Danh May 10 Ngon

TRNG THCN CKN NG
143 L T TRNG, TP NNG
LI NI U
nh my vi tnh l b mn nhm rn luyn k nng nh my bng 10 ngn tay khi son tho vn bn. Hin nay c rt nhiu cc chng trnh hng dn luyn g 10 ngn trn bn phm. Cng vi xu hng chung , nhm gp phn pht trin k nng s dng my tnh, gio trnh K thut nh my ra i p ng cho nhu cu ny. Gio trnh gm 2 phn: L thuyt v Bi tp thc hnh ngh. Phn l thuyt bao gm 8 bi, mi bi hng dn HSSV hc cch g mt nhm phm. Bi u tin gip HSSV c c ci nhn tng qut v bc chun b tt trc khi lm ch bn phm. Bi cui cng hng dn HSSV bit cch g tc k trn bn phm. Phn thc hnh bao gm nhiu bi c sp xp theo th t t t n nhiu, t d n kh, gip HSSV c th thc hin c m lm ch bn phm ca mnh. Do ln u bin son, trnh cn c hn nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong cc ng nghip, HSSV v bn c tham kho gp kin thm. Xin chn thnh cm n. Nng, ngy 10 thng 12 nm 2005 T tin hc
TRANG 1
TRNG THCN CKN NG
BI M U
I. TC DNG CA PHNG PHP S DNG 10 NGN Ngi son tho vn bn nu s dng thnh tho10 u ngn tay trn bn phm my vi tnh th thi gian a cc d liu vo my s nhanh v chnh xc. Khi son tho s khng phi nhn vo bn phm m vn lm ch c cc k t cn nh trn bn phm v tit kim c thi gian. II. GII THIU BN PHM MY VI TNH Bn phm my vi tnh bao gm nhiu phm. l nhng phm ch ci, phm ch s, v nhng phm chc nng... thc hin vic son tho vn bn v nhng lnh ni tr v ngoi tr. Phn bn phi ca bn phm l nhng phm s phc v cho vic tnh ton. Phn luyn tp nh 10 ngn tay ca gio trnh ch cp n nhng hng phm c ch ci phc v cho son tho vn bn. Cn hng phm ch s bn tay phi ca bn phm khng cp n. C th phn chia bn phm thnh 4 vng: vng phm d liu, vng phm chc nng (F1-F12), vng phm iu khin, vng phm s (vng phm bn phi bn phm chuyn dng nh s). III. T TH NGI TP Ngi ngay ngn, thng lng, hai chn t di nn nh (c th mt chn co, mt chn dui gi cho c th t th ngay thng) u hi nghing sang bn tri, mt lc no cng theo di vo bi tp trong gio trnh. Ch tm nhn ca hai mt lun lun song song vi dng ch trong bi tp. + Bn my tnh cao: 73 cm. + Ngn bn phm cao: 60cm. + Gh ngi cao: 43 cm. IV. V TR TI LIU Ti liu son tho lun bn tri. Bn tay phi s dng chut v bt, thc v nhng dng.
TRANG 2
TRNG THCN CKN NG
V. CC NGN TAY C PHN CNG PH TRCH CC PHM CH
Bn tay tri
Bn tay phi
Ch : Trong khi ang luyn tp lun lun phi cc ngn tay trn cc phm c phn cng ph trch ban u gi l cc phm khi hnh. Nh sn xut ch lm hai phm ch f bn tay tri v ch j bn tay phi c mt g ni ln l cc phm ch t pht trin cc ngn tay sang phm bn cnh. VI. CH DN CHO VIC S DNG GIO TRNH Gio trnh ny c th luyn tp trn mi trng word bked vres. Bi 1,2,3 cha tp nh du ting Vit, khi luyn tp nn tt ch ting Vit.
