Gio trnh autocad

Chng1(CH TRANG 18+50)

Nhc li mt s kin thc c bn v Autocad hc Bi mt: Cc phng thc kch hot mt lnh ca Autocad Khi s dng Autocad, ta c th kch hot mt lnh bng mt trong cc cch sau: + La chn lnh t Menu Pull-down bng chut. + La chn lnh t Menu Screen bng chut. + La chn lnh t Icon bng chut. + G lnn t dng command-line. Trong 3 cch u s dng bng chut, cch th 4 dng bn phm. Lu : Nu cn s dng li mt lnh va dng ta c th bm phm phI ca chut. T cho php ta rt ngn thi gian thc hin cc thao tc. Hy b mt lnh ca Autocad hy b mt lnh ca Autocad khi lnh ang thc hin, th ta ch cn bm phm Esc. hy b mt chui cc lnh thc hin ca Autocad ta ch cn kch hot lnh Undo. * xem li mt trang mn hnh no , m khng lm tc ng n cc i tng ngi ta ch cn kch hot lnh Zoom, Previews. 2: Cc k thut dng Mouse ( Chut ) v bn phm trong Autocad. Trong khi s dng Autocad, vic s dng thnh tho chut c th ni l cn thit v mt phng din no c th coi l thc o k nng ca mt ngi s dng Autocad. i vi mouse ta c cc k thut sau: * Bm chut: - Phm tri: + Kch hot lnh. + Nhp im v trn ca s lm vic. + Chn i tng trong Mode la chn. - Phm phi: + Kt thc lnh: tng ng vi Enter, SpaceBar. + Dng li lnh va dng. -1-

Gio trnh autocad * i vi bn phm: - Dng nhp lnh. - Dng nhp cc s liu (ta , vn bn). - Ngoi ra cn c mt s cc phm chc nng v cc phm tt sau: + F1: Kch hot Help (Tr gip). + F2: Chuyn t mn hnh ha sang vn bn v ngc li. + F3 (Ctrl + F): Tt-m truy bt im thng tr. + F5: Tt m Snap Grid chn l ISO Metric th cho php chuyn t mt chiu trc o ny sang trc o khc. + F6 (Ctrl + D): Tt m ta con tr khi thay i v tr trn mn hnh. + F7 (Ctrl + G): Tt-m mng li im Grid. + F8 (Ctrl + L): Tt-m ch ging thng theo phng ngang v theo phng ng. + F9 (Ctrl + B): Tt hoc m ch Snap (Bt im vi cc giao ca li Grid). + F10: Tt-m dng trng thi. + Esc: Hy b lnh ang tin hnh. + Enter, SpaceBar: kt thc lnh hoc nhp d liu. + R: v li ca s ha. * Cc phm tt khc: + Ctrl + C: Copy cc i tng c la chn vo Clipboad. + Ctrl + X: Ct cc i tng c la chn vo Clipboad. + Ctrl + V: Dn cc i tng t Clipboad vo bn v. + Ctrl + O: Kch hot lnh m bn v c. + Ctrl + N: Kch hot lnh to bn v mi. + Ctrl + S: Kch hot lnh ghi bn v. + Ctrl + Z: Kch hot lnh Undo. + Ctrl + Y: Kch hot lnh Redo (khc phc lnh Undo). + Ctrl + P: Kch hot lnh in n. + Ctrl + A: Tt m nhm i tng c chn bng lnh Group (nhm). + Ctrl+ J: tng ng vi phm Enter. -2-

Gio trnh autocad * Cc phm kt hp vi chut: - Shift + chut phi: Kch hot danh sch (Cursor Menu, cc phng thc bt im). 3. Khi nim v ta n v, n v v trong Autocad * Trong Autocad s dng 2 loi n v v: - n v di - n v gc * n v v l n v quy c c dng trong Autocad. Khng nn quan nim l mt hay inch. n v v cho php th hin tng quan hnh hc gia cc i tng v vi nhau v vi h ta lm vic. UCS. Tuy nhin thng nht cho qu trnh nhp s liu v kit sut cc i tng v. Autocad cho php xc lp 2 h thng tiu chun bn v l: - Tiu chun Englist - Tiu chun CSI Metric L cc chun v d liu gm: - Cc n v o di ta c cc kiu d liu sau c xc lp. + Scientipic -> D liu ghi theo kiu MT 1.55E+01 +Dcimal -> D liu ghi theo kiu thp phn 15.50 +Engineering -> D liu ghi theo h kin trc Anh 1-3.50 + Architectural -> Ghi theo h kin trc Anh 13.1/2 +Fractional -> Ghi theo kiu phn s 15 1/2 Cc n v o gc: - Decimal degrees -> H thp phn - Degrees/ minutes/ seconds -> / pht / giy - Grads -> Theo grad (n v gc di) - adims -> Theo Radian -Survegors UNIT ->Theo phng v bn . Ghi ch: Cc n v o c xc lp khng c ngha l khi in ra s lin quan n t l , m ch cho ra cc kit sut theo cc kiu xc lp. -3-

Gio trnh autocad

Bi 5. Cc phng thc vo ta mt im trong Autocad * Khi s dng Autocad ta c cc phng php cung cp ta mt im nh sau. Phng thc 1: Vo trc tip bng kch chut ( Thng dng cho vic xc lp im chun Base ) Phng thc 2: Vo bng ta cc tuyt i, ( l ta ca im so vi gc ca h ta lm vic x, y t dng). Phng thc 3: Vo bng ta cc tuyt i theo form sau: d< Trong : + d : Khong cch t gc 0,0 ca UCS ti im + : Gc so vi trc x Phng php ny t dng Phng thc 4: Vo bng phng php ta n cc tng i theo dng: @ x, y Trong : +x, y l ta so vi im v cui cng trc Phng php ny rt hay dng Phng thc 5 : Vo bng ta cc tng i theo dng: @ d< Trong : + d: Khong cch ti im v cui cng trc + : Gc so vi trc X. Phng thc 6: Vo bng tr gip bt im t ng. C ngha l ta im va vo s t ng xc nh nh cc i tng v c v cc h tr ca Autocad.(?) v khi ta v cc i tng v khng mong mun. Do Autocad h tr lnh Ortho c kch hot nng bng phm F8, n cho -4-

Gio trnh autocad php ta v on thng th tht s thng theo phng X (hoc phng Y). v d: *2 1* Khi Ortho (off) 1* Ortho (on) *2

Ch : * Khi chng ta dng lnh copy nu lnh Ortho trng thI m(on) I khi cho ta nhng i tng v mi khng t ti v tr yu cu. * Nu chng ta dng ch Ortho trmg thI m (on) ca lnh Miror th vic xc nh im th 2 ca ng chun s rt n gin. d/ H tr bt im t ng: Ta thng dng i tng ca bn v lun c xy dng t tp hp hu hn cc i tng hnh hc. Do vic ni tip cc i tng ny li vi nhau sao cho tht chnh xc l mt yu cu bt buc ngi dng phI t c v 3 l do sau: * Mt l yu cu k thut i vi nhng chi tit cn th hin * Hai l i khi khng th hin c lnh ca Autocad c th nh khi xc nh khng gian cn t ca lnh Htcha * nh v ta mt im trong khi v 3D. Cn v yu t v nhanh th y l k thut gip cho ha vin kh nng nng cao tc thc thi bn v trong mI trng Autocad. H tr truy bt im qua cc tng t ng: Kch hot h tr bt im: (Hnh v) Thc ra c rt nhiu cch song thng thng dng 1 trong 2 cch sau:

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Gio trnh autocad * Nhn ng thi hai phm Shift ca bn phm v phm phI ca chut hoc phm gia ca chut, kch hot Cursor Menu v t dng chut xc lp ch bt im. * Chn t Icon ca tools Bar ObjectSnap. Ghi ch: - Vic kch hot v la chn h tr bt im c th thc hin ngay khi lnh ca Autocad ang thc hin. * Cc im ca cc loi i tng sau y ca Autocad s c h tr truy bt l i tng CAD im c h tr * Line, Spline * Cc im cui Endpoit im gia Midpoint * ARC * Cc im cui Endpoit im gia Midpoint im tm Centter im gc 1/4 Quadrant *CIRCLE * im tm Centter ELLIPSE im gc 1/4 Quadrant * Point * im tm Node * Pline * Cc im cui Endpoit Mline im gia mi on Midpoint *Text * im chn ( Insert) Block * H tr bt cc im qua tng quan gia cc i tngca bn v: 2 i tng giao ct nhau-> Intersection. * Qua c tnh ca im cn xc nh i tng h tr. + L im vung gc vi i tng h tr -> Perpendicubar. + Tip xc vi i tng h tr -> Tangent. * Tng quan gia con ch la chn ca chut vi i tng h tr + im tip xc gia con tr vi i tng h tr : Meatrest. * Qua tng quan ca cc im h tr.

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Gio trnh autocad + H tr bi im, tm thng qua ta cc tng i so vi im : From + H tr bi hai im thuc hai i tng khc: Tracking * Qua tng quan nhn thy trn ca s ha + im xc nh l giao ca i tng quan st thy trn mn hnh, m trong khng gian thc chng khng giao nhau. v d: * Cc im cui Endpoit im gia Midpoint

Xc lp ch t ng h tr bt im: s dng h tr bt im ca Autocad ta c th dng theo 2 ch sau: + Ch t ng (thng tr). + Ch ring c bit (khng thng tr). + vi ch thng ch th cc h tr c thng trc tr gip cho ti khi ta xc lp li. Vi ch ny gip cho ta rt ngn c thi gian do b qua c cc thao tc kch hot h tr. Tuy nhin chng li gy kh chu cho ngi dng nhng li ch th nhiu hn. Nu ta bit xc lp thng ch no ph hp vi qu trnh thc thi bn v theo tng giai on.

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Gio trnh autocad + i vi ch c bit ( u tin hn thng tr) c ngha l xc lp cc b s u tin h tr m s b qua ch h tr thng tr. Kch hot lnh xc lp t ng h tr bt im theo 1 trong 3 cch sau: + T Cursor Menu -> Osnap Setting + T dng Command line -> Ddosnap + Toolbar -> Osnap Khi ta c 2 hp thoi + Running Osnap + Auto Snap Xc lp ch h tr bt im thng tr: T Runningosnap ta c th: select Setting ( chn h tr thng tr). Cn b tt c xc l h tr ta chn Clear all. Aperture Size. iu khin kch thc truy bt thng thng l 4 8 pixel ln ti Fopicxel. Ch : kch hot bng 1 trong cc cch sau: - chn Osnap ti start bar. - F3 - CTLR_F Hnh ca s m phng

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Gio trnh autocad Hp thoi Autosnap cho php ta xc lp cc ch sau: * Marker: M hoc tt cc k Apeture hiu im truy bt. Midpoint Nu ta chn th khi ta a

Marke r

*Magmet Ko vo gia vung truy bt vi im cn bt *Snaptip Tt m Snaptip l mt m hnh k hiu m t tn ca v tr truy bt im *Display Aperture box: M/ tt vung truy bt *Marker Size: iu chnh kch thc ca k hiu marker. *Marker Color iu chnh mu ca Marker. *Image Tile Hin ln kch thc hin hnh ca Marker Xc lp ch Auto Snap qua bin Auto Snap: Comand : Auto Snap New value for Auto Snap <7>: Nhp gi tr ca bin trong 6 phng thc . Ta thy rng cc phng thc 1, 6 l s dng chut; cn cc phng thc 2, 3, 4, 5 l s dng bn phm. V cc phng thc thng dng l :1, 4, 5, 6 Bi 5: Cc h tr ca Autocad nng cao cht lng bn v Autocad h tr nhiu cc chc nng m bo cht lng ( chnh xc) v hiu xut lao ng khi v. Trong mc ny ta xt ti mt s cc h tr a, Li h tr khi v ( Grid) F7: Autocad cho php xc lp mt li (Grid) cc im. Li cc in ny c th hin th (hoc n ) ty thuc vo -9-

Gio trnh autocad ngi dng n c th l li ch nht song song vi gc ta hoc xin ty theo ngi dng xc lp. Cc bc li hon tan ty thuc vo ngi dng. b, H tr bt t ng cc giao im li Grid khi v Osnap: Vi h tr Snap (dng F9) th khi v m bo ta im v s t ng bt vo cc nt ca li Grid nu ta t ch ca Snap l on c, H tr Ortho h tr cho qu trnh v cc ng ngay ( ng) thc thng. v i khi qu trnh dng mt quan st v tay dng chut ca ta khng th s m bo l cc gi tr ca bin Autosnap bao gm Gi tr Tc dng 0 -Tt la chn Marker, Snaptip, Magnet 1 - M Marker 2 - M Snaptip 3 - M ng thi Marker v Snaptip 4 - M Magnet 5 - M ng thi Magnet v Marker 6 - M Snaptip v Magnet 7 - M Marker, magnet, Snaptip Bi 6: Cc phng php la chn i tng: Trong thc thi cc lnh v nhanh nh Copy, Mirror v cc lnh hiu chnh cc i tng trong Autocad. Th vic la chn nhanh chnh xc cc i tng l mt vic lm cn thit. Do Autocad h tr qu trnh ny rt hiu qu. - Khi Autocad trong ch la chn Selectobjecst. Con tr c dng chn (Dick Box). - la chn ta ch vic a chn ti i tng cn chn v bm phm trI ca chut. - Qu trnh chn kt thc bng phm Enter hoc phim phi chut. la chn 1 hoc nhiu i tng ta c th dng mt trong cc phng thc la chn sau: * Phng thc dng Pickbox. Phng thc ny cho php ln lt chn tng i tng cn chn. - 10 -

Gio trnh autocad * Phng thc Auto: (W) Vi phng thc ny ta cung cp 2 im 1 v 2 to thnh 1 hnh ch nht. Trong im 1 vn tri im 2, th cc i tng nm chn vn trong hnh ch nht la chn v c chn vo danh sch cc i tng cn chn. * phng thc Crossing Window: i vi phng thc ny ta cung cp 2 im 1 v 2. to thnh ca s la chn hnh ch nht song im 1 pha phi im 2. V khi tt c cc i tng nm trn vn v ct vi ca s chn s c chn vo danh sch cc i tng cn chn. * phng thc Window Palygon ( WP) v Crossing polygon (CP) Ging nh Win v Crossing Win nhng ta phi nhp ta cc im (bng chut) to thnh 1 min chn l hnh a gic. ( phng php ny rt t dng) * Phng thc Fence (F) Ging nh Polygon nhng m to ra 1 ng c h. Nu i tng no giao vi ng ny s c chn vo danh sch cn chn * phng thc Last (L) i tng c to bi lnh v sau cng nht s c chn * phng thc Previous (P) Chn li cc i tng c chn bi lnh hiu chnh hoc dng hnh thc hin cui cng nht. Ch : L i tng c chn ch khng phI l i tng c to ra. * phng thc ALL Chn tt c cc i tng hin hnh trn bn v * phng thc Add Chuyn t ch loi b (R) v ch chn. * Phng thc Undo(U) Hy b i tng va c chn Xc lp Mode la chn: xc lp mode la chn ta kch hot lnh DDSelect Command: DDSelect - 11 -

Gio trnh autocad

Xut hin hp thoi Object selection Setting t ta la chn: * Now/Verb selection: cho php chn i tng trc khi chn lnh

* UseShift to add: Khi chn i tng mi i tng chn s c loi i. chn thm i tng mi ta phI nhn ng thi phm Shift. * Press and dray Cho php to ca s la chn bng cch nhn chut v r * Inplied Wing: Cho php nh ca s bng hai im * Object Gruping Cho php nhm cc i tng thnh nhm( Grup) * Defaut Selection Mode Mc nh chn * Associative Hatch Mt ct lin kt vi ng bao to thnh 1 i tng. * Pickbox Size Thay i kch thc chn

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Gio trnh autocad

Chng II Thit lp mi trng bn v:

Bi 1: Tm quan trng ca vic thit lp mI trng bn v: i vi mt ngi ha vin s dng Autocad vic xy dng mt bn v ngoi cc k nng gip m vo cho v nhanh th ngoi cc k nng gip m bo cc yu cu sau: - Tiu chun ca bn v k thut. - m bo cho cc i tng v khi kit sut ra phI t c nh mun ca ngi v ch khng phI v nt t tr thnh nt lin, cc k t phI t yu cu l ch k thut, r rng v tun theo yu cu v kch thc ca t l bn v - Tin ti m bo cc tiu chun ISO trong qun l cht lng ca bn v, to thun li cho mi khu trong dy chuyn ca mt n v t vn thit k khi thc thi n. Bi 2: Cc khng gian v v vng nhn trong Autocad: * Autocad cho php bn thc hin cc bn v trn khng gian ring bit l: - khng gian m hnh (Model Space) - Khng gian giy v ( Paper Space) Khi bn v bt u khi to th khng gian m hnh s hin ln u tin * Model Space c mc nh trn vng ha cn khng gian giy v ( Paper space) ch c kch hot, s dng bi ngi dng. Vy vn lm th no chuyn i khng gian giy v v nhn bit rng ta ang lm vic trong khng gian no ?, v chuyn i gia cc khng gian bng cch no ? * Trc ht ta xem ngha ca hai khng gian trong Autocad.

