ca 1721 i tng chn thng giao thng di 65 tui nm 2001 Tiu c s dng phn nh mc tiu nghin cu u tin. Lu rng ch c mt bin c m t trong biu ny. Gi cc biu m t khng d dng vit bng cc t. Ngh nghip l mt bin phc tp, v th ch mt s ngh c biu th bng t ng v nhng ngi c c cho php t tm hiu. Trnh hc vn, vi 4 phn loi th d m t bng t ng hn.

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Nhng s khc nhau v dn s gia cc vng Khong 2/3 i tng nghin cu l nam gii. T l ny chy t 59% Vng chau th sng Mkng ln 70% vng Ty Bc Bng phn b gii tnh theo tng vng

Tui trung bnh ca mu nghin cu l 30 v tng t hu ht cc vng, mc d cc i tng Caonguyn trung b c tui trung bnh tr hn (27 tui) th s ohn b tui tt c cc vng l ging nhau.
70 60 50 40 30 20

age (rounded)

10 0 -10
N= 200 56 200 259 152 154 293 407

ne

nw

rr

nc

cc

ch

se

mr

region - stratum

Hnh . Phn b tui theo vng. Tip theo phn ny, s pha trn cc thng tin ca bng v biu c vit, mc d c hai kt qu c th c biu din di dng bng (nh k hoch ban u). Biu d hp cung cp mt bc tranh r rng hn v s phn b ca tui trong tng vng, so vi kt qu c gii thiu sn trong bng kt qu bng lch chun (bn c th khng ng ).

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Cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng im trung bnh QoL trc chn thng l 60.4 ( lch chun l 7.7). Mi tng quan gia im QoL trc chn thng v tui l khng ng k (Pearsons r = 0.06).

im trung bnh QoL trn c ly t nhng ch dn trong phn 3.4.2.1, nhng n khng c trnh by chi tit trong chng ny. ch ra khng c s kt hp gia tui v im QoL m cn biu din bng biu chm trong bo co l v ch.

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Bng 3.1 Bng chn la cc kim nh thng k cho bin LIN TC (hoc KHONG CCH) Bin u ra c phn b chun? 1a
Bin c lp l bin lin tc

C So snh bao nhiu nhm? 2 1b 1c


So snh cc bin vi gi tr l thuyt
Trung bnh, lch chun

3+

1a
Bin u ra l lin tc

Khng So snh bao nhiu nhm? 1b 1c 2


So snh vi gi tr l thuyt
Trung v, khong

3+

o lng lp li trn mt n v
Khc bit trung bnh, v lch chun ca s khc bit Kim nh t ghp cp Trung bnh s khc bit =0 S khc bit c phn b chun Trung bnh, lch chun Trung bnh, lch chun

Hai o lng lp li trn mt n v


Khc bit ca cc trung v, khong ca s khc bit Kim nh du, hoc du xp hgn Wilcoxon Khc bit gia hai TV = 0 Khng Trung v, khong Trung v, khong

Thng k m t

H s tng quan Pearson

H s tng quan Spearman Kim nh tng quan H s tng quan = 0 C mi quan h tuynb tnh gia hai bin

Kim nh Gi thuyt khng (H0) Gi thit

Kim nh tng quan H s tng quan = 0 C mi quan h tuynb tnh gia hai bin

Kim nh t cho mt mu Trung bnh = Gi tr l thuyt Bin u ra c phn b chun

Kim nh t khng ghp cp TB 1 = TB2

Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) TB 1 = TB 2 = TB 3= Bin u ra co phn b chun, c phng sai nh nhau

Bin u ra co phn b chun, c phng sai nh nhau

Kim nh du, hoc du xp hgn Wilcoxon S khc bit ca trung v v gi tr l thuyt= 0 Khng

Kim nh MannWhitney TV 1 = TV 2

Kim nh Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA TV 1 = TV 2 = TV 3 = Phng sai nh nhau

Phng sai nh nhau

a. Khng c nhm no, ch 1 bin lin tc b. Khng c bin c lp, ch c cc gi tr thng k m t c so snh vi mt gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr mong i c. o lng lp li 2 ln trn cng mt i tng/n v/ngi

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Bng 3.2 Bng chn la kim nh thng k cho bin PHN LOI C bao nhiu loi trong bin u ra 2 So snh nh th no?
So snh t l vi t l l thuyt Phn loi 2+ Lin tc Phn loi C phn b chun Trung bnh, lch chun ca bin lin tc trong tng loi Kim nh t khng ghp cp Lin tc Phn loi Kh ng C phn b chun Trung v v khong ca bin lin tc trong tng loi Kim nh Mann-Whitney Bin phn loi lp li trn cng gi tr quan st % thng nht h s kappa ca s thng nht v lch chun ca n Kim nh McNemars hoc kim nh ngha cho h s kappa Khng thng nht trong cc phn loi c hai hng Cc quan st c lp So snh mt t l vi t l l thuyt %

3+ So snh nh th no?
Bin phn loi, trn 2 loi % Bin lin tc, khong chia c phn b chun Trung bnh, lC ca bin lin tc trong tng loi Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) Bin lin tc, khong chia khng c phn b chun Trung v, khong ca bin lin tc trong tng loi Kim nh Kruskal-Wallis Bin phn loi lp li trn cng gi tr quan st % thng nht h s kappa ca s thng nht v lch chun ca n Kim nh ngha cho gi tr Kappa

Thng k m t

% hoc T sut chnh (OR) Khi bnh phng

Kim nh

Khi bnh phng mt mu

Kim nh khi bnh phng mt mu

Kim nh Khi bnh phng

Gi thuyt khng (H0) Gi nh

% 1 = gi tr l thuyt

% l nh nhau hoc OR=1

Trung bnh 1 = Trung bnh 2

Trung v 1 = Trung v 2

Gi tr quan st ca c phn b ging nh qun th l thuyt Cc quan st c lp

Hai bin quan st l c lp vi nhau

Cc trung bnh l nh nhau

Cc trung v l nh nhau

Khng thng nht trong cc phn loi c hai hng Cc quan st c lp

cc quan st c lp

cc quan st c lp

Bin c phn b chun

Bin c phn b chun, phng sai nh nhau

Cc quan st c lp

Bin c phn b chun

Bin c phn b chun, phng sai nh nhau

odds ratio

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CHNG 4. K HOCH PHN TCH S LIUTHNG K SUY LUN


4.1. Mc tiu
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Sau khi hon thnh kha hc ny, bn c th : Chn uc kim nh thng k ph hp so snh cc kiu d liu khc nhau Hiu c l do c bn ng sau cc php tnh ton ca mi kim nh thng k Hiu c cc gi nh lin quan n mi kim nh thng k S dng c SPSS thc hin cc kim nh thng k Phin gii c cc kt qu phn tch s liu cho mi loi kim nh.

4.2. Gii thiu


Chng ny m t mt cch c bn nht cc kim nh thng k thng hay c s dng. Mc ch ca kha hc Thng k y t II ny l gip bn hiu c lm th no chn c kim nh thng k ng vi cc iu kin ca thit k nghin cu, phin gii v vit bo co kt qu tnh ton ca kim nh thng k. Kha hc ny khng hng dn bn tnh ton tt c cc kim nh thng k, n ch cung cp cho bn cc khi nim chung v cch lm th no phn tch s liu, cch chn ng loi kim nh thng k, cch kim tra tnh xc thc ca cc kt qu phn tch , cch s dng SPSS phn tch s liu v cch phin gii cc kt qu u ra ca kim nh thng k. Bt c mt quyn sch thng k tt no cng cng c th cung cp cho bn cc cng thc tnh nu bn quan tm n n mc d cc php tnh ny c thc hin bi cc phn mm phn tch s liu. Trong chng ny, chng ti cng cung cp cho bn mt bng lit k cc kim nh thng k v cc tnh hung khc nhau gip bn chn la. Nu thit k nghin cu v cch thu thp s liu ca bn khng ph hp vi bt k mt cch no trong bng, bn hy tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia thng k.

4.3. Qu trnh lp k hoch phn tch s liu


Phn tch thng k ca mt b s liu s khng kh nu s liu c lm sch v chun b tt (xem bi 2), cc gi thuyt nghin cu c nh ngha r (xem bi 1). Phn kh khn ca phn tch s liu l nh ngha cc cu hi phn tch, phn cn li ch l mt qu trnh mang tnh cng thc v chng ta c th bt chc. Gio trnh v kha hc ny s cung cp cho cc bn cng thc tin hnh phn tch thng k c bn cho cc nghin cu. Bn nn chun b mt k hoch lm th no tm tt v phn tch s liu. Sau y l mt s cu hi m bn cn phi tr li gip bn chun b k hoch: 1. Cc gi thuyt khoa hc no c th kim nh c (gi thuyt thng k) m cu hi nghin cu cp n. Mt gi thuyt c th kim nh c bao gm mt mnh cho c gi thuyt khng (H0) v i thuyt (H1). Nh bn thy, thng thng c nhiu hn mt gi thuyt thng k t mt cu hi nghin cu. 2. Vi mi gi thuyt thng k: (i) Lit k danh sch cc bin http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

nh ngha bin c lp v bin ph thuc. Xc nh cc mc o lng ca cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc (lin tc /khong hay phn loi) M t cc mi lin quan S dng cc thng tin t (i), chn cch m bn s tm tt mi quan h gia hai bin (chng 3) v Ch ra cc bng gi m t mi quan h ny trong bo co cui cng ca bn Chn kim nh thng k S dng bng 4.1 v bng 4.2, cng vi cc thng tin t c (i) v (ii) chn mt loi kim nh thng k ph hp nht Kim tra li cc gi nh ca kim nh thng k (xem phn 4.8) v Sau a ra la chn loi kim nh thng k nu cc gi nh khng tho mn Phin gii cc kt qu c ngha thng k nh ra mc ngha thng k m bn s p dng kim nh gi thuyt Vit ra nhng g m bn mun vit / ni trong bo co cui cng ca bn ti nhng ngi khng phi l nh thng k (ch ra l bn thc hin v tm thy cc kt qu ny mt cch c ngha thng k) Hy vit ra mt mnh nhng kim nh no m bn chn kim nh thng k v ti sao ?

4.4. Gi thuyt thng k


Vic chn kim nh thng k s dng khi so snh d liu c quyt nh bi loi bin v loi thit k nghin cu. Trong khi cc php tnh ton cho mi kim nh l khc nhau th mi quan h gia chng l lun lun ging nhau. S liu c thu thp v c tnh ra cc i lng thng k m t (trung bnh, trung v, t l). Cc i lng c so snh tm tt cho mt b s liu gi thuyt trong gi thuyt khng c gi nh l ng. T thng k m t v quan st c, cc i lng thng k khc cng c tnh ton gi l gi tr kim nh (chng ta k hiu l T). l s khng thng nht gia cc gi tr thng k quan st c v cc gi tr k vng (v d: s khc nhau ca trung bnh quan st v trung bnh k vng), thng thng c chun ha thng qua mt vi cch (chia cho mt vi gi tr no , chng hn nh l sai s chun) to ra mt gi tr cui cng duy nht. Cc s liu bin thin, cng nh cc kim nh thng k, ph thuc vo qu trnh chn mu. Thng th chng ta khng on trc c c nhn no c chn vo mu trn qun th. Do chng ta khng th bit c T no l ph hp nhng nhng nh thng k thc hin rt nhiu php tnh ton phc tp mang li cho chng ta mt khong (khong iu kin) ca gi tr T c kh nng xy ra nu gi thuyt khng ng. Nu T ri vo ngoi cng khong ca chng ta, th chng ta ch ra rng gi thuyt khng khng ng v kt lun rng gi thuyt i l hp l (mc d chng ta khng bao gi m bo c iu ).

4.5. S dng kim nh no?


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Vic chn cc tm tt s liu thng k c ch nh bi thang ca bin ph thuc, vic chn kim nh thng k c quy nh bi thang o ca bin ph thuc v dng so snh. Trong gio trnh no c km theo hai bng cch chn loi kim nh thng k ph hp. Bng s tm tt cch chn cc kim nh thng k mt cch n gin nht cho bin ph thuc l lin tc v bin phn loi (bin u ra). Hy xem ni dung ca bng v s dng bng lm v d sau y. Bng 3.1 c s dng chn kim nh thng k cho phn tch bin ph thuc l lin tc/phn loi Bng 3.2 c s dng chn kim nh thng k phn tch cho bin ph thuc dng phn loi Trong kim nh thng k, nu bn c mt bin c lp c phn b chun bn c th i theo nhnh C trong bng 3.1.9 (phn trang khng bi m). Cc kim nh c bit nh l kim nh tham s (parametric test). Phn 4.8 s miu t s m t cho bn bit mt bin co dng phn b chun hay khng. Nu bin ph thuc ca bn khng c phn b chun th bn theo nhnh KHNG trong bng (phn c bi m), cc kim nh y gi l kim nh phi tham s (non-parametric test). Chng ta s c cng mt kt qu bt k chng ta s dng kim nh tham s hay phi tham s khi bin u ra c phn b chun, tuy nhin kim nh tham s s mnh hn trong vic a ra kt qu. iu quan trng na l chng ta CH s dng kim nh phi tham s khi cc gi nh chun khng tha mn Quay tr li bng 3.1. Cu hi tip theo m bn s gp phi l loi so snh m bn quan tm trong gi thuyt. l nguyn nhn ti sao phi t gi thuyt thng k r rng, v bn mun so snh ci g, tng ng bn cn xc nh c loi bin c lp l g? Trong mt vi trng hp khng c bin c lp, v cu hi n gin l gi tr mu ca chng ta c quan h g vi gi tr gi thuyt khc trong qun th hay khng. i khi bin c lp c dng lin tc v khng c s so snh nhm. Ph bin nht, gi thuyt th hin bin ph thuc khc bit nh th no gia cc nhm (hai hay nhiu hn) hoc s khc bit theo thi gian trong cng mt nhm. Loi gi thuyt thng k ch ra ct no trong bng m bn quan tm v iu ny s gip bn quyt nh chn loi kim nh ph hp. Bn c th tm thy tt c cc loi kim nh thng k trong bng 3.1 v 3.2 trong bt k mt cun sch thng k c bn no. Ngoi ra gio trnh thng k y t I cng cp n cc kim nh ny vi y cch tnh v cc v d minh ho. Mc ch ca kha hc ny khng yu cu cc bn nh li cch tnh cc i lng thng k nhng bn phi bit c cch chn loi kim nh thng k thch hp, cch dng SPSS tnh cc kim nh thng k v lm th no phin gii kt qu thng k. Phn ln cc phn mm phn tch s liu s a ra cc i lng thng k c bn v tnh ton cho cc bn gi tr kim nh. Ngoi ra phn mm cng cho bn bit gi tr p v ngha thng k. Bn s l ngi quyt nh vic a cc phng php tnh ton cng nh kt qu vo bn bo co ca bn. Sau y l v d ca mi loi kim nh thng k v cc gi cho bn khi phin gii kt qu. Phn cui ca chng ny s l mt v d v lm th no vit kt qu t cc phn tch thng k.

4.6 S dng SPSS kim nh gi thuyt

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4.6.1. So snh mt gi tr trung bnh vi mt gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr qun th LP K HOCH PHN TCH- MT TRUNG BNH Gi thuyt u tin ca chng ta trong nghin cu iu tra tai nn giao thng quc gia l: H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng ca cc nn nhn cng ging nh trong qun th, im l 50. K hoch phn tch (Analytic plan) c phc tho nh sau: (i) Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, bin c lp khng c. Chng ta ch c mt nhm v l im cht lng cuc sng ca ton b, nh vy cu hi l kt qu im cht lng cuc sng ca nghin cu ny c ging vi trung bnh ca qun th khng? Chng ta khng c s liu quc gia ch bit l trung bnh im ca ton b qun th l 50. Nh vy chng s so snh mu ca chng ta vi mt gi tr khc hay mt gi tr qun th. (ii) im cht lng cuc sng l lin tc (iii) Bi v lin tc nn i lng chn tm tt s liu l trung bnh v s bin thin. Nu bin c phn b chun th s dng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun nu khng c phn b chun th dng gi tr trung v v khong. (iv) Cc kt qu ny khng cn thit phi c bng. (v) S dng bng 3.1, cu hi u tin l bin u ra (bin im cht lng cuc sng) c phn b chun hay khng? Do trc khi chng ta chn loi kim nh s dng, chng ta kim tra tnh chun theo thut ton phn 4.8. Nu chun th ct u tin ca phn khng c bi m trong bng 3.1 ph hp, nu khng th ct u tin ca phn bi m s ph hp. V kim nh t cho mt gi tr trung bnh mu nu nh phn b chun hoc kim nh phi tham s tng ng cho mt gi tr trung bnh mu- kim nh du xp hng Wilcoxon khi phn b l khng chun. (vi) Cc gi nh cho kim nh t cho mt gi tr trung bnh bao gm tnh chun, xem li k hoch trn, v cc n v quan st l c lp. (vii) Cc n v quan st trong trng hp ny l ngi. Chng ta gi nh rng cc n v quan st l c lp vi nhau tng i mt (ngha l: im cht lng cuc sng ca ngi ny khng b nh hng bi im cht lng cuc sng ca ngi khc). Yu cu ny l bt buc cho tt c cc kim nh thng k trong kha hc ny. Nu bn thy c hai n v quan st khng c lp (im cht lng cuc sng ca ngi ny b nh hng im cht lng cuc sng ca ngi khc.) bn nn tham kho kin ca nh thng k. (viii) Khi im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun, chng ta s s dng kim nh tham s t cho mt gi tr trung bnh mu (ix) ngha thng k c xc nh theo quy c l ti mc p < 0.05, s dng kim nh hai pha vi gi thuyt khng l c s khc bit gia trung bnh mu v trung bnh ca quc gia. Trong bo co bnn nn vit ra mt phng php gii tch bn chn kim nh thng k nh th no v ti sao bn li chn nh vy. cho kim nh ca chng ta c th vit l V im cht lng cuc sng l bin lin tc vi phn b chun nn kim nh t cho mt gi tr trung bnh c s dng kim nh gi thuyt, H0: trung bnh im

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cht lng cuc sng ca cc nn nhn trc khi b chn thng cng ging nh qun th l 50. S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K Kim nh t mt mu 1. T menu chn: Analyse - Compare Means - One-Sample T Test. Bn s c mt hp thoi dng sau. 2. T danh sch cc bin nh du vo bin m bn mun phn tch, c th l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng), v chuyn n sang Test Variable(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn ngang. 3. Vit gi tr m bn mun so snh vi trung bnh bin ca bn vo Test Value. Trong trng hp ny gi tr so snh (kim nh) l im trung bnh cuc sng ca qun th ngi Vit Nam ni chung l 50 4. Kch vo OK.

kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit- ca s kt qu c dng nh sau KT QU One-Sample Statistics

PHIN GII

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Kim nh thng k c tnh. Gi tr trung bnh y l 58,0 c so snh vi trung bnh qun th chung l 50. kim nh thng k l s kim tra kt qu 58,0 c cao hn mt cch c nghi thng k hay khng?. Kim nh thng k, t= 42,8 v gi tr p l 0,000 vi chnh xc l ba s 0 sau du phy (ct Sig. Column l gi tr p), dng ngm nh ca spps l kim nh hai pha. Kt qu ny c ngha, theo quy c chung, mt gi tr p nh hn hoc bng 0,05 c c th xem l im xc nh l c ngha thng k. Lu rng, gi tr ny c chn mt cch tu . Bc t do cng rt quan trng, v gi tr p tng ng vi t ca 42,8 s khc nhau ph thuc vo bc t do Hy cng quyt nh cch tm tt s liu v phin gii kt qu phn tch thng k. Kt qu ca bi phn tch phn kim nh thng k trong v d trn: Khi xem xt cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng, c mt s khc bit c ngha thng k ca trung bnh im cuc sng ca cc thnh vin tham gia so vi im trung bnh c tnh da trn qun th ngi vit nam chung. (t1691 = 42.8, p < 0.001).trc khi b chn thng, cc nn nhn b chn thng giao thng c im cht lng cuc sng cao hn (58.0 (se 0.2)so vi im ca quc gia(50). Lu : theo quy c chung bc t do ca gi tr thng k t thng c vit theo dng ch s di, v khng bao gi vit p = 0,000 mc d kt qu ca my tnh l nh vy. S chnh xc hn nu bn vit kt qu c 3 ch s sau du phy v vit p < 0.001 k c khi p = 0.000. Vic phin gii bng li nn cp n vic c ngha hay khng c ngha thng k, kim nh t vi bc t do v gi tr p, nu tm thy s khc bit, bn nn a vo mt cu ch ra hng ca s khc nhau . S tt hn na khi trnh by s liu nu bn a ra gi tr ca khong tin cy 95% cho gi tr trung bnh qun th, hoc t nht l sai s chun (S.E). Trung bnh mu l 58,0 ca chng ta l ch l c lng ca trung bnh qun th v kt qu ny ch da trn mu iu tra ca nhng ngi b chn thng giao thng trong khong thi gian nghin cu m thi. Do cung cp khong tin cy, y l t 7.6 n 8.4, chng ta c th thm rng: c lng tt nht cho s khc bit trung bnh gia nn nhn b chn thng giao thng v ngi Vit nam chung l 8.0, v chng ta 95% tin chc s khc bit nm trong khong t 7.6 ti 8.4. Kt lun ny s cung cp cho ngi c mt vi tng v tnh chnh xc ca kt qu. K c khi s khc bit thc s ch l 7.6 th cng l s khc bit c ngha. Nu, v d, khong tin cy ca chng ta l t 0.4 n 22.7 th kt qu s km thuyt phc. Gi tr 8.0 ch l c lng tt nht rt ra t mu nghin cu ca chng ta tuy nhin gi tr thc ca qun th c th thp ti 0.4 im v s khc bit ny l khng nh k, chng ta nn bn lun v s thiu chnh xc ca kt qu ny trong phn bn lun ca bo co. 4.6.2. So snh trung bnh ca hai nhm
K HOCH PHN TCH HAI TRUNG BNH

Xem xt gi thuyt sau y: H0: im trung bnh cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng l nh nhau hai nhm nam v n K hoch phn tch bao gm nhng thnh phn sau: M t cc bin Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng : lin tc Bin c lp l gii tnh: phn loi, hai nhm.

