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I. TM LC KIN THC C BN: 1. Nhng din bin c bn ca cc c ch di truyn cp phn t Cc c ch Nhng din bin c bn - ADN tho xon v tch 2 mch n khi bt u ti bn. - Cc mch mi c tng hp theo chiu 5 3, mt mch c tng hp lin tc, mch cn li c tng hp gin on. - C s tham gia ca cc enzim: tho xon, ko di mch, ni lin mch - Din ra theo cc nguyn tc b sung, bn bo ton v na gin on - Enzim tip cn im khi u v on ADN (gen) tho xon. - Enzim dch chuyn trn mch khun theo chiu 3 5v si ARN ko di theo chiu 5 3, cc n phn kt hp theo NTBS. - n im kt thc, ARN tch khi mch khun. - i vi SV nhn thc ct b nhng on intron, ni cc on exon - Cc axit amin hot ha c tARN mang vo ribxm. - Ribxm dch chuyn trn mARN theo chiu 5 3 theo tng b ba v chui plipeptit c ko di. - n b ba kt thc chui plipeptit tch khi ribxm. Gen iu ha tng hp prtin c ch km hm s phin m, khi cht cm ng lm bt hot cht km hm th s phin m c din ra. S iu ha ny ty thuc vo nhu cu ca t bo.

T sao chp ADN

Phin m

Dch m

iu ho hot ng ca gen

2. S mi quan h ADN (gen) tnh trng

ADN

Phin m

ARN

Dch m

protein

Biu hin

Tnh trng

- M gc trong ADN c phin m thnh m sao ARN v sau c dch m thnh chui plipeptit cu thnh prtin. Prtin trc tip biu hin thnh tnh trng ca c th. - Trnh t nucltit trong mch khun ca gen quy nh trnh t cc ribnucltit trong mARN, t qui nh trnh t axit amin trong chui plipeptit. 3. S phn loi bin d * S : * Gii thch s phn loi bin d - Da vo c im di truyn, bin d c chia thnh bin d di truyn v bin d khng di truyn (thng bin). - Bin d di truyn gm c t bin l nhng bin i trong vt cht di truyn v bin d t hp l s t hp li vt cht di truyn ca th h b m. - Da vo mc bin i, t bin c phn thnh t bin nhim sc th v t bin gen. - t bin nhim sc th li c chia thnh t bin s lng NST (l nhng bin i v s lng NST) v t bin cu trc NST (l nhng bin i trong cu trc NST), trong t bin s lng c t bin a bi (l s tng s nguyn ln b NST n bi) v t bin lch bi (bin i xy ra mt hay mt s cp NST), t bin a bi th c chia thnh t bin a bi chn v t bin a bi l. 4. Phn bit bin d di truyn v bin d khng di truyn

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Vn phn bit Bin d di truyn t bin Bin i trong vt cht di truyn cp phn t (ADN) hoc cp t bo (NST). Bin d t hp Bin d khng di truyn (Thng bin)

Khi nim

Nguyn nhn v c ch pht sinh

c im

Vai tr

T hp li vt cht di Bin i kiu hnh ca cng truyn vn c cha m. mt kiu gen, pht sinh trong qu trnh pht trin ca c th. Do s bt cp khng ng trong Do s phn li c lp ca Do nh hng trc tip ca nhn i ADN, do nhng sai cc NST trong qu trnh iu kin mi trng ln kh hng ngu nhin, do tc ng ca gim phn, s t hp ngu nng biu hin kiu hnh ca cc tc nhn l ho mi trng nhin ca cc giao t trong cng mt kiu gen. hay do tc nhn sinh hc; do ri th tinh. lon qu trnh phn li ca cc NST trong qu trnh phn bo. - Bin i kiu gen bin i - Sp xp li vt cht di - Ch bin i kiu hnh truyn c b m, t khng bin i kiu gen kiu hnh di truyn c. di truyn c. khng di truyn c. - Bin i t ngt, c bit, ring tin - Bin i ring l, c bit. - Bin i lin tc, ng lot l, v hng. tng ng iu kin mi trng. a s c hi, 1 s t c li hoc Cung cp nguyn liu th Gip sinh vt thch nghi vi trung tnh. Cung cp nguyn liu cp cho tin ho v chn mi trng. Khng l s cp ca tin ha v chn ging. nguyn liu cho tin ho v ging. chn ging.