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Gio trnh autocad - Khng gian m hinhg (Model- Space) l khng gian m tao cc i tng ca bn v c thc hin ti , k c cc i tng 2D v 3D. - Khng gian giy v ( Paper Space) c xy dng vi nh hng tr gip qu trnh xut, bn v ra giy v trong khng gian ny cho php in mt bn v vi nhiu gc nhn khc nhau trn cng mt t giy vi cc t l khc nhau, hoc t chc in vi bn v trong cng mt t giy * Nhn bit cc khng gian qua mn hnh ha. Hnh ca s ha minh ha

Trn mn hnh ha cho php ta nhn bit khng gian lm vic qua Icon

Y W

X
Bi 3 ( trang 26). S cn thit v trnh t thit lp mI trng bn v a, S cn thit: * Khi bt u thc thi 1 bn v ta cn phI xc lp mI trng ( cn goi l bn v mu Protostyle) r rng thc thi cc i tng c theo ng tiu chun hin hnh. ng thi xc lp v t chc cc chc nng h tr ca Autocad cho qu trnh v . * Mt bn v mu (Protostyle) phc v cho cc bn v khc m khng phI lm li. * Trong Autocad c nhiu bn v mu tun theo cc tiu chun nh Ansi (M), Din ( tiu chun c) JIS (tiu chun Nht), ISO ( tiu chun quc t), tuy nhin cc tiu chun ny khng ph hp vi tiu chun v bn v ca Vit Nam do ngi ha vin nht thit phI t to cc bn v mu theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN. b, Trnh t thit lp bn v mu. - 14 -

Gio trnh autocad Qu rnh thit lp bn v mu thng thng tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Xc nh v gn ssn v cho bn v bng lnh Units. Bc 2: Xc nh v gn gii hn bn v bng lnh Limist v sau Zoom all. (Bc ny c th tin hnh hoc b qua m khng nh hng). Bc 3: Gn gi tr bc nhy ca con chy chut bng lnh Snap. Bc 4: Gn mt cc im li h tr trn mn hnh bng lnh Grid. Bc 5: Xc lp cc dng ng c s dng trong bn v cho ph hp vi t l ca bn v. Bc 6: To cc lp bn v v gn mu v dng nt c cho cc lp ny ( Layer). Bc 7: T chc kiu d liu trong bn v Text Style. Bc 8: To cc kiu ghi kch thc dng trong bn v. Bc 9: To hay chn cc ng vin v khung tn vo bn v. Tuy nhin trong trnh t cc bc trn nu s dng c khng gian Paper Space t chc bn v khi in n th khng nht thit phI lm cc bc sau: Bc 2 v bc 9. Tip di y ta xem ct cch thc hin cc bc trnh by trn. nm c cch to mt mI trng bn v mu. Bi 4: Dng Use a Winjard thit lp bn v mu: Autocad h tr nhiu phng thc to mt bn v mi rt thun btin cho ngi dng. Trong mc ny ta xem xt dng cng c Use a Wijard to bn v mi. a, Khi ng Use a Winjard Use a Winjard c khi ng t 2 tinh hung. * Khi ng khi mi vo Autocad hp thoi Startup xut hin trn ta chn Use a Winjard.

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Gio trnh autocad * Thc hin lnh New -> khi hp thoi Create New Drawing xut hin v trn d ta chn Use a Winjard

Hnh ca s m phng
T y ta c th la chn 2 ch : - Quick Setup (nhanh) - Advanced Setup ( y ) Ta c th chn Quick Setup khi to bn v nhanh ( ng nhin l khng y v Advanced Setup ( m rng ) cho php ta lm c nhiu hn. Thit lp theo Quick Setup ta s thit lp c n v ca bn v v gii hn ca bn v xc nh theo din tch c th: + Nu ta chn Step 1Unit: Ton hp hi thoi

Hnh ca s m phng
Ti bc ny cho ph ta xc nh dng kit xut v ( Vp s liu) ca bn v. Tuy nhin theo tiu chun TCVN th ta chn Decimal. + Nu ta chn Step 2 Area trn hp thoi

Hnh ca s m phng
T hp thoi cho php ta xc lp gii hn ca bn v thng qua vo s liu cho With ( rng) v length ( cao). Nh vy vi quick steup ta mi thc hin c cc bc 1 v 2 ca trnh t xc lp mI trng ca bn v. Thit lp qua Advanced Setup Nu ta chn t hp thoi Create New Drawing mt Advanced Setup -> Hp thoi Advanced Setup xut hin t ta c c 7 bc thit lp cc yu t mI trng ca bn v Step 1 Unit

Hnh ca s m phng
Bc ny tng t nh Step1 ca mt Quick Setup cho php ta xc lp n v thng ca bn v . ng nhinl ph hp vi tiu chun TCVN v bn v ta s chn Decimal. Ngoi ra Hp chon. Precision 0.000 - 16 -

Gio trnh autocad 0 Cho php ta xc lp s lng ch s thp phn trong cc d liu kit xut trn bn v ca ta. Thng thng ( Nu khng c g c bit ) Step2: Angle

Hnh ca s m phng
bc ny t hp thoi ta xc nh qua cch s liu cho i lng gc. Step 3: Angle Menasure bc ny ti hp thoi

Hnh ca s m phng

Ta xc nh c chun o gc: - nu chn E c ngha l ng chun theo chiu dng trc X. - thng qua hp chn Cho php ta chn ng 0 Othor chun nghing 1 gc bt k ( thng t dng) Step 4: Angle Direction L dng nu ngc chiu kim ng h ( hoc ngc li) nu ta mun. Thng thng th gi nguyn nh theo mc nh ( c ngha l bc 4 c th khng cn lm). Step 5: T hp thoi

Hnh ca s m phng
Ta xc nh gii hn ca bn v: thng qua vo s liu cho Width ( rng )b v Length (cao). Tng t nh bc 2 ca Quick Setup. Step 6: Title Block : T hp thoi:

Hnh ca s m phng

Cho php ta v khung bn v v khung tn vo bn v. Tuy nhinvi cc th vin c sn th khng hp vi TCVN do lm vic n ta c th tin hnh v sn 1 bn v bao gm khung bn v v khung rn theo tiu chun VN. ng nhin l phI ph hp vi kh bn v m ta nh dng bc trn v c ghi vo 1 File ca Autocad c ui l DWG. v d l A2 .DWG. ng nhin vic ny

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Gio trnh autocad c chun b t trc. Trong bc ny ta s dng chc nng Add hp thoi cg vo. thun tin ta phi nh bn A2.DWG c lu ti th mc no ( thun tin l lu trong th mc Autocad). d tm th Add . Step7: Layout: T hp chn

Hnh ca s m phng
Cho php ta thc hin bn v trong khng gian giy v Paper Space. ng nhin l la chn dng t ng t vo khng gian Paper Space mt khung hnh. Dng Floating Viewport c kch thc bng kh bn v xc nh. iu ny thc s dng khng hiu qu. Ta cn cp ti vn ny khi nghin cu vn t chc bn v trc khi in cc dng sau. Tm li vi Advanced Setup cho php ta xc lp c - Unit mt cch chi tit hn. - Gi hn bn v. a khung tn vo bn v (ch khung tn khng hin th trong khng gian Model Space). Do ta thy rng ni c cc bc 1,2,9 cn tip di y ta xem xt cch hin thm cc bc cn li. Thit lp cc h tr Snap ( bc di chuyn chut), li Grid ( li h tr bt im ) v mt s cc h tr khc cho bn v. Ta c nhiu cch trong mc ny ta xem xt 1 cch tin dng sau: - kch hot lnh xc lp cc h tr. T Pull_ Dow Menu chn Tool-> Drawing Aids v t hp thoi:

Hnh ca s m phng

Cho php ta xc lp:Snap (>>>>>>>>>)

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Gio trnh autocad

Trang 36: Ti mc ny ta thc hin cc bc 3 v 4 ca qu trnh xc lp mI trng bn v. Xc lp lp bn v ( Layer) v cc dng nt (line type) dng trong bn v. Trc ht ta bn mt cht v lp bn v trong Autocad hiu ti sao ngi ha vin cn bit cc to v s dng chng. Autocad cho php to cc lp bn v (Layer) m ta tng t nh cc lp ging trong xp chng nhau. Cc i tng v c lin kt vi tng lp. ( mi i tng ch c gn vi 1 lp). Cc lp ny c th: - kha ( khng cho tc ng ti cc i tng trong lp) - g cng ( tng nhanh kh nng kit sut ca bn v) - n: lm cho cc i tng lin kt vi Layer b n I to ty bin trn 1 bn v c th v nhiu bn v. Trong mc ny ta xem xt ti kh nng to, xa 1 lp khi xc lp mI trng v. Tuy nhin ta han ton c th tin hnh theo cc vng trong bn v thm, bt cc lp cn ( hoc khng cn ) thit. Cn v dng nt v, nh ta bit theo tiu chun th bn v k thut c to nn t cc loi nt v khc nhau nh nt bao, nt dng, nt trc v.v do p ng cc yu cu v ni dung ny cho ngi v Autocad t to 2 kh nng:

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Gio trnh autocad - Gip ngi ha vin xc lp v s dng cc nt v vi mt s kiu theo cc tiu chun khc nhau. - Mt khc con cho php hc vin ( c k thut v am hiu v CAD) to ra cc kiu nt v mi, tin dng theo chuyn nghnh ca mnh mc ny chng ta s xt ti chng sau. xc lp cc lp bn v ( Layer)v kiu nt v ( Line type) trong Autocad ta tin hnh h sau: T Pull_Dow Menu ta kch hot Format -> Layer Hoc Format -> Line type Khi hp thoi Layer v Line type di y xut hin v t ta c th la chn xc lp Layer hoc Line type. Nu chn Layer hp thoi c dng sau:

Hnh ca s m phng
* T hp thoi nu cn to Layer mi ta ch vic NEW kch hot nt V t tip tc t tn cho lp ng thi lp cc thuc tnh m cc i tng ha gn vi lp nh: - Color mu - Linetype dng nt. Hoc trng thI ca lp nh: - Tt ( n). - Kha -ng cng .v.v Ghi ch: Khi ta to NEW th tn ca Layer c t theo th t. v d: Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3 Nu ta mun t tn khc th ta tin hnh a tn mi g vo ngay khi tn mc nh c xut. Hoc lm nh sau: - a con tr chn tn ca Layer ( tn ca Layer) bm phm trI chut v nh tn mi vo sau save ( ghi ) li nu mun lm vic vi n lun ta kch chut trI vo nt Current. - xa mt layer ta chn bng cch sau.

- 20 -

Gio trnh autocad + Chn layer cn xa . Ch nhng layer sau khng xa c(Layer 0, Layer ang lm vic, trong Layer Delete cn c cc i tng ha + Chn Current - xc lp Layer lm vic bng cch la layer v nhn Chn xc lp Line type: Khi hp thoi c dng sau xut hin.

Hnh ca s m phng
Trn hp thoi ny ta thy c c bao nhiu kiu nt c xc lp cho mI trng bn v. Tuy nhin ta khng tm thy cc dng nt cn thit cho mI trng v do ta phi lm thm bng cch Load cc dng nt v s dng, h tr cc dng nt ca Autocad xy dng File t chc cc dng nt thng dng ( ng nhin Load l thm nhng vn phI ph hp vi TCVN) c tn l AUTOCAD.Lin ta chn . Khi hp thoi Load or Reload. Linetype di y c hin ln.

Hnh ca s m phng

Cho php ta chn cc dng nt np vo phc v trong mI trng ca bn v. Nu ta chn File trn hp thoi th Autocad cho php ta np vo File h tr cc dng nt v khc m t lp ( ch c ui l .Lin ) vo s dng. Nh vy ti y ta thc hin c cc bc 3 v 6 ca trnh t to 1 bn v mu ( hoc1 bn v mi - ng nhin l t u). T chc cc kiu ch ( TEXT) dng trong mi trng v : Trong bn v th ngoi vic v cc i tng hnh hc th vic ghi ch bn v l phn khng th thiu c. Cc ghi ch khi l tn bn v, tn chi tit, ghi ch k thut v.v thm ch l c 1 thuyt minh tm tt Do vic t chc s dng hiu qu cc kiu ch sao cho tun th ng vi TCVN, p v nht l ng v t l, kch thc l vic cc k quan trng i vi mt ha vien. Do khi v , qu trnh ny c th lm khi no cn ti song vic t chc quy chun trc (khi xc lp mi trng v) em li hiu qu v tnh chuyn nghip cao hn. i vi Autocad cc loi kiu ch sau y c to ra:

- 21 -

Gio trnh autocad - SHX font kiu ch theo kiu vct to v dng trong Autocad t nhng Viesion u tin. - True type font (TTF) l cc kiu ch Ritmap chun ca Window, c a vo s dng t Vesion Autocad Release 13. * Vi 2 loi kiu chc nng th loi True type font cho cht lng cao v kiu dng phong ph cng nh cch s dng thun tin. Tuy nhin tn b nh nhiu hn. Do my c tc s l thp, b nh mn hnh t th s dng kh vt v, khi chng ta thc hin cc lnh Zoom. Mt khc i vi nhng bn v dng loi font ny gy ra kh nng vt b nh khi ta tin hnh in bn v. Cn vi loi Font SHX tuy cht lng thp ( khng p lm) song dung lng li nh cho php trnh c hai nhc im ca loi TTF. Do ngi dng ty tng iu kin v th m tin hnh thit lp cc kiu ch dng trong bn v. thc thi xc lp ny ta thc thi lnh to cc th kiu ch dng trong bn v bng lnh Style. To th kiu ch bng lnh Style Khi ng lnh t Pull_Dow menu. Format -> Text style. Hp thoi Text style c kch hot.

Hnh ca s m phng
Khi mi khi u bn v th Autocad ch tn ti 1 th text Standard m thi khi to th mi ta chn NEW trn hp thoi. Hp thoi New Text Style xut hin cho php ta vo tn th nh kiu ch cho th t hp la chn Font name nu ta chn Font True type th hp thoi c dng (a), cn nu ta chn Font SHX th hp thoi c dng (b).

Hnh ca s m phng

Sau khi xc lp tn cho th ta tin hnh tip tc thit lp cc thuc tnh ca th. C th ta tin hnh nh sau: T Font TT Vn Avanrit Name Cho php ta la chn cc kiu ch cho th bng cch dng chut - 22 -

Gio trnh autocad la trn ca s chn. T Font Style Regular Ta chn cc dng thc ca kiu ch nh: - Regular bnh thng - Italic ch nghing kiu la tinh - Bel ch kiu nt m T Height 0.0000 Cho php ta xc nh chiu cao ca ch. Nu ta xc lp chiu cao ch khc 0, th khi dng s cho chiu cao ch c nh khng thay i, iu ny thun tin cho vic chun ha ca bn v. Tuy nhin c 2 iu m chng ta phI ch v xem xt. - Do chiu cao ca th l c nh do nu ta cn nhiu loi ch khc nhau th chng ta cng phI c nhiu th khc nhau. - Do chiu cao ch ca th l c nh cho nn nu dng th ny cho th ghi kch thc Dimension Style th khi khng tc ng ( thay i) chiu cao ca ch t Dimension Style.

*Cn nu ta t =0 th mi khi ta dng lnh a Text

vo bn v th ta li phi nh li chiu cao ca ch. Gy cho ngi dng mt thm cht thi gian nhng iu ng lo hn l to kh nng gy ty tin trong khi dng Text trong bn v. ng thi i li cho kh nng cc lnh khc nu c t li chiu cao ch c hiu lc ( c ngha l lc ny ti Dimension Style ta mi t li c chiu cao ca Text trong ghi kch thc). Qu l khng c g l ch c li m khng c bt li. Do vy quyt nh dng nh th no l do trnh v kinh nghim ca ha vin qua thc t. v d: kit xut ra bn v t l 1 n v tng ng vi 1mm m chiu cao ca ch i hi theo tiu chun l 1,5 mm th ta phI t chiu cao ch height = 1.5 cn nu chiu cao ch i hi l 3mm th phI t l 3.0.