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M t mi lin quan Mi quan h s c tm tt s dng trung bnh v s bin thin. Trung bnh v lch chun nu bin c phn b chun, trung v v khong nu bin khng c phn b chun Bng gi Trung bnh (mean) Nam N Cc kim nh c th dng S dng bng 3.1 chng ta c nhng kim nh sau: o Kim nh t khng ghp cp; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, phng sai ng nht v phn b chun. o Kim nh Mann-Whitney; cc gi nh cc quan st c lp, phng sai ng nht Chn kim nh thng k cui cng o Cc gi nh c kim tra nh phn 4.8 o im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun, phng sai ng nht c tha mn. o Tin hnh vi kim nh t khng ghp cp Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php trong bo co ca bn, bn khng cn nu ton b k hoch phn tch, tuy nhin bn cn phi ch ra loi kim nh thng k no bn chn v mi quan h no bn kim tra. Phn cc phng php cho kim nh thng k ny bn c th vit dng: im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng c phn b chun, kim nh t khng ghp cp hai pha c s dng so snh im trung bnh ca hai nhm nam v n. S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT THNG K- SO SNH HAI TRUNG BNH 1. t menu chn : Analyse - Compare Means - Independent-Samples T Test. Bn s c mt hp thoi dng sau. 2. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch. Trong trng hp ny qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury), v chuyn n sang Test Variable(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn trn. 3. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng c ngha l nhm m bn mun so snh, trong trng hp c th ny l Sex v chuyn chng sang Grouping Variable bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di. lch chun (s.d.)

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4. By gi bn xc nh cc loi trong bin c lp cho SPSS hiu c bn i so snh ci g ( c ngha l nam v n). lm iu , nh du vo bin c lp (SEX) v kch vo Define Groups. Bn s thy mt hp thoi dng sau. Bn cn ch ra cho SPSS l m g l nam, m g l n? lm c iu ny bn nhp m cho nam (trong c s d liu c m l 1) vo trong hp Group 1 v m ca n (trong c s d liu c m l 2) vo Group 2 sau kch Continue.

5. By gi kch OK. Ca s u ra ca bn s xut hin trong mt ca s ring bit ca s kt qu - c dng tng t nh sau.
KT QU

Group Statistics

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PHIN GII

C 1089 nam v 603 n trong mu chn thng giao thng ca chng ta. im trung bnh ca nam v n kh ging nhau 58,1 v 57,8 ; s khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng gia nam v n l 0,3. S khc bit ny l khng ln chng ta cho rng c s khc bit v trung bnh im ca nam v n. Liu kt qu ca kim nh thng k c khng nh iu ny khng? Lu rng kt qu ca phn mm cung cp cho bn cc php tnh ton cho hai tnh hung: th nht l gi s phng sai bng nhau, v th hai l phng sai khng bng nhau. Bng 3.1 cho chng ta bit rng chng ta nn kim tra cc gi nh v s ng nht ca phng sai ca gia cc nhm, iu ny s bn lun trong phn 4.8. Tuy nhin kim nh t khng ghp cp cng vn c thc hin v cho chng ta kt qu trn y. Kim nh Levene phn u tin ca bng cn phi c phin gii ring bit vi cc phn cn li ca bng bt u bt u t ct t. Kim nh Levene cho kt qu khng c ngha (p = 0,195), do chng ta gi nh rng phng sai xp x bng nhau, chng ta s dng kt qu kim nh t vi gi nh phng sai bng nhau. Nu kim nh Levene c ngha (p < 0.05), th bc t do cn hiu chnh khi phin gii cho kim nh t, s hiu chnh ny din ra i vi bc t do v n ko theo gi tr p cng thay i. Gp ton b cc kt qu pha trn, chng ta c th a vo trong bo co cc thng tin sau: Khi xem xt im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng, chng ta khng c bng chng v s khc bit ca trung bnh cht lng cuc sng gia nam v n (t1690 = 0.5, p = 0.486). Trung bnh s khc bit v im ca nam v n l 0,3 im vi khong tin cy 95% l ( -0.5 n +1.0). Bc t do ca kim nh ny l 1690 (kim nh t khng ghp cp) so vi bc t do ca kim nh trc l 1691 (kim nh t cho mt mu) bi v trong trng hp ny chng ta c lng cho hai gi tr trung bnh mu cn trong trng hp trc l c lng cho mt gi tr trung bnh

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4.6.3. So snh gi tr trung bnh nhiu hn hai nhm


LP K HOCH PHN TCH NHIU HN HAI NHM

By gi hy xt gi thuyt sau: H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng ging nhau tt c cc mc trnh hc vn. Gi thuyt ny tng t nh nh gi thuyt hai nhm trn nhng by gi l so snh nhiu hn hai nhm. Bn nn lp k hoch phn tch nh sau: M t cc bin o Mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc o Mt bin c lp l trnh hc vn: phn loi, 4 nhm M t mi lin quan Mi quan h s c tm tt l trung bnh i s v s phn tn: trung bnh (s.d) nu bin c phn b chun, trung v (khong) nu bin khng c phn b chun Bng gi Trnh hc vn Cn nh Cp 1 Cp 2 Cp 3 tr ln im cht lng cuc sng Trung bnh (mean) lch chun (sd)

Xc nh cc kim nh thng k c th dng S dng cc kim nh thng k trong bng 3.1 o Kim nh ANOVA mt chiu, cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, phn b chun v phng sai ng nht. o Kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp v phng sai ng nht Chn kim nh thng k o Cc gi nh c kim tra theo phn 4.8 o im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun v tha mn phng sai ng nht o S dng kim nh ANOVA mt chiu Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn trong kim nh nn vit bo co c dng im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng c chng minh l c phn b chun nn chng ta c th s dng phn tch phng sai ANOVA hai pha so snh trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng gia cc mc trnh hc vn (4 nhm). S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT TRUNG BNH CA NHIU HN HAI NHM http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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1. T menu chn : Analyse - Compare Means - One-Way ANOVA. Bn s c hp thoi c dng sau 2. T danh sch cc bin nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch, trong trng hp ny l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng), v chuyn n vo Dependent List bng cch kch vo mi tn pha trn 3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng (c ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh). Trong trng hp ny l educatio, v chuyn n sang Factor bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di.

4. c kt qu v thng k m t (im trung bnh ca cc nhm) v cho mi kim nh thng k phng sai ng nht hy kch vo Options. Bn c hp thoi dng nh sau, ch cn chn mc Descriptive v Homogeneity of variance test. Sau Continue.

5. so snh tng cp bn cn kch vo Post Hoc.bn s c mt hp thoi dng sau; bn c th chn bt c phng php so snh cp no. Tuy nhin chng ta nn dng LSD nu bn c cc phng sai bng nhau v Dunnetts T3 nu cc phng sai ca bn khng bng nhau, l cc kim nh an ton c th s dng c, sau kch vo Continue.

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6. By gi kch vo OK. Kt qu u ra ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit . Ca s c dng nh sau: Kt qu Oneway Descriptives
General quality of life before injury
N Mean Children Less than secondary Secondary More than secondary Total 83 469 987 153 1692 63.8554 55.3369 58.1651 61.8562 57.9941 Std. Deviation 5.78925 7.04667 7.62869 7.28320 7.68642 Std. Error .63545 .32538 .24282 .58881 .18686 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound 62.5913 54.6975 57.6886 60.6929 57.6276 65.1195 55.9763 58.6417 63.0195 58.3606

Minimum 50.00 34.00 36.00 45.00 34.00

Maximum 76.00 75.00 85.00 80.00 85.00

Test of Homogeneity of Variances General quality of life before injury


Levene Statistic 3.900 Df1 3 df2 1688 Sig. .009

ANOVA General quality of life before injury

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Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 8473.986 91431.955 99905.941

df 3 1688 1691

Mean Square 2824.662 54.166

F 52.148

Sig. .000

Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons

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PHIN GII

Nhn vo kt qu ta thy im c xu hng tng ln cng vi s tng ln ca trnh hc vn (trng bnh t 55 n 64). Kim nh phn tch phng sai thc cht l c hai giai on. Bi v y so snh nhiu hn hai nhm nn giai on u l kim nh ton b, xt gi thuyt sau y H 0: tt c bn trung bnh u bng nhau H1: c t nht mt trung bnh khc vi cc trung bnh cn li Kim nh ANOVA c th tm tt nhau sau: C bng chng ni rng c s khc bit im cht lng cuc sng gia cc trnh hc vn (F3,1688 = 52,1, p < 0,001). V giai on 1 ca kim nh c ngha thng k nn chng ta c th tin hnh so snh tng cp trung bnh. Mt trong cc phng php l kim nh t m bn c hc trn, ngoi ra chng ta c nhiu phng php khc kim nh tng cp trung bnh. Kim nh LSD, da trn c bn ca kim nh t ghp cp v kim nh Duncan vn hay c s dng trong cc nghin cu. Tuy nhin, chng yu cu gi thit phng sai ng nht phi tho mn (xem phn 4.8). Nu gi nh khng tha mn th dng kim nh Dunnetts T3 Bi v giai on u tin ca chng ta c ngha thng k nn chng ta k vng c t nht mt cp so snh c ngha. Trong trng hp ny l kt qu u ra trn. Cc gi nh phng sai ng nht khng tha mn (p =0,0009)nn chng ta nhn vo kt qu kim nh Dunnetts T3 post-hoc. V bo co kt qu ca bn c th l nh sau: Cc kt qu ch ra rng tt c cc cp so snh u c ngha thng k tng i mt (p < 0.05). im trung bnh cuc sng tui cn nh c trung bnh cao hn cp 1 v cp 2 (Kim nh Dunnetts T3 vi p<0.001). cht lng cuc sng gim cc mc trnh hc vn thp. Mt tnh hung khc Kim nh ANOVA c th c s dng kim nh s khc bit ca nhiu nhm. Sau y l u ra t mt kim nh ANOVA cho gi thuyt sau: H0: trung bnh i s ca im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng l ging nhau tt c cc vng

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Oneway

T phn m t chng ta thy rng im cht lng cuc sng cc cng c s khc nhau rt t. Kt qu ca kim nh ANOVA ch ra rng s khc bit khng c ngha thng k. Nh vy, phin gii kt qu ch ra rng khng c bng chng thng k v mt mi lin quan nhng bn nn cung cp cc kt qu v bnh lun cho php ngi c quyt nh liu c nn ch kt lun l c t nht mt trung bnh khc cc nhm cn li khc. Mc d SPSS c kh nng tin hnh cho bn cc kim nh so snh tng cp nh trong v d trn, nhng v kt qu ca kim nh ANOVA khng c ngha thng k nn trong phn phin gii kt qu, bn KHNG nn ni v giai oan hai v b qua c kt qu ca kim nh LSD v Dunnetts T3. Nu thng k F cho cho kt qu c ngha thng k th kim nh s ng nht ca phng sai ch ra rng chng ta s s dng kt qu ca kim nh LSD kt lun cho vic so snh tng cp. Kt lun trong trng hp ny: Khng bng chng ni rng trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng c s khc bit gia cc cng sinh thi trong nghin cu ny (F7,1684 = 1,7, p = 0,116). 4.6.4. So snh o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh cc trung bnh
LP K HOCH PHN TCH CC TRUNG BNH LP LI

Xt gi thuyt sau: H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng giao thng khng thp hn trc khi chn thng giao thng. Bn nn thc hin cc bc sau khi lp k hoch phn tch http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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M t cc bin Mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc, lp li theo thi gian M t mi lin quan Mi lin quan c th c tm tt nh l cc trung bnh v s phn tn: trung bnh (s.d) nu bin c phn b chun , Trung v (khong) nu bin khng c phn b chun Bng gi Trung bnh (mean) QoL trc khi chn thng QoL sau khi chn thng Xc nh cc loi kim nh c th dng S dng cc kim nh trong bng 3.1 Kim nh t ghp cp, gi nh cc quan st c lp, s khc nhau c tnh chun Kim nh dng du Wilcoxon; cc gi nh: cc quan st c lp Chn la kim nh thng k cui cng Cc gi nh c kim tra theo phn 4.8 S khc nhau v im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau chn thng c phn b chun, thc hin kim nh t ghp cp Gi thuyt mong mun tm ra l im cht lng cuc sng c thp hn sau khi b chn thng khng nn s dng kim nh mt pha Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn trong kim nh ny s c vit di dng S khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau khi b chn thng c kim tra l c phn b chun nn kim nh t ghp cp l ph hp so snh trung bnh im qua thi gian. Do mong mun im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng s cao hn so vi sau khi chn thng nn chng ta s dng kim nh mt pha.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT KIM NH T GHP CP

S bin thin(s.d.)

1. thc hin kim nh t ghp cp t thanh menu chn: Analyse - Compare Means - Paired-Samples T Test. Bn s c mt hp thoi nh di y 2. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo cp bin th hin o hin nay v o lp li. trong trng hp ny l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng) v qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury- im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng). Bn s thy chng xut hin nh l bin 1 v bin 2 trong Current Selections.

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3. By gi hy chuyn cp bin vo Paired Variables bng cch kch vo mi tn. Bn s thy chng chuyn sang Paired Variables c lin kt vi nhau bng du chm gch.

1. Kch OK. Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit ca s kt qu. Kt qu nh sau:


KT QA

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T-Test

PHIN GII

u ra ca kim nh t c phin gii theo hng ca kim nh t khng ghp cp ( xem phn 4.6.2). Bn c th vit cc kt qu ca bn c dng nh sau: Trung bnh im gim 5,7 n v im theo thi gian( t 60,4 xung 54,7) vi khong tin cy 95% l 5,4 n 6,0. kt qu ny c ngha thng k (t1691 = 38,2, p < 0,001). Lu rng SPSS khng cung cp cho bn cc kt qu ca kim nh mt pha. Bn s phi phin gii kim nh thng k t mt cch ph hp bng cch s dng cc bng thng k xc nh mc ngha. Tham kho Thng k Y t I bit thm chi tit v kim nh ny. y, gi tr p cho kim nh mt v hai pha l tng t nhau v gi tr p < 0,001. Tuy nhin, mt iu rt quan trng l cn phi hiu chnh gi tr p m SPSS cung cp nu bn mun kt lun cho kim nh mt pha. 4.6.5. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - so snh trung v
LP K HOCH PHN TCH TRUNG BNH LP LI

Xt gi thuyt nh trn: H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng ca cc nn nhn trc v sau khi b chn thng giao thng khng khc nhau. Cc bc trong lp k hoch phn tch: Cc kim nh thng k c th dng l hai, mt kim nh tham s (kim nh t ghp cp) v mt kim nh phi tham s (kim nh du xp dng Wilcoxon). Nu s http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun th dng kim nh t ghp cp. Tuy nhin, kt qu cng c gi tr tng ng nu bn dng kim nh du hng Wilcoxon. V nu s khc bit KHNG c phn b chun th chng ta phi dng kim nh du hng Wilcoxon. Vit bo co phng php Nu kim nh du xp hng Wilcoxon l kim nh ph hp th bo co phng php s c dng: Chng ta s dng kim nh Wilcoxon kim nh s thay i im cht lng cuc sng qua thi gian do s khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau khi chn thng khng c phn b chun. S DNG SPPS KIM NH THNG K KIM NH DU XP HNG 1. s dng SPSS tin hnh kim nh s khc bit im cht lng cuc sng trc v sau khi b chn thng bn cn phi to ra mt bin mi. Bin mi c tnh t im khc bit trc v sau chn thng cho mi ngi. lm iu ny, thc hin theo cc bc trong bi 2 phn 2.5.2 v thao tc vi d liu. Tip theo, bn thc hin cc bc nh bi 3 phn 3.6.2.1 thng k m t tnh trung v s khc bit nu nh SPSS khng thc hin iu cho bn cc vic trn nh mt phn trong kt qu u ra ca kim nh xp hng du Wilcoxon. Kt qu di y c to ra theo cch c tm tt nh sau: 2. T thanh thc n, chy kim nh xp dng du: Analyse - Nonparametric Tests 2 Related Samples. Bn s c hp thoi dng sau. 3. t danh sch cc bin, nh du vo cp bin th hin cc o lng lp li, trong trng hp ny l qol_bef (Quality of Life score before injury- im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng) v qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury- im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng). Bn s thy chng xut hin nh l bin 1 v bin 2 trong Current Selections. 4. By gi bn chuyn cc bin sang Paired Variables bng cch kch vo mi tn. Bn s thy chng chuyn qua Paired Variables v c lin kt qua du chm gch. 5. Hy chc chn rng la chn Wilcoxon c chn trong hp Test Type.