5. So snh t bin v thng bin Cc ch tiu so snh - Khng lin quan ti bin i trong kiu gen. - Di truyn c. - Mang tnh cht c bit, xut hin ngu nhin. - Theo hng xc nh. - Mang tnh cht thch nghi cho c th. - L nguyn liu cho chn ging v tin ho. 6. Phn bit t bin gen v t bin NST Vn phn bit t bin gen - L s bin i mt hay mt s cp nucltit trong gen. - C 3 dng t bin im: + Mt 1 cp nucltit. + Thm 1 cp nucltit. + Thay th 1 cp nucltit. - Bt cp khng ng trong nhn i ADN (khng theo NTBS), hay tc nhn xen vo mch khun hoc mch ang tng hp. - Phi tri qua tin t bin mi xut hin t bin. t bin nhim sc th - L nhng bin i trong cu trc hoc s lng NST. - C 2 dng: + B cu trc NST gm mt on, lp on, o on, chuyn on. + B s lng NST gm th lch bi v th a bi. - Do mt, lp, o hay chuyn v tr ca on NST, do s chuyn on din ra gia cc NST khng tng ng. - Do s khng phn li ca cp NST trong qu trnh phn bo. t bin + + + + + Thng bin +

Khi nim

C ch pht sinh

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- Ph bin. - Lm thay i s lng v trt t sp xp cc cp nucltit trong gen. - t bin ln khng biu hin thnh kiu hnh trng thi d hp t. - Lm gin on 1 hay 1 s tnh trng no (Gen mARN Prtin tnh trng). - t nh hng n sc sng v s sinh sn ca sinh vt. Cung cp ngun nguyn liu ch yu cho qu trnh tin ho v chn ging. - t ph bin. - Lm thay i s lng v trt t sp xp cc gen trn NST. - Biu hin ngay thnh kiu hnh. - Lm thay i 1 b phn hay kiu hnh ca c th. - nh hng nghim trng n sc sng v s sinh sn ca sinh vt. Cung cp ngun nguyn liu th yu cho tin ho v chn ging.

c im

Hu qu

Vai tr

7. C ch pht sinh, hu qu v vai tr ca cc dng t bin NST Dng t bin Mt on C ch pht sinh Hu qu v vai tr

Lp on B cu trc NST

- Lm gim s lng gen trn NST NST b t 1 on (on t khng Thng gy cht hoc gim sc sng. cha tm ng). - Xc nh v tr ca gen trn NST, loi b nhng gen c hi. Lm tng s lng gen trn NST 2 NST tng ng tip hp v trao Tng cng hoc gim bt mc biu hin i cho khng u. ca tnh trng. NST b t 1 on, on b t quay 1800 ri gn vo NST. Sp xp li trt t cc gen trn NST Tng s a dng gia cc th, cc ni trong cng mt loi, t nh hng n sc sng.

o on

Chuyn on

Lm thay i nhm gen lin kt NST b t 1 on, on b t gn Chuyn on ln thng gy cht, mt vo v tr khc trn NST hoc gia cc kh nng sinh sn. NST khng tng ng trao i on - Chuyn on nh c ng dng b t. chuyn gen to ging mi. - S tng hay gim s lng ca mt hay vi cp NST Th lch bi thng cht Mt hay mt s cp NST khng phn hay gim sc sng, gim kh nng sinh ly k sau ca phn bo (nguyn sn. phn, gim phn). - Xc nh v tr ca cc gen trn NST, a cc NST mong mun vo c th khc. Tng mt s nguyn ln b NST n bi ca loi v ln hn 2n s lng ADN B NST ca t bo khng phn ly k tng gp bi T bo to C quan sau ca phn bo (nguyn phn, gim sinh dng ln, pht trin kho, chng phn). chu tt. Th a bi l: 3n, 5n,khng c kh nng sinh giao t bnh thng.