- 23 -

Gio trnh autocad Cn nu t l in ra 10 n v v tng ng vi 1m th khi ta phI t Height = 15 cho ch cao 1,5m Hoc Height = 30 cho ch cao 3m. iu ny gi ta nn thit lp cc th Text Style cho tng loi t l dng cho ph hp. ng thi cng nn c cc th Text Style phc v cho xy dng cc Dimension Style. Trng hp ta chn Font cho th thuc loi SHX th hp thoi c dng (b). c th a cc du vo ch ( phc v cho vic ghi ting vit) th ta cn lm cc bc sau: Hp ch V Use Big Font c chn. ng thi t Big Font VN.SHX Ta chn File phc v cho qu trnh b du. Ghi ch: Khi thc thi cch dng Big Font cn th v nu khng c VN.SHX th s khng kit xut c. V mi loi Big Font li c cc cch g khc nhau. Rt mong l hin nay cch dng Big Font c dng t v cch dng cc Font TTF qu d dng. Tuy nhin cng nn ghi nh l cc quy tc ca Autocad v mt s cc k hiu c bit nh cch ghi ng knh ( %C).. l khng hiu lc i vi cc Font TTF nhng vn hiu lc khi ta dng Font SHX vi cc Big Font. *T Width Factor 1.000 Cho php ta xc nh b rng ca ch. Nu s t l ly = 1 th ch bnh thng Theo TCVN th - i vi ch hoa h s = 5/7. - i vi ch thng h s = 4/7. T Obligue Angle 0.000 - 24 -

Gio trnh autocad Cho php ta t nghing ca ch. Nu = 0 th ch ng thng. Cn i vi TCVN th ly = 150, theo phng ng. T Up Side Ch s i xng quay theo phng V ngang. Theo TCVN khng dng. Back wards ch s i xng theo phng V ng ( khng dng Vertical Dng ch nm theo phng thng ng. ( nu chn N). i vi Font TTH th thuc tnh ny khng c. Qu trnh xc lp sau khi tin hnh cho 1 th cn c ghi li bng nt APPLY Trn hp chn. Sau ta c th tip tc xc lp cc th khc vi quy trnh nh trnh by trn. Ngoi ra t nt ta c th lm 2 thao tc cng kh cn thit. Renam Cho php ta i tn th Delet Cho php ta xa 1 th ra khi bn v e Cui cng l : e Close Quay v ca s ha ca cad kt thc lnh Style. Help Kch hot tr gip trc tip lin quan ti xy dng cc th Text Thc thi ti y ta hon thnh bc 7 ca qu trnh xc lp mI trng bn v. Xc lp cc th quy nh kiu ghi kch thc Dimension Style: Vic ghi kch thc l mt vic khng th thiu ( cn c th ni l quan trng) khi thc thi cc bn v k thut. Tuy nhin i vi thao tc dng Autocad to ra mt lot cc cng c tha mn cc yu cu ca cng vic. Tuy nhin c th khng nhng ghi kch thc mt cch chnh xc. Ngi dng phI ch n cc yu t khc ca kch thc c ghi tren bn v sao cho va chnh xc, thun tin, p theo yu cu TC. ng thi V - 25 -

Gio trnh autocad trnh cc S c xy ra khi cc kch thc c ghi trn bn v hoc khng p li cn khng r nh trn bn v hoc khng r nh ca ngi v. c th lm tt vn ghi kch thc trn bn v, khi thit lp cc thng s mI trng ca bn v ngi dng nn thit lp cc th bn v ( Dimension Style) dng cho thm tin. Mt khc nu nm chc c cc thao tc thit lp cc th ghi kch thc th khi xy ra s c khng t yeu cu mi d dng sa cha m khng tn nhiu thi gian, cng sc. Trc khi xem xt vn thit lp cc th ghi kch thc ta cn xem xt mt s khI nim lin quan ti ghi kch thc qua hnh

Hnh v m phng
Trang 48 * Dimension line: ng ghi kch thc Nu l kch thc thng th cng phng vi on thng cn ghi kch thc cn nu l ghi gc th l cung trn c tm l nh gc. * Extension line ng dng : - Thng thng l cc on thng vung gc vi i tng ghi kch thc khi i tng l on thng. - L on thng ng quy ti nh gc khi o gc. * Dimension Text Ch s ghi kch thc: - c t ng ghi khi ta thc thi ghi kch thc, cc kch thc ny s t ng thay i khi c phng to thu nh. Cn nu ta sa cha (bng cch vo trc tip t bn phm) th cc kch thc s s khng t ng thay i khi c phng to ( hoc thu nh) To th ghi kch thc bng Ddim: Kch hot D dim t Pull _Dow Menu: Format Dimension Style. Khi hp thoi Dimension Style di y xut hin.

- 26 -

Gio trnh autocad

Ch : Ngoi chc nng to th ghi kch thc th D dim cn cho php ngi dng la chn th ghi kch thc s c dng lm th hin hnh cho cc thao tc v sau ny cho ti khi la chn th mi. T hp thoi Curent Moi - Cho ta bit th ghi kch thc no hin c dng lm th hin hnh. Nu ta mun chn 1 th khc lm th hin hnh th ch vic kch vo m hp chn v la chn th mi (ng nhin l th cntm phI c xc lp), v kt thc vic thay i th hin hnh bng la chn Ok Trn hp thoi T hp thoi Name Moi Cho php ta x l 2 thao tc. i tn ca th c bng cch - G tn mi - Chn Rename T nhm cc la chn Family trn hp thoi cho php ta xc nh cc xc lp m ta tin hnh c tc dng cho ton b cc kiu ghi kch thc ca th

- 27 -

Gio trnh autocad hay ch l cc b cho mt kiu ghi kch thc ca th m thI - Nu ta chn Parent th cc xc lp s c tc ng ln ton b cc kiu ghi kch thc ca th. - Nu ta chn mt trong cc la chn cn li th s ch tc ng ln kiu ghi kch thc ca th. T hp chn: Geometr y s lm xut hin hp thoi Geometry cho php xc lp cc yu t hnh hc ca th ghi kch thc nh. - Dimension Line ( ng ghi kich thc) - Extension Line ( ng dng ) - Arrowbeads ( Kiu mi tn) - Center ( Kiu ghi tit din tm cung trn khi cn ghi kch thc ) - H s t l hnh hc ca cc yu t ny hp thoi Geometry

T nhm Dimension Line ca hp thoi ta c th xc lp cc yu t hnh hc lien quan ti ng ghi kch thc. Hp chn Suppress 1st 2 nd Cho php ta hy b ng ghi kch thc ti im u, cui hoc c hai nh hnh v sau.
200 200 200

- 28 V

1st

2 nd

V 1st

2 nd

Gio trnh autocad

T hp chn: Extension 0. Cho php ko di ng ghi kch thc ra khi ng dng mt on (xem hnh v). Ghi kch thc nh mi tn th la chn ny khng c xc nh Hnh v trang 52 Cho php ta t khong cch gia cc ng ghi kch thc khi ta thc hin lnh Base Dimension Hnh v trang 52 T hp chn: Color Cho php m hp thoi Color cho php ngi dng xc lp mu cho ng ghi kch thc ca th. Nhm Extension: ( xc lp cc yu t hnh hc lin quan ti ng dng ca th) T Suppress Hnh v trang 53 Cho php loi b 1,2 hoc c 2 ng dng ca th ghi kch thc

200

200

200 V 2 nd

1st

2 nd

V 1st

T Extension1.25 Cho php quy nh ko di ng dng vt qu ng ghi kch thc ( v d) - 29 -

Gio trnh autocad

120

120

120

T Origin Offset 0.625 Cho php ta xc lp khong cch gc ng dng n im ng dng. Bn cht ca xc lp ny l to 1 khong cch tch ng dng vi i tng v bn v c t rng v p V d: Color: xc lp mu cho ng dng Origin Offset
120

Nhm cc hp chn lin quan ti k hiu ghi kch thc. Arrowheads: Autocad xc lp sn 18 kiu k hiu ghi kch thc cho ngi dng la chn khi xc lp th ha hoc ca s:

1St 2 Nd

Obligue Arrow

Cho php ta xc lp cc dng k hiu ghi kch thc. Ch rng k hiu ghi kch thc loi 2 u ca ng - 30 -

Gio trnh autocad ghi khng nht thit l nh nhau. Tuy nhin nn chn cc k hiu sao cho ph hp vi ngh nghip v tiu chun quy nh. T hp chn Side 2.5 Cho php xc ta xc lp ln ca k hiu ghi kch thc . v d:

Sid e

Sid e

Nhm cc hp chn Center: Cho php ta xc lp kiu v ln ca k hiu tm cung trn khi ta ghi kch thc cung cong ( hoc khng a k hiu ny vo). Nu ta chn Mark. Line. Th s c a vo v ln s c lp t hp nhp s liu Size ca nhm Size 2.5 Nhm cc la chn Scalle: Nhm cc la chn ny cho php ta xc lp li ln ca cc i tng v ca th ghi kch thc bng cch phng to hoc thu nh chng. Cc i tng ghi kch thc l nh nhau trong mi Fload viewport trong khng gian Paper Space ( iu ny lm cho cc i tng ghi kch thc l nh nhau). Hp nhp lin: Overall Scale 1. 0 Cho php xc lp cc h s t l thu phng cc i tng hnh hc ca th kch thc. Hp chn: Scale to paper Space

- 31 -

Gio trnh autocad Nu c xc lp s quy nh cc i tng hnh hc ca th ghi kch thc s nhn nhau trong mi Floadting Viewport, vi t ln nh th xc lp. Hp thoi Format: Cho php xc lp v tr v phng ca ch s ghi kch thc Hnh v ca s m phng trang 56 T hp chn: User Dind - Cho php con chy (ca chut ) iu khin v tr im chn ca ch s ghi kch thc v v tr ca dng ghi kch thc. C ngha l ngi v c php xc nh v tr ca ng ghi kch thc v v tr ca ch s ghi kch thc. - Trng hp Off th ch c php xc nh v tr ca ng ghi kch thc cn v tr ca Text th t ng xc nh.
12 0 12 0

85 85

On

Off

T hp chn: Force Line Insid Cho php: - Nu chn th bt buc phI c ng ghi kch thc nm trong 2 ng dng (hoc ng trn) 20 20 - Nu khng th c th khng c dng ghi kch thc gia hai ng dng. Xem v d:
30 30

- 32 -

Gio trnh autocad

On

Off

T hp chn Fit Cho php ta nh v tr ca mi tn ghi kch thc v Text so vi hai ng dng. Nu ta chn: hnh v ca s m phng Text and Arrow: Th ch s v mi tn nm trong hai ng dng nu ch, cn nu khng th c 2 nm ngoi:
20

Text Only : Th ch s v mi tn nm trong 2 ng dng nu ch. Nu ch cho text th text s nm trong ng dng v mi tn s nm ngoi. Cn khng th c 2 cng nm ngoi ng dng ( u tin Text).
20

Arraws Only: Th ch v mi tn nm trong hai ng dng nu ch. Nu ch ch cho Text th Text nm trong, cc Arows nm ngoi. Nu ch ch cho Arows
20

- 33 -

Gio trnh autocad th cc Arows nm trong cn Text nm ngoi. Cn khng th c 2 cng nm ngoi.

Rest Fit: T ng sp xp tt nht trn c s khong cch gia hai ng dng ( thng thng nn chn xc lp ny) Leader: To ng dn cho ch s kch thc. Nu khong cch gia hai ng dng khng cho Text.
20

No Leader khng to ng dn cho ch s kch thc nu khong cch gia hai ng dng khng ch. T nhm hp chn Text. Cho php xc lp hng ca ch s ghi kch thc l theo phng ngang hay song song vi phng ca ng ghi kch thc, v nm trong hay nm ngoi khong cch gia 2 ng dng. Inside Hozizontal Nu chn On th khi ch s ghi kch thc s nm trong 2 ng dng (hoc ng trn ) s nm ngang ( theo TCVN th khng chn nt ny). T hp chn Ouside Horizotal Nu chn th ch s ghi kch thc s ghi ngoi 2 ng dng ( hoc ng trn) v s nm ngang v d: - 34 -

Gio trnh autocad

20

20

Inside horizon tal On

20

Inside horizon tal Off

20

Outside horizon Outside horizon tal tal Off On ( theo kinh nghim th c 2 la chn nn off). Nhm hp chn Horizontal Jactification: Cho php ta xc lp v tr tng i ca Text ghi kch thc theo phng ngang ca ng ghi kch thc. T hp chn hnh v ca s m phng Nu ta chn Centered th ch sghi kch thc s c t chnh gia khong cch gia 2 ng dng.
12 0

* Nu ta chn 1St Extension Line th ch s ghi kch thc s c t lch v pha im u ca ng ghi 12 0 kch thc.

- 35 -

Gio trnh autocad *Nu ta chn Over 1st Extension th ch s ghi kch thc s ghi lch theo ng dng s 1.
120

Nu ta chn Over 2nd Extension th s ghi kch thc s ghi lch theo phng ng dng s 2.
120

Nh vyh\j khi xc lp cc thng s mI trng ca bn v ta nn la chn Centered Nhm hp chn: Vertical Justification Cho php xc lp v tr tng i ca ch ghi kch thc theo phng ng vi ng ghi kch thc Dimension Line T hp chn hnh v ca s m phng *Nu ta chn Above th ch s ghi kch thc s c t pha trn ca ng ghi kch thc

120

*Nu ta chn Centered th ch s ghi kch thc s c t ngay chnh gia ng ghi kch thc

120

- 36 -

Gio trnh autocad *Nu ta chn Outside th ch s ghi kch thc khi s pha ngoi ng ghi kch thc so vi nh gc
450

*Nu ta chn Jis th ch s ghi kch thc khi o gc s tun theo TC Nht Bn. Hp thoi Annotasion T hp thoi ny cho php ta xc lp cc thng s lin quan ti hnh dng, ln ca ch s ghi kch thc m th Dimension Style s xc lp. Hp thoi Annotasion c dng sau: hnh v ca s m phng Hp thoi ny gm 4 vng: - Primary Unit -> Dch n v cho kch thc - Tolerance -> Dch cc quy cch ghi dung sai - Alternate -> xc nh ( thay i) h thng n v ( t inh-> met hoc ngc li) - Text -> Xc nh cc thng s lin quan ti ch ghi kch thc. T Text Box Round off 0 Cho php ta quy nh lm trn ch s ghi kch thc. Nu = 0 th s khng tin hnh lm trn. Ta la nhm la chn Unit. Nu ta kch hot
Unit ...

Th hp thoi sau y s xut hin. hnh v m phng T hp chn ny nu ta chn *Unit : Cho php ta nh Format ca ch s ghi kch thc di. ( thng thng chn l Decimal) Decimal *Angles: Cho php ta xc lp Format dng ch s ghi kch thc khi ta ghi kch thc gc ( thng thng chn Deg/Min/Sec) Deg/Min/Se - 37 -

Gio trnh autocad c *Dimension: Cho php t s ch s l sau du chm thp phn khi ghi kch thc thng ( thng ly = 0 ) 0 *To Lerance Precision: 0 cho php xc nh s lng ch s sau du chm thp phn khi ghi dung sai *Scanle Linear 1 Cho php xc lp gi tr ca kch thc ghi ra bng kch thc thc t ( theo n v v) nhn vi h s Linear. Do nu mun tng ln th h s > 1 cn mun gim I th h s phI <1 . ng nhin l phI khc khng v d:
12 0 12

Th -> Khi Linear = 1 Khi Linear =0.1

*T nhm hp chn Alternate Units Cho php ta chn h thng thay i n v gia inch v mt. ng thi cho php nh tin t, hu t. Prefix / Suffix cho h thng thay i n v. *Nhm chn Tolerance Cho php nh cc thng s v dung sai ca th nh Method, Upper Valae/ Loweravalue, Justification, Height Cn tht cho nhng bn v c kh, ch to my. - 38 -

Gio trnh autocad *Nhm Text Nhm hp thoi ny cho php ta xc nh kiu ch c dng lm ch ghi kch thc thng qua la chn. Style Standard V

Tuy nhin cn phI lu rng: +Nu chn cc Font c nt ph hp vi tiu chun thng thng (A..) +Khc vi R12 trong ACAD R14 th Style hin hnh ca Text Style khng ng thi l kiu ch hin hnh ca Text Dimension Style. Do khi thay i kiu ch hin hnh ca bn v s khng nh hng ti kiu ch ca cc kch thc ghi v cc Dimension Style xc lp. T Text b Height 2.5 Cho php ta xc lp chiu cao ca ch ghi kch thc theo n v v. Tuy nhin lu rng nu Style Text c xc lp vi Height c nh th khi ta xc lp li y s khng c hiu. Do Style Text nh chn lm kiu ch cho Dimension Text cn t Height = 0. Xc lp Grap: Cho php xc lp khong cch gia Text Dimension vi ng ghi kch thc. C th l : *Nu s ghi kch thc nm gia ng ghi kch thc ( Justification Vertical xc lp Centered). Th Gap s l khong h gia Text vi 2 nhnh ca ng ghi kch thc. v d:

60

gap Nu s ghi kch thc nm ngoi ng ghi kch thc (Justification Vertical chn About ) th Gap s l khong h gia Text Dimension vi Dimension Line v d:
60 gap

- 39 -

Gio trnh autocad

*Nu Grap < 0 th Text Dimension s c 1 hnh ch nht bao quanh .

60

Trong cc mc trn nu ta xem xt qu trnh xc lp cc thng s mI trng bn v v Dimension Style cho bn v. Cn lu rng cc xc lp ch c ghi nhn khi ta chp nhn OK. Trn cc hp thoi. Nh vy l ta nghin cu thc thi bc quan trng ( bc 8 ) ca qu trnh thit lp cc yu t mI trng va bn v. Lu rng: Khi xc lp xong ta c th tip tc thc thi qu trnh thc hin bn v hoc ghi thnh 1 bn v mu PrtStyle t dng li khi cn to mt bn v mi m t tn cng sc lp . Ti y ta tm kt thc chng v xc lp mI trng bn v tip tc kho st nhng vn l th cn thit cho mt ha vin chuyn nghip trong cc chng ti.

- 40 -

Gio trnh autocad

Chng III Block v s dng block ca Autocad trong thc thi bn v.