TRANG 3
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Bi 1 TP NH HNG CH KHI HNH ASDFG HJKL; I. L THUYT 1. V tr cc ngn tay ph trch hng ch khi hnh ASDFG HJKL; n tri: BB i:Ng tr tayfg Ngn gia d Ngn nhn s Ngn t: a Ngn ci: Cch chNg tr Ngn gia k -
n tay ph
jh
Trc khi tp bi 1 chng ta nn tt ch nh ting Vit trn my tnh. Tp nh hng ch khi hnh l bi tp c bn nht a cc ngn tay vo cc th nh. Ch quan st vo phm ch f v phm ch j c g ni ln l cc phm ch ca bn tay phi v bn tay tri trn bn phm my tnh.
2. Cch nh cc phm ch Khi tp cc ngn cn ng vo v tr quy nh, mi ngn ph trch mt phn vic. Ring ngn tr chu trch nhim gp i. Cn hai ngn ci ch c mt cng vic chung l nh xung phm cch ch (hay cn gi l phm trng nhm lm cho t n cch ri t kia). C tay phi nng ln khng t xung mt bn, c tay ngang vi bn phm (song song vi bn phm). Cc ngn tay tht thoi mi chm nh ln cc phm ph trch khng t mnh, bi bn phm in t rt nhy, nu t mnh trn, mn hnh vi tnh s xut hin nhiu k t mt lc. Khng khunh tay rng qu sao cho cc ngn tay ng gia cc phm n ph trch l c. 3. Nhng li hay mc khi tp hng ch khi hnh asdfg hjkl; Thng khi tp hng phm ny chng ta rt mi bi ln u tin chng ta bt cc ngn tay phi nh vo cc th, khng c nh t do (nh 2-4 hay 6 ngn tay), hoc ta nh lun mt mch khng cho cc ngn tay dng. Nhim v ca chng ta l phi tp nh thong th, u n ngn no vic y, nh xong ngn no v ng phm ngn ph trch ri mi nh sang phm khc. Tuyt i khng bao gi nhn vo bn phm. Kinh nghim cho bit lc mi tp v cha thuc nhng v tr ca cc ngn tay nn hay nhn vo bn phm tm ch.Nh vy d thnh thi quen khng nhn khng nh c, do lc cn sa cho ng rt kh khn. Khi tp lc mi thng hay t c tay xung bn, chng ta phi cng quyt trnh thi quen ny, bi n s nh hng n tc v gy li trong khi son tho. 4. V tr ngn tay nh phm Enter. Khi ht mt dng tp, mun xung dng ta dng ngn t bn tay phi nh vo phm Enter. Khi nh ngn t, cc ngn khc trn bn tay phi cn nng ln khi bn phm ch c ngn t nh xung phm enter. II. THC HNH 1. Hng dn chi tit tp cc ngn bn tay tri asdfgh
TRANG 4
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Khi tp nh bn tri asdfg bn tay phi cn gi nguyn v tri cc ngn ph trnh khng nng tay ln. Ta nh ch a bng ngn t bn tri, cc ngn bn tay tri cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xung phm ch a sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch s bng ngn nhn bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn gia, ngn tr, ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn nhn nh xung phm ch s sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch d bng ngn gia bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn tr ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn gia nh xung phm ch d sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch f bng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn gia ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn tr nh xung phm ch f sau cc ngnli thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch g bng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn gia ri khi bn phm,ch c ngn tr nh xung phm ch g sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch g lc ny bn tay phi mi nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay phi nh xung phm cch ch, lc ny bn tay tri li phi gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. 2. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg asdfg 3. Hng dn chi tit tp cc ngn bn tay phi ;lkjh Khi ta tp nh bn tay phi ;lkjh bn tay tri cn gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh du ; bng ngn t bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xung phm du, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du l bng ngn p t bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn p t nh xung phm l, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du k bng ngn gia bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn gia nh xung phm k, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du j bng ngn tr bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr phi nh xung phm j, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du h bng ngn tr bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr phi nh xung phm h, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch h lc ny bn tay tri mi nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay tri nh xung phm cch ch, lc ny bn tay phi cn gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. 4. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y: ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh ;lkjh 5. Hng dn chi tit tp ghp hai tay asdfg ;lkjh
TRANG 5
TRNG THCN CKN NG
y l bi tp luyn nh cho c hai tay mi bn nh mt ln, cn tp theo ng s hng dn, khng nn nh mt lo ri mi v v tr khi hnh m nht thit c nh xong mt k t l thu ngn tay v hng phm mnh ph trch, nh xong hng ch bn tri, ta cch ch bng ngn ci bn tay phi. Sau nh sang hng ch bn phi, ta li cch ch bng ngn ci bn tay tri. 6. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y: asdfg ;lkjh asdfg ;lkjh asdfg ;lkjh asdfg ;lkjh asdfg ;lkjh 7. Hng n chi tit tp kt hp cc ngn tay ca hai bn tay. y l bi tp luyn cc ngn tay ca hai bn tay, mi tp ch nh nhiu dng, khi nh cn phi gi c nhp ca tc nh (khng nh lc nhanh lc chm, phm no nh nh nhanh, phm no khng nh nh chm, nh nh vy trong chuyn mn gi l nh kiu nht gng khng tt). Cn lu tp ch c tp, kt thc bng ci nh bn phi,ta cch ch bn tay tri v ngc li, kt thc tp ch bng ci nh bn tri, ta cch ch bn tay phi. V du: nh tp ch a;sld ch d kt thc bng ci nh bn tay tri, ta cch ch bng ngn ci bn tay phi. nh tp ch fjghl ch l c kt thc bng ci nh bn phi, ta cch ch bng ngn ci bn tay tri. bi tp 4 c 25 dng tp ch, mi dng tp nh 2 ln. Mt lun nhn vo gio trnh tp ct to ra phn x c iu kin gia mt c v tay nh. 8. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln mi dng ch di y . ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld ;asld . sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; sldk; . dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja dkfja . fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl fjghl . gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af gh;af . ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk ;alsk . lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg lskdg . kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh kdjfh . jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs jfhgs . hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j hga;j . dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as dk;as . lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj lksdj . kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd kjdfd . kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj kldsj . as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg as;lg
TRANG 6
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Ch : Khi tp nu nh sai khn nn xa ngay, v xa ngay s khng tm ra c li hay nh sai v tr no rt kinh nghim sa cha. Nu c s dng phm xa, dng ngn t ca bn tay phi nh xung phm xa (Backspace). Khi nh ngn t xung phm Enter, c bn tay phi nng ln, ch ngn t nh xung phm Enter. Cn lu im tip xc ca ngn tay xung phm. u ngn tay khng xung phm thng ng m hi nghing.