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6. Kch OK. Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit_ca s u ra. N s ging nh u ra sau y:


KT QU

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PHIN GII

Kt qu ca kim nh du xp hng Wilcoxon c phin gii ging nh kim nh Mann-Whitney U (xem sau). Gp tt c cc kt qu chng ta s vit bo co nh sau: Chng ta c bng chng kt lun rng im cht lng cuc sng qua thi gian c s khc bit c ngha thng k (Z = -28.9, n = 1692, p < 0.001). Trung v ca s khc bit ca im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng thp hn 6 im so vi im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng (khong t -26 n + 13)). 4.6.6. So snh cc o lng lp li trn cng mt n v - cc t l
LP K HOCH PHN TCH CC T L LP LI

Cc nh nghin cu cng xem xt gi thuyt sau: H0: im cht lng cuc sng thp (im c phn loi) sau khi chn thng bng vi im cht lng cuc sng thp trc khi b chn thng. Bn nn theo cc bc lp k hoch phn tch s liu nh sau: M t cc bin Mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng (c phn loi)- phn loi nh thc; lp li qua thi gian M t mi lin quan

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Mi tng quan c tm tt nh s lng v cc t l. Bng gi S lng QoL trc khi b chn thng QoL sau khi chn thng Xc nh cc kim nh thng k c th dng S dng bng 3.2 khi bin ph thuc l nh danh, kim nh thng k l khi bnh phng McNemar. Quyt nh kim nh thng k cui cng Cc gi nh c kim tra nh phn ti 4.8. Cc gi nh khng tha mn. Thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng McNemar. Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn cho kim nh thng k ny, bn nn vit bo co c dng nh sau: kim tra s khc nhau v t l ngi c im cht lng cuc sng thp (im<50) ca trc v sau khi chn thng chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng McNemar. Nu chng ta mun kim tra liu im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng s cao hn sau khi b chn thng th chng ta s dng kim nh mt pha. DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K- KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG McNEMAR 1. T menu chn: Analyse - Descriptive Statistics - Crosstabs. Bn s c mt hp thoi nh sau. 2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin tng ng vi o lng ln mt, trong trng ny l qolbefg (Quality of Life before injury im cht lng cuc sng trc khi chn thng (c nhm)), v chuyn n sang Row(s) bng cch kch vo du mi tn. 3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun phn tch trong trng hp ny l qolaftg (Quality of Life after injury im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng ( c nhm), v chuyn n sang Column(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn. T l

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4. hin th t l nhng ngi c cc loi im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng trn im cht lng im cht lng cuc sng trc khi b chn thng hay bn mun hin th t l HNG, sau kch Cells v c mt mi xun hin c dng nh sau: nh du vo hp thoi. Chn Row trong hp thoi sau kch Continue.

5. yu cu SPSS tnh kim nh thng k Khi bnh phng McNemar, bn kch Statistics v mt hp thoi mi dng sau s xut hin. Chn McNemar v sau kch Continue.

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6. By gi kch OK. Ca s kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit ca s u ra. N c dng nh sau: u ra

PHIN GII

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Trong nhng ngi c im cht lng cuc sng t chun trc khi chn thng th c 28% c im cht lng cuc sng xung mc thp sau khi b chn thng. C 8% nhng ngi c im cht lng cuc sng thp trc khi chn thng nng ln mc t chun sau khi b chn thng. Kim nh thng k cho s thay i ca cc o ca mt bin danh mc l kim nh liu c s thay i khc nhau qua thi gian hay khng? C ngha l c phi l ngi c im cht lng cuc sng thp hn sau khi b chn thng nhiu hn nhng ngi c im cht lng cuc sng cao hn sau khi chn thng? Mt kim nh thng k tng t c th c p dng cho trng hp bin u ra c nhiu loi. V mt thng k, phn b ca s tng ln hay gim i ca im cht lng cuc sng l khc nhau nn bo co ca bn c th vit di dng: 28% nn nhn c im cht lng cuc sng y trc khi chn thng gim i xung mc thp sau khi b chn thng. T l gim st im cht lng cuc sng cao hn mt cch c ngha thng k so vi t l tng im cht lng cuc sng (kim nh McNemar vi 2 bc t do, p<0.001). 4.6.7. So snh trung v ca hai nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH HAI TRUNG V

Xt gi thuyt tip: H0: trong nhng ngi nm vin th trung bnh ngy nm vin ca nhm nn nhn i b v dng cc lai xe l nh nhau. K hoch phn tch bao gm cc bc sau: M t cc bin Bin ph thuc l s ngy nm vin, bin lin tc Bin c lp l i b, bin phn loi v c hai nhm M t mi lin quan Mi lin quan c th c tm tt thng qua trung bnh v s bin thin: trung bnh v lch chun nu bin c phn b chun; trung v v khong nu bin khng c phn b chun. Bng gi im cht lng cuc sng Trung bnh (mean) S bin thin (s.d.) i b Khng i b Xc nh kim nh thng k c th dng S dng cc kim nh thng k trong bng 3.1 l Kim nh t khng ghp cp, cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, phng sai ng nht v phn b chun

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Kim nh Mann-Whitney; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp v phng sai ng nht Quyt inh chn kim inh thng k cui cng Cc gi nh c kim tra nh phn 4.8 S ngy nm vin khng c phn b chun v tha mn phng sai ng nht Thc hin kim nh thng k Mann-Whitney Vit bo co phng php Bo co bn c th vit nh sau: bin ph thuc l s ngy nm vin c chng minh l khng c phn b chun nn so snh trung v s ngy nm vin ca nhng ngi i b v b tai nn giao vi nhng ngi khng i b chng ta s dng kim nh Mann-Whitney.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT HAI GI TR TRUNG V

1. u tin, bn mun c k qa v thng k m t cho mi nhm c ngha l trung v s ngy nm vin ca nhng ngi i b th bn chn t thc n Analyse Reports - Case Summaries. Bn s c mt hp thoi ging nh sau. 2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch. Trong trng hp ny l q9 (s ngy nm vin), v chuyn bin sang Test Variable(s) bng kch vo mi tn pha trn. 3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng (c ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh) trong v d ny l pedestrn v chuyn bin sang Grouping Variable bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di. 4. Bi v trong trng hp ny bo co tm tt mt nhm khng mun chi tit n cc thnh vin nn chn Display Cases.

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5. By gi kch vo Statistics. Bn s nhn thy mt hp thoi c dng sau.. 6. Chn cc i lng thng k m t m bn mun : trong v d chng ta chn cc i lng sau Number of cases, Median, Minimum & Maximum,v chuyn ln lt cc i lng vo Cell Statistics. By gi kch Continue.

7. By gi kch OK. Bn s nhn c c mt kt qu dng nh sau v bin ph thuc c tm tt thnh cc nhm. Tuy nhin, bn cha thc hin kim nh thng k xem liu cc nhm c thc s khc bit hay khng. 8. T thc n chn: Analyse - Nonparametric Tests - 2 Independent-Samples, bn s c mt hp thoi nh di y: 9. nh du vo chn Mann-Whitney U trong phn Test Type chn kim

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nh thng k. 10. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch, trong v d ny l q9 (s ngy nm vin), v chuyn bin sang Test Variable(s) bng cch kch vo mi tn pha trn 11. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng (c ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh). Trong v d ny l pedestrn v kch vo mi tn pha di chuyn bin sang Grouping Variable.

12. By gi bn hy nh ngha cc loi ca bin c lp SPSS hiu c ci g m bn mun so snh (c ngha l nhm no l nhm i b nhm no l nhm th hin khng i b). lm c iu , bn nh du vo bin c lp (pedestrn) v kch vo Define Groups. Bn s thy mt hp thoi hin ra c dng sau.Bn cn phi ch ra cho SPSS bit m i b l g, ( y m ca nhm i b l 1), m khng i b l g ( y d liu m nhm khng i b l 0) bng cch nh m vo cc Group 1 v Group 2 tng ng. By gi kch vo Continue.

13. By gi kch vo OK. Kt qu u ra ca bn s xut hin trong mt ca s ring bit- ca s kt qu v c dng nh sau:
KT QU

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PHIN GII Gp ton b kt qu phn tch thng k, bo co ca bn c th vit dng nh sau: Khi xem xt s ngy nm vin ca cc nn nhn, chng ta c bng chng kt lun rng c s khc bit v trung v s ngy nm vin ca nhng ngi b tai nn khi ang i b v khng i b (Z = -1.96, n = 751, p = 0.05). Trung v s ngy nm vin ca nhng nn nhn i b thp hn hai ngy so vi nhng ngi khng i b. 4.6.8. So snh trung v ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH- TRUNG V CA BAI HAY NHIU HN BA NHM

Xt gi thuyt sau: H0: Trong nhng ngi khng i b, trung bnh s ngy nm vin ging nhau tt c cc loi phng tin giao thng. lp k hoch phn tch cho kim nh gi thuyt ny c dng nh sau: Miu t cc bin: bin ph thuc: s ngy nm vin; bin lin tc bin c lp l loi tai nn, danh mc; 4 nhm Tm tt cc mi lin quan

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Mi lin quan c tm tt qua trung bnh v phng sai: trung bnh, lch chun nu bin c phn b chun, trung v v khong nu bin khng c phn b chun. Bng gi s ngy nm vin Loi tai nn giao thng Trung bnh (mean) bin thin (s.d.) t Xe p Xe my Khc Xc nh cc kim nh thng k c th dng S dng cc kim nh trong bng 3.1 l: Kim nh ANOVA mt chiu; cc gi nh: cc quan st c lp, phn b chun v phng sai ng nht Kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis; cc gi nh cc quan st c lp v phng sai ng nht Chn kim nh thng k cui cng cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8 s ngy nm vin khng c phn b chun v tho mnphng sai ng nht. thc hin kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis . Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn c vit c dng sau; lu rng gi thuyt ny ch xt vi nhng ngi chn thng giao thng khng i b cho nn trc khi phn tch bn ch cn chn nhng trng hp khng i b trong b s liu ca bn ( xem phn 2.5.3 bit thm chi tit) v c cp phn ny trong cc phng php ca bn. Do s ngy nm vin ca cc nn nhn khng c phn b chun nn so snh trung v ca di s ngy nm vin ca 4 nhm ti nn giao thng (loi tr nhm nhng ngi i b) chng ta s dng phn tch phng sai Kruskal-Wallis (hai pha).
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG KNHIU HN HAI TRUNG V

1. tnh trung v ca s ngy nm vin ca tng loi tai nn giao thng bn theo cc bc c m t trong bi 3 phn3.6.2.1, nu SPSS khng cho bn kt qu trong phn u ra ca kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis. Bn c th tnh cc tm tt s liu theo cch sau:. 2. Chy kim nh ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis, t menu chn: Analyse Nonparametric Tests - K Independent Samples. Bn s c mt hp thoi nh di y. 3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch trogn trng hp ny l q9 (s ngy nm vin) v chuyn bin sang Test Variable List bng cch kch vo mi tn pha trn. 4. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun s dng ( c ngha l cc nhm m bn mun so snh). Trong v d ny l trantype v chuyn bin sang Grouping Variable bng cch kch vo mi tn pha di. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
110

5. Hy kim tra l bn chn Kruskal-Wallis H trong hp Test Type cha?

6. Bn phi ch ra cho SPSS hiu c khong s liu ca bin ph thuc (nhm) c th nhn, Trong v d ny l trantype B c m ho l t 1 n 5. lm c iu ny, nh du vo trantype trong Grouping Variable v kch vo Define Range. Bn s c mt hp thoi dng sau. Nhp gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht vo cc v kch Continue.

7. by gi kch OK. Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qu c dng nh sau .

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Kt qu

PHIN GII

Trong trng hp ny, S ngy nm vin ca cc loi tai nn giao thng c s khc bit c ngha thng k. Chng ta c th vit bo co sau: Trung v s ngy nm vin ca cc loi tai nn giao thng c s khc bit c ngha thng k (Kruskal-Wallis test, n = 660, p = 0,003). Kim nh Kruskal-Wallis tng ng vi gia on u tin ca phn tch phng sai trn. Bn nn s dng cc kim nh Mann-Whitney thc hin kim nh giai on 2 l kim tra tng cp v chy nhiu kim nh so snh mi cp nhm. Xem phn s dng SPSS kim nh thng k hai gi tr trung v bit bit chi tit v cch chy cc php so snh trong SPSS. 4.6.9. Khng nhm - khi tt c cc bin trong mi lin h l lin tc v chun
LP K HOCH PHN TCH C HAI BIN LIN TC (C HAI IU L PHN B CHUN)

Xt gi thuyt thng k sau: http://www.ebook.edu.vn


112

H0: Trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng c lin quan n tui ca ngi b chn thng. K hoch phn tch gi thuyt thng k ny s c dng nh sau: M t cc bin mt bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc mt bin c lp tui (tnh bng n v l nm), lin tc Tm tt mi lin quan mi lin quan c th hin qua biu chm im xc nh hng Xc nh cc loi kim nh thng k Khi c nhiu gi tr (lin tc) chng ta khng s dng so snh nhm m thay vo l m t mi quan h gia hai nhm. Mt cch dn gin nht tm tt mi quan h thng qua mt gi tr duy nht l tnh h s tng quan. S dng bng 3.1 ta c cc kim nh c th s dng c nh sau: Tng quan Pearsons; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp v c hai bin u c phn b chun Tng quan hng Spearman; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp (mt hoc c hai khng c phn b chun) Chn kim nh thng k cui cng Cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8. C bin im cht lng cuc sng v tui u c phn b chun; hai bin c mi quan h tuyn tnh. Thc hin vic tng quan Pearson (c k hiu l r). Vit bo co phng php Phn m t phng php bn c th vit nh sau: V c hai bin im cht lng cuc sng v tui u c phn b chun nn chng ta dng h s tng quan Pearson tm tt mi quan h gia hai bin.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT TNG QUAN PEARSON

1. tm hiu mi quan h gia hai bin ny, bn v biu chm im ca hai bin. Trong v d ny l qol_aft (im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng) v ageround (tui tnh theo n v nm). Bn nn xem li chng 3 phn 3.6.3.2 bit cch dng SPSS v biu . Biu kt qu ca bn c to ra theo cch sau y:. 2. T thanh thc n chn Analyse - Correlate - Bivariate tnh gi tr tng quan Pearson. Bn s thy xut hin mt ca s nh di y. 3. T danh sch cc bin nh du vo tng bin m bn mun phn tch. Trong v d ny l qol_aft (im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng) v ageround (tui tnh bng nm), v chuyn hai bin sang Test Variable List cng mt lc bng cch kch vo mi tn.

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4. Kch vo Pearson trong phn Correlation Coefficients .

1. By gi kch OK. Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qu v c dng nh sau.


KT QU

BIU

Scatterplot of quality of life and age


70 60 50 40 30 20

age (rounded)

10 0 -10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

general quality of life after injury

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CC TNG QUAN

PHIN GII

H s tng quan nm khong t 1 n +1, h s tng quan bng 0 c ngha l khng c mi quan h gia hai bin; +1 c ngha l c mi quan h thun v cht (thp im nht th tui thp nht, thp im th hai th tui thp th hai...., cao im nht th tui cao nht) v 1c ngha l lin quan nghch v cht (tui thp nht th c im cao nht , , tui cao nht th c im thp nht). Lu rng, cc h s tng quan ch tm tt ln cho mi quan h tuyn tnh. Bt c mi mi quan h no khc khng phi tuyn tnh th khng c dng cho nn nu r = 0 c ngha l khng c mi lin quan g c hoc l mi lin quan no c dng phc tp hn quan h tuyn tnh. Kt qu ca v d trn c th tm tt nh sau: Mi tung quan gia tui v im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng l yu (Pearsons r = 0,24, n = 1693, p < 0,001). Trong trng hp ny, lu rng, mc d gi tr p ch ra l mi quan h tuyn tnh gia tui v im cht lng cuc sng c ngha thng k, nhng do h s tng quan bng 0,24 nn c th ni rng mi quan h gia tui v im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng l yu. Vic c ngha thng k trong trng hp ny c th l do c mu ca nghin cu ln. y l mt v d cho chng ta thy rng trong nhiu trng hp chng ta phi xt n c gi tr thng k ch khng ch da vo gi tr p quyt nh kt qu ca kim nh gi thuyt. Mc d mt kim nh gi thuyt ch ra l c ngha thng k nhng iu quan trng l khi phin gii kt qu y phi da vo thc t ca nghin cu. Chng ta s tho lun vn ny su hn trong chng 5. 4.6.10. Khng nhm Khi c hai bin trong mi quan h l lin tc v c phn b chun
LP K HOCH PHN TCH HAI BIN LIN TC - DNG CU HI KHC

Xt gi thuyt thng k t phn trn (hai bin lin tc v c phn b chun): H0:Trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng khng lin quan n tui ca nn nhn b chn thng Mt cch tm tt mi quan h l s dng h s tng quan. Tuy nhin, trng

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hp ch c th c lng c cho trng hp mi lin quan gia hai bin l tuyn tnh. Trong mt vi trng hp chng ta c th ch ra trc tip mi quan h ny hay c ngha l mt bin ph thuc vo bin kia. Trong trng hp , nu chng ta bit mi quan h trong cc thnh phn s hu ch cho chng ta s c th d on c gi tr bin ph thuc, trong v d ny l im cht lng cuc sng t cc gi tr a bit ca bin c lp, trong v d ny l tui ca nn nhn. iu ny yu cu cc loi kim inh khc nhau nh l hi quy tuyn tnh. Nu cu hi nghin cu l liu c th da vo bin c lp d bo bin ph thuc th lp k hoch phn tch c dng: M t cc bin Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, lin tc Bin c lp l tui (tnh bng n v nm); bin lin tc Tm tt mi lin quan S dng biu chm im tm tt mi lin quan v xc nh hng, k vng l c mi quan h tuyn tnh. Xc nh cc kim nh thng k V tt c cc gi tr l lin tc, nn hi quy tuyn tnh c th c s dng Chn kim nh thng k cui cng Cc gi nh (c lp, ng nht, quan h tuyn tnh) c kim tra theo tng phn nh trong phn 4.8 Trn biu chm im xut hin mi lin quan tuyn tnh chc chn rng khng c mt mi quan h g phc tp hn mi quan h tuyn tnh. Thc hin php hi quy tuyn tnh. Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn nn vit c dng sau: Chng ta dng hi quy tuyn tnh miu t mi quan h gia im cht lng cuc sng v tui
DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT - HI QUY TUYN TNH N GIN

Bn hy dng biu chm im th hin mi quan h gia hai bin trogn v d ny l qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng) v ageround (tui tnh theo nm. bn c th tham kho bi 3 phn 3.6.3.2 bit cch s dng SPSS v biu chm im.Biu khng c ch ra y. chy hi quy tuyn tnh n gin, t thanh thc n bn chn Analyse Regression - Linear. Bn s thy mt hp thoi nh sau xut hin. 1. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc, trong v d ny l qol_aft v chuyn bin sang Dependent bng cch s dng mi tn 2. Sau chn bin c lp, trong v d ny l ageround v dng mi tn chuyn bin c lp sang Independent(s).

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3. By gi kch vo Statistics. Bn s thy mt hp thoi sau. Nu bn mun SPSS tnh khong tin cy cho h s hi quy, gi tr ny c s dng o mc chnh xc ca php kim nh, bn chn Confidence intervals trong hp Regression Coefficients. Sau kch Continue.

4. By gi kch OK. u ra ca bn xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qa c dng nh sau


KT QU

Regression

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PHIN GII

Kt qu trn c th c phin gii nh sau: Cht lng cuc sng c mi lin quan ngha vi tui (F1,1691 = 99.9, p < 0.001). i vi mi mt tui tng ln im cht lng cuc sng s tng 0,16 n v (khong tin cy 95% l 0,1; 0,19.). Tui l gii c 6% s bin thin ca im cht lng cuc sng. 4.6.11. Khng phn nhm- c hai bin lin tc nhng khng c phn b chun
LP K HOCH PHN TCH HAI BIN LIN TC ( C HAI HOC T NHT MT BIN KHNG C PHN B CHUN)

Xt gi thuyt thng k sau: H0: trung bnh im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng khng lin quan n s ngy nm vin ca bnh nhn.