1: Block l g v s cn thit ca vic dng Block tronh Autocad. Trong qu trng v cc bn v k thut v ngay trong 1 bn v th vic c nhiu hnh v ging nhau ca 1 chi tit c v v d: nh chi tit cc gh trong mt b gh , chi tit ca s, ca i khi v cc bn v kin trc ng nhin l khng ai li lm ci vic l ln lt v tt c tng chi tit mt. M thng thng s dng cc k thut sao chp to ra nh dng lnh Coppy, Array, Mirro Vi cch lm ny cho php ta x l cc chi tit mt bn v. Do vy c th ni l cha thc s hiu qu. Mt khc qu trnh sao chp phi a ra vic la chn d liu ngun do s mt rt nhiu thi gian ng thi khng bo m chnh xc l cc chi tit hon ton ging nhau nh yu cu s l vn ny trong Autocad s dng Block l nhm cc i tng c lin kt thnh mt i tng. Vi Block cho php ta - To nhm chi tit khc ti cc v tr khc nhau ca bn v bng th thut chn ( Insert Block). T Vesion

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Gio trnh autocad Autocad R14 cho php trong qu trnh chn Block ta c th: + T l ha theo cc phng X, Y vi cc t l khc nhau vi cch lm ny ta d dng to 1 chi tit vi 2 chiu c v vi 2 t l khc nhau (). + ng thi d dng xoay Block vi mt gc xoay bt k. + Cc Block sau khi to lp s thnh th vin ca bn v. Do d dng s dng lao ng qu kh mt cc hiu qu. + Mt khc Block cn c th c Export thnh mt File bn v c ui .DWG mt cch hon chnh. iu ny cho php d dng s dng cc Block c to khng ch bn v ny m cn dng cho cc bn v khc. Bi 2: To Block Trong mi trng Autocad R14 to Block ta tn hnh theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Dng lnh v Draw nh Line, Arc, Text to cc chi tit ca Block Bc 2: Dng cc ln to Block nh Block, Bmake to Block Bng phng thc kch hot lnh ta Block Hnh tang 71 + Dng Block Lnh ny cho php to Block theo cch hi thoi t dng nhc : Command Line Command : Block Block name (or?) : vo tn ca Block c s k t < 31 Insertion Base Poit: Vo ta im chun chn. Thng thng c cho bng ta con tr ca chut. ng thi lu ti tnh thun tin khi s dng Block chn im chun chn Select Objects Dng chut chn cc chi tit hnh hc tham gia to nn - 42 -

Gio trnh autocad Block. Kt thc qu trnh chn cng chnh l lc kt thc lnh v khi Block to lp xong. V ng nhin l sn sng c dng v trong bn v. Ghi ch + Sau khi to c i tng tham gia to Block s b xa I. Mun khI phc li ta dng lnh Oops. + Trong dng lnh tn Block nu g ? th trong ca s Text ca Autocad s lit k danh sch tn cc Block c trong bn v (y l trong th vin ca bn v). + Trong thnh phn ca Block cho php cha Block khc. v d: Trong Block bn gh cha Block bn v Block gh. To Block bng lnh Make: Vic to Block bng B Make ch khc vi Block ch l s dng hp thoi Block Difinition thc thi m khng dng ch hi thoi t Command Line nh lnh Block. Tuy nhin nu dng B Make th qu trnh to Block vn c tin hnh theo 2 bc. Bc 1: V cc chi tit hnh hc tham gia vo thnh phn ca Block Bc 2: kch hot lnh Bmake: khi ny hp thoi Block Definition di y xut hin Hnh v ca s m phng ( trang 72) +T bc Text Block name Cho php ta vo tn ca Block. + Nu cn thn trnh vic ty tn th chn List Block name xem tn ca cc Block cha trong bn v ( tuy nhin nu ta cn cho i 1 tn khi xy ta tng hp tng tn th Autocad s khng hi ta quyt nh ). T Select Objects - 43 -

Gio trnh autocad < Cho php ta quay tr v ca s ha ca Autocad la chn cc i tng tham gia thnh phn ca Block khi qu trnh chn i tng kt thc, thay v kt thc nh Block, iu khin s quay tr li hp thoi Block Defition. + Vic nh im chun chn ( Baes Poit) c tin hng bng 2 cch. - Mt l: vo ta X, Y, Z t hp Text ( thng khng dng cch ny Select Poit - Hai l: chn khi < Autocad li i khin tr v ca s ha v cho php xc nh ta Base point bng chut + Nu ta chn : V Retain Objects Th khi ta chn OK hon thnh vic to Block cc i tng c to Block s c chn tham gia thnh phn s khng b xa i, cn nu khng chn th s l ngc li l khi nu cn ta phi khi phc bng lnh 3: S dng Block trong bn v : Block to ra ng nhin l vi mc ch trc ht l dng ngay trong bn v. Vic dng Block c gi l chn Block vo bn v. Qua trnh ny thc thi bi nhiu lnh ca Autocad. v d nh: - Lnh Insert, Minsert, Divide v Measure. Trong mc ny ta ln lt xem xt tng cch dng Block to nn bn v. Pull Dow Scrrem Menu Type in Toll Bar Menu Insert/ Block Insert/ Insert/ Draw DDinsert DDinsert + Ta xem xt cch dng Pull_Dow menu. Khi hp thoi Insert di y xut hin. Hnh v ca s m phng ( trang 74)

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Gio trnh autocad + Tai y nu ta nh tn Block th ta nhp vo t Box Text cn nu khng th kch Block chn trong hp thoi Defined Block. + Nu ta chn V Specify Darameters on Screer Th cc tham s v - Insert Point : im chn - X, Y Scale : H s t l theo cc phng - Rotation angle: Gc xoay. S c a vo t Command Line. Phng thc ny lun dng v cc tin dng ca n cn nu khng th ta phitin hnh vo s liu t Box Text. + Cn t hp la V Explode Nu ta chn th ng thi vi qu trnh chn Block, th Block s t n ph v tr thnh cc i tng ring bit. Ch : +Nu h s t l X < 0 : Th Block s i xng qua phng X. Y < 0 : Th Block s i xng qua phng Y. 1,Mu v dng ng ca Block + Nu Block c to ti lp 0 th khi chn Block i tng chn s c mu v dng ng ca lp hin hnh. + Nu Block c to vi mu v dng nt c thuc tnh l BLayer trong 1 lp c tn ring ( Khng phi l lp 0) th khi chn Block vn gi nguyn mu v dng nt theo lp ca i tng to Block. + Nu Block c to bi cc i tng c mu v dng ng nt c thuc tnh By Block. Th khi chn s c mu v dng nt gn cho i tng ca bn v hin hnh ( hoc ca lp hin hnh) + Nu i tng to Block c mu dng nt c gn rieng ( khng theo lp Block) th Block s gi mu n dng ng nt ring ca n 2, Chn Block theo dng ( MinSert): Lnh ny ch c kch hot t Commnd Line nh sau: Command : MinSert Block name (or ?): Tn Block cn chn - 45 -

Gio trnh autocad Insertion Point : im chn ( thng vo t chut ) X Scale Factor: H s t l theo phng X. Y: Scale Factor : H s t l theo phng Y. Rotation Angle : Gc xoay quanh im chn. Number of Row : S cc hng. Number of Colums: S cc ct. Unit Cell Or distance between Row : Khong cch gia cc hng Distance between Colums : Khong cch gia cc ct. +Lnh ny tng t nh l kt hp gia lnh Insert v lnh Array. 3, Chn cc Block t lnh Device v Measure: Cc lnh Device ( Measure) l lnh chia i tng ( khng b gy) thnh tng on bng cch chn vo cc i tng ny cc im chn Point. Nay ta thy th Pointe bng Block v nh th ta s chn c mt phng thc chn Block mt cch thun li v s dng tt c s a li hiu qu cao. Ch : Gia Device v Measusure khc nhau ch l: Gia Device : chia u Measure : Theo di cho trc ch rng i tng tc ng ca lnh Device v Measure l: Line, arc, splin a, Chn Block t lnh Device Ch rng Block nh chn nht thit phi c to sn trong bn v. Kch hot lnh Device. Hnh v trang 77 Ti Comand Line xut hin hp thoi. Select Object to Device : Chn i tng m cc Block s c chn da vo . < Number of Secment>/ Block : B Block name to insert : < Nhp tn Block cn chn> Align block with objects : < Y> c mun xoay khi chn khng. Number of Secments: S on cn chia.

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Gio trnh autocad Ch : Khi ng dng lnh Divide th cc Block c chn vo song. Khong cch gia chng c t ng tnh, do ngi dng phI d tnh trc xem n c ph hp khng. V d dng lnh Divide: Hnh v minh ha bock( trang 78) b, Chn Block t lnh Measure Tng t nh chn Block t lnh Divide. Song khong cch gia cc Block theo i tng ta l tr s cho trc. Do dung tin li hn l Divide. Kch hot lnh Measure Pull Dow - Menu Scrrem Type in Comand Menu line Draw/ Point/ Draw/ Measare hoc Measare Measare Me Khi lnh c kch hot ti Comand line xut hin hp thoi. Select objects to Measure : Chn i tng cn la vo chn Block. < Secment Length >/ Block : B Block name to insert : Nhp tn Block khi chn hay khng? Secment length : Chiu di on chia ( khong cch gia cc Block) V d: Dng lnh chn Block Hnh v minh ha trang 79: 4. Hiu chnh Block: Sau khi to v s dng Block xy dng cc bn v i khi ta mun iu chnh ( nh ngha li ) Block c c Block theo mun v cc l do sau: - Cn thay i hnh dng cho cc Block chn. - Hoc c th thay th Block trong file bn v hin hnh bng mt file bn v khc. thc hin qu trnh hiu chnh ny ta s dng lnh Block. Nh trnh by trn. Song ta vo tn Block ta cn hiu chnh, sau ta c th nh ngha li Block t: - 47 -

Gio trnh autocad - Select objects : i tng mi. - Select insert point : im chn mi. Khi ta xc lp OK th hp thoi xut hin Waring Ablock with this name already Exits in the Drawing Do you want to Redefine it? Redefine Cancel

V ta chn Redefine -> khi cc Block c tn trong bn v s l Block c iu chnh ( ng nhin cc Block tip tc c chn s l Block sa i * hiu chnh cc tnh cht ca Block ( Khng ng ti cc i tng to ln Block) - Mu - Dng nt - Layer ( Lp) - im chn - T l theo cc phng X, Y, Z Cho tng Block hoc nhm Block ( iu chnh cc b) ta c th dng lnh DD Modify. Khi ng nh sau: To pull Dow - Menu Modify/ Properties Tip ta chn cc Block cn iu chnh ( bng chut) khi kt thc qu trnh chn th hp thoi Modify Block Inesrtion hin ra cho php ta hiu chnh Hnh v ca s minh ha trang(79) 5. Ghi Block thnh File: V Block to ra ch c chn vo bn v hin hnh, do mun chn Block vo File bn v khc ta phI ghi chng thnh File. Trong Autocad thao tc ny c thc thi bng lnh Wblock. Pull Dow - Menu Scrrem Menu - 48 Type in Comand line

Gio trnh autocad File / Export/ (chn File / Wblock, W i tng) Export Hp thoi EXPORT DATA xut hin. Hnh v ca s minh ha (trang 82): Bc 1: Chn loi Save As Type l Block (*.DWG). Bc 2: Vo tn File cha Block v chn OK. Khi iu khin tr v ca s ha cn ti Comand line s l: Block name: Ti y nu ta : + G tn Block cn a ra th Block s c ghi ra File. + Cn ta g * th tt c cc Block c trong bn v s c a ra. + Cn nu ta dng chut mt s i tng trong bn v, th cc i tng ny s c ghi ra File. 6. Ph v Block: c th sa cha mt s cc chi tit ca Block ta cn phI ph v Block. kn vic ny Autocad dng lnh Explode kch hot nh sau: Pull Dow Scrrem Menu Type in Toll Bar Menu Modify / Modify / ExSplode, Modify Explode Explode X Sau khi lnh kch hot ta s dng Mouse chn kt thc khi ta bm Enter ( Space bar) hoc phm phi chut. 7. Thuc tnh ca Block v trnh t to Block vi thuc tch Thuc tnh ( Attribate ) ca Block l cc dng Text ( ch hoc s ), i km vi Block m t mt s cc thng tin lin quan ti Block. V d: ta c Block th hn mt ct dm th ta cn c cc Block thuc tnh nh: - Tit din thuc dm no ? - Ct y dm. - 49 -

Gio trnh autocad - S hiu vd kch thc thp Hnh v minh ha (trang 84): * Mt Block c th c nhiu thuc tnh. * Thuc tch l cc thnh phn ca Block c lin kt vo Block bng lnh to Block. * Khi chn cc Block c thuc tnh vo bn v Autocad yu cu gn gi tr cc bin ny xut hin cng vi Block c chn. * Thuc tnh ca Block cho php chnh sa cc gi tr ca n trong Autocad cc thng tin thc s ng theo yu cu ca ngi v. * Mi thuc tnh ca Block c gi l mt th ( tag) thuc tnh. * Khi Block c ph v bng lnh Explode th cc thuc tnh c ti ra chnh l tn cc th ( tag), ch khng phI l gi tr lu trong cc th . * T Autocad R14 t nhm lnh Burst ph v cc thuc tnh ca Block thnh Text. a, Trnh t t o Block vi thuc tnh: Mt Block c thuc tnh s c to lp vi trnh t sau: B1 - V hnh dng ca Block. B2 - nh ngha cc th thuc tnh. B3 - Dng lnh Block ( Make Block) to Block trong cc i tng v, cc th thuc tnh ln lt c chn. s dng mt Block c thuc tnh ta dng lnh Inseat chn vo bn v nh i vi mt Block thng thng ng nhin l km thm th tc vo gi tr cho cc thuc tnh, ( i khi qu trnh vo gi tr cho cc thuc tnh c tin hnh vo gi tr cho cc thuc tnh c tin hnh gn tip bng cch sa cha Edite thuc tnh ca Block). Khi Block mi c to lp khng phI bng chn m t lnh coppy mt Block ny thnh mt Block mi). 8. nh ngha th thuc tnh cho Block. nh ngha th thuc tnh ta c th dng mt trong cc lnh Attdef hoc Ddattdef. Tuy nhin tin v trc quan ta thng dng lnh Ddattdef kch hot nh sau: - 50 -

Gio trnh autocad Draw / Block / Define Anttributes Khi hp thoi Anttributes Definition xut hin. Hnh v ca s minh ha (trang 86: Hp thoi c 4 vng: + Mode + Anttribute + Insertion + Text Options Cho php nh ngha cc tnh cht lin quan trc ht ta xem xt. Vng Anttribute: Ti vng ny c Text box Tag * Cho php ta vo tn ca th Prom pt * Cho php vo li nhc s xut hin khi ta chn Block c th thuc tnh ny Valu e * Cho php vo gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh. (ch Prompt s khng tn ti khi ta chn Mode ca th l Constant) Vng Mode: C 4 hp chn cho php ta xc nh phng thc xc nh s sut hin v gi tr ca thuc tnh khi dng. Cc hp chn bao gm: Invisible : Nu Mode ny c la chn th sau khi chn Block vi th thuc tnh ny th thuc tnh s khng hin ln trn mn hnh mc d n vn tn ti. iu ny lm cho vic tI hin bn v nhanh hn. hin cc gi tr ta ch t Attdisp trng thi On. Constant: Nu Mode ny l Yes th gi tr ca thuc tnh s l khng i v khi chn s

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Gio trnh autocad khng c yu cu vo gi tr cho thuc tnh. Verify: Nu Mode ny c chn th khi chn Block qu trnh nhp gi tr cho thuc tnh s c nhc li ngi dng kim tra li s chnh xc ca d liu. Preset : Khi Mode ny c chn th Autocad s khng cho php nhp gi tr ca thuc tnh khi chn ( Insert) tuy nhin vn c th thay i bng lnh Attedit. ( Sa i gi tr thuc tnh). Mc nh l cc phng thc ny la chn l n ( C th ni l mt la chn khn ngoan). 9. t Mode cho vic xut hin cc thuc tnh ca Blocktrn mn hnh. Vic xut hin ( hin th) cc gi tr ca thuc tnh ca Block trong bn v trn mn hnh i khi lm gim tc kit xut ca mn hnh. Do c th cho n i. Qu trnh ny c thc hin d dng theo cc cc sau. Pull Dow Scrrem Menu Type in Menu View / Display/ View2 / Attdisp Attribute Attdisp Display Lnh Attdisp c 3 la chn: On - Lun lun hin ln cc gi tr ca thuc tnh trn mn hnh khng ph thuc vo la chn ca Mode Invsible. Off Lun tt khng ph thuc Mode c chn Invisible l nh th no Normal Ph thuc vo s la chn ca Mode Invisible khi nh ngha th thng thng nn chn l ON. 10. Hiu chnh ( Edit) gi tr ca thuc tnh.