Th lch bi B s lng NST Th a bi

8. Phn bit th lch bi v th a bi Vn phn bit Th lch bi Th a bi

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Khi nim S thay i s lng NST mt hoc mt s cp NST. - Cc dng thng gp: + Th mt: (2n - 1). + Th ba: (2n + 1). + Th bn: (2n + 2). + Th khng: (2n - 2). Trong phn bo, thoi phn bo hnh thnh nhng mt hay mt s cp NST khng phn li. - Mt cn bng ton b h gen kiu hnh thiu cn i khng sng c, gim sc sng, gim kh nng sinh sn tu loi. - Xy ra thc vt v ng vt. S tng c b NST nhng ln hn 2n. - Cc dng th a bi: + T a bi: s tng mt s nguyn ln s NST n bi ca mt loi v ln hn 2n, trong c a bi chn (4n, 6n, ) v a bi l (3n, 5n, ). + D a bi: khi c hai b NST ca hai loi khc nhau cng tn ti trong mt t bo. Trong phn bo, thoi phn bo khng hnh thnh tt c cc cp NST khng phn li. - T bo ln c quan sinh dng to sinh trng v pht trin mnh. Th a bi l khng c kh nng sinh giao t bnh thng kh ng sinh sn hu tnh - Xy ra ph bin thc vt, t gp ng vt.

Phn loi

C ch pht sinh

Hu qu

9. Phn bit th a bi chn v a bi l Vn phn bit Khi nim Th a bi chn B NST trong t bo sinh dng l 1 bi s chn ca b n bi ln 2n (4n, 6n, ). - Trong qu trnh gim phn: t bo sinh dc (2n), b NST khng phn ly giao t 2n. Giao t 2n + giao t 2n th t bi (4n). - Trong qu trnh nguyn phn: t bo sinh dng (2n), b NST khng phn ly th t bi (4n). Th a bi l B NST trong t bo sinh dng l 1 bi s l ca b n bi ln 2n (3n, 5n, ). - Trong qu trnh gim phn: t bo sinh dc (2n), b NST khng phn ly giao t 2n. Giao t 2n + giao t n th tam bi 3n. - Cy 4n giao phn vi cy 2n th tam bi 3n.

C ch pht sinh

c im

- Lng ADN tng gp i, qu trnh tng hp cc cht din ra mnh m. - T bo to, c quan sinh dng ln, c th khe, chng chu tt, - Th a bi chn sinh sn hu tnh c v to c giao t.

- Th a bi l thng gp nhng cy n qu khng ht (da hu, chui, ). - Th a bi l khng sinh sn hu tnh c v khng c kh nng to giao t bnh thng.

10. Hu qu th d bi cp NST s 21 (cp NST thng) v cp NST gii tnh ngi Cc hi chng C ch pht sinh Trong gim phn, cp NST 21 khng phn ly trng (n + 1) cha 2 NST 21. Trng (n + 1) cha 2 NST 21 kt hp vi tinh trng (n) c 1 NST 21 hp t (2n 1) cha 3 NST 21. c im T bo cha 47 NST, trong c 3 NST 21: ngi thp b, m ph, c rt, khe mt xch, li dy v hay th ra, d tt tim v ng tiu ho, si n, v sinh.

ao

Hi chng 3X Hi chng

Cp NST gii tnh cha 3 NST X; n, Trong gim phn, cp NST gii tnh bung trng v d con khng pht trin, ri khng phn ly giao t d bi. lon kinh nguyt, kh c con. - Giao t (22 + XX) kt hp vi giao t Cp NST gii tnh cha 2 NST X v 1 NST

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Claiphent (XXY) Hi chng Tcn (OX) (22 + X) Hp t (44 + XXX). - Giao t (22 + XX) kt hp vi giao t (22 + Y) Hp t (44 + XXY). - Giao t (22 + O) kt hp vi giao t (22 + X) Hp t (44 + XO). Y; nam, m mu, thn cao, chn tay di, tinh hon nh, si n, v sinh. Cp NST gii tnh ch cn 1 NST X; n, thn thp, c ngn, khng c kinh nguyt, tr tu chm pht trin, v sinh.