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k hoch phn tch cho kim nh gi thuyt thng k ny c dng nh sau: M t cc bin Bin ph thuc l im cht lng cuc sng, bin lin tc. Bin c lp l s ngy nm vin, bin lin tc. M t mi quan h Dng biu chm im m t mi quan h gia hai bin xc nh hng. Xc nh cc kim nh thng k Cc kim nh trong bng 3.1 c th dng l Tng quan Pearson; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, mi quan h gia hai bin l tuyn tnh v phn b ca hai bin l phn b chun. Tng quan hng Spearman; cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp, mi quan h gia hai bin l quan h tuyn tnh; mt hoc c hai bin khng c phn b chun)

Chn loi kim nh thng k cui cng cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8. mc d im cht lng cuc sng c phn b chun nhng s ngy nm vin ca nn nhn li khng c phn b chun; mi quan h gia hai bin l quan h tuyn tnh. Thc hin kim nh tng quan hng Spearman.

Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn s c vit dng nh sau: Do s ngy nm vin ca nn nhn khng c phn b chun nn chng ta s dng h s tng quan hng Spearman tm tt mi quan h gia im cht lng cuc sng v s ngy nm vin .
S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT TNG QUAN SPEARMANS

1. Dng biu chm im m t mi quan h gi hai bin, trong v d ny l qol_aft (Quality of Life score after injury im cht lg cuc sng sau khi chn thng) v q9 (s ngy nm vin). Bn nn tham kho bi 3 phn 3.6.3.2 bit cch dng SPSS v biu . 2. tnh gi tr tng quan Spearmans, chn thc n Analyse - Correlate Bivariate. Bn s thy mt hp thoi dng sau: 3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo mi bin m bn mun phn tch, trong v d ny l qol_aft v q9 sau chuyn ng thi hai bin ny sang Test Variable List bng cch kch vo du mi tn 4. Kim tra li l bn chn kim nh Spearman trong Correlation Coefficients.

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5. By gi kch vo OK. Kt qa ca bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit - ca s kt qa v s c dng nh sau:


KT QU

Graph Scatterplot of length of hospital stay and quality of life after injury
300

200

100

hospital_day

-100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

general quality of life after injury

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PHIN GII

Tng quan Spearman s ging vi cc php tnh nh tng quan Pearson ngoi tr vic chng ta s dng th hng ca s liu thay v bn thn s liu. Kt qu c phin gii tng t nh phin gii kt qu ca tng quan Pearson. H s tng quan nm trong khong t 1 n +1, vi +1 c ngha l mi quan h tng quan thun v cht (tui thp nht th c im thp nht, tui thp th 2 nu im thp th 2, , tui cao nht th c im cao nht), v 1 c ngha l mi quan h nghch v cht (nhm c tui thp nht c im cao nht, , tui cao nht c im thp nht). r = 0 c ngha khng c mt lin quan g hoc mt mi quan h g phc tp hn tuyn tnh. Cho nn kt qu phn tch trn c th c phin gii dng nh sau: S ngy nm vin quan h nghch vi im cht lng cuc sng sau khi chn thng (Spearmans r = 0,09, n = 802, p = 0,010). Mc d, gi tr p ch ra c mt mi lin quan c ngha thng k gia s ngy nm vin v im cht lng cuc sng sau khi b chn thng nhng do h s tng quan ch l 0,09 nn mi quan h ny c th b qua c. Cc tnh ton bao gm trong c h s tng quan Pearson v Spearman c nhy cao khi mu ln nn i khi mi quan h rt yu (r rt gn 0) nhng vn c ngha thng k. y l mt v d in hnh cho vic vic c ngha thng k nhng khng tho mn c ngha trong thc t . 4.6.12. So snh mt t l mu vi mt t l qun th hay t l l thuyt
LP K HOCH PHN TCH MT T L

Xt gi thuyt thng k sau. H0: t l chn thng xng sng ct sng v u l 37%. K hoch phn tch ca bn bao gm nhng bc sau: M t cc bin Bin ph thuc l chn thng u v xng sng ct sng, nh thc
121

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Khng c bin c lp ch l mt gi tr qun th

M t mi tng quan nu bin ph thuc l danh mc, s m v th hin phn trm khng cn bng tm tt. Xc nh cc kim nh thng k s dng cc kim nh trong bng 3.2 l kim nh Khi bnh phng mt mu Chn kim nh thng k cui cng cc gi nh c kim tra theo tng phn 4.8. cc n v quan st c lp. thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng mt mu Vit bo co phng php phn cc phng php ca bn cho kim nh thng k ny c dng sau: Chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng mt mu so snh t l chn thng u/xng sng, ct sng trong nm 2001 v t l chn thng nm 1997.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG MT MU

1. T thanh thc n chn: Analyse - Nonparametric Tests - Chi-Square. Bn s c mt hp thoi ging sau: 2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du bin m bn mun phn tch, trong v d ny l headspin (chn thng xng sng/ct sng hoc u) v chuyn bin sang Test Variable List bng cch kch vo mi tn. 3. By gi bn phi ch cho SPSS bit t l no m bn mong mun trn c s gi tr qun th m bn mun s dng. thc hin iu ny bn phi a gi tr vo Expected Values. Gi tr ny phi nh hn 1. Trong v d ny gi tr k vng l 0.37 ca tt c cc chn thng giao thng bao gm chn thng u v chn thng xng sng ct sng. Cho nn, chng ta mong 0.63 tt c cc chn thng khng bao gm chn thng u v chn thng ct sng. 4. Thm t l ny vo Expected Values, bn nhp s trong nh bn cnh vo t Values, sau kch vo Add v gi tr ny s c chuyn sang ln pha di. Lu : bn phi nhp t l k vng tng ng vi cc gi tr theo ng cc gi tr c m. V d bin headspin c m l 0 nu khng b chn thng u/ct sng; 1 nu chn thng u/ct sng . Do t l k vng phi uc nhp l 0.63 l gi tr u tin v 0.37 l gi tr th hai. Nu bn nhp chng vo theo chiu ngc li th bn s tin hnh kim nh gi thuyt sau: H0: T l chn thng u/ct sng l 63%. iu ny s dn bn n mt kt lun sai.

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5. Kch OK. Kt qa bn s xut hin mt ca s ring bit _ ca s kt qa. C dng ging nh sau
KT QU

PHIN GII

Kim nh Khi bnh phng mt mu (c bit l kim nh khi bnh phng cho tnh ph hp) tnh ton s khc nhau gia gi tr quan st v gi tr k vng cho mi trong bng v gia quyn theo gi tr k vng. Gi thng k l 0.623 v khng c

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123

ngha thng k ti mc ngha 5% (p < 0.05). Cho nn, kt qu phn tch ny s c trnh by nh sau: T l chn thng u/ct sng xp x 36% trong nghin cu chn thng giao thng nm 2001. T l ny cng tng t nh t l bo co chn thng giao thng quc gia nm 1997, trong 37% chn thng u/ ct sng (21 = 0.2, p = 0.623). Cng lu rng gi tr k vng ca cc ln hn 5. Cc gi nh cho kim nh khi bnh phng ch chp nhn nu tt c gi tr k vng ca cc u ln hn 5 (ch , gi tr k vng ch khng phi gi tr quan st, v gi tr quan st c th nh ti khng). iu ny cng khng phi lc no cng ng v trong thc t kim nh khi bnh phng c th c gi tr khi gi tr k vng nhn gi tr nh ti mc bng 2 (vi mt iu l khng c nhiu nh hn 5). Kim nh khi bnh phng cho tnh ph hp cng c th p dng cho bin phn loi m c nhiu hn hai loi. V d t l (t l phn trm) s nn nhn tai nn giao thng m c im cht lng sau khi chn thng l km, trung bnh, v tt. Rt him khi tm thy hai kt qu khc nhau ph thuc vo bin u ra c phn loi nh th no, nh v d ny l im cht lng cuc sng. Cn phi bit rng tt c cc phn tch ca bn s nhy cm vi cch m bn phn loi bin u ra. Bn phi nm r cc cc phn loi trc khi bn bt u phn tch. S l khng ph hp nu nh bn c gn tm ra mt im no to ra nng kh nng kim nh thng k c ngha. Do vy bn nn nh ngha v nh ngha li cc phn loi trong k hoch phn tch ca mnh. 4.6.13. So snh t l ca hai nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH SO SNH HAI T L

H0: T l chn thng u v ct sng ca nhm i xe tng ng vi nhm i b. hoc t hn. K hoch phn tch bao gm cc bc sau: M t cc bin mt bin ph thuc l chn thng u/ ct sng, nh phn mt bin c lp l i b, nh phn M t mi lin quan Mi lin quan c tm tt theo dng s m v t l phn trm. Bng gi i b n (%) n (%) n (%) Khng i b n (%) n (%) n (%)

chn thng u/ ct sng chn thng khng phi u/ct sng Tng

Xc nh cc kim nh thng k s dng cc kim nh thng k trong bng 3.2 l kim nh khi bnh phng http://www.ebook.edu.vn
124

Chn kim nh thng k cui cng cc gi nh l cc quan st c lp c kim tra. thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng. Vit bo co phng php phn cc phng php trong kim nh thng k ny s c dng nh sau: chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng (mt pha) kim tra gi thuyt l chn thng u hoc ct sng s xy ra nhiu nhng ngi i b hn l nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng.
S DNG SPSS KIM NH THNG K KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG

1. T thanh thc n chn : Analyse Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs. bn s c hp thoi dng sau: 2. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin ph thuc m bn mun phn tch. Trong v d ny l headspin (chn thng u/ ct sng), v kch vo mi tn chuyn bin sang Row(s) . 3. T danh sch cc bin, nh du vo bin c lp m bn mun phn tch, trong v d ny l pedestrn (i b hoc khng i b), v kch vo mi tn chuyn sang Column(s).

4. Nu hin thi t l phn trm ct nhng ngi i b m b chn thng u, bn kch vo Cells v mt hp thoi mi xut hin dng nh sau. nh du vo ct v kch Continue.

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5. tnh kim nh khi bnh phng bng SPSS bn kch vo Statistics v mt hp thoi mi s xut hin dng sau. chn Chi-square v kch tip vo Continue.

6. by gi kch OK. Kt qu ca bn s xut hin mt ca s khc - ca s kt qu, nh sau.


KT QU

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Thng thng chng ta s dng t sut chnh v khong tin cy phin gii kt qu . Tuy nhin bn cng c th nh du vo Risk trong mn hnh chn cc gi tr thng k cho c lng nguy c:

Bn s nhn c kt qu l :

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Risk Estimate 95% Confidence Interval Lower Upper .988 1.889

Value Odds Ratio for Injury to head or spine (Not injured at these sites / Injured) For cohort Was victim a pedestrian? = No For cohort Was victim a pedestrian? = Yes N of Valid Cases 1.367

1.036 .758 1525

.997 .569

1.076 1.010

PHIN GII

C khong 44% nhng ngi i b b chn thng u/ct sng so vi 37% nhng ngi dng phng tin giao thng. T sut chnh ca chn thng u/ct sng trong nhng ngi i b cao hn 1,37 ln so vi nhng ngi dng phng tin giao thng (v s liu ny khng c thu thp qua nghin cu thun tp nn vic c s dng hai nguy c khc l khng chnh xc) khong tin cy bao gm gia tr 1 ch ra rng c lng ny l chnh xc: iu ny ch ra rng c s khc bit gia cc loi nn nhn chn thng nhng li khng ch ra c th l khc bit ci g? Mi mt ln tnh gi tr kim nh khi bnh phng, bn c th c cc kt qu hi khc nhau. iu ny do trong kim nh khi bnh phng gi tr p ch l gi tr xp x, ngoi ra chng ta cn c kt qu ca mt vi phng php khc nh Likelihood, Pearsons. Mt vi phn mm thng k c th tnh gi tr p chnh xc khi thch hp (kim nh chnh xc Fishers, khng phi l mt kim nh khi bnh phng), mc d y l mt php tnh i hi nhiu tnh ton. V nh vy, cc kim nh xp x khi bnh phng l cn thit. Kt qu trn y cho php chng ta chn la mt trong 3 kim nh thng k khc nhau v ng thi cng cho gi tr xc sut chnh xc. Cng ging nh kim nh khi bnh phng cho mt mu chng ta cng phi ch rng gi tr k vng ca phi ln hn 5. Mt kim nh khi bnh phng c gi tr l tt c cc gi tr k vng ca phi ln hn 5 (lu : gi tr k vng ch khng phi gi tr quan st, gi tr quan st c th bng khng). Tuy nhin quy c ny cng mang tnh cht hi bo th, trn thc t kim nh khi bnh phng c th kim nh ng khi s thm ch khi gi tr k vng ca mt no nhn gi tr nh bng 2 ( khng nhiu qu cc trn c s nh hn 5). PSS s ch ra l c bt k mt no nh hn 5 nhng vn thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng cho bn. Trong trng hp ny, khi phin gii kt qu bn nn cn thn trnh a ra cc kt lun sai. Kim nh khi bnh phng c trnh by nhiu nht trong cc ti liu thng k l kim nh khi bnh phng Pearson. Tuy nhin, khi bng ch c 2 hng v 2 ct th chng ta nn p dng hiu chnh lin tc cho cng thc Pearson. Nh vy kim nh thng k chnh xc nht cho kt qu trn s l kim nh khi bnh phng c hiu chnh lin tc. Kim nh thng k Linear-by-linear ch ph hp khi mt hoc c hai bin ca chng ta l bin th bc v c t nht 3 loi. Trong trng hp ny my tnh c gi tr thng k chnh xc cho nn chng ta c th chn gi tr ny. N cng tng ng vi http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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gi tr hiu chnh lin tc. Tuy nhin, phn ny tho lun v kim nh khi bnh phng nn chng ta s chn gi tr kt qu ca hiu chnh lin tc a vo bo co: C s khc bit gia t l chn thng u/ct sng nhng ngi i b so vi nhng ngi dng phng tin giao thng. C 44% nhng ngi b chn thng u/ct sng nhng ngi i b nhng ch c 37% nhng ngi b chn thng loi ny khi dng phng tin giao thng. T sut chnh ch ra s khc nhau ca hai t l ny l 1,37 (khong tin cy 95% 0,99 1,89). Mc d s khc nhau ny c ngha trong y t cng cng nhng chng ta li khng bng chng kt lun rng s khc nhau gia hai nhm l c ngha thng k (21 = 3,3, p = 0,070). 4.6.14. So snh t l ca ba hay nhiu hn ba nhm
LP K HOCH PHN TCH SO SNH T L NHIU HN HAI T L

H0: T l nhng ngi nhn c im cht lng cuc sng thp l ging nhau khng k n mc chn thng, c o da trn v tr b chn thng nng nht khi va chm. K hoch phn tch bao gm cc phn sau: M t cc bin Bin ph thuc l im cht lng thp, nh phn Bin c lp: v tr chn thng; phn loi ; 3 nhm M t mi lin quan T l phn trm v s lng l m t ca mi lin quan. Bng gi Xc nh cc loi kim nh thng k s dng bng 3.2 chn kim nh thng k Chn kim nh thng k cui cng Cc gi nh c kim tra nh tng phn 4.8. Gi nh cc n v quan st c lp tho mn, thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng Vit bo co phng php Phn cc phng php ca bn cho kim nh thng k ny c th vit dng nh sau: Chng ta s dng kim nh khi bnh phng (hai pha) so snh t l cc nn nhn chn thng c im cht lng cuc sng thp qua cc mc chn thng. Cc mc chn thng c o bng v tr chn thng.

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S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG Thc hin kim nh khi bnh phng trong SPSS nh cc bc trong phn 4.1.13 S DNG SPSS KIM NH GI THUYT -KIM NH KHI BNH PHNG c trnh by trn. Kt qu

PHIN GII

Kim nh khi bnh phng so snh nhiu hn hai t l chnh l tnh ton so snh ch c hai t l. Trong trng hp ny. S lng quan st v k vng rt ging nhau v kim nh khng c ngha thng k mc 5%. Lu rng v bng ny khng phi http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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bng 2 x 2 nn khng c hiu chnh lin tc. Kt qu c th vit dng nh: C tt c 66.4% nhng ngui c im cht lng cuc sng thp. Chng ta khng c bng chng ch ra rng t l ny khc nhau theo v tr chn thng (22 = 2,1, p = 0,349). Cc php tnh v phin gii cng tng t khi bin ph thuc c nhiu hn hai loi. 4.6.15. Mi lin quan ca kt qu phn loi vi bin lin tc
K hoch phn tch- bin phn loi: bin lin tc

Trong phn 4.1.2 v 4.1.3 chng ta xem xt cc gi thuyt gia mt bin ph thuc lin tc v mt bin c lp phn loi. Nhng kim nh c s dng l: Mi lin quan Hai gi tr trung bnh Hai gi tr trung v Nhiu gi tr trung bnh Nhiu gi tr trung v Kim nh t khng ghp cp Mann-Whitney ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA Phn 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.3 4.6.3

Nu c mt bin ph thuc phn loi v mt bin c lp lin tc, nh mt trong nhng dng trn nhng vi trt t o ngc c xem xt trong phn 4.6.2 v 4.6.3, chng ta c th s dng cc kim nh ging nh vy xem xt mi lin quan ca chng. Tt c cc kim nh thng k ny chng minh mt s kt hp (khng c hng). Kt qu ca cc kim nh ny s ging nh cc phn trn v nn c gii thch chnh xc theo cng mt cch. Tuy nhin khi phin gii kt qu bn cn phi nh u l bin c lp v u l bin ph thuc. 4.7. Trnh by kt qu ca cc phn tch suy lun Mt trong nhng gi tr ca vic vit bo co trong k hoch phn tch l chng ta c th s dng chng trong bo co cui cng ca chng ta. Bn s c thng tin vit phn phng php phn tch v nhng tng hay v nhng g s cp n trong phn kt qu nghin cu. Trong iu tra v chn thng giao thng ca quc gia, phn k hoch phn tch v kt qu thu c ca cuc iu tra c trnh by tm tt di y. y l mt v d gi cho bn cch vit mt bo co cho nhng phn tch tng t tuy nhin mi ngi u s c nhng phong cch ring ca mnh. Mt v d v vit bo co Phng php phn tch im ca cht lng cuc sng (QoL) trc thi im chn thng l phn b chun v vy kim nh t mt mu c dng so snh gia qun th iu tra vi qun th ngi Vit Nam ni chung v bin ny. Cc kim nh tham s da trn gi tr trung bnh c dng chng minh nh hng ca cc yu t x hi-nhn khu hc (tui, gii, a d, hc vn) ln cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng. V s khc nhau gia im ca QoL trc chn thng v im ca QoL sau