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Gio trnh autocad Nh trnh by trn. Vic to ra 1 Block ( ng nhin l cng vi cc thuc tnh ca n ) khng ch c mt cch l Insert (chn), m c th dng coppy, Miror Do c c cc gi tr thuc tnh ph hp ngi v cn phI hiu chnh li cc gi tr ca thuc tnh. Vic lm ny c thc thi bng lnh Ddatte ca Autocad. Pull Dow Scrrem Menu Type in Tool Bar Menu Modify/ Modify Ddatte Object/ hoc Attribute> Ate single Sau khi Select Block cn hiu chnh th hp thoi. Hnh v ca s minh ha (trang 86: Xut hin cho php ta sa i li cc gi tr ca thuc tnh. Ch :: Vic di chuyn t trng ny sang trng khc ca hp thoi c thc hin bi Mouse hoc TAB. ng nhin l sau khi sa i xong phi la chn OK xc lp cc thay i va tin hnh. 11. Hiu chnh th thuc tnh ( trong Attribute). Th thuc tnh c to t lnh Ddattef ( Xem mc 8 ca chng). Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng c nh . V d: Nh ta mun a vo li nhc khi vo d liu hoc gi tr mc nh, hoc chnh sa li v tr tng i so vi thc th hnh hc ca Block cho p hn. Do ta cn chnh sa cc Tag Attribute. Th tc chnh sa Tag Attribute c thc thi bi lnh Propcttk Kch hot nh sau. Pull Dow - Menu Tool Bar Modify / properties

Sau khi thuc tnh cn chnh sa c chn ( ch ch 1 th thi) th hp thoi xut hin. - 53 -

Gio trnh autocad Hnh v ca s m phng (trang 91) Cho php ta chnh sa cc yu t ca Tag thuc tnh mt cch d dng t Mode, Pick Point Ch rng: Tag chnh sa khng lm nh hng ti cc Block s dng Tag trc khi chnh sa lm thuc tnh t phai ta nh ngha li Block vi thuc tnh mi chnh sa. 12. Chnh sa gi tr thuc tnh ca nhiu Block cng lc. Trong qu trnh v i khi ta cn sa i gi tr ca mt Tag thuc tnh ca nhiu Block ( cng 1 loi). V d: nh thay i bc ct thp, hay ng kch thp chng hn. Thay v lm tng bc Block ta c th tin hnh, thng qua lnh Gatte thuc nhm lnh Bonus ca Autocad R14 nh sau: Kch hot lnh Gatte t Menu Pull Dow. Pull Dow Menu / Text / Global Attribute Edit. Sau chn git cn sa ti 1 Block cn sa. *Khi ti Comand line s yu cu New Text: * Ti y ta s nhp vo dng Text c ni dung mi. * Khi Autocad t ng xc nh s lng cc Block c gi tr thuc tnh ta nh sa v ta la chn. Process all or them ?<yes>/ No ( sa c hoc ring l) Nu ta chn < Yes> th tt c s c thay th bng gi tr mi. Vi cch chn ny i khi s gy ra cc sa cha khng mong mun v khng phi l tt c cc Block cn sa i gi tr thuc tnh nh vy. * Nu chn No. Khi Autocad cho php ta dng Mouse chn cc Block cn sa i m thi. Khi ch nhng Block c chn s khng chu tc ng cn nhng Block cn li s khng chu tc ng. Khi Autocad cho php ta dng Mouse chn cc Block cn sa i m thi. Khi ch nhng Block c chn s khng chu tc ng cn nhng Block cn li s khng chu tc ng.

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Gio trnh autocad Ch : Lnh ny thc thi bi Macro Brust. LSP. Do thc thi c Autocad R14 phI c ci t nhm lnh m rng Bonus. Th mi thc thi c. 13. Ph v Block cc Tag thuc tnh tr thnh cc Text vi ni dng l chnh d liu ghi trong : Thng thng khi d, (b) mt Block bng lnh Explide th cc thuc tnh c tho d chnh l tn cc th ca thuc tnh. v d: Khi ta Explode Block s hiu thp th khng phi l gi tr s hiu 5 m l tn cc th s hiu hin ra v chnh l Tag s hiu. Nu ta mun l gi tr 5 ch khng phI l Tag thuc tnh. lm vic ny ta s dng Macro trong Bonus ca Atocad nh sau: T Pull Dow Menu Bonus / Text / Eyplide Attribute to Text. Khi : Autocad yu cu ta chn cc Block cn thc thi kt thc qu trnh chn. Cc Block c chn s c ph v v cc Tag thuc tnh v c chuyn thnh Text vi gi tr m Tag lu gi. 14. Trch danh sch Block v cc thuc tnh t ban v hin hnh thnh File Text. Nh ta bit l thuc tnh ca Block cha trong cc ni dung thng tin trc h l cn th hin trong bn v. Song cc thng tin ny thng thng cng cn thit cho cc mc ch khc trong vic x l thng tin. Vi d: vi Block mt s chi tit ca ct thp nh hnh di y.
20

L=5200

th ta thy rng ci thng tin ng kch, chiu di ca chi tit ct thp cng s rt cn thit cho qu trnh thng k khi lng thp Do vy cc thng tin ny cn c chuyn cho cc phn mm khc mt cch t ng. - 55 -

Gio trnh autocad Xut pht t yu cu thc t ca qu trnh ( Extract) danh sch cc Block v d liu la chn trong cc th thuc tnh t bn v hin hnh thnh File TXT. T File ny ta c t nhp vo cc phn mm khc. thc thi chc nng ny Autocad dng cc lnh sau: Attext (Attribute Extract) DdAttext ( Attribute Extract Dialogbox) a, Qu trnh to File Extract c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: Bc 1: Trn bn v hin hnh ta s dng lnh Insert chn ton b cc Block cng cc thuc tnh vo bn v. S dng lnh Save ghi bn v. Bc2: Trong cc phn mm son tho vn bn nh MS_Dos, Norton Editor, Windows Wordpad, Microsoff Word ta to cc File vn bn (ASCII Form) to Form vi phn Phn m rng l TXT ( Vn chi tit v to Form ta s xem xt k ti phn tip theo ca mc ny). File ny c gi l Template file. Bc 3: Trong mI trng ca Autocad s dng lnh Attext hoc Dd Attext, ch nh tn ca Template file v tn ca Flile Extract File. Bc 4: Kim tra Extract File bng cch m ta trong mi trng ca mt h son tho. b, Cu trc ca Template file: < File mu> File mu cho php xc nh gi tr thuc tnh cn ly ra v cc thng tin v v khi cn tm. Vai tr ca File mu l quy nh dng ca d liu ly ra File ny c th to ra bng cc h x l vn bn hoc chng trnh c s d liu. File mu phI c lu di dng File ASXII v c phn m rng l TXT. Trong File mu c th da vo cc trng sau y: BULEVAL N.www00 cao chn khi 0 BL:Name C.www00 Tn khi 0 - 56 -

Gio trnh autocad BL: X BL: Y BL: Z BL: Number BL: Handle BL: Layer BL: Orient BL: Xscale BL: Yscale BL: Zcale N.wwwdd d N.wwwdd d N.wwwdd d N.www00 0 C.www00 0 C.www00 0 N.wwwdd d N.wwwdd d N.wwwdd d N.wwwdd d Ta X ca im chn Ta Y ca im chn Ta X ca im chn B m khi B iu khin khi Tn lp chn khi Gc quay khi H s t l theoX H s t l theo Y H s t l theo Z

Attribute Tn th thuc tnh Ch rng: * File mu phi c t nht mt trng vi mt tn. * K hiu. C - nh danh trng gm cc k t hoc bt u l k t. N - inh danh trng bng s www - di ca trng. Ddd - nh danh chnh xc bng s (Kiu thp phn v nh danh chnh xc c tnh vo trong di ca trng). Ooo - nh danh p dng cho chnh xc ca tng k t C. * Nu mt s khi (Block) c cc tn khc nhau nhng th thuc tnh ging nhau, th Autocad s kit xut theo Tag thuc tnh ). * Tn th v tn trng s c t ng i thnh ch in hoa trc khi tm kim iu ny ni ln rng tn th Tag v tn trng khng phn bit in hay thng. - 57 -

Gio trnh autocad V d: Ta c khi : BL1 nh sau:

S H

Khi Block 2

KK Bc

cao
Rng - 58 -

V c chn vo bn v c tn l A. 3 Khi Block 1 2 Khi Block 2. By gi ta to File bn v mu c tn nh l: FK.TXT C ni dung nh sau: Bl: BL1 C015000 SH C015000 OK C015000 BUOC N015002 BL:BL2 C010000 CAO N012003 RONG N012003 * Ch : Gia cc tn khi, trng vi nh danh c th chn cc k t trng cc nh danh c th thng ct cho p mt v d theo di. * File mu phI c to trc khi s dngcc lnh trch d liu (Extract) ca Autocad b, S dng lnh trch d liu lu trong th thuc tnh ra File: * S dnglnh Attext: T Comand line: Ta g: Attext S xut hin dng nhp s liu Attext CDF, SDF,or DXF Attribute Extract ( Or Objecst) ? (c) tai y ta c 4 kh nng la chn. O -> Cho php la chn cc Block tham gia vo lnh.

Gio trnh autocad C -> Chn dng File m mI trng k t c ro bi du nhy.() v trng n cch trng kia bi du phy ( File ph hp vi d liu cho Basic) S-> Chn dng File c b rng c nh nh nh dng cc trng k t khng b ro bi nhy n () v khng c du phy ngn cch trng. D -> Kit xut File ra di dng DXF ca Autocad ( Vi la chn ny khng cn c file mu). Nu ta chn C ( hoc S) hp thoi sau s m cho php ta la file mu: Hnh ca s minh ha trang ( 99) Sau khi File mu chn v c m th hp thoi say xut hin Hnh ca s minh ha trang ( 99) Cho php ta vo tn File cha kt qu: * S dng lnh DDAttext: T Comand line ta g: DDAttext Khi hp thoi sau xut hin: Hnh ca s minh ha trang ( 99) T y cho php ta tin hnh cc thao tc - Chn dng File kit xut. - Chn cc Block cn kit xut. - Chn File mu. - Chn File cha kt qu ( thit lp) mt cch d dng. y l mt vn l th khi s dng Block trong Autocad, v cng l mt trong cc hng cho php kit xut t bn v ra cc s liu phc v cho tnh ton. ngh c gi v cc sinh vin t nghin cu thn cho hon thin cc chc nng khi s dng.

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Gio trnh autocad

Chng I V Layer < Lp>v qun i tng theo lp

1. Layer ( lp bn v ) v s cn thit dng Layer trong thc thi bn v bng Autocad 1. Trong thc thi xy dng cc bn v bng Autocad ngi dng . Lun gp khi nim v Layer ( Lp bn v) v trong mi trng Autocad. Bn v c coi l to nn t cc lp bn v ( ta cc lp giy bng knh trong sut ) xp chng ln nhau + cc i tng hnh hc c v u c gn lin vi mt lp bn v no ch t l lp bn v 0 l lp bn v mc nh c to ra khi ta lp bn v. + cc lp bn v ny c th - Bt - Tt - Kha - ng bng theo qun l ca ngi dng.Cho php trn mt bn v c th th hin nhiu thng tin khng cn phi v nhiu bn v. V d: - T lp bn v mt bng kin trc nu ta s dng thm lp. - Thit k ni tht -> c bn v kin trc ni tht ca cng trnh hoc - Thit k mt bng in -> Bn v mt bng in hoc - Thit k cp thot nc -> Bn v cp thot nc ca cng trnh. Nh vy ta thy rng lp mt bng kin trc c dng cho c mc ch l lm nn cho 3 bn v khc nhau v ni dung song u c v trong mt bn v do khng phi v li bn v mt cch tn cng v ch Mt khc do s dng khI nim Layer m ta d dng t chc cc bn v trong khng gian Paper Space. Cho php ta b tr trn mt bn v vi nhiu chi tit c cc t l khc nhau m khng cn v li mt cch v ch. - 60 -

Gio trnh autocad Do vy khi nim Layer l mt khi nim m mt k thut vin v Autocad thnh tho phi hiu v s dng mt cch ngh thut trong thao tc ca mnh. Trc khi I vo cch to, s dng v qun l cc lp, trc tin ta xem xt mt s khI nim lin quan ti Layer. + Layer do ngi dng to ra t vic: - t tn - Xc lp thuc tnh. - V c th to s lp khng hn ch cho mt bn v. + Layer 0 l Layer c to ra mt cch t ng khi to lp bn v. + Layer do ngi dng lp ra v Layer 0 c th tt, bt, kha, m kha, ng c ( ng bng) hoc tan bng. hoc + Mi Layer u c ngi dng xc lp cc thuc tnh m cc i tng gn vi Layer s t ng xc lp nu cc i tng c thuc tnh ByLayer nh mu, dng nt + Layer hin hnh l cc Layer m cc i tng c v s c t ng lin kt vo nu cc i tng khng c xc lp cc thuc tnh mt cch cc b ( v d nh v t ng mang mu, dng nt do Layer quy nh. Cng nh s tt i khi Layer ny c tt ). 2. To v hiu chnh cc thuc tnh ca lp bng hp thoi Layer v LineType Properties: Ch c Layer 0 c t ng to ra khi xc lp bn v mi bng lnh New cn cc Layer khc u c ngi dng to ra bng cch kch hot lnh ca Autocad Pull Dow Scrrem Type in Phm Tool Menu Menu tt Bar Format/ Format / Pddmod Alt + Layer Layer es layer T, L Khi lnh c kch hot hp thoi Layer v Linetype Properties xut hin, cho php ngi dng to, xc lp cc thuc tnh, chuyn i Layer hin hnh, xa Layer. - 61 -

Gio trnh autocad

Hnh v ca s m phng to Layer mi ta thao tc nh sau: + Nhn nt NEW trn hp thoi s xut hin son tho Layer 1 (Khi Layer cha tn ti) ti ct Name. + Nhp tn lp vo son tho. Tn lp khng c di qu 31 k t v khng c c cc khong trng gia cc k t. + Tn lp nn t d nh, lin quan ti tnh cht ca cc i tng s gn vi lp . + Nu mun to nhiu lp cng mt lc ta ch vic g cc tn lp ny cch nhau mt du phy. Ghi ch: + ng thi vi vic to lp ngi dng c th tin hnh xc lp cc thuc tnh lin quan ti lp nh Mu Color Dng nt Linetype + Qu trnh to lp mi (k c gn thuc tnh) ch c thc thi khi ta la chn OK trn hp thoi Layer v Linetype Properties. + Nu tn lp mi trng vi tn lp tn ti th Autocad s thng bo ngi dng bit v x l. Xc lp mu cho lp (Layer) xc lp mu ( c th l hiu chnh li) cc lp. Khi hp thoi Select color s xut hin v t hp thoi ny ta c th gn mu cho lp ang c chn: Hnh v ca s m phng S lng mu c th c chn ty thuc mu hnh v Card iu khin mu hnh. Thng thng l 16 v 256 mu. * Mu chn cho lp nn chn mu tin chun (Standard color) cho d nh v ta lun dng mu in khin b dy ca nt, kiu nt khi ta t chc in bn v. Xc lp dng cho nt gn vi Layer: - 62 -

Gio trnh autocad xc lp dng nt cho layer ta ch vic nhp chut vo cc ng ca lp. Khi hp thoi Select linetype s xut hin v ti y ta d dng xc lp dng nt gn vi lp. Ch : Lc u bn v ch c 1 dng nt duy nht l continous nhp cc dng nt Load ca hp thoi m hp thoi Hnh v ca s m phng: Chn loi ng nt s gn cho Layer Hnh v ca s m phng. 3.Thao tc vi Layer 1.Gn lp hin hnh: gn lp hin hnh (Current) ngi dng c th tin hnh bng kh nhiu cch. Di y l 2 cch thng dng: + Gn lp hin hnh qua hp thoi Layer v linetype Properties. Vi cch ny ta ch vic dng con tr ca MOUSE chn lp v nhn nt CURRENT. Lc ny bn cnh nt CURRENT s xut hin tn lp m ta va chn lm lp hin hnh. +Gn lp hin hnh bng thanh cng c Object Properties: Hnh v m phng : Khi ta ch vic la chn lp trong danh sch ko xung tn cc Layer. V lp no c tn trn thanh cng c th lp l lp hin hnh. 2. Cc thao tc khc vi Layer trong qu trnh v: a. Tt, m Layer ( ON / OFF ): tt(M) Layer ta tin hnh nh sau: - M Layer cn tt m trn danh sch ko xung ca thanh cng c. - Nhn vo biu tng(Tt/M) ( m hnh minh ha) - 63 -

Gio trnh autocad hoc ( m hnh minh ha) xc lp m hoc tt. Ch : * Khi mt lp c tt th cc i tng v lin kt vi lp s khng hin trn mn hnh. * Cc i tng ca lp trang thI vn c th c chn nu nh ti dng nhc Select objects: ca cc lnh hin trnh nh (Eracs, Move, Copy..) ta chn ALL chn. iu ny s c th gy ra cc tc ng ngoI mun ca ngi v. b.ng v lm tan bng ca mt Layer: c th trnh nh hng ti cc i tng v xong ti mt lp v tng tc ti hin bn v nhanh hn khi thao tc v AutoCad s dng kh nng lm ng (hoc lm tan bng) mt Layer. Qu trnh ny c tin hnh vi 2 tnh hung. * ng (lm tan) bng mt Layer cho tt c khung nhn: Qu trnh c tin hnh nh sau: - La Layer cn ng ( hoc tan ) bng t danh sch ko xung ca thanh cng c Objects Properties. - Nhn ln cc biu tng ng ( m hnh minh ha) hoc ( m hnh minh ha) tan. Ch : - i tng v thuc lp b ng s khng xut hin trn tt c cc ViewPort. - Cc i tng thuc lp b ng bng khng tham gia vo qu trnh tI hin li trn mn hnh. * ng bng(tan) cho Layer trn khng gian nhn hin hnh: i vi Adobe Floating ViewPort ngi v c th lm ng(tan) bng ca mt lp ti mt ca s hin hnh. Qu trnh ny c ng dng loi cc i tng khng cn v khi b tr bn v ( Mc ny s c xem xt k khi ta nghin cu chng chun b bn v trc khi in). thc thi thao tc ny ta lm theo cc bc sau: - Chuyn ch v sang Mode Floating ViewPort.

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Gio trnh autocad - Chuyn iu khin vo Viewport s tc ng xc lp Viewport tr thnh Viewport hin hnh. - Ti Viewport hin hnh ta tin hnh chn Layer cn ng (tan) bng t danh mc chn ko xung ca thnh cng c Object Properties. Ti y ta tc ngbng cch nhp Mouse ln biu tng ( m hnh minh ha) xc lp trng thI ng (tan) bng Ch : - Layer c ng bng theo cch ny sx vn tn ti cc Viewport khc m s khng xut hin trong Viewport hin hnh m ta va thao tc. c.Kha v m kh Layer : Trong thao tc v, nht l i vi cc bn v c s i tng v dy c. d dng cho cc thao tc v nh la chn, ngi v c th kha nhng lp khng cn tc ng ti cc i tng v. * Cc i tng thuc lp b kha vn hin trn mn hnh, vn in ra xong khng th hin trnh . thc hin thao tc ny ta tin hnh nh sau: + Chn lp cn kha (m) t danh sch chn ko xung ca thanh cng c Object Prprties. + Tc ng ln biu tng kha (m hnh minh ha) ( m kha m hnh minh ha) ca lp . Ch : * Do b kha nn cc i tng thuc lp s khng chu tc ng ca cc lnh (xa, chn, copy ) c th dn ti kt qu khng nh mun ca ngi v. * Khng th chuyn i tng v vo mt lp ang b kha. 3.Xa Layer: Cc Layer c to ra v s dng rt d dng nh ta xem xt trn. ng nhin, vic to ra nhiu Layer s lm cho ln ca file bn v s ln ln rt nhiu. Do vi cc Layer khng dung na cn phI c xa khi bn v.