CHNG II. TNH QUY LUT CA HIN TNG DI TRUYN: I. TM LC KIN THC: 1. Cc quy lut di truyn Tn quy lut Ni dung Do s phn li ng u ca cp nhn t di truyn nn mi giao t ch cha mt nhn t ca cp. F2 c 1 tri : 2 trung gian : 1 ln. Cc cp nhn t di truyn (cp gen alen) phn li c lp vi nhau trong pht sinh giao t v kt hp ngu nhin trong th tinh. Hai hay nhiu gen khng alen cng tng tc qui nh mt tnh trng. Cc gen cng c vai tr nh nhau i vi s hnh thnh tnh trng. Mt gen chi phi nhiu tnh trng. Cc gen nm trn mt NST cng phn li v t hp trong pht sinh giao t v th tinh. Cc gen trn cng cp NST i ch cho nhau do s trao i cho gia cc crmatic. cc loi giao phi, t l c, ci xp x 1 : 1 iu kin ngha nghim ng Tnh trng do Phn li, t hp ca mt gen qui nh, Xc nh tnh cp NST tng ng. gen tri t hon tri ln. ton gen ln. To kiu hnh Phn li, t hp ca Gen tri t khng mi (trung cp NST tng ng. hon ton. gian). C s t bo Cc cp NST tng Mi gen trn mt ng phn li c lp. NST. To bin d t hp.

Phn li Tri khng hon ton Di truyn c lp Tng tc gen khng alen Tc ng cng gp Tc ng a hiu Lin kt hon ton Hon v gen Di truyn gii tnh

Cc cp NST tng Cc gen khng To bin d t ng phn li c lp. tc ng ring r. hp. Tnh trng s Cc cp NST tng Cc gen khng lng trong sn ng phn li c lp. tc ng ring r. xut. L c s gii Phn li, t hp ca thch hin cp NST tng ng. tng bin d tng quan. S phn li v t hp Chn lc c Cc gen lin kt ca cp NST tng c nhm gen hon ton. ng. qu. Trao i nhng on tng ng ca cp NST tng ng. Nhn i, phn li, t hp ca cp NST gii tnh. Nhn i, phn li, t hp ca cp NST gii tnh. Cc gen lin kt khng hon ton. Tng ngun bin d t hp.

Di truyn lin Tnh trng do gen trn X qui kt vi gii nh di truyn cho, cn do gen tnh trn Y di truyn trc tip.

T l 1:1 nghim ng trn s lng ln c th. Gen nm trn iu khin t l on khng c, ci. tng ng.

2. So snh qun th t phi v qun th ngu phi Cc ch tiu so snh T phi Ngu phi

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- Lm gim t l d hp t v tng t l ng hp t qua cc th h. - To trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th. - Tn s cc alen khng i qua cc th h. - C cu trc: p2 AA : 2pq Aa : q2 aa. - Thnh phn cc kiu gen thay i qua cc th h. - To ra ngun bin d t hp. 3. Ngun vt liu v phng php chn ging i tng Vi sinh vt Thc vt ng vt t bin. t bin, bin d t hp. Bin d t hp (ch yu). Ngun vt liu Phng php Gy t bin nhn to. Gy t bin, lai to. Lai to. + + + + +