TRANG 7
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Bi 2 TP NH HNG CH QWERT YUIOP I. L THUYT 1. V tr cc ngn tay ph trch hng ch khi hnh QWERT YUIOP BB ni:Ngtri: rt tay n tay ph Ngn gia e Ngn nhn w Ngn t: q Ngn ci: Cch chNg yu Ngn gia i Ngn nhn o 2. Cch nh cc phm Khi tp nh hng ch ny, chng ta vn tay hng ch khi hnh, nh xong ch no hng trn, phi thu v hng ch khi hnh. Khi nh cc phm hng trn nhc c bn tay ln, nh phm ch ca ngn no ph trch, ch ngn nh xung, sau lp tc thu tay v hng ch khi hnh. hng trn ny, ngn tr cng chu trch nhim gp i, cn hai ngn ngn tay ci vn ch c mt vic chung l nh xung phm cch ch. C tay nng ngang vi bn phm, khng t xung mt bn. Cc ngn tay tht thoi mi chm nh ln cc phm ch, ch khi no nh mi cng tay, sau chn li lm sao cho lc tip xc vi bn phm va phi khng mnh qu v khng nh qu. 3. Nhng li hay mc khi tp hng ch QWERT YUIOP Thng khi tp hng phm ny chng ta thng khng thu tay v hng phm khi hnh m nh lun mt mch nh vy l sai, nhim v ca chng ta l phi tp nh thong th, u n, ngn no nh ng vo phm ch ngn ph trch, mi ln nh xong mt phm ch phi thu tay v hng phm khi hnh ri nh sang phm ch khc. Mt im hay mc na l va nh va gt u theo nhp (y l nhng li t nhin cn lu sa ngay). Tuyt i khng bao gi nhn vo bn phm. Kinh nghim cho bit lc mi tp v cha thuc nhng v tr ca cc ngn tay nn hay nhn vo bn phm tm ch.Nh vy d thnh thi quen khng nhn khngt nh c, do lc cn sa cho ng rt kh khn. Khi tp lc mi thng hay t c tay xung bn, chng ta phi cng quyt trnh thi quen ny, bi n s nh hng n tc v gy li trong khi son tho. II. THC HNH 1. Hng dn chi tit tp cc ngn bn tay tri qwert Khi tp nh bn tri qwert bn tay phi cn gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh ch q bng ngn t bn tri, cc ngn bn tay tri cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xung phm ch q sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch.
TRANG 8
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Ta nh ch w bng ngn nhn bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn gia, ngn tr, ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn nhn nh xung phm ch w sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch e bng ngn gia bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn tr ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn gia nh xung phm ch e sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch r bng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn gia ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn tr nh xung phm ch r sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch t bng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn gia ri khi bn phm,ch c ngn tr nh xung phm ch t sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch t lc ny bn tay phi mi nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay phi nh xung phm cch ch, lc ny bn tay tri li phi gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch :Bn phm rt nhy nn khi nh, ta cn phi nh dt khot v nhc ngn tay ln ngay, nu khng ch s xut hin ln trn mn hnh lin tip. 2. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert 3. Hng dn chi tit tp cc ngn bn tay phi poiuy Khi ta tp nh bn tay phi poiuy bn tay tri cn gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh phm p bng ngn t bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xung phm p, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du o bng ngn p t bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn p t nh xung phm o, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du i bng ngn gia bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn gia nh xung phm i, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du u bng ngn tr bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr phi nh xung phm u, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du y bng ngn tr bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr phi nh xung phm y, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch y lc ny bn tay tri mi nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay tri nh xung phm cch ch, lc ny bn tay phi cn gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch : Bn phm rt nhy nn khi nh, ta cn phi nh dt khot v nhc ngn tay ln ngay, nu khng ch s xut hin ln trn mn hnh lin tip.
TRANG 9
TRNG THCN CKN NG
4. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y: poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy 5. Hng dn chi tit tp ghp t Bi ny bt u ghp cc t n nhng cha c du ting Vit, im dn lu bi ny, khi t kt thc bng k t nh bn phi ta cch ch bn tri v ngc li. T c kt thc bng k t nh bn tay tri ta cch ch bn phi. V d: T qua kt thc bng phm ch a bn tay tri, ta s cch ch bng ngn tay ci ca tay phi. T oai kt thc bng ch i bn tay phi, ta s cch ch bng ngn ci bn tay tri. Khi tp bi tp ny, mt c t tri sng phi, ht dng dng ngn t nh vo phm Enter xung dng. Bi tp c thm phm u phy trn ' cnh phm du chm phy ; (du phy trn ta nh bng ngn t bn tay phi). 6. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng ch di y: . qua qua qua qua qua qua qua qua qua qua . wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit . eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo . rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua . thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi . yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu . iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet . oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai . pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho . au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au . sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut . dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio . fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia . gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay . hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe . jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao . kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha . lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao . t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru . h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao . quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay . loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai . gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi . k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia . hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai . diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet . luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi
TRANG 10
TRNG THCN CKN NG
7. Hng dn chi tit tp ghp nhng cu ngn. Sau khi nh cc t n, chng ta bt u ghp nhng cu n gin. Mt lun lun nhn vo gio trnh, c n k t no, nh k t . Bi ta ang cn luyn phn x c iu kin gia mt nhn c v tay nh. Khng nn c c cu ri mi nh, nh vy l nh m nh, v nu nh m nh gp mt cu di rt d b b ch, b dng. Khi nh xong mt cu, ta dng ngn tay t bn phi nh vo phm Enter xung dng. 8. Bi tp: nh li 3 ln cu vn di y (khng c du ting Vit). toi quay to gioi toi da du hoi thi tho gioi ta phai diet t ru het loai sau keo hay pha hoai lua se rat kho gioi khi luoi tap sau qua quat quat o kia to qua thay tro deu thi dua day tot tap tot de dat hieu qua tot thu hoa hue kia dep qua Ting Vit du ca cc cu trn nh sau: ti quay t gii ti d hi thi th gii ta phi dit tr ht loi su keo hay ph hoi la s rt kh gii khi li tp su qu qut kia to qu thy tr u thi ua dy tt tp tt t hiu qu tt. Ch : Khi tp nu nh sai khn nn xa ngay, v xa ngay s khng tm ra c li hay nh sai v tr no rt kinh nghim sa cha. Nu c s dng phm xa, dng ngn t ca bn tay phi nh xung phm xa (Backspace). Khi nh ngn t xung phm Enter, c bn tay phi nng ln, ch ngn t nh xung phm Enter. Cn lu im tip xc ca ngn tay xung phm. u ngn tay khng xung phm thng ng m hi nghing. 9. Kim tra. T nh li cc cu vn trn nhng khng nhn vo bn phm, khng nhn ln mn hnh. Sau khi nh xong t chm li, mi li tr i 1 im. Cng vic ca bn l pht hin ra nhng sai st v nhng li mc phi t sa cha. V d: Bn hay sai khi nh phm ch r v t bi ngn tr tri qun l phm, nh ch ra phi khc vi nh ch t. Nn khi a ngn tay ln nh ch t nhch sang bn phi mt t, nu khng s b dnh lin hai ch. Phn kim tra ny ta c th tt mn hnh nh mt cu hay hai trong bi tp, sau bt mn hnh ln tnh li.
TRANG 11
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Bi 3 TP NH HNG CH ZXCVB NM,./ I. L THUYT 1. V tr cc ngn tay ph trch hng ch ZXCVB NM,./ BB ni:Ngtri: vb n tay ph tay Ngn gia c Ngn nhn x Ngn t: z Ngn ci: Cch chNg nm Ngn gia , 2. Cch nh cc phm Khi tp nh hng ch ny, chng ta vn tay hng ch khi hnh, nh xong ch no hng di, phi thu v hng ch khi hnh. Khi nh cc phm hng trn nhc c bn tay ln, nh phm ch ca ngn no ph trch, ch ngn nh xung, sau lp tc thu tay v hng ch khi hnh. hng di ny, ngn tr cng chu trch nhim gp i, cn hai ngn ngn tay ci vn ch c mt vic chung l nh xung phm cch ch. C tay nng ngang vi bn phm, khng t xung mt bn. Cc ngn tay tht thoi mi chm nh ln cc phm ch, ch khi no nh mi cng tay, sau chn li lm sao cho lc tip xc vi bn phm va phi khng mnh qu v khng nh qu. 3. Nhng li hay mc khi tp hng ch ZXCVB NM,./ Bi ny luyn nh hng phm ch cui cng kh hn hng trn rt nhiu, bi cc phm ch hng phm ny b che khi nh hay nhc ln tm ch, ngn ci cp vo lng bn tay trng rt xu v cng hay nh trt sang cc phm khc. Thng khi tp hng phm ny chng ta thng khng thu tay v hng phm khi hnh m nh lun mt mch nh vy l sai, nhim v ca chng ta l phi tp nh thong th, u n, ngn no nh ng vo phm ch ngn ph trch, mi ln nh xong mt phm ch phi thu tay v hng phm khi hnh ri nh sang phm ch khc. Tuyt i khng bao gi nhn vo bn phm. Kinh nghim cho bit lc mi tp v cha thuc nhng v tr ca cc ngn tay nn hay nhn vo bn phm tm ch. Nh vy d thnh thi quen khng nhn khng nh c, do lc cn sa cho ng rt kh khn. Khi tp lc mi thng hay t c tay xung bn, chng ta phi cng quyt trnh thi quen ny, bi n s nh hng n tc v gy li trong khi son tho. 4. Cch nh nhng du ngt cu. Trong ngn ng ting Vit ca chng ta c cc du chm cu v ngt cu nh , . ; : / ? ! cch nh nhng u ny nh sau: Nhng du , (phy), du . (chm) du / (gch cho), nh lun ri mi cch ch (cch ch ng sau) Nhng du ; ! ? : cch ch ri mi nh, sau li cch ch ri nh tip (nh 1 cch ch trc v mt cch ch sau) V d: + Hm qua, em ht rt hay.