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Gio trnh autocad xa Layer ngi v c th thc hin bng mt trong cc cch sau: * Dng lnh DURGE: ( m hnh minh ha) Kch hot nh trn hnh v. * Bng cch kch hot hp thoi Layer & Linetype Properties. (Xem hnh mc to Layer) + Sau dng Mouse la chn Layer cn xa. + Cui cng l chn DELETE trn hp thoi. Ch : * Kt qu s l bng cch th 2 ch thc s xc lp khi ta chn OK t hp thoi Layer &Linetype Properties. Sau khi chn DELETE. * Trong mt s trng hp Layer c chn khng xa c v cc l do sau: Layer cn xa l mt trong cc Layer sau: - Layer 0 and Defpoints ( lp 0 v lp cha nh ngha im) - Layer Current (Lp hin hnh) -Xref dependent Layer (Layer tham gia vo chuyn giao trn mng) - Layer Containing objects (Layer cn c i tng v). Nh vy l trong 4 loi Layer khng xa c th ch c loi th 4 l c th xa c sau khi ta lm Rng Layer bng cch xa (Hoc chuyn sang Layer khc) ca i tng trong Layer. 4.T chc qun l Layer. * Khi lm vic vi bn v c s lng ln cc lp i hi nhiu thi gian tm kim cc lp trn hp thoi Layer & Linetype Properties. * Do tit kim thi gian, ngi v cn xc lp cc la chn hin th cc Layer trn Layer Tab ca hp thoi. *iu ny c thc hin t xc lp thuc tnh SHOW trong hp thoi Layer & Linetype. ( m hnh minh ha) - Nu chn ALL -> hin tt. - 66 -

Gio trnh autocad - Nu chn ALL in USE ch hin cc lp c s dng trong bn v. - Nu chn ALL UnUSED ch hin cc lp cha s dng. - Nu chn ALL Xref dependent: hin cc lp lin quan ti thuc tnh bn ngoi bn v (mng). - Nu chn ALL not Xref: hin cc lp ngoi tr cc lp lin quan ti thuc tnh bn ngoI ca bn v. - Nu chn ALL that pass filter: hin cc lp c chn trn hp thoi Set Layer Filter. - Chn Set File Dialog: hin hp thoi Set Layer Filter Ch : c th la chn nhiu lp cng mt lc trn Layer Tab ta c th p dng cc thao tc sau: * Chn 1 lp v nhp phm phi ca Mouse kch hot Pop-up Curson Menu c 1 dng Select ALL Clear ALL Chn Select ALL chn tt c cc lp. * chn nhiu lp lin tip: u tin ta chn lp nh chn trn cng. Sau nhn phm Shift trn bn phm v dng Mouse chn ti lp cui nhm. * chn nhiu lp khng lin tc ta tin hnh nh sau: - u tin ta chn 1 lp. Sau bm ng thi phm CTRL v dng Mouse chn cc lp cn li. - c th trao i bn v vi ngi khc v nht l khi cng nhau thc thi mt d n th cc bn v nn to thng nht v cc lp, cc dng ng, cc mu ca i tng theo mt chun. Ngoi cc thao tc va trnh by trn y vi lp bn v trong AutoCad ti Bonus cn b sung thm mt s lnh lin quan ti thao tc, qun l cc Layer trong qu trnh v m ngi dng d dng tip thu v s dng mt cch hiu qu

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Gio trnh autocad

Chng V Mt ct v v mt ct trong AutoCad 1. Mt ct trong v k thut v cc yu t cn xt ti khi v mt ct Mt ct l mt i tng hnh hc thng c cc k s s dng khai trin cc vt th 3D. y l i tng c s dng thng xyn trong v chi tit mng, kt cu, kin trc xy dng. Thng thng mt ct bao gm: - Cc ng bao - Phn mt ct c bao t bng k hiu t vt liu... i vi loi i tng ny Auto Cad s dng cc lnh: Bhatch -> v mt ct vi h tr hp thoi Hatch -> v mt ct bng hp thoi qua Command Line i tng Hatch c Auto Cad qun l nh mt i tng. Mc d chng c t bng nhiu i tng hnh hc khc nhau. ng nhin mt ct (Hatch) c th phn ra thnh cc i tng n to nn chng thng qua lnh Explode m AutoCad hoc la chn thuc tnh Explode Hatch t hp thoi to Hatch. Hatch to ra nu cha t ( c th l cc nt t qu dng hoc qu tha) u d dng hiu chnh nh lnh ca AutoCad. iu ny kh quan trng v nu ta dng loi Ploter dng nt v th vic t Hatch qu dng i khi a ti ng c t s b thng giy khi v. Nu cc i tng ca mt ct l lin kt (Associative Hatch) (xc lp t hp thoi Object Selection Settings) th khi ta thay i hnh dng ng bin th k hiu mt ct s t ng sa i theo cho ph hp. V d: - 68 -

Gio trnh autocad

Trc khi Stretch Khi thc hin lnh Hatch c cc yu t ta cn xc nh l +Min t: c nh ngha l mt phn khng gian ca bn v c bao bi mt (hay nhiu) ng bao kn. + K hiu t: L k hiu s c t bn vng mt ct th hin cho loi vt liu ch to cu kin . Do cn c tun th theo quy nh ph hp. 2. T mt ct bng lnh Bhatch thc thi t mt ct c s dng h tr ca cc hp thoi AutoCad R14 s dng Bhatch kch hot nh sau: Pull Down Menu Draw/Hatch Screen Menu Draw2/Bhatch Type in Bhatch ToolBar Draw

Dng lnh Bhatch ta c th tin hnh t k hiu vt liu mt ct bao bi ng bin kn. Khi lnh kch hot hp thoi Boundary Hatch di y xut hin Hp thoi Boundary Hatch gm 4 phn: * Pattern Type xc nh loi k hiu t * Pattern Properties - nh ngha cc loi k hiu t * nBoundary xc nh min t * Attibutes thuc tnh ca i tng t Vi la chn Patttern Type cho php ngi dng chn loi k hiu t s c t cho mt ct. Ngi dng c th chn mt trong ba h k hiu t l: Predefined: + Nu ta chn h ny cho php ta chn h mu sn trong tp tin ACAD.PAT ca AutoCad. - 69 -

Gio trnh autocad + C hai cch la chn mu t theo Pattern ti danh mc chn ko xung ti Pattern Properties Pattern ANGLE - Chn ngay ti khung hnh nh ca mu t mt ct bng cch a con tr ca Mouse vo vng ny v nhp phm tri cc mu t s ln lt c lt ti khung hnh nh - Kch hot nt s xut hin hp thoi Hatch Pattern Palette v chn mu t theo hp thoi ny Nu ta chn Custom cho php ngi dng chn mu do mnh to ra c lu trong file c phn m rng l .PAT bng cch nhp tn file vo son tho Custom Pattern. Ch rng file ny phi c ghi trong th mc Support Vn to ra cc file .PAT ny s c trnh by trong cc chng sau. Khi c nghin cu v cc tu bin trong mi trng Cad. Nu chn User-defined: cho php ngi dng chn mu c dng cc on thng song song c cc khong cch (spacing) v gc nghing ca ng gch (Angle) do ngi dng t t bng cch nhp s liu vo cc hp text Angle v Spacing Cng trong mc ny nu ta chn Double th thay v mu gm mt h ng song song ta s c mu t gm hai ng trc giao nhau( vung gc vi nhau) Trong khi Pattern Proterties:cho php ngi dng gn cc tnh cht cho mu mt ct. Ti y nu ta chn mu theo cc mu ISO c to sn trong mi trng AutoCad th ta c php t nhp liu: ISO Pen With Vo b dy(rng) ca nt bt s t khi ta xut bn v ra giy Hp nhp liu Scale Cho php nhp h s t l cho mu mt ct ang chn (khng hiu ng vi User Defined). Thng thng t l ny ph thuc vo t l ca bn v do cn chn cho thch hp.

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Gio trnh autocad Ch : i vi bn v m ta xc lp n v theo Metric ( Bn v ghi kch thc thng theo h Mt). Nu mu no c du *pha trn bn tri (hoc c tn bt u l AR- ) ta nn chn h s t l l 0.02 n 0.04. Hp nhp liu Angle Cho php nh nghing ca cc ng ct ca mu chn. Gi tr mc nh l 0. Sau khi chn mu t ngi v phi tin hnh xc nh min t (ch rng mu t c chn s c tc ng ti khi no c chn li khi v mt bn v). Xc nh vng t ( Boundary) T hp thoi Hatch ta c hai cch xc nh vng t l * Pick Point: bng cch kch hot nt trn hp thoi. Khi iu khin c tr v ca s ho ca AutoCad. Ti y ta dng chut xc nh mt iu khin thuc min nh t (min trong) Nu im chn nm ngoi ng bin kn th hp thoi nhc nh xut hin Boundary Definition Error Valid hatch boundary not found Ta c th dng chut chn nhiu min kn cn t cng mt lc Ch rng: Nu ti min to c Text hoc Text ca Dimension th khi min t s t ng tr vng ny ra. Do cn tin hnh ghi kch thc v ghi ch trc khi t mt ct. Chn min t bng cch chn ng bin kn bi cc i tng bao. Nu chn phng thc ny ta kch hot Khi iu khin c t ng tr v ca s ho ca AutoCad. Ti y ta dng Mouse la chn i tng to nn ng bao kn min nh t. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh la chn. Nu min la chn b h th s

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Gio trnh autocad c thng bo cn nu khng th iu khin tr v hp thoi Boundary Hatch. Trng hp ta mun tr i cc vng (c to bi mt ng bao kn) bn trong min c chn ta kch hot t hp thoi nt Remove is lands Khi iu khin chuyn v ca s ho ca AutoCad. Ti y ta dng chut chn min cn loi. Sau khi qu trnh la chn kt thc iu khin tr v hp thoi Boundary Hatch * c th xem trc cc min t c chn ta kch hot View Selection * xem trc kt qu t mt ct ta ch vic kch hot Priview Hatch Khi iu khin s tr v ca s ho ca AutoCad ta quan st trc kt qu khi lnh Hatch thc thi. * nh ngha mt s thuc tnh m rng ca Hatch ta ch vic kch hot Advanset Khi ca s hp thoi Advance Options s xut hin chn hnh nh. Ti hp thoi ny ta c th tin hnh * Define Boundary Set (xc lp nh ngha min t) - Nu min t c chn xc lp t tp cc ng thy c trn mn hnh th ch From Everything on SCREEN c la. (iu ny ni ln rng nh ngha min th nn ZOOM cho ton min c th thy trn mn hnh l tt nht). -Nu trc c mt s ng c la chn trc to min t th ch From EXISTING Boundary Set - 72 -

Gio trnh autocad c la chn. * Nu ta kch hot th iu khin s tr v ca s ho ca AutoCad ta la chn trc mt s ng AutoCad c th to ng bao quanh vng v mt ct t cc ng . Island Detection Nu hp thoi ny c la chn th cc Islands bn trong ng bin kn s c chn khi dng Pick Point xc nh vng t. T vng Boundary Style: cho php ta chn ra cc Mode v mt ct. C tt c ba loi Mode l: Normal <T mt vng cch mt vng> Cuter <T vng ngoi nht> Ignore <B qua cc Islands bn trong> Nh v d sau: * La chn Retain Boundary Nu c la chn s lu li ng bao l Polyline kn xung quanh vng v mt ct. Cn ngc li nu khng chn th ng bao ny s t ng xo i khi lnh thc hin. quy v hp thoi Boundary Hatch ngi dng nh chn OK ti hp thoi Advanset Options. qu trnh t mt ct c thc thi th thao tc cui cng ngi v cn thc thi l nhp nt Apply ca hp thoi Boundary Hatch. Sau khi thc thi cc thao tc chn vng, chn mu t... Ch : Trn hp thoi Boundary Hatch c nt lnh Interit Propertes< cho php chn mt mu t c trn bn v lm mu t thc thi. Chn la ny ch c php kch hot khi chn trc vng t.

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Gio trnh autocad Khi iu khin c tr v ca s ho ca AutoCad ngi dng la chn mu t trn bn v. Hiu chnh mt ct Mt ct c ngi s dng to ra ng nhin khng phi bao gi cng ton m ngay v cc l do sau: - Mu t chn khng ph hp vi loi vt liu cn th hin, - T l chn cho mu cha hpl gy ra cc ng t qu tha hoc qu dy. hiu chnh mt ct ta c th tin hnh nh sau: * Hiu chnh bng lnh Hatchedit Lnh Hatchedit c kch hot t: Pulldown Menu Modify/Objects>Hatc hedit Screen Menu Type in ToolBa r

Modify/Hatche Hatche dit dit

Khi lnh c kch hot hp thoi Hatchedit, AutoCad chuyn sang ch la chn mt ct cn hiu chnh. Khi mt ct cn hiu chnh la xong th hp thoi Hatchedit xut hin cho php ta iu chnh li. T hp thoi ny ta c th sa mt ct v cc yu t sau: - Chn li mu mt ct - Mode to mt ct - Loi cc min trong ra khi vng t ca mt ct... Lu rng hp thoi Hatchedit c nt gn ging hp thoi Boundary Hatch, tuy nhin c mt s chc nng b m i khng cho s dng v y l lnh chnh sa. Hiu chnh bng lnh DdModify Ta c th hiu chnh Hatch bng lnh DdModify bng cch kch hot nh sau: Pulldown Menu Screen Menu Type in ToolBar - 74 -

Gio trnh autocad Modify/Properti Modify/Modif DDModify es y Khi lnh c kch hot AutoCad yu cu ngi ta la chn i tng Hatch cn hiu chnh. Khi la chn hp thoi Modify Hatch di y xut hin cho php ta tin hnh hiu chnh: Ti hp thoi ny ta c th hiu chnh - Mu cn Hatch - Layer m Hatch lin kt - H s t l ca ng t - Dng nt ca ng t Nu ta chn nhn nt Hatch Edit trn hp thoi th hp thoi Hatchedit s m ra h tr ta hiu chnh. Lu rng: Hiu chnh phi l Hatch cha b Explode (cha b ph v) Cc hiu ng ch thc s xut hin khi ta la chn OK trn hp thoi.

li

CHNG V Lin kt v nhng i tng T cc phn mm khc vo Autocad v ngc

Bi 1: vai tr ca lin kt v nhng i tng trong qu trnh v + C th ni l s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh tin hc ni chung v Autocad ni ring, t bn Autocad R14 c y cc cng c mnh cho php ngi dng thc thi cc bn v mt cch nhanh chng vi cht lng cao -Tuy nhin phI tha nhn l Autocad d mnh my cng khng phI l h son tho vn bn nh Word hoc c kh nng t ng tnh ton nh cc bng tnh Exe do trong mt s cng on xy dng cc bn v vic ha vin dng Cad lm ly tt c mi vic l khng hiu qu c v cht lng ln s lng.