+ +

4. im khc nhau gia chn ging bng phng php lai hu tnh v phng php gy t bin Vn phn bit i tng Phng php tin hnh Lch s C ch Hiu qu Chn ging bng phng php lai hu tnh Thc vt, ng vt bc cao. Cho giao phi. s dng lu i. Phn li c lp t hp t do; tng tc gen Cc dng u th lai. Thi gian di hiu qu chm. - T cc gen vn c. - n gin, d thc hin. c im - D d on cc kt qu da trn cc quy lut di truyn. - Tn s bin d ln. Chn ging bng phng php gy t bin Vi sinh vt, thc vt, ng vt bc thp. X l t bin. Vi thp k gn y. Ri lon vt cht di truyn mc phn t hoc t bo t bin gen v t bin NST. Thi gian ngn - hiu qu nhanh. - T hp gen mi c gi tr chn lc. - Phc tp, i hi k thut, trnh cao. - Kh d on kt qu do t bin v hng. - Tn s bin d nh

5. Phn bit bn k thut nui cy t bo thc vt Vn phn bit Ngun nguyn liu Nui cy ht phn Ht phn (n) Nui cy t bo thc vt in vitr to m so T bo (2n) Chn dng t bo xma c bin d T bo (2n) Dung hp t bo trn 2 dng t bo c b NST 2n ca hai loi khc nhau. To t bo trn, cho dung hp hai khi nhn v t bo cht thnh mt, nui trong mi trng nhn to cho pht

Cch tin hnh

Nui trn mi trng nhn to, chn lc cc dng t bo n bi c biu hin tnh trng mong mun khc

Nui trn mi trng nhn to, to m so, b sung hoocmn kch thch sinh trng cho pht trin thnh cy

Nui trn mi trng nhn to, chn lc cc dng t bo c t bin gen v bin d s lng NST khc nhau.

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nhau, cho lng bi trng thnh. ho. To dng thun To dng thun Da vo t bin lng bi t dng lng bi. gen v bin d s n bi. lng NST to th lch bi khc nhau. PHN SU: TIN HO I. TM LC KIN THC C BN 1. Cc bng chng tin ho Cc bng chng Gii phu so snh Vai tr Cc c quan tng ng, thoi ho phn nh mu cu to chung ca cc nhm ln, ngun gc chung ca chng. S ging nhau trong pht trin phi ca cc loi thuc nhng nhm phn loi khc hau cho thy mi quan h v ngun gc ca chng. S pht trin c th lp li s pht trin rt gn ca loi. Nhiu loi phn b nhiu vng a l khc nhau nhng lai ging nhau v mt s c im cng chung t tin S tng ng v nhiu c im cp phn t v t bo cc lai trn Tri t u c chung t tin trin thnh cy lai. Lai xa, lai khc loi to th song nh bi, khng thng qua lai hu tnh, trnh hin tng bt th ca con lai.

C s di truyn ca phng php

Phi sinh hc

a l sinh vt hc T bo hc v sinh hc phn t

2. So snh CLNT v CLTN Vn phn bit Nguyn liu ca chn lc Ni dung ca chn lc ng lc ca chn lc Kt qu ca chn lc Chn lc nhn to Tnh bin d v di truyn ca sinh vt. o thi cc bin d bt li, tch lu cc bin d c li ph hp vi mc tiu ca con ngi. Nhu cu v kinh t v th hiu ca con ngi. Vt nui, cy trng pht trin theo hng c li cho con ngi. - Nhn t chnh quy nh chiu hng v tc bin i ca cc ging vt nui, cy trng. - Gii thch v sao mi ging vt nui, cy trng u thch nghi cao vi nhu cu xc nh ca con ngi. Chn lc t nhin Tnh bin d v di truyn ca sinh vt. o thi cc bin d bt li, tch lu cc bin d c li cho sinh vt. u tranh sinh tn ca sinh vt. S tn ti nhng c th thch nghi vi hon cnh sng. Nhn t chnh quy nh chiu hng, tc bin i ca sinh vt, trn quy m rng ln v lch s lu di, to ra s phn li tnh trng, dn ti hnh thnh niu loi mi qua nhiu dng trung gian t mt loi ban u.