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TRNG THCN CKN NG
+ ng ti gi lm. Tc ng bc ph. + Cc thnh ph ln : H Ni ; Hi Phng ; + i ! Ch g i ! Ta yu ch lm. + Hoa gip m lm g ? II. THC HNH 1. Hng dn chi tit tp cc ngn bn tay tri zxcvb Khi tp nh bn tri zxcvb bn tay phi cn gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh ch z bng ngn t bn tri, cc ngn bn tay tri cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xung phm ch z sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch x bng ngn nhn bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn gia, ngn tr, ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn nhn nh xung phm ch x sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch c bng ngn gia bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn tr ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn gia nh xung phm ch c sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch v bng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn gia ri khi bn phm, ch c ngn tr nh xung phm ch v sau cc ngnli thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch b bng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nhn, ngn gia ri khi bn phm,ch c ngn tr nh xung phm ch b sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch b lc ny bn tay phi mi nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay phi nh xung phm cch ch, lc ny bn tay tri li phi gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch : Bn phm rt nhy nn khi nh, ta cn phi nh dt khot v nhc ngn tay ln ngay, nu khng ch s xut hin ln trn mn hnh lin tip. 2. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb 3. Hng dn chi tit tp cc ngn bn tay phi nm,./ Khi ta tp nh bn tay phi nm,./ bn tay tri cn gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh du / bng ngn t bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xung du /, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du . bng ngn p t bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn p t nh xung phm ., sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh du , bng ngn gia bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn gia nh xung phm ,, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch.
TRANG 13
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Ta nh phm m bng ngn tr bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr phi nh xung phm m, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh phm n bng ngn tr bn phi, cc ngn bn tay phi cn ri khi cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr phi nh xung phm n, sau cc ngn li thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch n lc ny bn tay tri mi nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay tri nh xung phm cch ch, lc ny bn tay phi cn gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch : Bn phm rt nhy nn khi nh, ta cn phi nh dt khot v nhc ngn tay ln ngay, nu khng ch s xut hin ln trn mn hnh lin tip. 4. Bi tp: nh li 5 ln dng ch di y: nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ 5. Hng dn chi tit tp ghp t c cc du ngt cu Bi tp ny c thm cc du ngt cu v du chm cu ng sau mi t. Cch nh cc du nh sau: Nhng du , du . du / nh lun ri mi cch ch (cch ch ng sau) cn du ; ta nh mt cch ch trc v mt cch ch sau: V du: xuan , xuan . xuan / (nh sai) xuan, xuan. xuan/ (nh ng) chung; chung; (nh sai) chung ; chung ; (nh ng) xuan, xuan, (kt thc t l du , bn tay phi ta cch ch bng ngn ci bn tri). chung ; chung ; (du ; kt thc bn tay phi ta cch ch bng ngn ci bn tri). 6. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng ch di y: - zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, - zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. - xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; - xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung - chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, - cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, - vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; - vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong - buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ - biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet - ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, - nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. - muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi - my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, - binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh - manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; - nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi - chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. - khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen - chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ;
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TRNG THCN CKN NG
Ch : Trong bi tp ny, sau du chm cu khng nh ch hoa v cha hc cch nh ch hoa.