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Gio trnh autocad -Rt my do k thut OLE Object Linking and Embedding trong mI trng Window ngy cng pht trin v hon thin( vi nh cao l Autonaotions. Active) cho php ngi ha vin kh nng thc thi mt cch hon ho phn cng lao ng mt cch hp l l ngi v c v v nh my v Autocad thc hin vic hp nht cc sn phm ring l do cc phn mm khc nhau vo cng mt bn v. + Trc khi nghin cu vic thc thi OLE dng trong Autocad R14, ta s lc xem xt mt s tnh hung

Chng VI: Lin kt v nhng i tng t cc phn mm khc vo Autocad v ngc li.
1Vai tr ca lin kt v nhng i tng trong qu trnh v: * C th ni rng vi s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cc cng ngh tin hc ni chung v Autocad ni ring, t - 76 -

Gio trnh autocad bn Autocad R14 c y cc cng c mnh cho php ngi dng thc thi cc bn v mt cch mau chng vi cht lng cao. * Tuy nhin phI tha nhn rng Autocad d mnh my cng khng phi l mt h son tho vn bn nh Word, hoc c kh nng t ng tnh on bng tnh nh Excell. Do trong mt so cng on trong qu trnh xy dng cc bn v vin ha vin dng Cad lm ly tt c mi vic l khng hiu qu c v cht lng v nng sut. * Rt may do k thut OLE_Object Linking and EmBedding trong mi trng Windows ngy cng pht trin v hon thin (Vi nh cao l AutoCad naotions.ActiveX) cho php ngi ha vin kh nng thc hti mt cch hon ho phn cng lao ng mt cch hp l l ngi v c v v ngi nh my son tho c nh my v Autocad thc thi vic hp nht cc sn phm ring l do cc phn mm khc nhau vo cng mt bn v. * Trc khi nghin cu vic thc thi OLE dng trong Autocad R14, ta s lc xem xt mt s tnh hung a ti vic cn thit dng k thut OLE trong qu trnh v. - Tnh hung th nht: l s dng k thut OLE kt nhng cc i tng v t bn v ny sang bn v khc. Tnh hung ny c hon thin i vi Autocad R2000. Khi m trong mI trng v cho php ta m ng thi nhiu bn v mt lc. Cn trong mi trng Autocad R14, ta phi kch hot ng thi 2 mi trng, ti mi mi trng ta m mt bn v v t s dng cc k thut ca OLE kt nhng cc i tng t bn v ny sang bn v kia. - Tnh hung th hai: l ngi v mun a cc vn bn hoc cc bng tnh c thc thi t Word v Excell vo bn v v cc h ny cho php chuyn to ra cc vn bn v bng tnh mt cch nhanh chng trng khi dng cng c ca Autocad ta cng lm c song khng nng sut. - i khi ta cn gp tnh hung cn a cc chi tit, cc bn v t Auto Cad sang cc sn phm ca cc phn mm khc nh a vo cc vn bn ca Word, v cc trang Click ca Power Point - 77 -

Gio trnh autocad Nh vy c th ni vic s dng thnh tho, hiu qu qu trnh OLE t mi trng Autocad thc thi bn v l cn thit i vi mt ha vin chuyn nghip. Trong chng ny ta tin hnh xem xt cc kh nng ca AutoCad s dng k thut OLE thc thi bn v trong mi trng AutocadR14. 2Mt s khi nim tin hc lin quan ti OLE. a/ Cc thut ng: * Phn mm ng dng ngun (Sowrce application) cn c gi l Server dng to ra i tng OLE m ta s nhng (embed) v lin kt (Link). * Phn mm ng dng ch (destination applications) cn gi l Client hoc Container dng to ra sn phm (compound document) chp nhn cc OLE objects to t cc Server. * Nhng (Embed): y l mt phng thc ca OLE cho php chn ( insert ) i tng to ra t Server vo sn phm ca Client vi c trng sau: - i tng nhng tr thnh thnh phn thng tr ca mi trng Client hin hnh. Nu phn mm ng dng ngun ( Server) c h tr OLE th khi ta kch hot ( nhp p ) vo i tng th phn mm ng dng ngun s c m v ta c th sa cha ni dung ca i tng c nhng nhng i tng gc khng thay i. * Lin kt (Link) y l phng thc ca OLE khi c thc thi th i tng ngun (Server) c hin th trong mi trng ca ch (click) song khng phi l thnh phn thng tr ca Client. i tng ny vn cho php kch hot sa i ni dung, hoc c th t ng thay i ni dung khi i tng ngun b thay i nu ta chn cch lin kt l Automaticaly. Ni cch khc l s khc nhau c bn gia nhng (Enbed) v lin kt (Link) l mi trng no lu gi cc thng tin ca i tng:

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Gio trnh autocad +Nu mi trng Client (phn mm ng dng ch) lu gi th phng thc l nhng (Embed). +Nu mi trng Server (phn mm ngun to nn i tng) lu gi th phng thc l phng thc lin kt (Link). b/ C ch OLE trong moi trng MS_Windows: MS_Windows thc thi OLE theo c ch sau: Bc 1: Cc thng tin ca i tng ngun c lu tru tm thi vo vng b nh c gi l Cipboard. Bc 2: Dn cc thng tin lu trong Clipboard vo ng dng ch ( client ). Cc phng thc OLE c dng trong mi trng MS_Windows bao gm cc phng thc sau: Phng thc Copy Cut Paste Pastelink Lnh AutoCad Copyclip Cutclip Pasteclip Pastespec ngha Nhng & Lin kt Nhng Nhng Nhng v Lin kt

Ch : - Trn Clipboard ch lu cc thng tin c copy v cut cui cng nht. - Cc thng tin trn Clipboard c th lu thnh file vi phn rng CLP. - Cc lnh lin quan n OLE ca Autocad: Copyclip Copy i tng vo clipboard Copylink Copy tt c cc i tng nm trong mn hnh ha vo clipboard lin kt vi cc phn mm ng dng OLE khc. Cutclip Cut i tng khi bn v v copy vo clipboard Pasteclip Dn i tng lu ti clipboard vo bn v vi phng thc nhng Pastespec Dn i tng lu ti clipboard vo bn v v - 79 -

Gio trnh autocad cho php ngi v xc nh phng thc l nhng hoc lin kt Chn cc i tng lin kt v nhng Cp nht, Change v Cacel cc OLE ang tn ti

Insertobj OLE Links

* Cn lu rng ln ca clipboard l hn ch do i khi xy ra qu trnh ct _ dn khng c nh mun ca ngi v m ch l mt phn ca i tng m thi. * Cc lnh OLE ca Autocad c t chc thnh mt MENU PULL DOWN -> l EDIT ch ring lnh InsertObj l thuc Menu Insert.

3: Cc lnh OLE ca Autocad R14

1/ Lnh copyclip: Trong Autocad lnh copyclip thc thi sao chp cc i tng vo Windows Clipboard, cc i tng c sao chp vn cn gi li trong bn v. Khi ng lnh Copyclip: Pull_Down Screen Type in . Tool Bars Menu Menu Edit | Copy Edit | Copyclip, Hnh m Copyclip CTRL+C phng Khi ti ca s ha Autocad chuyn sang trng thi la chn (Select Objects) ngi v dng chut chn cc i tng ha cn sao chp. Khi qu trnh la chn kt thc cc i tng c la s c copy vo Windows Clipboard. Sau ta vo mi trng cc phn mm chy trong moi trng Windows v dn cc i tng va sao chp vo. 2/ Lnh ct cc i tng vo Windows Clipboard: Lnh CutClip dng ct cc i tng c ngi v la chn trong ca s ha ca Autocad vo Windows Clopboard. Khi cc i tng chn ct s b xa i trong bn v. Khi ng: Pull_Down Screen Type in . Tool Bars - 80 -

Gio trnh autocad Menu Edit | Cut Menu Edit | Cutclip, Hnh m Cutclip CTRL+X phng Khi lnh kch hot, Autocad chuyn sang ch la chn (Select Object) cho php ngi v dng chut lac chn cc i tng cn Cut. Khi qu trnh la chn kt thc, cc i tng c chn s b ct khi bn v v tm lu vo trong Windows Clipboard. Cc i tng ny c th dn vo mt sn phm ca mt phm mm khc ang chy trong mi trng Windows. Cn i vi ngi v Autocad th cc i tng b thc thi Cutclip phi l cc i tng khng cn dng bn v na v khi cc i tng ny s b t ng xa i trong bn v. 3/ Lnh CopyLink: Lnh ny cho php ngi dng sao chp ton b cc i tng trn mn hnh ha ca AutoCad vo Windows Clipboard. Cc i tng ny c th nhng hoc lin kt vo cc phn mm ng dng khc. Lu rng cc i tng vn cn tn ti trong bn v ngun. Khi kch hot: Pull Down Menu Screen Menu Type in Edit | CopyLink Edit | CopyLink CopyLink Ch : S khc bit gia CopyClip v CopyLink l ch: * CopyLink l copy ton b cc i tng trn mn hnh ha ca Autocad v cho php dn cc i tng ny vo sn phm ca phn mm ch Client trong c hai phng thc: - Nhng - Lin kt. Khi m phn mm lin kt c h tr OLE. * Cn CopyClip th ch sao chp mt s i tng v ch dn vo phn mm Cloent theo phng thc nhng m thi. 4/ Lnh dn cc i tng t Windows Clipboard vo bn v AutoCad: - 81 -

Gio trnh autocad Cc i tng lu trong b nh Windows Clipboard c th l cc i tng c to bi AutoCad hoc l cc phm mm khc nh Word, Excell. Cc i tng ny u c php dn vo bn v hin hnh bng lnh Pasteclip. Kch hot lnh: Pull_Down Screen Type in . Tool Bars Menu Menu Edit | Paste Edit | Pasteclip, Hnh m Pasteclip CTRL+V phng Khi thc thi lnh Pasteclip tng t nh lnh Insert c ngha l khi ngi v phi xc nh cc thng tin: - Insertion Point: xc lp im dn_ thng thng tin hnh bng Mouse - X scale factor <1>: chn h s t l thu phng theo phng X. - Yscale factor < defalt=Y >: chn t l thu phng theo phng Y. - Rotation angle : gc xoay. Khi i tng dn c nhng ( Embed ) vo bn v Autocad. Ch : * hiu chnh i tng c dn vo bn v, nu cc i tng khng phi c to bi Autocad th ta ch vic nhp 2 ln phm tri Mouse vo i tng th phm mm ng dng Server s c khi ng v cho php ta hiu chnh i tng. * Nu i tng n l i tng to bi AutoCad th hiu chnh n ta phi tin hnh ph v n bng lnh Explode a v cc i tng c bn. V khi i tng dn l mt Block. * Lnh Pasteclip dn cc i tng t Clipboard vo bn v, cc i tng ny khng c lin kt vi i tng gc. 5/ Lnh Pastespec: Lnh Pastespec cho php ngi v la chn phng thc dn cc i tng l : - Nhng ( Enbed) - Hay lin kt ( Link). - 82 -

Gio trnh autocad Kch hot: Pull Down Menu Edit | Paste special

Screen Menu Edit | Pastespe

Type in Pastespec

Khi lnh kch hot hp thoi Paste Special xut hin:

Hnh v m phng:
Trn hp thoi mc: Source: thng bo ngun gc ca i tng m ta tin hnh dn vo bn v. Cc nt la chn: * Paste: cho php ngi dng chn phng thc dn l nhng i tng vo bn v * PasteLink: cho php ngi v chn phng thc dn i tng vo bn v l lin kt. Ch rng: - Ta c th chn dng i tng c chn vo bn v trong danh sch AS (Xem hnh v). Danh sch ny ph thuc vo dng m i tng ngun trong Clipboard. Thng thng nn chn AutoCad Entities. - Nu ta la chn PasteLink th i tng dn s c to mi lin h ngc vi i tng ngun. Khi nu i tng ngun thay i th s t ng thay i theo. PasteLink ch c th thc hin c khi cc thng tin trong Windows Clipboard c to ra t ng dng c h tr OLE v khi danh sch ch c th c mt dng i tng m thi.

Hnh v m phng
Resuct: m t i tng hin hnh ang c trong Windows Clipboard. - Display As Icon: Nu ta chn nt ny th khi dn trong bn v thng th hin i tng cn dn. Ti v tr

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Gio trnh autocad dn ch xut hin biu tng (icon) ca phn mm to ra i tng . Khi ta nhp p chut vo Icon ny th phn mm Server cng ni dung ca i tng s c m ra. 6/ Lnh Insertobj: S dng lnh ny ca AutoCad, ngi v dn cc i tng vo trong bn v theo cc phng thc nhng hoc lin kt. Chc nng tng t nh lnh Pastespec. Tuy nhin ch khc l lnh InsertObj khng dn cc i tng c lu trong Windows Clipboard m t cc file ngun c to sn. Do thc thi lnh ny thay v sao chp cc i tng ngun vo Clipboard ngi dng phi dng cc phn mm Server to sn cc i tng cn dn v lu vo file. Kch hot lnh: Pull Down Menu Screen Menu Type in Insert | OLE Insert | Insert Obj object InsertObj Khi lnh c kch hot, hp thoi Inser Object di y xut hin:

Hnh v m phng:
* Nu file cn chn khng tn ti (cha c sn) ta s dng nt chn ny to file. Khi t ca s ObjectType cho php ta chn cc loi Object ( Ni cch khc l chn phn mm Server m AutoCad h tr OLE). Khi phn mm Server c khi ng cho php ta to ra i tng cn chn. Khi phn mm Server ng li th Object to ra s c nhng vo bn v.

Hnh v m phng:
* Create from file: khi ta chn hp ny c ngha l file i tng cn nhng hoc lin kt c sn ta ch vic Browse la chn ng file cha Object dn vo bn v. Nu ta mun thit lp lin kt ( Link) th nt - 84 -

Gio trnh autocad

(hnh v m phng)
Link trn hp thoi cn c la chn. * Nu

hnh v m phng)

Display As Icon c la chn th thay v chn Object vo bn v AutoCad ch chn vo biu tng ca phn mm Server to bn file i tng thi. (Xin xem xt trong lnh Pastespac) 4. Hiu chnh v sa cha cc i tng OLE trong mi trng AutoCad * Ni chung cc i tng OLE khi nhng hoc lin kt vi bn v u c th hiu chnh ni dung thng qua vic kch hot cc phn mm Server to ra chng. * Ring vi cc i tng to ra t AutoCad sa i ni dung ta nn dng ln Explode ti Block ra v sa i. * Trong mi trng ca AutoCad, Cc lnh ca Cad v Snap ( bt im) u khng hiu lc vi i tng OLE. M ch c hai thao tc sau y c php thc thi: + iu chnh kch thc ca i tng bng cch la chn i tng, ri r (ko) nt nh v bin ca i tng. + Di chuyn v tr chn ca i tng. Lu : Nu i tng OLE khi dn vo bn v nu cho php chn Auto CatEntities th ngi dng nn chn phng thc ny d dng sa i ni dung ca i tng khi dng.

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Gio trnh autocad

Chng VII: T chc v in bn v

1. Mt s vn v khai trin bn v v in bn v. * i vi mt ha vin s dng Autocad v mt bn v k thut ng nhin l ngi phi nm v s dng thnh tho cc lnh v ca Autocad. Vn ny c th d dng c c vi mt thi gian ngn c hng dn hoc theo hc mt kha hun luyn. * Tuy nhin c c mt bn v chnh xc, ng tiu chun v nht l m bo ng t l, b tr cc chi tit v mt cch khoa hc, th vi lng kin thc ca mt ha vin khi bt tay v thc thi cc bn v thc t u tay ca mnh. Kh khn ny ng nhin l s c vt qua bng nhiu cch khc nhau cho d c th ni y l ct mc nh gi trnh , kh nng hnh ngh ca mt ha vin. * Trong chng ny s cp ti vn ny di gc ca mt ha vin chuyn nghip vi mong mun gp cht kinh nghim cho cc sinh vin nng cao trnh s dng Autocad. Song cng nn hiu con ng ny ch l mt trong kh nhiu phng thc m hc vin c th dng khi thc thi cc bn v trong giai on u t hc vin c th tip theo mt cch sng to v ng dng mt cch thnh tho cc kin thc c trnh by trong chng ny. * Trc khi i vo xem xt cc ni dung ca chng hc vin cn thc c rng phi t chc qu trnh v sao cho mt i tng v c th c trnh by trong bn v vi nhiu t l khc nhau. Hoc l nhiu chi tit cng in trong mt bn v. Song chng ta c cc t l khc - 86 -

Gio trnh autocad nhau th ha vin cng khng phi v li hoc ph thc thi nhiu thao tc sao chp, t l ha * Mt khc ha vin cn nm c l mt bn v t yu cu khng phi do qu trnh in quyt nh, cho d vi h tr ca lnh Plot (in) ngi v c th t b dy nt, dng nt iu ny c ngha l trc khi in bn v thc s c hon thin. 2:Mt s vn ho vin cn lu m bo c c k nng ca mt ha vin chuyn nghip khi thc thi bn v. Qu trnh thc thi mt bn v l a dng v ph thuc vo k nng ca ha vin. Tuy nhin c c cht lng v nng sut cao cc ha vin cn lu ti cc vn sau: a, S dng thnh tho k thut bt im khi v: iu ny cho php ha vin to ra c cc i tng v chnh xc khng c hin tng min bao ng l kn, li b h i khi lm c vic ny ngi v c th to ra cc i tng v tm thi (i tng ny s b xa i sau khi dng n h tr cho qu trnh v xong), t c mc ch. Thng thng ch bt im thng tr nn t l giao, im gia hocim cui! b, Chn t l v cho i tng v: y l vn gy b ng cho ngi v khi mi bc vo ngh. V rng cc chi tit v k thut i hi phi th hin v cc t l khc nhau. Do khng c l g ngi v c phi va v, va tnh t l cho cc chi tit v. thc thi giI quyt vn ny ha vin cn v vi t l 1:1 ( thng thng trong h M chn 1 m.m ng vi mt n v v). Vi cch chn ny ngi v khng cn phi nhm tnh gi tr t l cho i tng v. Cn lm th no c cc t l khc nhau ta s bn k trong cc mc sau ca chng ny. Vi cch chn ny th nu bn v i hi chnh xc ti m.m, th ta nn chn s ch s sau du chm

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Gio trnh autocad thp phn ca ch s ghi kch tc l khng c ( thng p dng cho bn v XD). c, Vn xc lp mu v dng ng nt khi v cc i tng v v Block: * Nh ta bit vic kit xut ra dng ng, b dy nt v lin quan ti mu m xc lp cho i tng v. * Mt khc mu, dng nt li c th lin quan ti mu v dng nt ca Layer ( lp bn v ), m chng c lin kt v ( Xem chng v Layer ca gio trnh ),nu ta xc lp cc thuc tnh ny ca i tng l Rlayer. Do vy cc thuc tnh mu v dng nt khng nn t Blayer v rng ta cn dng Layer qun l cc i tng khi t chc bn v trc khi in. C th l cc i tng v c th b thay i cc Layer m n lin kt sang Layer khc, nu ta t Blayer th mu, nt c thuc Blayer th khi s b thay i theo Layer mi. iu ny s gy ra nhng thay i khng mong mu nh phi xc lp li mu, dng nt cho i tng v. d, Xc lp cc thuc tnh ca Text Style v Dimension Style khi v: Cc k thut v khi to cc th Text Style v Dimension Style c trnh by k trong chng v khi to mi trng v. Tuy nhin ay ta xem xt chung khng phi di gc l lm th no to ra chng, m l nn xc lp cc thuc tnh ca chng ra sao c dc mt bn v th hin cc chi tit vi cc t l khc nhau m vn ng chun v hi ha. * Trc ht xt v Text: Khi ta bit thuc tnh quan trong ca Text Style l chiu cao Text ( Heigth), c xc lp khi ta thit lp Text Style hoc khi vo Text. Chiu cao ca Text s thay i khi t l thay i. iu ny dn ti kh nng t l ny th ch qu to hoc ngc li l qu nh. Mt khc mt th Text c th t chc v cc Text cc View c t l khc nhau. Khi nu ta dng lnh ca Cad iu chnh cho ph hp th s a ti kh nng View ny th ph hp cn View khc th li qu to hoc qu nh v. v - 88 -