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chn thng c phn b chun nn kim nh t ghp cp c s dng nh gi s thay i v cht lng ca cuc sng trc v sau chn thng. im QoL c phn vo hai mc ( >=50); thp ( < 50) v kim nh 2 McNemar c s dng xc nh s thay i QoL. S ngy iu tr trong bnh vin khng phi l mt phn b chun, nh hng ca loi phng tin s dng khi chn thng nh i b, hay i xe n thi gian nm vin c nh gi bng kim nh phi tham s da trn cc trung v. Mi lin quan gia s ngy nm vin v QoL c kt lun thng qua h s tng quan Spearman. T l chn thng u/ct sng c so snh vi cc s liu nm 1997 v nhng ngi i b c so snh vi nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng khc trong nghin cu bng kim nh 2 . Kim nh 2 cng c s dng xem liu c phi im QoL khc nhau theo mc chn thng khi lng gi theo v tr chn thng nng nht. Ch rng phn phng php cn vit ngn gn v trnh s lp li khi s dng tm tt tng t v kim nh nhiu ln trc . Nhng l do ti sao li dng nhng kim nh chn cng cn phi ch r (v phn b chun hay l bin phn loi ...) Kt qu Cht lng cuc sng im trung bnh QoL trc chn thng ca cc i tng trong nghin cu chn thng do giao thng quc gia l 58.0 ( lch chun 0.2) cao hn trung bnh ca ton quc (50.0) s khc bit ny c ngha thng k (t1691 = 42.8, p < 0.001). Cha thy c mi lin quan gia cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng c lng gi bng im QoL vi gii tnh (t1690 = 0.5, p = 0.486) hay a d (F7,1684 = 1.7, p = 0.116) trong nghin cu. Tuy nhin, nhm tr di 6 tui v nhng ngi c trnh hc vn trung hc c cht lng cuc sng cao hn (im trung bnh tng ng l 64.0 v 62.0) mt cch c ngha thng k so vi nhng ngi c THV cp II hoc di cp II (im trung bnh tng ng l 58.0 v 55.0)(F3,1688 = 52.1, p < 0.001). c bng chng v s gim mt cch c ngha ca im trung bnh cht lng cuc sng l 5.7 sau chn thng so vi vi trc chn thng (t 60.4 xung 54.7) vi khong tin cy 95% ca 5.4 n 6.0 (t1691 = 38.2, p < 0.001). Khng c bng chng kt lun tui (Pearson's r = 0.24) cng nh thi gian iu tr ti bnh vin (Spearman's r = 0.09) c mi tng quan cht ch vi cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng. Thi gian iu tr ti bnh vin im trung v s ngy iu tr ti bnh vin ca nhng i tng i b l 5, t hn 2 ngy so vi nhng i tng s dng cc phng tin khc (Z = -1.96, n = 751, p = 0.05). Thi gian iu tr ti bnh vin cng khc nhau mt cch c ngha thng k gia nhng ngi s dng cc loi phng tin giao thng khc nhau khi b tai nn (Kruskal-Wallis test, n = 660, p = 0.003), im trung v cao nht (15 ngy) thuc nhm i tng s dng xe my. Chn thng u/ct sng T l cc nn nhn tai nn giao thng b chn thng u/ct sng trong iu tra nm 2001 l 36%, iu ny cho thy khng c bng chng v vic gim t l chn thng u/ct sng so vi iu tra nm 1997 l 37% (21 = 0.2, p = 0.623). C 44% http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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cc nn nhn i b b chn u hoc ct sng trong khi t l ny nhm nn nhn s dng cc phng tin khc ch l 37%, tuy nhin s khc bit ny khng c ngha thng k vi mc = 0.05 (21 = 3.3, p = 0.070). Cha c bng chng v vic v tr thng tch nh hng n cht lng cuc sng tng xng sau chn thng (> 50 im) (22 = 2.1, p = 0.349). Nhng tiu c s dng phn nh nhng phn khc nhau m nhm nghin cu quan tm. Cn lu rng c mt vi phn c phn tch ring bit c gp li v mt vi phn phn tch li c m t theo mt trt t khc i c th mang li mt cu chuyn nht qun hn cho ngi c. iu ny l hon ton thch hp, bn ang vit mt bo co ch khng phi nht k! Trong bn bo co bn nn thng xuyn nu ln ngha ca cc kim nh, v d cc trung bnh khc nhau nh th no, t l nhm no l cao nht cng nh cc kim nh thng k dng v mc ngha ca chng. Bn co co v d ny l mt bn bo ch s dng cc t ng m t cc mi lin quan, tuy nhin nu s khc nhau v cht lng cuc sng theo a d c ngha thng k th bn c th trnh by theo dng bng phn b gi tr trung bnh theo a d hoc biu . Trong trng hp ny bng nn a ra ngay trong phn kt qu m t ca bo co v c th c tham kho trong phn vit v kt qu ca cc kim nh thng k. Cn phi cn nhc c phn m t v phn suy lun trong kt qu nghin cu phi b xung cho nhau v trnh s chng cho khng cn thit.

4.8. Gi nh
Tt c cc phn tm tt v cc kim nh thng k u c cc gi nh cn thit v cc gi nh ny phi t c nu chng ta mun s dng cc kt qu thng k mt cch chnh xc. S dng sai gi tr thng k hoc cc kim nh c th dn n nhng kt lun sai lm. Trong mi trng hp, nu bn yu cu my tnh thc hin mt phn tch thng k th n s thc hin ngay, k c khi kim nh hon ton khng c gi tr. L mt ngi phn tch s liu, bn c trch nhim phi kim tra tt c cc gi nh lin quan ti kim nh thng k v iu ny i khi cn thit bn phi c nhng phn tch thm. Phn tip theo y s cung cp cho bn cch phn tch cn thit kim tra cho hu ht cc gi nh thng thng cn thit cho cc kim nh thng k c trnh by trong cun sch ny. Bng 4.1 v 4.2 s cho bn bit nhng gi nh no cn c cn nhc khi bn chn cc kim nh thng k. Nhng gi nh thng dng nht thng c nhm nh sau: 1. Vi tt c cc kim nh thng k o S c lp ca cc n v quan st 2. Kim nh thng k lin quan vi cc bin ph thuc lin tc o Phn b chun ca bin ph thuc o Tnh ng nht ca cc bin trong nhm so snh ngang. o Khng c bng chng v a cng tuyn

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3. Kim nh thng k lin quan n bin ph thuc phn loi o Gi tr k vng ln 4.8.1. S c lp ca cc n v quan st Tt c cc kim nh thng k c bn trong ch ny yu cu gi nh v tnh c lp ca cc n v quan st phi c tho mn. iu c ngha l gi tr mt bin ph thuc ca mt i tng nghin cu khng chu nh hng ca gi tr ca i tng khc. Vi nhng thit k nghin cu da trn cch ly mu ngu nhin n gi nh ny thng c tho mn. i khi, cc i tng nghin cu c th bit nhau (v d trong trng hp ly mu kiu snowball) hoc cc i tng nghin cu c th cng trong mt gia nh, trng hc, lng, c quan.... dn n cc thnh vin trong cng cng gia nh/trng hc... c nhiu c im ging nhau khi nh gi trong cm hn gia nhng c nhn t nhng cm khc nhau. iu ny dn n nhng s ph thuc cho ca mt s c im. Nhng kim nh thng k bn s hc trong chng trnh ny khng th i ph vi nhng mc ph thuc khc nhau gia cc n v quan st, c nhiu kim nh phc tp hn c th lm c iu ny. quyt nh xem cc gi nh c tho mn khng, bn cn bit n cch ly mu ca b s liu c thu thp. Hy ch nhng cu hi sau: (i) C bng chng no cho thy rng c s co cm ca cc c nhn trong mu nghin cu, do c im t nhin ( gia nh, trng hc, lng xm) hoc chng ta to ra (ly mu kiu snowball) khng? Nu C, th gi nh v tnh c lp ca n v quan st c v khng tho mn v cn phi c cch tip cn khc v trong trng hp ny bn nn tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia thng k. Ch rng s co cm ca cc i tng quan st trong cng mt n v quan st l chp nhn c - iu ny sy ra trong cc nghin cu o lng lp li. Ch c cc n v quan st l phi c lp vi nhau. 4.8.2. Phn b chun Mt trong nhng gi nh cn phi tho mn khi phn tch cc bin ph thuc dng lin tc s dng gi tr trung bnh l phn b tn s ca bin c phi l phn b chun khng. Cu hi liu bin ph thuc c phn b tn s theo phn b chun hay khng c th c chuyn thnh Chng ta s s dng trung bnh hay trung v c lng gi tr thng k? Rt nhiu kim nh thng k yu cu gi nh ny phi c tho mn, n gin vic tnh ton, nhiu ngi s s dng gi tr trung bnh thay cho trung v trong vic c lng trung bnh. Gi tr trung bnh ch c th thay th cho gi tr trung v khi gi nh v phn b chun c tho mn. C nhng phn tch thng k s gip chng ta xc nh phn b tn s ca mu c l phn b chun hay khng. V d, kim nh Kolmogorov-Smirnov c bit n l mt kim nh tnh chun. Tuy nhin, vic kim tra mt phn b chun hon ho i khi khng cn thit v chng ta cng ch cn kim tra phn b c xp x phn b chun hay khng m thi. Nhng kim nh a ra trong bng 4.1 khng yu cu phi c phn b chun hon ho, ch cn xp x phn b chun. V th thut ton sau y nh gi
Comment [pvc1]: Complete up to here

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liu gi nh v phn b chun ca bin ph thuc c c tho mn hay khng s c dng nh gi tnh chun. 1. Tnh ton nhng gi tr sau t b s liu: Gi tr trung bnh, trung v, lch chun, gi tr cc i, cc tiu, skewness, kurtosis, v biu ct lin tc. Dng cc php tnh thng k tnh cc gi tr ny. Hy xem v d chng 3. 2. Nu bn c th tr li C cho tt c cc cu hi sau, bn c b s liu xp x phn b chun. i. Gi tr trung bnh c nm trong 10% gi tr trung v khng? ii. iii. iv. v. Gi tr trung bnh 3sd c xp x gi tr cc i v cc tiu trong b s liu khng? H s skewness c nm trong 3 khng? H s kurtosis c nm trong 3 khng? Biu ct lin tc c xut pht im thp, cao nht gia sau thp dn v pha xa (khng cn thit phi theo ng hnh chung) khng?

(i)

Ngoi ra, Nu ( v ch nu ) bin lin tc xut pht t gi tr 0 (y khng phi l gi tr ph nh), th lch chun c t hn gi tr trung bnh khng? Nu cu tr li l c cho tt c cc tiu chun trn th bin ny xp x phn b

chun. Khi mt bin lin tc tun theo phn b chun, bn c th tnh ton v gi tr trung tm v s phn tn ca bin theo trung bnh v lch chun. Nu khng phi l phn b chun bn khng th s dng s trung bnh nhng c th s dng gi tr trung v v cc tiu-cc i hoc nhng phn v khc m t s phn tn. S dng SPSS c nhng thng tin cn cho nh gi phn b chun Thc hin theo cc bc sau: 2. T thc n dc chn: Analyse/Descriptive Statistics/Frequencies 3. T danh sch bin, chn bin qol_bef (Cht lng chung ca cuc sng trc chn thng) v chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut ln biu tng 4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics, bn s thy hp thoi tng t nh hnh di y. nh du vo cc hp thng k bn cn mean, median, std. dev., skewness, kurtosis, minimum, maximum sau nhp chut vo Continue.

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5. Nhp chut vo nt Charts, chn Histogram, sau nhp chut vo Continue. 6. Nhp chut vo OK. Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s Window nh trong phn kt qu di y.
KT QU

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T kt qu ny bn c th thy rng gi tr trung bnh nm trong 10% trung v. Gi tr trung bnh 3sd tng ng l (58.0 3 x 7.69 = 35.0) v (58.0 + 3 x 7.69 = 81.0). Chng rt gn vi cc gi tr cc tiu 34 v cc i 85. H s skewness v kurtosis tt, chng nm trong khong chy t 3 and +3, biu ct lin tc gn ging hnh chung. V th gi nh v phn b chun c chp nhn. Gi tr trung bnh v lch chun s c s dng kt lun v bin ph thuc ny. 4.8.3. Tnh ng nht ca phng sai cc nhm so snh C kim nh tham s v phi tham s m t trong quyn sch ny ch c gi tr khi gi nh v s phn tn ca gi tr bin ph thuc gn ging nhau trong cc nhm so snh ngang. V th gi nh ny cn c kim nh khi bn quan tm n cc gi thuyt v cc bin ph thuc lin tc v bao hm t nht l hai nhm so snh. Bn s so snh phng sai ca cc nhm so snh, v th s cn a ra lch chun, s cc tiu v cc i ca bin ph thuc ring bit cho tng nhm. Nu s phn tn thng k gia cc nhm so snh gn nh nhau th c s ng nht ca phng sai. Mt s kim nh, nh kim nh mu c lp t, c sa i i ph vi vic khng tho mn gi nh ny xem phn 4.8 c thm thng tin. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc trng hp khc, nu bn khng th ch ra c tnh ng nht v phng sai gia cc nhm so snh bn khng th s dng mt cch c hiu qu hu ht cc kim nh tham s v phi tham s. i khi s dng phng php i bin chuyn i s liu ca cc nhm so snh c cc gi tr phng sai ng nht v trong nhng trng hp nh vy bn nn tham kho sch thng k hoc cc chuyn gia thng k. V hnh thc, gi nh ny c kim nh mt cch t ng khi bn s dng kim nh Levenes trc khi dng kim nh t khng ghp cp, nhng vi nhng kim nh thng k khc m khng c kim nh t ng bn c th s dng kim nh F cho phng sai ca hai nhm. Kim nh F dng kim nh cc gi thuyt m t s http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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ca cc phng sai l 1 (khng c s khc nhau). Tham kho thng k sinh y t I c thm thng tin v kim nh F. Khng ging nh gi nh v phn b chun phn 4.5.1.2, gi nh m ch cn phn b xp x chun, tnh ng nht ca phng sai gia cc nhm so snh rt quan trng. Cc kim nh thc hin rt nhy cm vi vic khng tho mn gi nh ny, bn c th c nhng kt lun sai lm khi phn tch nu bn vi phm gi nh ny. S dng SPSS nh gi tnh ng nht ca phng sai Gi nh bn ngh n gi thuyt rng gi tr trung bnh im QoL khc nhau theo loi phng tin giao thng c lin quan n chn thng. Bn c 5 nhm phng tin giao thng: xe t, xe p, xe my, ngi i b, v loi phng tin khc. Trc ht bn cn a ra cc gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca im QoL trong tng nhm phng tin. lm c iu ny thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse Reports Case Summaries 2. T danh sch bin, nhp chut vo bin qol_bef (cht lng chung ca cuc sng trc khi chn thng) v chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng 3. T danh sch bin, chn nhm bin, v d chn nhm education, trantype, v chuyn vo hp nhm bin bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng 4. Kch chut vo Display cases, SPSS nh du mc nh, chuyn bin nh du vo hp

5. Nhp chut vo nt Statistics, chuyn la chn Mean v Variance vo hp Cell Statistics kch vo Continue/OK. Mn hnh s tng t nh hnh di y:

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Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s nh qu di y.


Case Summaries General quality of life before injury Type of transportation in N motorised vehicle 68 Bicycle 325 Motorised bike 885 Pedestrian 165 Other 67 Total 1510

Mean 59.0882 57.8769 58.2169 58.0909 57.0448 58.1172

Variance 66.470 62.880 60.014 56.912 51.498 60.159

Chng ta c th thy rng phng sai ca cc loi l gn ging nhau. T s thng k F c tnh ton v trnh by r rng hn mt cht. Khng c t sut no c ngha thng k vi mc p < 0.05. Xe t so snh vi xe p = 66.5/62.9 = 1.06 Xe my = 66.5/60.0 = 1.10 Ngi i b = 66.5/56.9 = 1.17 Loi khc = 66.5/51.5 = 1.29 Xe p so snh vi xe my = 62.9/60.0 = 1.05 Ngi i b = 62.9/56.9 = 1.11 Loi khc = 62.9/51.5 = 1.22 Xe my so snh vi ngi i b = 60.0/56.9 = 1.05 Loi khc = 60.0/51.5 = 1.17 Ngi i b so snh vi loi khc http://www.ebook.edu.vn = 56.9/51.5 = 1.10
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Tng t nh cc kim nh thng k thng thng cho tnh chun, kim nh F cng chu nh hng ca c mu, thm ch i khi vi t sut tng i nh (di 1.5) cng c th c ngha thng k. Ch cn gi tr thng k F l 1.5 hoc nh hn, bn cng c th cho l gi nh v tnh ng nht ca phng sai c tho mn. 4.8.4. Cng tuyn Khi s dng kim nh thng k nh lng v mnh ca mi lin quan gia hai bin, s c ln chng ta gp phi hai bin c mi lin quan rt cht ch n ni t gi tr ca bin ny chng ta c th bit c gi tr ca bin kia. V d, s ngy ma v s ngy nng trong mt thng c th dng d on cho nhng thng khc. Rt him khi thy nng khi tri ang ma, v vy tng quan gia nng v ma l mt tng quan nghch rt mnh. Khi cc mi tng quan gia hai bin mnh n mc 0.9 hoc cao hn na bn nn xem xt xem liu hai bin ny trn thc t c cng lng gi cho mt hin tng khng. Nu chng cng lng gi cho mt hin tng th chng ta sai khi a chng vo cng mt phn tch thng k. Nu chng ta c phn tch chng th ta s mc phi mt vn l s cng tuyn trong vic phn tch. kim tra s cng tuyn, chng ta cn tnh ton mi tng quan gia hai bin m ta nghi ng. Nu h s tng quan l 0.9 hoc cao hn, khng c tip tc dng c hai bin trong phn tch ca bn. Hy chn mt trong hai bin , thng chn bin d dng lng gi hn v tin hnh phn tch ch vi mt bin ny. Lu rng vi nhng nghin cu o lng nhc li, bn s c nhng tng quan cao hn gia nhng o lng nhc li ca cng mt bin c mt ngi o rt nhiu ln. Nhng tng quan ny tng i c chp nhn trong nghin cu o lng nhc li. S dng SPSS nh gi tnh a tuyn tnh Gi s rng bn ang nghi ng v kh nng c s cng tuyn gia tui v trnh hc vn (trnh hc vn thng c tnh da vo s nm hc trng, tuy nhin cng c th o lng bin ny bng mt n v khc v d l thi gian). Bn cn phi ch ra mi tng quan ca tui v trnh hc vn. Tui l mt bin lin tc v trnh hc vn l bin th hng vi cc gi tr nh Tr nh/m ch, Cp 1, Cp 2, Cp 3. H s tng quan Spearmans l h s tng quan thch hp cho cc dng bin loi ny (xem module 3). thc hin c iu ny trong chng trnh SPSS bn cn thc hin theo nhng bc sau. 1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse Correlate Bivariate 2. T danh sch bin, chn bin ageround (tui) v edgrp (trnh hc vn) v chuyn vo hp bin bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng 3. Nhp chut vo Pearsons correlation ri chuyn bng cch nh du (SPSS chn mc nh nhng gi tr ny khng ph hp), nhp chut ln Spearman chn dng tng quan s c tnh.