Vai tr ca chn lc

3. Phn bit tin ho nh v tin ho ln Vn phn bit Tin ha nh Tin ha ln

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Ni dung Quy m, thi gian Phng php nghin cu L qu trnh bin i thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th gc a n hnh thnh loi mi. Phm vi phn b tng i hp, thi gian lch s tng i ngn. C th nghin cu bng thc nghim. L qu trnh hnh thnh cc n v trn loi nh: chi, h, b, lp, ngnh. Quy m ln, thi gian a cht rt di. Thng c nghin cu gin tip qua cc bng chng tin ho.

4. So snh quan nim ca acuyn v quan nim hin i v chn lc t nhin Vn phn bit Nguyn liu ca CLTN n v tc ng ca CLTN Thc cht tc dng ca CLTN Kt qu ca CLTN Vai tr ca CLTN Quan nim ca acuyn - Bin i c th di nh hng ca iu kin sng v ca tp qun hot ng. - Ch yu l cc bin d c th qua qu trnh sinh sn. C th. Phn ha kh nng sng st gia cc c th trong loi. S sng st ca nhng c th thch nghi nht. L nhn t tin ha c bn nht, xc nh chiu hng v nhp iu tch lu cc bin d. Quan nim hin i t bin v bin d t hp (thng bin ch c ngha gin tip). - C th. - loi giao phi, qun th l n v c bn. Phn ha kh nng sinh sn ca cc c th trong qun th. S pht trin v sinh sn u th ca nhng kiu gen thch nghi hn. Nhn t nh hng s tin ha, quy nh chiu hng nhp iu thay i tn s tng i ca cc alen, to ra nhng t hp alen m bo s thch nghi vi mi trng.

5. So snh cc thuyt tin ho Vn phn bit Thuyt Lamac - Thay i ca ngoi cnh. - Tp qun hot ng ( ng vt). Thuyt acuyn Bin d, di truyn, CLTN. Thuyt hin i - Qu trnh t bin. - Di - nhp gen. - Phiu bt gen. - Giao phi khng ngu nhin. - CLTN. - Cc yu t ngu nhin. Di tc ng ca 3 nhn t ch yu: qu trnh t bin, qu trnh giao phi v qu trnh CLTN. Hnh thnh loi mi l qu trnh ci bin thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th theo hng thch nghi, to ra kiu gen mi cch li sinh sn vi qun th gc. Tin ho l kt qu ca mi tng tc gia c th vi mi trng v kt qu l to nn a

Cc nhn t tin ha

Hnh thnh c im thch nghi

Cc c th cng loi phn ng ging nhau trc s thay i t t ca ngoi cnh, khng c o thi.

o thi cc bin d bt li, tch lu cc bin d c li di tc dng ca CLTN. o thi l mt ch yu.

Hnh thnh loi mi Chiu hng tin ha

Di tc dng ca ngoi Loi mi c hnh thnh cnh, loi bin i t t, dn dn qua nhiu dng qua nhiu dng trung gian. trung gian di tc dng ca CLTN theo con ng phn ly tnh trng t mt ngun gc chung. Nng cao trnh t chc - Ngy cng a dng. t n gin n phc tp. - T chc ngy cng cao. - Thch nghi ngy cng hp

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l. 6. Vai tr ca cc nhn t trong qu trnh tin ho nh Cc nhn t tin ho t bin Giao phi khng ngu nhin Chn lc t nhin Di nhp gen Cc yu t ngu nhin Vai tr trong tin ho To ngun nguyn liu s cp (ch yu l t bin gen) cho tin ho v lm thay i nh tn s alen. Lm thay i thnh phn kiu gen ca qun th theo hng gim dn t l th d hp v tng dn th ng hp. nh hng s tin ho, quy nh chiu hng v nhp iu bin i tn s tng i ca cc alen trong qun th. Lm thay i tn s tng i cc alen, gy nh hng ln ti vn gen ca qun th. Lm thay i t ngt tn s tng i cc alen, gy nh hng ln ti vn gen ca qun th. dng sinh hc.