Gio trnh autocad Nn chng vn ny cn c gii quyt nh sau: * Trc ht ta nn phn ra tng loi Text c v trong bn v nh: - Ch ch gii ( thng l ch thng). - Ch tiu ( thng l ch in). - Ch ti bn v T tiu chun bn v ta c c chiu cao ca Text khi kit xut. v d nh: - Ch ch gii ( ch thng), thng cao l 3m.m - Ch in l 7m.m. * Tuy nhin nt ta ly Heigth ( chiu cao ca Text l 3 hoc 7 dn v v lm chiu cao Text ca Text Style th s xy ra tnh trng sau: - Nu t l in l 1 n v v tng ng vi 1m.m v t l ca chi tit l 1:1, khi in th chiu cao Text s ng l 3 hoc 7m.m. Cn nu t l ca chi tit khi in khc 1:1 th Text in ra s c chiu cao qu ln hoc qu nh so vi tiu chun. - Mt khc nu ta chn nh trn th trong khng gian Model Space ch s qu nh dn ti khi ta iu chnh s chng ln cc chi tit khc. Do vy ha vin cn t chc cc th cho cc dng ch khc nhau cho mi t l l 1 th. v d: Ch - thng 1-1. Ch - thng 1-10. Ch - thng 1-50. Khi chiu cao ca cc th s c tnh ton nh sau: + Nu ta chn n v v l 1 dn v v ng vi 1m.m trong khng gian v Model Space. + Chi tit s c t chc in ta vi t l l 1:10. th m bo kit xut ra chi cao Text di cng vi chi tit v vn m bo cao 3m.m, th thuc tnh . Heigth ca Text Style Ch - thng- 1-10 phi c xc lp bng 3*10 =30. Ni cch khc ha vin phi tin hnh : - 89 -

Gio trnh autocad * Thit lp cc Text Style c chiu cao ch c tnh bng. H tiu chun: t_t l Trong H_tiu chun l chiu cao ch quy nh theo tiu chun. T_l l t l ca chi tit v. ( ghi ch cng thc trn lp cho gi thit l trong khng gian Model ta v 1 n v v ng vi 1m.m ). * Cc Text c to trong khng gian Modle Space vi cc th Text Style c t l tng ng vi chi tit i cng. i vi Dimension Style: i vi cc i tng ghi kch thc ta thwys rng khi ta t chc in ra chng cng vi cc chi tit m chng ghi kch thc vi cc t l khc nhau s lm cho chng s to nh khc nhau ( k c khi ch l 1 i tng song c in vi cc t l khc nhau qua cc Fload view khc nhau). Nh vy s lm cho cc chi tit ca i tng ghi kch thc s khng v khng tun th ng nh quy phm quy nh. Tuy nhin Autocad cho ta kh nng m bo khc phc nhc im ny m bo rng ti cc Fload view ( vng nhn ng) khc nhau song cc i tng Dimension dng 1 Style s vn l nh nhau. Vn ny ta xem xt cc mc di ca chng ny. Cc ha vin cn ch rng: vi cc Dimension khc nhau nhng dng cng 1 Dimension Style s c iu chnh c kch thc nh nhau cho d chng trong cc Fload view c t l khc nhau). Nh vy i vi cc th Dimension ngi v cn t chc khi to trn c s yu cu ca tiu chun bn v v khng cn thit phI thit lp cc th Dimension cho tng loi t l ring bit, nh i vi Text Style. Song li phi nm v s dng c k thut xc lp Scale to Paper cho Dimension Style. e, Vn v dng cc nt khng lin tc v Hatch. Ch rng vic cc nt khng lin tc nh Hiden hoc cc Hatch khi v trong khng gian Model. Ha vin - 90 -

Gio trnh autocad mc d d xc lp thuc tnh cho i tng song khng thy hiu ng trn mn hnh ha ( thng thng nt t li nhn thy l nt lin). Hoc l nhn r l nt t trong khi v khng gian Model song khi in ta li l nt lin. Nhn chung kho st k v vn ny ta phi nm c c ch to kiu nt ca Autocad. Vn ny s xem xt cc chng sau. Do mc ny ta ch c th ni rng tc ng ln Line Scale ca nt. V nu trong khng gian Paper Spape nu nt v l nt t th khi in ra s m bo l nt t, cn khi quan st trong khng gian Model th cha chc. 3: Nhc li mt s kin thc lin quan ti cc khng gian v ca Autocad. Trong Autocad thun tin cho qu trnh v v t chc in bn v ha vin cn hiu r v s dng thnh tho cc khng gian v tn ti trong Autocad. Trong chng v t chc mi trng bn v ta bc u lm quen vi cc khi nim ny, do trong mc ny cc khi nim c nhc lao vi mc ch hc vin hi r hn cc tin ch m Autocad a li khi t chc cc khng gian v khc nhau trong h ha ni ting ny. * Khng gian Modle: L khng gian m ti cc ha vin thc thi cc chi tit ca bn v c 2D v 3D. Ha vin d dng chuyn vo lm vic ti khng gian ny v rng khi bn v c khi lp th khng gian m hnh l khng gian v c t ng thit lp hoc d dng bi thao tc sau t Menu Pull Down. View / Model Space [Tiled] Mn hnh ha nu ang thc thi trong khng gian Model Space th Icon s c dng sau: Hnh v m phng trang 150 c th thc thi quan st i tng v vi cc gc nhn khc nhau cc t l khc nhau trong khng gian m hnh s dng cc vng nhn tnh ( Tiled Viewport ). Ha vin c th to 1 hoc nhiu vng nhin tnh, tuy nhin d c lp bao nhiu vng nhn tnh i na th cc

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Gio trnh autocad vng nhn ny s c t st nhau v lp y ca s ha ca Autocad Hnh v ca s m phng trang 151: Hnh v ca s m phng trang 152: * truy nhp vo Viewport no v, ha vin ch vic a chut kch vo Viewport . Khi bin ca Viewport c chn s m ln. * quay tr v trng thi bnh thng ca khng gian m hnh ta ch vic thao tc trn Pull Down Menu theo trnh t sau: View / Tiled viewport/ 1 viewport b, khng gian giy v Paper Space: d dang t chc in n bn v Autocad tn ti khi nim khng gian giy v Paper Space. Trong khng gian giy v ha vin c th v cc i tng ha song ay khng phi l mc ch chnh khi ha vin s dng khng gian v. Thng thng ch l v cc khung bn v, khung tn m thi. Ch : Cc i tng v trong khng gian giy v khng th quan st ti ca s ha khi ca s ny ang lm vic ti khng gian m hnh ( Model Space). iu ny c ngha l cc i tng v trong khng gian giy v s khng th in ra c nu ta in bn v trong mI trng khng gian m hnh. chuyn sang v ti khng gian giy v ha vin ch cn thao tc nh sau: T Pull Dow Menu: View / v Paper Space. Khi mn hnh ha ca Autocad s c xut hin Icon ca khng gian giy v nh sau: Hnh v ca s m phng trang 153 * Floating Viewport: < vng nhn thc>. Nh ta trnh by trn l cc chi tit v c v trong khng gian giy v ( Paper Space) s khng xut hin ti ca s ha khi ca s ha c gn vi khng gian m hnh ( Model Space). Vn t ra l vy cc i tng c v trong khng gian m hnh c th quan st c trong khng gian giy v hay khng?

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Gio trnh autocad Cu tr li l c! Tuy nhin thc thi c vn ny Autocad s dng khi nim Floating Viewport < vng nhing thc>. Khi ha vin lm vic trong khng gian Paper Space ta ra cc Floating viewport nh l m cc ca s nhn vo khng gian m hnh. Khi ny ti cc Floating Viewport cc i tng c v trong khng gian m hnh s c quan st thy. Mt khc ti cc Floating Viewport ha vin c th sa i cc i tng ha c v trong khng gian m hnh Model Space [Tiled] tnh bng cch kch hot khng gian Model Space [floating ]. * Cc Floating Viewport c th thay i kch thc, sao chp, ct dn mt cch d dng ngoi tr khng xoay mt Floating Viewport. V rng cho d cho php xoay Floating Viewport quanh mt tm, song vn l 1 ca s ch nht c cc cnh song song vi cc trc X v Y. * Cui cng ha vin nn nh rng m Floating Viewport u gn vi 1 ng bin hnh ch nht, do cc bin vy khng hin ln trong khng gian giy v khi in th cn phi t chc n chng i bng cc s dng k thut cc lp bn v (Layer). 4: Trnh t t chc bn v trong khng gian giy v ( Paper Space). * Cc bn v hon ton soa th t chc in ra trong khng gian m hnh v rng lnh v Plot lm vic khng phn bit khng gian no. * Tuy nhin vic t chc bn v, in n trong khng gian giy v c li l d dng to ra cc t l khc nhau khi kit xut cc i tng ha, cho php in ra cng 1 i tng v nhng vi cc t l khc nhau trong cng mt bn v c c i ny ha vin cn thc thi cc bc ca qu trnh sau: *. Trnh t cc bc t chc bn v trc khi in trong khng gian giy v: Bc1: V cc chi tit ca i tng v trong khng gian m hnh ( Model Space). - 93 -

Gio trnh autocad Bc ny c thc thi mt cch bnh thng song ha vin nn lu cc vn d cp ti trong mc 2 ca chng ny v cc chng v t chc mi trng bn v. Bc2: - Chuyn sang khng gian giy v. - Tin hnh v khung bn v v khung tn bn v c th c v trc to thnh cc file hoc Block lu trong th vin. Khi hc vin ch vic chn cc chi tit ny vo bn v ( trong khng gian giy v). Ch : - Khi v cc khung tn bn v v khung tn bn v cn ly t l 1 n v v tng ng vi 1m.m. - Cn tham kho k khng gian v thc s ca tng my in, my v v cc khung bn v cho p hp ch khng phi l cn c vo kh bn v chun c th l khung bn v phI lp nh hn so vi kh Max c th in c ca my v, my in ng thi chnh ta gc khi in ( v ) cho cn xng. Bc3: To cc Floating Viewport < vng nhn thc > trong khun kh khung bn v, vi ch rng: -Cc chi tit c quan st thy ti 1 Floating Viewport s c in ra cng mt t l. Bc 4: + Chuyn sang khng gian Model Space Floating bng cch chn trn Menu Pull Down. Views/ Model Space ( Floating ). + Xm nhp vo cc Floating Viewport dng lnh Zoom / Scal. Vi h s t l ( Scale Factor ) chn l XP t t l in. v d: Nu trong khng igan m hnh chi tit c v c 1 n v v tng ng 1m.m. Nay ti Floating Viewsport cn in ra vi t l 10mm tng ng 1m th h s t l Scale Factor s l 1/10 XP. Bc5: - 94 -

Gio trnh autocad Dng lnh pan, Aerial View t cc chi tit cn v trong mt Floating view vo cn xng trong vng nhn. ch khng c s dng lnh Zoom v nu dng s gy ra kh nng t l ta va xc lp s b ph v. Bc6: Tin hnh cc thao tc hiu chnh ( Nu c ) v : - Kch thc ca chi tit Dimension. - T l Line Scale i vi cc dng nt khut. - Ghi thm cc kch thc thiu Bc7: Dng kh nng ng bng cc Layer cha cc chi tit khng cn hin ra trong Floating View hin hnh ( ch : Bc ny c th thc thi trc bc 6. ng thi lu gom cc chi tit hin ra trong Floating Viewsport vo cng 1 Layer; cc bc 5, 6, 7 ln lt thc hin cho tng Floating Views). Bc 8: Quy tr v khng gian giy v, tin hnh: + Dng lnh Move di chuyn, b tr cc Floating Viewsport cho cn xng tong ton bn v. Bc9: + To 1 layer cha cc khung bn bao ca Floating Viewsport + Chuyn cc khung bao ca Floating Viewsport vo Layer va to ra. + t Layer cha cc khung bao Floating View trng thi tt. Nh vy bn v c chun b sn sng c th kit xut ra thit b v. 5: Mt s cc th thut iu chnh cc chi tit ca bn v trong Floating Views khi t chc bn v trong khng gian Paper Space 1, iu chnh cho cc chi tit ghi kch tc khc nhau, dng cng mt th ghi kch thc ti cc Floating Viewport c h s t l Zoom Scale XP khc nhau c cng mt kch c nh nhau v. + Chiu cao Text. - 95 -

Gio trnh autocad + ln ca k hiu ghi kch thc. + vt tha, Ofset ca ng ghi kch thc v ng dng y l th thut nn lm v s lm cho mt vn v cc chi tit ghi kch thc s ng nht. Th thut ny c tin hnh nh sau: * Sau khi t chc v b tr cc Floating views khc nhau ti cc Floatin View ny ta b tr cc chi tit vi cc ng ghi kch thc khc nhau do chng s c cc ln ca cc Dimension l khc nhau. Nay mun chng u c ln nh nhau ( nh l khi t l Zoom XP =1) ta tin hnh: + Chuyn sang khng gian giy v ( Paper Space). + Kch hot ca s hnh hc Geometry ca Dimension Style v t Scale to Paper Space. + Chuyn sang Floating Model Viewsport v chon vo Floating View cn sa. + Tip kch hot lnh DimStyle bng cch g ti Command Line: Command : DimStyle V chn Apply Khi Autocad chuyn sang ch la chn i tng cn iu chnh. Khi ta dng chut xc lp cc i tng cn iu chnh. Ch : + Ch c th iu chnh cc Dimension khc nhau nhng c t chc cng 1 th Style cn nu l 1 Dimension m xut hin ti 2 View th khng th. + Ch iu chnh v cng 1 kch thc ch ghi, di k hiu ghi c xc lp theo ng nh ta xc lp ti th. Do khi xc lp th ta cn ch c c cc kch thc ph hp vi tiu chun nh mong mun. Hnh v ca s m phng trang 159 2, Ghi kch thc trong khng gian giy v Paper Space: i khi trong khi b tr bn v trc khi in ha vin thy cn b sung mt s t kch thc con thiu. Vn ny c th x l bng cch quay tr v khng gian m - 96 -

Gio trnh autocad hnh ( Model Space) b sung. Nu t th ngay trong khng gian giy v c th b sung c, tuy nhin phi m bo kch thc ghi c phi ng nh kch thc tht ca i tng. lm c vic ny ha vin cn phI dch li h s Dimlfac. Bng cch kch hot lnh sau y trong khng gian giy v. T Command Line ta g: Command : Dimlfac Current value <1.000> New value Ti y ta vo gi tr mi cho DimlFac, gi tr mi ny c tnh bng nghch o ca h s t l Zoom XP, m ta xc lp cho Floating View cha i tng cn ghi kch thc . v d: Nu h s t l Zoom l 2 XP th gi tr mi ca DimlFac =1/2 = 0.5 * Sau trong khng gian giy v ta tin hnh ghi cc kch thc b xung. Ch rng ti mi Floating Views ta phi xc nh li gi tr ca DimlFac cho ph hp. * i tng kch thc ghi trong khng gian giy v khng quan st c trong khng gian Model Space. Do nu sa i nhiu th cn tr v khng gian Model m b sung cho thun tin. * Cc kch thc b sung trong khng gian Model cn c x l m bo cc chi tit ghi kch thc ti cc Floating View c ln hnh hc l nh nhau theo n cch trnh by mc trn. 3, iu khin t l cho cc dng ng nt khng lin tc trong ton b bn v: * Vic cc nt khng lin tc hin th ng hay khng theo khung mu ph thuc vo h s t l Line Scale. * Mt khc khi ta b tr bn v th ti cc Floating View c cc h s Zoom XP khc nhau th c khi dn ti cc h s Line Scale ca cc ng khng lin tc s khc nhau. Vic ny lm cho cc dng nt ny khng chun, hoc qu tha hoc qu st tr thnh nt lin.

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Gio trnh autocad * iu khin s hin th ca cc dng ng khng lin tc trong khng gian giy v < Paper Space>. Autocad s dng bin h thng PLTSCALE. + Khi PLTSCALE = 1 th cc dng ng lin tc trong Paper c cng mt t l nh nhau v khng ph thuc vo t l Zoom XP. + Khi PLTSCALE =0 th cc dng ng lin tc trong Paper Space ph thuc vo t l Zoom XP trn mi Floating Viewsport. Gi tr ca PLTSCALE c th xc lp trn hp thoi Hnh v ca s m phng trang 163 Layer & Linetype Properties cch la nt Use Paper Space Units for Scaling. Hoc s dnglnh gn gi tr cho cc bin h thng t Menu Bonus ca Autocad. Kch hot nh sau: Hnh v ca s m phng trang 163 Khi hp thoi System Variable xut hin Hnh v ca s m phng trang 164 Ta tin hnh xc lp gi tr mi ca PLTSCALE.

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