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4. Nhp chut vo OK hon thnh lnh. Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s di y :


Correlations age (rounded) 1.000 . 1721 .228** .000 1702 Education grouped .228** .000 1702 1.000 . 1702

Spearman's rho

age (rounded)

Education - grouped

Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N

**. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).

Trong trng hp ny, mc d c mi tng quan va phi gia tui v trnh hc vn nhng hai bin ny r rng dng lng gi nhng c im khc nhau. Trong khi nhng ngi tr nht nh tr em thng c trnh hc vn thp v s nm n trng tng tng ng vi tui mt vi ngi trong qun th, trng hp cng tuyn v mi tng quan cht ch sy ra khi cc c hi hc tp l ging nhau i vi tt c mi ngi trong qun th. Trn thc t li khng nh vy, mt s ngi gi khng c trnh hc vn cao nh nhng ngi khc, v th khng th c c mi tng quan cht ch. V h s tng quan nh hn 0.9, s cng tuyn tnh khng phi l mt vn khi chng ta a hai bin ny vo trong cng mt phn tch. 4.8.5. Gi tr k vng ln Khi xem xt mi lin quan gia cc bin phn loi, cc bng ngang biu din kt qu ca tn s v t l v thng c phn tch vi vi dng ca kim nh 2 (xem http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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phn 4.6.13). Cc kim nh 2 tnh ton cc gi tr k vng trong bng vi gi nh l gi thuyt khng (Ho) ng, cc gi tr k vng cn c s dng c lng v l s liu tnh ton gi tr thng k. Mi kim nh 2 u gi nh l gi tr k vng ca cc phi t 5 tr ln. Lu , gi nh yu cu l cc gi tr k vng ln hn 5 ch khng phi l cc gi tr quan st. Cc gi tr quan st ca bn c th rt thp thm ch bng 0. Khi bn s dng SPSS tnh ton kim nh 2, chng trnh cng c th a ra gi tr k vng trong kt qu. Tr khi bn yu cu a ra cc gi tr k vng, SPSS s ch in phn di kt qu kim nh 2 nhng thng tin cho bn bit c bao nhiu khng tho mn iu kin v gi tr k vng di 5.0. Dng tin ny xut hin trong hu ht cc phn kt qu ca kim nh 2, v khi gi nh khng tho mn bn khng th dng kim nh ny. Nu trng hp xy ra bn cn phi xem xt vic gp cc gi tr phn loi lin k ca mt bin hoc c hai, nhng ch nn thc hin khi vic gp ny c ngha vi mi lin quan m bn ang tm hiu. Sau khi gp cc gi tr phn loi bn thc hin li kim nh 2 v xem xt xem gi nh c tho mn cha. i khi bn gp rt nhiu cc gi tr phn loi nhng gi nh v tn s k vng vn khng th tho mn. Nu tn s k vng trong bng nh nht l 2.0 hoc ln hn, bn c th gii thch kt qu phn tch tuy nhin nn cp n vic ny. Nu tn s k vng di 2.0, bn khng th s dng kt qu phn tch v ch c th dng cc thng k m t phin gii s liu ny. S dng SPSS nh gi ln ca gi tr k vng Gi s rng bn ang tm hiu mi lin quan gia s lng v tr chn thng v nn nhn i b khi b chn thng. Bn thc hin mt kim nh 2 kim nh gi thuyt ny. Gi nh v gi tr k vng ln c kim nh sau khi bn tin hnh kim nh 2 v thng tin ny c trnh by trong phn kt qu. Bn thc hin theo cc bc sau 1. T thc n dc chn: Analyse Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs 2. T danh sch bin, chn bin pedestrn (ngi i b) v chuyn vo hp Row(s) bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng 3. T danh sch bin, chn bin sitesg (s lng v tr chn thng) v chuyn vo hp Column(s) bng cch nhp chut vo biu tng

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4. Nhp chut ln nt Statistics v chn Chi Square .

5. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh, kch vo nt Cells. SPSS sn sng chn Observed. Bn phi chn Expected, v Column a ra bng gi tr k vng v t l theo ct

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6. Nhp chut ln Continue tr v mn hnh chnh. 7. Cui cng nhp chut ln nt OK kt thc lnh.

Kt qu s xut hin ring r trong ca s Window nh trong phn kt qu di y.


Was victim a pedestrian? * Number of sites injured - grouped Crosstabulation Number of sites injured - grouped 1 2 3+ 43 992 253 69 40.0 1002.8 250.0 64.1 88.0% 135 124.2 12.0% 1127 1127.0 100.0% 90.0% 28 31.0 10.0% 281 281.0 100.0% 95.8% 3 7.9 4.2% 72 72.0 100.0%

0 Was victim a pedestrian? No Count Expected Count % within Number of sites injured - grouped Count Expected Count % within Number of sites injured - grouped Count Expected Count % within Number of sites injured - grouped

Total 1357 1357.0 89.0% 168 168.0 11.0% 1525 1525.0 100.0%

95.6% 2 5.0 4.4% 45 45.0 100.0%

Yes

Total

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Chi-Square Tests Value 6.811a 8.262 1.909 1525 df 3 3 1 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .078 .041 .167

Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases

a. 1 cells (12.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.96.

Tn s quan st nh nht l 2. Tn s k vng nh nht l 4.96 theo nh thng tin cui cng trn. iu ny cho thy gi nh v tn s k vng t 5.0 tr ln gn nh tho mn. Kim nh 2 c th c gi tr s dng trong trng hp ny. 4.8.5. Kt lun Nh bn thy, vic la chn phn tch thng k ph thuc vo rt nhiu cc hiu bit chi tit v cu hi nghin cu, thit k nghin cu. Mt khi bn c mt tng r rng v nhng g s cn trong bn bo co cui cng bn mi c th xy dng k hoch cho phn tch s liu. Cng nh vic chun b cho nhiu vic, dnh nhiu thi gian cho vic lp k hoch phn tch t khi mi bt u nghin cu s tit kim rt nhiu thi gian cho bn khi phn tch sau ny.

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CHNG 5: TNH C MU
5.1. Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong bi ny hc vin c kh nng: 1. 2. 3. Hiu c cch tip cn thng thng tnh ton c mu cn thit cho mt cu hi nghin cu. Hiu c nhng khi nim thit k nghin cu lm c s cn thit cho vic tnh ton c mu. Vit c cch tnh c mu cho mt cng hoc bo co nghin cu.

5.2. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh tin cy ca kt qu


5.2.1. ngha thng k v ngha ng cnh Ngoi vic tng ti a kh nng cu hi nghin cu s c tr li mt cch khng c sai s, mt mc ch chnh khc ca vic thit k nghin cu l m bo khng lng ph ngun lc. Kha cnh ny c th da vo s lng mu trong nghin cu. Tht v ch khi mu nghin cu l 1000 trong khi ch cn 100 l v tng t nghin cu c th l khng c gi tr nu mu nghin cu ch l 10 ngi trong khi phi cn ti 100 ngi. Lm th no c th xc nh c mu l bao nhiu th ? Thc ra, ngha ca t l g? Mu nghin cu l khi kt qu nghin cu l ng tin cy v c chp nhn. iu c ngha l nu kt qu a ra c th ch c s khc nhau gia hai nhm th chng ta cn chc chn rng vic gii thch ny khng ging nh b nh hng n ca nhng dao ng khi lng gi. Chng ta mong mun trnh c kt qu dng tnh hoc m tnh gi. Thng thng, mt kt qu s khng c cn nhc v a vo trong bo co tr khi kt qu so snh t ti c ngha thng k, p < 0.05. Chng ta thng lm nghin cu v tm ra mt s khc nhau m li khng c ngha hoc iu tri ngc, chng ta c th tm thy mt kt qu khc nhau c ngha thng k nhng khng c ngha trong thc t. iu ny c th l nh, s khc nhau khng c ngha thng k ca mt can thip trn thc t c th c ngha y t cng cng ln nu s thay i nh tc ng n ton b qun th . Ngc li, mt can thip c th dn n mt s khc bit ln c ngha thng k cao nhng li khng thch hp nu n ch c th p dng cho mt s t ngi trong qun th. Gii thch v phn tch thng k nn da ch yu trn ngha ng cnh, khng phi trn ngha thng k. iu ny thng khng c trnh by r trong cc sch thng k. Gi tr p c th ch c s dng tuyn b v ngha trong khi thit k nghin cu bao gm c tnh ton c mu cho mt gi thuyt c kim nh. Trong phm vi c mu, mt kt lun m tnh gi l do c mu qu nh, v mt kt lun dng tnh gi l do c mu qu ln (nn nh rng cn c cc nguyn nhn khc trong thit k, nh sai s chn v sai s o lng cng c th l nguyn nhn dn n kt lun nghin cu sai).

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Qu trnh tnh ton c mu cho mt cng trnh nghin cu l chc chn rng chng ta t c c mu ln da trn chng ta a ra kt lun v vn y t cng cng, chng ta cng a ra nhng phin gii khc v s khc bit l c ngha thng k hay khng. iu u tin ca bt k mt tnh ton c mu no cng l nhng trnh by v kt qu ca nghin cu ny c tm quan trng nh th no i vi sc kho cng ng. V d, chng ta hy vng rng chin dch tuyn truyn tng cng sc kho s tng nhn thc v chin lc phng chng HIV/AIDS ln 20% hoc hn na. Nu s ci thin ch l 12%, n khng n tng tin hnh chin dch ny mt cch thng xuyn, s thay i ny khng ln vi nhng chi ph ngun lc b ra. V th mc ch ca chng ta l phi thit k nghin cu vi c mu ln c th pht hin s ci thin tng 20% hoc hn na c ngha thng k. Chng ta s khng quan tm nhng s khc bit nh hn 20% m khng c ngha thng k. 5.2.2. S bin thin trong o lng S bin thin trong o lng l kt qu ca cc bin thin c th v tng nhm nu chng ta so snh cc nhm. Vi s xut hin ca s bin thin ln trong o lng gia cc c th, n s kh pht hin nhng s khc bit nh. t hai khi nim trn (s khc bit ti thiu c th tm ra v s bin thin) vo vi v d v cht lng cuc sng trong b s liu nghin cu ca chng ta, ta c th c gi thuyt rng im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng l khc nhau gia nhm nn nhn c thu nhp thp v nhm c thu nhp khng thp. S khc bit trung bnh l 5 hoc cao hn l mi quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu. Hy n gin ho v d ny, gi nh rng ly mu gm 10 ngi trong mi nhm thu nhp (thp v khng thp). S khc bit l 5 rt d dng nhn ra trong vic so snh tp hp th nht v tp hp th 2 ca cc kt qu: im cht lng cuc sng ca 10 ngi trong hai nhm thu nhp Thu nhp thp: Thu nhp khng thp 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 40 41 36 36 38 39 39 40 42 44 45 46

im cht lng cuc sng khng thay i nhiu (chy trong khong 10 im) v s khc bit trung bnh 5 l thuyt phc mc d hai nhm c s chng cho vn c s thay i r rng, im cht lng cuc sng nhm thu nhp khng thp cao hn nhm thu nhp thp So snh vi mt v d m s khc bit c lng gi cao hn. im cht lng cuc sng ca 10 ngi trong hai nhm thu nhp Thu nhp thp: Thu nhp khng thp: 31 32 34 38 40 41 46 48 49 51 35 36 41 43 46 46 48 52 53 55

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Trong trng hp ny, s khc bit trung bnh vn l 5, nhng kt qu khng oc chp nhn v s khc nhau qu ln ca cc c th trong nhm (chy trong khong 20) v s chng cho gia hai nhm cng ln. a ra s khc bit, mt c mu ln hn l cn thit tm ra s khc nhau ng tin cy khi s khc bit tnh c cao hn. Xem xt v d v nhm 20 ngi im cht lng cuc sng ca 20 ngi trong hai nhm thu nhp Thu nhp thp: 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 38 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 48 49 50 51 Thu nhp khng thp: 39 41 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 55 56 Vi c mu ln hn, chng ta tin tng hn rng s khc nhau gia hai nhm l tht s; s thay i gi tr cht lng cuc sng cao hn l nht qun hn v c da trn s lng nhiu hn. Vi thng k m t, chng ta thng mun a ra khong tin cy cho chnh xc ca cc c lng thng k (trung bnh, t l, t sut chnh...). S khc bit cng ln, c mu s cng phi ln a ra s trung bnh nh nhau vi chnh xc nh nhau. 5.2.3 Sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II K c khi c s khc nhau tht s tn ti trong hai mu i tng, chng ta vn c thm mt vn na nh hng n tin cy ca cc kt qu. iu ny lin quan n vic cc i tng trong mu m chng ta chn c i din cho ton b qun th hay khng. Nu hai nhm i din c cho cc qun th ca chng th s khc bit trn c th s c lp li (nu chng ta chn lp li nhiu ln th s khc bit vn s tn ti). Nu hai nhm ny khng i din cho qun th, s khc bit trn c hoc khng th phn nh ng s khc bit tht s trong hai qun th. V chng ta thng khng lp li nghin cu, nn chng ta khng bit rng cc kt qu nghin cu ca chng ta c phn nh chnh xc s tht hay l c mc phi sai lm. C hai loi sai lm khi phin gii kt qu chng ta c th mc; sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II. Khi nim v sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II l tng ng vi khi nim kt qu dng tnh gi v m tnh gi trong kim nh lm sng. S thc (qun th) Cc nhm khc nhau Cc nhm nh nhau (dng tnh gi) (m tnh gi)

Mu Cc nhm khc nhau Cc nhm nh nhau

Nu chng ta a kt lun c s khc bit trong mu nghin cu v qun th m mu i din cng c s khc bit ny, chng ta khng c sai lm trong kt lun.
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Nu chng ta ni rng khng c s khc bit trong mu nghin cu v qun th m mu i din cng khng c s khc bit, chng ta cng khng c sai lm trong kt lun. Nu chng ta a ra s khc bit trong mu nghin cu nhng thc t qun th m mu i din li khng c s khc bit ny, chng ta phm phi sai lm loi I Nu chng ta ni rng khng c s khc bit trong mu nghin cu, nhng trn thc t qun th m mu i din li c s khc bit, chng ta a phm phi sai lm loi II.

Sai lm loi I thng c cho l nghim trng hn sai lm loi II. V khi chng ta ni rng c s khc bit nhng trn thc t kt lun ca chng ta c a ra t mt mu ti cn t hi hn l a ra kt lun l khng c s khc bit. Kt lun ny v bng pha trn c th c a vo phn kim nh gi thuyt: H0: Thi gian hon thnh trung bnh gia hai nhm l nh nhau. H1: Thi gian hon thnh trung bnh l khc nhau gia hai nhm. Qun th Mu H1 H0 ( Sai lm loi II) H1 H0 (Sai lm loi I)

Lc ca kim nh l phn b ca sai lm loi II. Nu sai lm loi II l 10%, lc kim nh l 90%. 5.2.4. Cc mi quan h tng h Mt c mu c coi l c th nh hn 10 ngi hoc ln hn 100000 ngi. C mu ph thuc vo mc ch ca phn tch thng k l m t hay suy lun, nu l suy lun th gi thuyt thng k c kim nh, v s khc nhau ti thiu c th nhn thy l mi quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu, o lng ca bin ph thuc v phng sai. C mu tng khi: chnh xc yu cu ca c lng tng. S khc nhau ti thiu c th nhn thy gim. lch chun tng Sai lm loi I hoc sai lm loi II gim lng gi tr nn tinh vi hn (t lin tc tr thnh nh thc)

5.3. Nhng iu kin cn thit tnh c mu


Nhng gi trn y gip cho bn nm c cc cu phn cn thit cho vic tnh c mu. Tuy nhin chng ta cng c nhng cng thc gip bn c lng c mu cn thit cn bng c 3 yu t c th tc ng n tin cy ca kt qu nghin cu. Trc khi bn s dng mt trong nhng cng thc bn cn phi xc nh r nghin cu ca bn thuc loi nghin cu m t hay nghin cu phn tch. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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Nu mc ch ca bn l nghin cu m t, bn s quan tm n nhng kt qu c s chnh xc mc cao, v mc ch ca tnh ton c mu chc chn rng c mu ca bn a ra nhng kt qu ny. Tt c nhng g bn cn lm l a ra mc chnh xc cho cc tnh ton. Tuy nhin, nu mc ch ca bn l kim nh gi thuyt (thng k suy lun) bn s phi xc nh cc yu t sau trc khi tnh ton c mu: (i) c tng no v o lng bin thin ( lch chun) ca bin ph thuc khng, (ii) c kh nng tm ra s khc bit nh nht gia hai nhm so snh, (iii) nu r mc ca sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II m bn chp nhn trong nghin cu ca mnh. Hu ht cc nh nghin cu cho php 5% sai lm loi I (bn cng cn ch r bn mun kim nh mt pha hay hai pha), v 10 % sai lm loi II. iu ny c ngha rng bn c sn mt vi tng v kt qu nghin cu ngay c khi bn cha thc hin nghin cu! Thng thng trong nhng ti liu c sn hoc tin hnh nghin cu th im s cung cp cho bn mt s thng tin v lch chun. Khng ai c th a ra c chun xc nh s khc bit nh nht m bn mun tm ra v iu ny ph thuc vo tng nghin cu. Kim nh thng k bn chn phn tch ph thuc vo kiu ca bin ph thuc v hnh thc so snh (chng 4), vic la chn cng thc tnh c mu cng ph thuc cc yu t trn. Trn thc t, cng thc tnh c mu da trn s bin i ton hc ca cng thc kim nh thng k m chng c s dng trong sch ny. C nhng cng thc khc nhau da trn dng bin ph thuc khc nhau (bin lin tc biu th bng s trung bnh, bin phn loi biu th bng t l). Cng c nhng cng thc tnh c mu khc nhau ph thuc vo loi thit k nghin cu (v d nghin cu ct ngang, nghin cu o lng nhc li, so snh trc sau....). Chng ny cp n vic tnh ton c mu s dng chng trnh phn mm cho cc thit k nghin cu thc nghim v nghin cu s dng phng php thu thp mu ngu nhin n. Loi thit k ny rt him khi c p dng trong nghin cu y t cng cng ni m cc nghin cu quan st v ly mu cm thng hay c s dng hn. Bt k mt thit k nghin cu phc tp no ( v d mu cm, mu phn tng, thiu tnh ngu nhin) nn c lng tng c mu v c cp tm tt trong phn 5.4.2.2.

5.4. Tnh c mu
C mu cho rt nhiu loi thit k nghin cu v kim nh gi thuyt c th c tnh trong phn mm SSize, y l mt phn mm min ph do T chc y t Th gii pht trin. Phn mm ny cho php tnh ton c mu cho rt nhiu loi thit k nghin cu v cc loi gi thuyt khc nhau. cung cp cho bn cch s dng phn mm ny chng ti a ra 5 v d di y, hai v d da trn thng k m t v 3 v d da trn thng k suy lun; mt v d cho gi thuyt v nghin cu o lng lp li (trung bnh ghp cp), mt so snh gia hai trung bnh ca hai nhm khc nhau, v mt l so snh hai t l. Nhng v d ny phn nh nhng cu hi t b s liu v chn thng, nhng hy gi nh rng b s liu ny cha c thu thp.

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Cng vi vic cho bn kt qu c mu tnh ton c, phn mm cng cung cp cho bn cc cng thc tnh ton c dng. 5.4.1. Nhng v d v s dng SSize 1. Vo SSize v bn s thy mt mn hnh nh sau.

Nh bn thy, c rt nhiu kh nng tnh ton chn la, v ch c mt phn ca cc la chn ny c trnh by tip trong cc mn hnh tip theo.

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c th chn c ng cch tnh ton ph hp bn cn phi hiu r v k hoch phn tch ca bn. Nu bn khng th vit c nhng m t chi tit hoc nhng gi thuyt khoa hc cho cu hi nghin cu ca bn th bn s khng th la chn c cch tnh ton ph hp gia rt nhiu la chn trn. Hy xem chng 3 v pht trin k hoch phn tch. Vi cc v d, hy gi nh rng nghin cu NTIS (National Tranpsportation Injury Survey) vn giai on thit k, v cc nh nghin cu mun dm bo tnh tin cy ca thng k m t, v c mu ph hp cho kim nh ba gi thuyt nghin cu
5.4.1.1 tin cy ca mt c lng trung bnh

Gi thuyt 4 chng 3 quan tm n c lng v cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng. Thng k m t c a ra cho bin ny bao gm c khong tin cy phn nh tin cy ca c lng trung bnh. H0:im trung bnh QoL trc chn thng tng t nh qun th chung, l 50. Da trn cc ti liu c sn v cng c lng gi cht lng cuc sng cho thy mt qun th c trng c im QoL trung bnh l 50 v lch chun l 10. Cc nh nghin cu kim nh v xc nh rng im cht lng cuc sng l phn b chun (xem phn 4.8). Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo rng c lng im trung bnh ca cht lng cuc sng t nghin cu NTIS c tin cy l +5 im (iu ny c ngha l im trung bnh ca qun th nm trong khong tin cy 95% khng ln hn +5). Theo phn 5.3 trn, h mong mun c lng trung bnh qun th l 50 vi lch chun l 10 v tin cy l +5. tnh c mu cn thit ta lm nh sau: 1. T thc n trn mn hnh 5.5.1, chn 7.1, nhp chut ln Estimate. Mn hnh tip theo s hin th vi cc hp trng tr hp 1-. tin cy ca 95% y l qui c v gi nh. Bn c th thay i nu cn thit.