7. Cc c im c bn trong qu trnh pht sinh s sng v loi ngi S pht sinh Cc giai on Tin ho ho hc S sng Tin ho tin sinh hc Tin ho sinh hc Ngi ti c c im c bn Qu trnh phc tp ho cc hp cht cacbon: C CH CHO CHON Phn t n gin phn t phc tp i phn t bn (ADN). H i phn t t bo nguyn thu t bo nhn s t bo nhn thc.

i phn t t ti

T t bo nguyn thu

Loi ngi

Ngi c

Ngi hin i

Hp s 450 750 cm3, ng thng, i bng hai chn sau. Bit s dng cng c (cnh cy, hn , mnh xng th) t v. - Homo habilis (ngi kho lo): hp s 600 800 cm3, sng thnh n, i thng ng, bit ch tc v s dng cng c bng . - Homo erectus (ngi thng ng): hp s 900 1000 cm3, cha c li cm, dng cng c bng , xng, bit dng la. - Homo neanderthalensis: hp s 1400 cm3, c li cm, dng dao sc, ru mi nhn bng silic, ting ni kh pht trin, dng la thng tho. Sng thnh n. Bc u c i sn vn ho. - Homo sapiens: Hp s 1700 cm3, li cm r, dng li ru c l tra cn, lao c ngnh mc cu, kim khu. Sng thnh b lc, c nn vn ho phc tp, c mm mng m thut v tn gio.

PHN BY: SINH THI I. TM LC KIN THC C BN: 1. S phn chia cc nhm sinh vt da vo cc nhm sinh vt Yu t sinh thi nh sng Nhit m Nhm thc vt - Nhm cy a sng, nhm cy a bng. - Cy ngy di, cy ngy ngn. Thc vt bin nhit. - Thc vt a m, thc vt a m va. Nhm ng vt - Nhm ng vt a hot ng ngy - Nhm ng vt a hot ng m - ng vt bin nhit. - ng vt hng nhit. - ng vt a m.

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- Thc vt chu hn. 2. Quan h cng loi v khc loi Quan h H tr i khng Cng loi (Qun th) Qun t, by n hay hp thnh x hi. Cnh tranh, n tht nhau. Khc loi (qun x) Hi sinh, cng sinh, hp tc Cnh tranh, k sinh, c ch cm nhim, sinh vt ny n tht sinh vt khc - ng vt a kh.

3. c im ca cc cp t chc sng Cp t chc sng Khi nim Bao gm nhng c th cng loi, cng sng trong mt khu vc nht nh, mt thi in nht nh, giao phi t do vi nhau to ra th h mi. c im C cc c trng v mt , t l gii tnh, thnh phn nhm tui,s phn b, mt , kch thc qun th, tng trng qun th. Cc c th c mi quan h sinh thi h tr hoc cnh tranh; S lng c th c th bin ng c hoc khng theo chu k, thng c iu chnh mc cn bng. C cc tnh cht c bn v s lng v thnh phn cc loi; Lun c s khng ch to nn s cn bng sinh hc v s lng c th. S thay th k tip nhau ca cc qun x theo thi gian l din th sinh thi. C nhiu mi quan h, nhng quan trng l v mt dinh dng thng qua chui v li thc n. Dng nng lng trong h sinh thi c vn chuyn qua cc bc dinh dng ca cc chui thc n: Sinh vt sn xut sinh vt tiu th sinh vt phn gii. Gm nhng khu sinh hc (h sinh thi ln) c trng cho nhng vng a l, kh hu xc nh, thuc 2 nhm trn cn v di nc.

Qun th

Qun x

H sinh thi

Bao gm nhng qun th thuc cc loi khc nhau, cng sng trong mt khong khng gian xc nh, c mi quan h sinh thi mt thit vi nhau tn ti v pht trin n nh theo thi gian. Bao gm qun x v khu vc sng (sinh cnh) ca n, trong cc sinh vt lun c s tng tc ln nhau v vi mi trng to nn cc chu trnh sinh a ho v s bin i nng lng. L mt h sinh thi khng l v duy nht trn hnh tinh.

Sinh quyn

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