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2. a 5 vo tin cy tuyt i (Absolute precision required - d), tng ng vi tin cy tng i l 10%, ( = 0.1 = 5/50). Sau khi cc s liu thch hp c a vo hp c mu se c tnh t ng.

3. Phin bn SSize a ra v d khng t ng tnh c mu, n. Tuy nhin n a ra cng thc tnh v chng ta c th tnh ton bng tay, n= (1.962 x 100)/25 = 16.
5.4.1.2 tin cy ca c lng t l

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Gi thuyt 14 trong chng 3 quan tm n c lng t l ton b qun th chn thng giao thng c cc chn thng u/chn thng ct sng, c c lng khong 37% da vo cc nghin cu trc. Cc thng k m t c d tnh dng m t bin ny bao gm khong tin cy phn nh tin cy ca c lng t l. tin cy tuyt i yu cu l 10% v tng ng vi tin cy tng i l 10/37 = 27%. H0:T l chn thng u v ct sng l 37%. xc nh c mu, dng cng thc tin cy tuyt i. 1. T mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 1.1, nhp chut ln nt Estimate . Xut hin mt mn hnh vi nhng hp cn trng tr hp 1- box. Nhp nhng s ph hp.

2.

Nhp 0.37 cho t l P c lng trc ca qun th, v 0.10 cho d, tin cy tuyt i yu cu.

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3. C mu cn thit cho tin cy ny l 90 ngi. xc nh c mu cn thit, s dng cng thc tin cy tng i: 1. T mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 1.2, nhp chut ln nt Estimate. Hin th mt mn hnh vi nhng cn trng tr 1-. Nhp cc s liu nh di y.

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2.

Nhp 0.37 cho t l c lng P ca qun th, v 0.27 cho , tin cy tng i cn thit. C mu cn thit t tin cy ny l chnh xc nh tnh ton trn vi tin cy tuyt i l 10%.

5.4.1.3 So snh hai trung bnh gia hai nhm

Gi thuyt 5 trong chng 3 c lin quan n vic so snh trung bnh gia hai nhm, kim nh gi thuyt ny l kim nh rng khng c s khc bit v im cht lng cuc sng trc chn thng gia hai nhm nam v n. H 0: im trung bnh cht lng cuc sng ca hai nhm nam v n l nh nhau.

Trong phm vi nghin cu ny, c gi nh rng im cht lng cuc sng l phn b chun (da trn cng c l cc ti liu m t ca mt nghin cu) v phn b ny trong qun th chung c trung bnh l 50 v lch chun l 10. Trong phn thit k nghin cu, cc nh nghin cu khng bit rng cc qun th s dng loi phng tin khc nhau khi chn thng c phn b nh nhau hay khng, nhng dng nh gi nh ny c v xc thc. Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo rng h c ngun lc tng xng tm ra s khc nhau c ngha thng k v im cht lng cuc sng l 5 hoc cao hn gia hai gii nam v n. Trong k hoch nghin cu ca h quyt nh gi thuyt ny s c kim nh bng kim nh t khng ghp cp nu s khc nhau trung bnh gia nam v n bng 0 (iu ny xy ra khi gi thuyt H0 l ng). V vy, da trn bng kim 5.4 cho tnh c mu, h cn (i) (ii) Lng gi phng sai im cht lng cuc sng ca nam hoc niu ny c gi nh l phn nh lch chun qun th l 10. S khc nhau nh nht m chng ta quan tm - s khc nhau l 5 im gia nam v n c coi l s khc nhau ti thiu c th tm ra. Nn nh rng kim nh so snh s khc nhau gia hai s trung bnh s tnh ton s khc bit gia 2 trung bnh v so snh n vi gi tr 0. Mc sai lm loi I c th mc phi thng c xc nh l 5%. l kim nh hai pha v vic gim gi tr trong bt k nhm nam v n u c quan tm. Sai lm loi II oc xc nh l 10%, lc kim nh l 90%.

(iii)

xc nh c mu cn thit cho gi thuyt ny chng ta lm nh sau: 1. T thc n nh mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 7.4b, nhp chut ln nt Estimate. Hin th mn hnh nh sau

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2.

a gi tr lch chun qun th l 10 vo, gi tr kim nh ca trung bnh qun th l 0, v trung bnh qun th d o, chnh l s khc nhau mong i gia trung hai nhm so snh (bng 5). SSize s t ng tnh phng sai qun th v c mu.

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3.

C mu cn thit cho tng nhm l 85 ngi tm ra s khc nhau gia nam v n v im cht lng cuc sng l 5 hoc cao hn v lc kim nh l 90%.

5.4.1.4 So snh t l gia hai nhm

Gi thuyt 15 trong chng 3 cp n vic so snh hai t l ca hai nhm, kim nh gi thuyt ny l khng c s khc nhau gia t l chn thng u/ct sng gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng khc khi b chn thng. H 0: So vi nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng khi b chn thng th nhng ngi i b c t l chn thng u/ct sng l tng t hoc thp hn.

Trong phn thit k ca nghin cu, cc nh nghin cu bit t nhng nghin cu chn thng trc l c khong 35% nhng ngi b chn thng c tn thng u/ct sng nu h s dng phng tin giao thng. Nhng h khng bit t l ny c khc nhau gia nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi s dng phng tin hay khng. Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo mu c lc pht hin ra s khc nhau gia cc t l ny l 5% hoc cao hn (s khc nhau tuyt i 35% so vi 40%). iu ny tng ng vi s khc nhau tng i l (5/35). Trong k hoch phn tch h quyt nh kim nh gi thuyt bng kim nh 2 m s kim nh xem t l chung cho tt c qun th c s dng cho tng nhm i tng chn thng i b v s dng phng tin khng. V vy, da trn bng kim 5.4 cho tnh c mu, h cn : (i) (ii) Lng gi phng sai l khng cn thit v y l so snh hai t l ch khng phi hai s trung bnh. S khc bit nh nht - mt s khc bit 5% (tuyt i) gia chn thng ca ngi i b v ngi s dng phng tin c coi l s khc nhau ti thiu c th tm thy. Nu t l chn thng u/ct sng trong s cc i tng chn thng i xe l 35% th c ngha chng ta mong i t l ny nhm ngi i b t nht l 40%. Mc sai lm loi I c th mc phi thng c xc nh l 5%. l kim nh mt pha v cc nh nghin cu ch quan tm n t l chn thng u/ct sng ngi i b c cao hn khng. Sai lm loi II c xc nh l 10%, lc kim nh l 90%.

(iv)

Xc nh c mu cn thit cho gi thuyt ny: 1. T mn hnh trong phn 5.5.1, chn 2.2a, nhp chut ln nt Estimate. Hin th mt mn hnh nh sau

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2.

Xc nh P1 l t l chn thng u/ct sng ca nhm s dng phng tin, v th a 0.35 vo P1. P2 l t l t l chn thng u/ct sng ca ngi i b, a 0.4 vo P2.

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3. C mu cn thit cho tng nhm l 1604 tm ra s khc nhau v t l chn thng u/ct sng gia hai nhm i b v i xe l 5% hoc cao hn vi lc kim nh l 90%. Trn thc t vi trn 1700 ngi, nghin cu NTIS khng tm ra s khc bit c ngha thng k gia hai nhm ny.
5.4.1.5. o lng nhc li trong cng mt n v - Gi tr trung bnh

Gi thuyt 8 trong phn 3 cp n kim nh t ghp cp, kim nh gi thuyt m khng c s thay i trong im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng vi trc chn thng. H0: im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng giao thng l cao hn hoc khng thay i so vi trc chn thng. Cc nh nghin cu mun m bo rng c lc tm ra s thay i c ngha thng k v im cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng l 5 hoc cao hn so vi trc chn thng. Trong k hoch phn tch h quyt nh gi thuyt ny s c kim nh bng tnh ton mt bin mi, s thay i ca im (trc - sau chn thng), v th h s dng kim nh t ghp cp kim tra xem im thay i trung bnh ca cht lng cuc sng c bng 0 khng (iu ny c ngha l gi thuyt H0 l ng). V th da trn bng kim 5.4 cho tnh ton c mu, h cn: (iii) Lng ga phng sai ca mc im thay i- iu ny KHNG GING nh lng gi phng sai ca im cht lng cuc sng
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trc chn thng hay sau chn thng (im thay i l mt bin khc). Cc nh nghin cu cn c vi tng v lch chun ca im thay i l th no. iu ny thng rt kh d on, v thng phi da trn cc ti liu nghin cu c sn. Trong trng hp nghin cu NTIS, do khng tm c cc nghin cu/ti liu gip h quyt nh gi tr ny, v v khng c thi gian thc hin mt nghin cu th im nn h a ra mt gi nh l khng c mt c nhn no trong qun th m s thay i li ln hn 20 im thm ch ngay c trong trng hp chn thng trm trng nht. S dng gi nh ny im thay i s chy t -20 n +20 v c phn b chun, lch chun ca im thay i c c lng chia cho 6 (40/6) = 6.71 (iv) (v) S khc nhau nh nht c quan tm - im thay i c th tm ra l 5 im. Mc sai lm loi I c th mc phi thng c xc nh l 5%. l kim nh mt pha v cc nh nghin cu ch quan tm n s thy i l lm gim cht lng cuc sng. Sai lm loi II oc xc nh l 10%, lc kim nh l 90%.

Xc nh c mu cn thit cho gi thuyt ny nh sau: 1. T mn hnh trong phn, chn 7.2a, nhp chut vo nt Estimate. Hin th mt mn hnh nh sau.

1 Vi gi nh l phn b chun, do s c gn nh ton b cc gi tr quan st s nm trong khong TB+3SD, vy khong t gi tr b nht ti ln nht s l 6 lch chun.

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2.

Nhp s trung bnh qun th c lng trc (s khc nhau ti thiu mong i c th tm ra) l 5, gi tr kim nh, l 0, v lch chun qun th l 6.7.

3.

Cc khc s c in (phng sai v c mu). C mu cn thit l 16 ngi tm ra s thay i im cht lng cuc sng (trc- sau chn thng) l 5 im.

Hy nh rng chn lch chun l 6.7 ch l s suy on. Tng lch chun ln 10.0 c mu s tng ln 35. V th vi nhng gi thuyt c bit nh trong nghin cu NTIS th cn mt ngun lc ln hn. 5.4.2. nh hng ca thit k nghin cu n c mu Nhng s la chn bn c th tm ra s khc nhau nh nht, lch chun, sai lm loi I v sai lm loi II s tc ng rt ln n c mu cui cng. Tuy nhin bn cn nh rng, c mu th hin s lng ngi m bn cn thit phi thu thp s liu c, trn thc t khng phi lc no i tng iu tra cng sn sng tr li cc cu hi hoc bn s theo di c i tng trong sut thi gian nghin cu. V vy khi tnh c mu bn cng nn tnh m n c nhng trng hp i tng khng p ng v t l i tng b cuc. Vi nhng cch chn mu phc tp nh mu cm v nhu cu iu chnh cc yu t nhiu trong phn tch thng k mc cao hn cng s yu cu c mu ln hn nhng nghin cu thc nghim hoc chn mu ngu nhin n. Nhng nh hng ca thit k nghin cu c trnh by tm tt di y.
5.4.2.1 Tc dng ca ng cong lc mu.

Nu bn ang xy dng k hoch thc hin mt nghin cu, bn cn chng minh c mu ca bn l ph hp. Thng cc gi tr bn chn cho cc tnh ton c mu ch l cc c on. chc chn bn ang chn c mu ph hp, bn nn tnh ton cho nhiu trng hp v s dng nhiu gi tr cho s khc bit ti thiu c th tm thy v lch chun. Bn th hin cc c mu tnh c trn mt th, c gi l ng cong lc

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mu, da vo biu ny bn v i nghin cu s c nhng quyt nh chn c mu no l c tnh kh thi nht. V d, s dng nhng s liu ca nghin cu NTIS, ta c im trung bnh cht lng cuc sng l 50 v lch chun l 5, ng cong kh nng cho so snh gia hai s trung bnh trn c dng:

Power curves for QOL differences between males and females (mean group 1 = 50, sd=10)
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Sample size per group

80% 90%

38

40

42

44

46

52

54

56

58

60

62

Mean in group 2

ng cong ny cho chng ta thy cc c mu ti thiu cn thit cho tng nhm khi gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca im cht lng cuc sng tng ng l 55 v 10 mt nhm. C th thy c trung bnh khc nhau tm c l 10 hoc hn (trung bnh ca nhm 1 l 55 so vi nhm 2 l 65) th cn 21 ngi trong mt nhm lc kim nh l 90% hoc cao hn na. So snh iu ny vi c mu 84 ngi trong mt nhm s cho s khc nhau ca im QoL nh hn v bng 5 (55 n 60). Lc kim nh mnh hn th c mu tng. S khc nhau ti thiu c th thy c nh hn, c mu ln hn. lch chun ln hn, c mu ln hn. Hy xem xt ng cong lc mu 90% trn, lch chun ca im QoL l 15 hn l 10.

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Power curves for QOL differences between males and females (mean group 1 = 50, power 90%)
325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

Sample size per group

sd=10 sd=15

38

40

42

44

46

52

54

56

58

60

62

Mean in group 2

C mu s ln hn khong hai ln khi bn ly lch chun l 15 so vi lch chun l 10. Cc tnh ton c mu l rt nhy cm vi vic la chn lch chun, v th mt iu quan trng l bn phi c nhng c s tt cho s la chn ca mnh. Nu bn c lng lch chun thp hn thc t, bn c th lm gim kh nng kim nh thng k ca bn (ngha l kt lun so snh ca bn s c nguy c l m tnh gi ln hn). Cc ng cong lc mu cho cc so snh t l rt khc vi nhng ng cong so snh cc s trung bnh trn khi t l kim nh rt ln hoc rt nh. Khi cc t l ny gn 50%, ng cong kh nng c hnh dng tng t nh so snh cc s trung bnh. V d, hy xem xt ng cong kh nng c mu cho so snh ca nhng ngi i b b chn thng u/ct sng vi nhng ngi i xe.

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Power curves for prevalence of head & spinal injury in pedestrian versus vehicle accidents (proportion group 1 = 35%, power=90%, one-tailed) 1800 Sample size per group 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Proportion in group 2

Nhng im cn lu : C mu cn thit a ra s khc bit v t l ln hn phn tch s khc bit v trung bnh. C mu cng tng khi tm kim s khc bit nh. Khng nh ng cong lc mu khi so snh cc gi tr trung bnh, cc ng cong ny khng i xng - C mu cn thit pht hin t l tng (35% ln 40% = +5%, mu hng) khng ging vi c mu pht hin t l gim vi mt mc tng t (35% xung 30% = -5%, mu xanh).

Biu sau trnh by cc ng cong lc mu khi cc hin tng quan tm t thng dng hn, khong 10%. Tnh khng i xng cng c th hin r trong trng hp ny.

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Power curves for prevalence of head & spinal injury in pedestrian versus vehicle accidents (proportion group 1 = 10%, power=90%, one-tailed) Sample size per group 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Proportion in group 2
5.4.2.2 Cc yu t iu chnh s nh hng ca thit k.

Vi vic s dng cc thit k phc tp hn, c mu s cn phi ln hn t c cng mt lc kim nh tm ra s khc nhau cn thit. Bt k thit k no phc tp hn th nghim ngu nghin s dng phng php chn mu ngu nghin n cng s cn n mt vi gi tr iu chnh c mu khi s dng phn mm SSize. Gi tr mu ti thiu cn phi c cng thm mt gi tr no iu chnh cc vn : (i) Nu cch ly mu cm hoc mu nhiu giai on c s dng, tng c mu ln t 1.6 3.0 ln ph thuc vo tnh tng ng m bn mong i (cho bin ph thuc) trong cm. V d, sc kho tm thn ca hai a tr trong cng mt trng hc dng nh s khng c mi tng quan nhiu nh l hai a tr t hai trng khc nhau. Trng hc l mt bin cm, nhng sc kho tm thn ca tr chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t bn ngoi hn l nhng yu t trong trng hc. Nguc li, nu bin ph thuc l kt qu hc tp mn ton th im ton ca hai a tr trong cng mt trng li c tng quan ln hn im ca hai a tr hai trng khc nhau (nu vic ging dy l yu t chnh quyt nh vic hc tp). Yu t hiu chnh s co cm c bit n l gi tr hiu lc thit k, v gi tr ny s khc nhau khi chng ta xem xt cc bin c lp khc nhau. Hiu lc thit k cho cc bin ph thuc ca bn c th c cng b trong cc nghin cu tng t trc y nhng nhn chung l rt kh tm c v hu ht mi trng hp bn s phi t c on gi tr ny. Bn s khng bit chc chn l hiu lc thit k mnh th no cho n khi bn hon thnh nghin cu, trn thc t khi thiu thng tin v hiu

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qu thit k cc nh nghin cu vn dng mt gi tr ngm nh bng 2.0. (ii) Hy cn nhc t l i tng trong mu ca bn s b cuc (nu bn c mt thit k nghin cu dc). V d, hy tng c mu ca bn ln 1.2 nu bn ngh c th c 20% ngi b cuc trong nghin cu ca bn. Nu thit k nghin cu ca bn khng phi l nghin cu thc nghim, bn s phi iu chnh nhiu bng cch dng phng php thng k phc tp hn (chng 6). Tng mu ln 1.2 p ng yu cu ny. Cui cng, cn nhc n t l ngi tham gia/p ng bn s t c. V d, nu bn mong mun t c 70% tham gia, bn s cn tng mu ln 1.4 (= 100%/70%).

(iii)

(iv)

Bn c th thy c mu ti thiu l 50 cho tng nhm c th nhanh chng tr thnh 202 cho mi nhm nu tt c cc yu t trn c ph hp!!! Cn nhc cn thn nhng thit k c th c tc ng ln c mu, t cc gi nh bn s dng vi mi cng thc ti nhng vn pht sinh m cn phi quan tm n. Nhng gi y s cho bn mt s tng v c mu cn cho nghin cu ca bn, tuy nhin nn tham kho kin chuyn gia thng k khi bn tnh c mu trong trng hp cc thit k nghin cu phc tp.

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CHNG 6: NHIU V S IU CHNH


6.1. Gii thiu
Hu ht cc nghin cu sc kho lin quan n cc lng gi quan st trn con ngi trong mi trng sng t do, c t tc ng vo . iu ny dn n mt kh nng ln v s khc bit gia cc c nhn che lp bt k s khc bit no do can thip ca chng ta hoc s khc bit tht s gia cc nhm. Cc phn tch thng k cn phi tnh m n nhng khc bit ny cng nhiu cng tt trc khi tm kim s khc bit tht s m chng ta quan tm. Nhng khc bit phin phc ny c bit n nh l cc tc ng nhiu.

6.2. Mc tiu
1. Chnh sa khi nim v nhiu v s phn nhnh trong phin gii kt qu. 2. Trnh by nhng kin thc v bo co c v s khc nhau gia phn tch th v phn tch hiu chnh. 3. Hiu c cc nguyn tc v s hiu chnh mt gi tr thng k.

6.3. Nhiu
6.3.1. nh ngha nhiu Nhiu trong nghin cu y t cng cng cn c ngha l c gii thch khc xen vo trong kt qu nghin cu. iu ny c ngha l mi lin quan gia bin ph thuc v bin c lp c th l tht nhng cng c th l c mt vi mi lin quan khc l nguyn nhn ca kt qu ny. S c mt ca nhiu dn n nhng kt lun nghin cu sai, v vy nhiu cn phi c khng ch. V d, cc kt qu c th ch ra trnh hc vn c lin quan n cht lng cuc sng sau chn thng, nhng trn thc t c th l tui mi thc s nh hng n cht lng cuc sng. V c mi lin quan gia tui vi trnh hc vn, nn khi c mi lin quan gia s tui ca mt ngi vi im QoL th dng nh cng c mi lin quan gia trnh hc vn v QoL. Mi lin quan ca trnh hc vn v QoL c xem nh b nhiu bi bin tui. Nhng nh ngha dch t ca nhiu l c s mt cn bng ca cc c tnh trong cc nhm so snh, v d mt nhm c biu hin c tnh c th ca mt ngi c so snh vi ngi khc trong nhm hoc nhm khc.

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nh ngha thng k ca nhiu l mt bin th ba c tng quan vi c bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp m chng l mi quan tm hng u trong kim nh gi thuyt ny. Trong nghin cu y t cng cng, tui l mt bin nhiu c in, tt c cc iu kin sc kho u chu nh hng ca tui tc, v rt nhiu bin c lp cng cng thay i vi tui. 6.3.2. Khng ch nhiu khi thit k nghin cu. Cc tc ng ca nhiu c th c khng ch trong khu thit k nghin cu v phn tch s liu. Thit k nghin cu cn thn s cn nhc c cch tip cn cng nh kh nng thc hin. Phn b ngu nhin v ghp cp l hai cch thng dng khng ch nhiu mt cch ti a trong thit k nghin cu.
6.3.2.1. Phn b ngu nhin

Nh trnh by trong phn 1, thit k nghin cu thc nghim s dng khng ch hu ht khi tr li mt cu hi nghin cu. Vi s phn b ngu nhin, cc nh nghin cu lm ti a c hi phn b cc c tnh vo u trong cc nhm so snh. Ch c duy nht mt iu khc bit gia cc nhm l c mt hay nhiu can thip c tin hnh cho nhm . Bt k s khc bit no kt qu trong phn tch cng c th l do can thip ch khng phi tc ng ca nhiu.
6.3.2.2. Ghp cp

C nhiu cu hi nghin cu trn thc t khng th tr li c khi s dng thit k nghin cu thc nghim, v cn phi s dng n cc thit k nghin cu quan st. Trong hu ht cc ti nghin cu, danh sch cc bin nhiu d kin thng c a ra t trc khi lm nghin cu; qua vic xem xt cc nghin cu tin hnh trc y trn thc a hoc nhng kin thc chuyn mn ca nhm nghin cu. Nu chng ta bit rng mt hoc hai bin c nh hng n mi lin quan c nghin cu, th c th thit k nghin cu s dng phng php ghp cp vi bin nhiu. Ghp cp bao gm s bt buc mt nhm so snh c nhng c tnh tng t nh nhm khc. V d, nu bin tui c cho l bin nhiu vi mi lin quan gia trnh hc vn v cht lng cuc sng, th chng ta thit k mt nghin cu sao cho phn b tui trong tt c cc nhm trnh hc vn l nh nhau. Nu chng ta ly mu theo phng php ngu nhin n t qun th, chng ta c th chc rng s ngi tr tui nhm trnh hc vn di THCS s nhiu hn nhm trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln. Nu chng ta ghp cp cc nhm so snh, chng ta nn nhm theo phn b tui ca nhm c trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln vi nhm di THCS vi mu l nhng ngi tr hn trc. iu ny c bit n nh ghp cp theo tn sut, khi cc c tnh ca nhm bt buc l phi tng t nhau. Ghp cp cng c th c thc hin mc c th, thng thy trong thit k nghin cu bnh-chng. V d, bnh ung th vm hng c khuynh hng gp qun th nhng ngi ln tui v thng gp nam gii. m bo rng s phn b gii tnh v tui l nh nhau, ghp cp c th c th chn ngu nhin mt chng cho mt trng hp ung th t tp hp qun th chng vi tui v gii tnh tng t nh trng hp bnh nghin cu. Bng ghp cp, tn sut hoc c th, cc nh hng ca bin nhiu cng c khng ch, v mi lin quan ca chng vi bin ph thuc c loi b (c nhm http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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chng v nhm bnh c phn b nh nhau v cc bin nhiu nn khng c nhiu nh cc khi nim trn) 6.3.3. Khng ch nhiu khi phn tch s liu Trong phn tch, c hai cch khng ch cc tc ng ca cc bin nhiu: phn tch phn tng v m hnh hi quy a bin.
6.3.3.1 Phn tch phn tng

Phn tch phn tng trong giai on phn tch s cho ta kt qu tng ng vi ghp cp trong thit k nghin cu. Phn tng c ngha tin hnh phn tch hai bin ph thuc v bin c lp trong theo cc phn nhm ca bin nhiu. Bng cch phn tng v xem xt trong phn nhm ca bin nhiu bn lm cho mi i tng trong tng phn nhm c mi lin quan vi bin nhiu tng t nh nhau, v th bin ny khng cn l bin nhiu na theo nh nh ngha trong phn 6.3.1.
6.3.3.2 M hnh hi quy a bin

Vi nhng phn tch n gin, cc phn tch phn tng thch hp hn trong vic thm d nhiu. Tuy nhin, thng c rt nhiu bin nhiu cn phi khng ch, phn tch phn tng rt nhanh chng tr nn n iu - khi c phi lp li s phn tch hai bin trong rt, rt nhiu phn nhm. Mt cch nng cao hn khng ch a nhiu l s dng m hnh hi quy a bn. M hnh ny dng m rng ca hi qui tuyn tnh n gin, m hnh ny s dng nhiu hn mt bin c lp gii thch s thay i trong mt bin ph thuc. Mc d cc m hnh a bin u c th lm c iu tng t (iu chnh a nhiu), trn thc t c rt nhiu dng khc nhau ca m hnh a bin. Ging nh s la chn ca kim nh thng k c bn trong phn 4, la chn m hnh a bin da trn o ca bin ph thuc. Trong phn ny s ch cp n mt dng ca m hnh a bin (hi qui a tuyn tnh), nhng nguyn l c th c khi qut ho cho tt c cc m hnh khc. Ging nh mt phn tch phng sai c bn, chng phn chia s bin thin ca bin ph thuc thnh cc bin thin thnh phn: nh hng ca nhm (bin c lp), bin nhiu 1, bin nhiu 2, v..v. Kim sot cc nh hng ca nhiu cho php c mt lng gi tinh hn v nh hng ca cc bin c lp, v s nh hng ny c coi l cc c lng c hiu chnh. c lng m chng ta hay dng trc y vn thng c gi l c lng hay c lng khng hiu chnh. c lng l thut ng thng thng cho mt gi tr thng k c rt ra t phn tch nh trung bnh, t l, t sut chnh, tng quan... 6.3.4. Bi tp v d Hy xem xt mi lin quan trong v d phn 6.3.1 trn, mi lin quan gia QoL sau chn thng v trnh hc vn c nghi ng l b nhiu bi bin tui. n gin, chng ta hy xem xt trnh hc vn theo hai nhm (di THCS v bng hoc trn THCS), v nhm tui theo 3 nhm (0-14, 15-49, v 50-100 tui). Cu hi nghin cu l C mi lin quan g gia QoL sau chn thng v trnh hc vn?. Cu hi ny c a ra di dng gi thuyt khoa hc H0: im trung bnh QoL sau chn thng l nh nhau khng kin quan n trnh hc vn.
6.3.4.1 Phn tch khng hiu chnh

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Phn tch u tin c trnh by l kim nh t so snh hai s trung bnh v im QoL trong hai nhm trnh hc vn.
Group Statistics Education group less than secondary secondary or more N 552 1141 Mean 51.6214 56.1402 Std. Deviation 9.52386 9.89327 Std. Error Mean .40536 .29288

general quality of life after injury

Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper -5.51281 -5.50008 -3.52490 -3.53762

F general quality of life after injury Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed .729

Sig. .393

t -8.917 -9.036

df 1691 1127.888

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

Mean Difference -4.5189 -4.5189

Std. Error Difference .50677 .50010

100
711 694 1631

80

general quality of life after injury

60

40
933 794

20

725 441

887

0
N= 552 1141

less than secondary

secondary or more

Education group

T cc kt qu m t v phn tch, cho thy s khc bit c ngha thng k v im trung bnh QoL theo trnh hc vn (p < 0.001). im trung bnh QoL nhm c trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln cao hn nhm di THCS l 4.5 im (95% khong tin cy 3.5 n 5.5).
6.3.4.2 Tui c phi l bin nhiu khng?

nh ngha thng k v bin nhiu c chng minh l c cc mi lin quan gia c bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp vi bin nhiu tim tng. V th chng ta cn tm xem bin tui (nhiu tim tng) c lin quan vi (i) im QoL sau chn thng (bin ph thuc) v (ii) trnh hc vn (bin c lp). (i) im QoL sau chn thng v nhm tui

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QoL l bin lin tc v tui l bin phn nhm trong v d ny. V th tnh trung bnh im QoL trong tng nhm tui.
Report general quality of life after injury Age-group 0-14 15-49 50-100 Total
100
711 1631 832 660 1176 694 641 1065 664

Mean 49.6981 55.2278 57.8191 54.6669

N 265 1229 199 1693

Std. Deviation 9.56751 9.88559 9.01051 9.99864

80

general quality of life after injury

60

40
795 1456 429 794 1382

20

725 441

887

0
N= 265 1229 199

0-14

15-49

50-100

Age-group

C khuynh hng tng im QoL khi tui tng. V th tui v QoL l c lin quan vi nhau. Lu : Khng thch hp s dng ngha thng k a ra kt lun v mt bin c l nhiu hay khng. S dng ngha ng cnh trong trng hp ny.

(ii)

Trnh hc vn v nhm tui

C hai u l bin phn loi, v th bng ngu nhin c s dng


Education group * Age-group Crosstabulation Age-group 15-49 271 21.9% 966 78.1% 1237 100.0%

Education group

less than secondary secondary or more

Total

Count % within Age-group Count % within Age-group Count % within Age-group

0-14 201 75.6% 65 24.4% 266 100.0%

50-100 85 42.7% 114 57.3% 199 100.0%

Total 557 32.7% 1145 67.3% 1702 100.0%

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T l cc i tng c trnh hc vn t THCS tr ln nhm tui 15-49 tui cao hn c bn so vi hai nhm tui cn li, v ng nh mong i, t l ny nhm tui di 15 thp hn nhm tui 50-100. T (i) v (ii), chng ta xc minh c bin tui c lin quan n c bin ph thuc v bin c lp, v th bin tui cn phi c xem nh l bin nhiu ca mi lin quan ny v phi c iu chnh.
6.3.4.3 Thm d nhiu ca bin tui s dng phn tch phn tng

Phn tch phn tng s gip thm d bin tui gy nhiu n mi lin quan gia im QoL v trnh hc vn nh th no. Nh mt phn tch lp li mi lin quan gia hai bin trong phn nhm ca bin nhiu. Loi phn tch ny l khng th thc hin vi cc bin nhiu l dng bin lin tc (v th phi dng nhm tui nh trong v d).
Report general quality of life after injury Age-group 0-14 Education group less than secondary secondary or more Total less than secondary secondary or more Total less than secondary secondary or more Total less than secondary secondary or more Total Mean 49.0249 51.8125 49.6981 52.4023 56.0083 55.2278 55.3176 59.6842 57.8191 51.6214 56.1402 54.6669 N 201 64 265 266 963 1229 85 114 199 552 1141 1693 Std. Deviation 9.74651 8.71939 9.56751 9.26506 9.91376 9.88559 8.13021 9.21457 9.01051 9.52386 9.89327 9.99864

15-49

50-100

Total

Nhn vo tt c cc dng tng trong bng trn, chng ta thy mi lin quan khng thch ng ca phn 6.3.4.1; s khc nhau v im trung bnh QoL gia nhm trnh hc vn di THCS v nhm t trn THCS l 4.5 im. Hy xem s khc nhau tng t cc nhm tui khc nhau; s khc nhau l 2.8 im cho nhm tui 0 n 14, 3.6 im cho nhm tui 15 n 49, v 4.3 im cho nhm tui 50 n 100. y l tt c v s sp xp tng t, s khc bit l cao hoc thp hn 3 trong tng trng hp, v vi phn ln mu u thp hn c lng khng thch ng l 4.5. V th c lng khng hiu chnh c v nh l c lng qu vi s khc nhau thc s. Bng phn tch phn tng, chng ta khng ch c nh hng ca bin tui (t nht l vi mc nhm tui). c lng c gi tr hn v s khc nhau ca trung bnh gia hai nhm trnh hc vn khc nhau c da trn trng s v s khc nhau trung bnh trong tng tng theo tui, trng s theo t l trong tng tng tui. iu ny mang li im trung bnh l 3.6, n c bn l nh hn gi tr khng hiu chnh 4.5. bn c th thy rng nu c nhiu bin nhiu ng quan tm, th chng ta s nhanh chng tr nn t nht khi thc hin cc phn tch phn tng ring bit v s liu trong cc bng nhiu hng nhiu ct (phc tp) cng tr ln rt tha tht. Phn tch phn tng rt quan

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trng khi suy xt hai hoc ba bin nhiu trong bt k nghin cu no. Cc phn tch cho bn thy iu ang xy ra vi mi lin quan m khng phi lo lng n nhng phc tp v ton hc v cc gi nh kt hp l m hnh a bin. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc phn tch ca nghin cu quan st s cn kt hp vi m hnh a bin tnh ton mt cch y nhng nh hng ca bin nhiu.
6.3.4.4 Khng ch nhiu bng m hnh a bin

Khng ch mt bin thng c ngha l cc mi lin quan c xem xt di gi nh l bin th ba (bin b khng ch) c gi tr nh nhau cho mi ngi trong tt c cc nhm so snh. trn chng ta khng ch bin tui bng cch phn tch nhng ngi nhm tui 0-14 ring r vi nhng ngi nhm tui 15-49 v cng ring r vi nhng ngi nhm tui 49-100. C rt nhiu phng php dng khng ch hoc iu chnh nh hng ca bin th ba n mi lin quan gia hai bin khc. C mt s tnh ton d dng c th c thc hin trn my tnh. Mt s khc li yu cu tnh ton trn my vi tnh. Cch thng dng v mnh v thng k trong khng ch nh hng ca mt hoc nhiu bin nhiu l hp vi cc m hnh a bin (nh bit, khng ng trong hu ht cc trng hp, nh cc m hnh a bin trong mt vi cun sch v ti liu nghin cu) Trong hu ht cc phin gii nghin cu v sc kho, thng c nhiu hn mt bin nhiu tim nng, v khng phi tt c cc bin c hai hoc ba phn loi. V d, trong mt nghin cu quan tm n mi lin quan gia trnh trng suy dinh dng ca tr v cc thc hnh trn ng rung khu vc sng M Kng, ni m c gi thuyt cho rng cc thc hnh trong ti tiu lc b mt s cht dinh dng quan trng t t v cy trng y thiu st, c bit cn cho s pht trin ca tr. Tuy nhin, gn nh s pht trin ca tr cng nh nhng thc hnh trn ng rung vng ny u tng quan vi thu nhp, trnh hc vn ca cha me, s tip cn vi c s y t v rt nhiu bin khc na. Hy hnh dung s lng cc tnh ton lin quan trong phn tch phn tng cho tt c cc bin nhiu tim tng ny! M hnh a bin s khng ch tt c cc bin nhiu tim tng ny ch trong mt ln. Cc dng ca cc m hnh a bin l a dng, ph thuc, tng t nh cc kim nh thng k n gin bn hc, cho mt dng bin kt qu. Tuy nhin tt c cc m hnh u c chung mt mc ch - cung cp cc c lng khng b nhiu ca mi lin quan gia hai bin. M hnh da trn cc kt qu s c trnh by theo mt cch ging nhau nh cc kt qu khng hiu chnh, hai bin n gin. V d, nu bn trch dn cc gi tr trung bnh trong k hoch phn tch hai bin th m hnh bn chn cho m hnh a bin nn a ra cc g tr trung bnh hiu chnh M hnh a bin iu chnh nhiu: Cho cc gi tr trung bnh hiu chnh s dng cc m hnh hi qui a tuyn tnh, nu cc m rng ca hi qui tuyn tnh trong phn 4.6.15 Cho cc t l/t sut hiu chnh dng cc mhnh hi qui Logistic. Vi v d trn, m hnh hi qui a tuyn tnh c cn nhc l ph hp vi cc phn b ri rc ca trnh hc vn v tui vi im QoL sau chn thng. V cc phn b ca cc bin ny l ri rc nn c th c gi tr trung bnh im QoL trong tng phn nhm trnh hc vn, khng ch theo tui.

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Bng : im trung bnh QoL sau chn thng trong cc nhm trnh hc vn, hiu chnh theo tui Trung bnh hiu chnh (se) 51.6 (0.4) 56.1 (0.3) 4.5 (0.5) Trung bnh cha hiu chnh (se) 52.1 (0.4) 55.9 (0.3) 3.8 (0.5)

Di THCS T THCS tr ln Khc bit

Ch s khc bit hiu chnh cho cc bin nhiu l do c lng m c. Gi tr trung bnh khc nhau gim t 4.5 xung 3.8. Nhn chung, khi cc kt qu hiu chnh l khc nhau cn bn vi cc c lng khng hiu chnh (cho l 10% hoc hn), l cc kt qu hiu chnh gn hn vi mi lin quan tht s. y s khc nhau gia gi tr trung bnh hiu chnh v khng hiu chnh l hn 10% s khc bit, chng ta nn hiu y c nhiu thc s ca bin tui. V th, cc phn tch vi nhiu khng c khng ch s to ra cc c lng b sai s. Khi cc kt qu hiu chnh tng t nh cc kt qu th th khng c vn g cn ni v cc kt qu. i khi khng ch cc bin m chng c th tr thnh cc bin nhiu cng khng lm thay i cc c lng khng hiu chnh (khng c nhiu). Nhiu c th tc ng theo hai hng: (i) (ii) i khi nhng s khc nhau hiu chnh li thp hn cha hiu chnh (nhiu dng tnh). i khi nhng s khc nhau hiu chnh li cao hn cha hiu chnh (nhiu m tnh).

6.4 Kt lun
Bn hc xong cun thng k sinh hc II trong phn phn tch s liu. By gi bn nn c c cc k nng cn thit m t v phn tch cc s liu nghin cu vi trnh c bn. Phn cui ny cho bn thm nhng nhn bit v s cn thit c cc k thut thng k tinh vi hn khi s liu ca bn c c t cc thit k nghin cu quan st v c th c nhiu. Cc phn trc ch cho bn thy cc thit k nghin cu phc tp (nh lin quan n mu cm) nn c phn tch vi nhng k thut m t trong sch ny. Tham kho thm cc nh thng k nu cc cu hi nghin cu v k hoch phn tch s liu bn cn khng c trong cun sch ny.

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