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TRNG THCN CKN NG
Bi 4 TP NH CC CH C BIT V CC DU THANH TRONG TING VIT I. L THUYT 1. Nguyn tc ghp du nhng k t c bit ------ ChCaw (hai ch p)Wow (hai ch p)aa (hai ch p)ee (hai ch p)dd (hai ch p)
chp)oo (hai ch nh
2. Nguyn tc nh du thanh ` ; ~ . trong ting Vit. D s c ( )s ( u ; a chnh sau cng c )D u huy n (`)f ( a ch )D u h i ( )r ( u ngx ( a ch )D u n ng ( . )j ( a ch )X d uZ
a ch )D
Cch nh cc du thanh: Khi nh cc du thanh ta nh sau cng nh khi chng ta vit tay. V d: nh my ta s nh (ddanhs mays) cht lng ta s nh (chaats lwowngj) Cng c th b du ngay sau nguyn m, nhng nh nh vy hay b st li . nh my (ddasnh masy) khng nn nh nh vy. 3. Cch ghp cc k t lin k. Phn ghp du ting Vit, chng ta bt u bt dn cc thao tc tr v hng ch khi hnh (v d t tr trc ta phi tp nh ch t v hng khi hnh ri nh tip r sau tr v hng khi hnh ri mi nh tip e nhng sang n bi tp ny, chng ta bt dn cc thao tc tr v hng ch khi hnh nh lun t r e r sau mi v hng ch khi hnh). Khi tp bi ny rt hay b du ch, bi bt dn cc thao tc v hng ch khi hnh, nn khi nh xung cc phm lin k cn r rng v nhp. 4. Cch sa li khi nh sai. Trong khi nh chng ta khng th no trnh c sai st. Vn l cch sa nh th no cho hp l. Tt nht l khi pht hin ra ch sai cn sa ngay s thut li hn v cho hp l. Tt nht l khi pht hin ra ch sai cn sa ngay s thun li hn bi khng phi mt nhiu thao tc a con nhy vo v tr cn sa. Cn pht hin ra sai v du ging ngay lc ta nh du ging khc ln l c (v du: ta cn nh ch nh nhng li nh du ging khc ta lp tc nh du huyn (phm f) ngay sau khi ta nh nhm du sc (phm s). Trng hp nh tha du, v d: cn nh ch a, nhng li nh thnh , ta nh ngay phm z du ng s mt.
TRANG 16
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Nht thit khi dng phm xa (Back space) ta nh bng ngn t bn tay phi. II. THC HNH 1. Hng dn chi tit tp cc bi tp ghp du theo kiu TELEX Bi tp ny chng ta bt u tp ghp du ting Vit vi nhng t kp v c du chm cu. Khi tp lu lut cch du chm cu ni trn. Nh bt ch nh ting Vit trc khi tp phn thc hnh. 2. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng ch di y nng sm, nng sm, nng sm, nng sm, nng sm, nng sm, s din ; s din ; s din ; s din ; s din ; s din ; s din ; s din ; dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille gi go gi go gi go gi go gi go gi go gi go gi go gi go hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan khim tn, khim tn, khim tn, khim tn, khim tn, khim tn, khim tn, lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut c vng, c vng, c vng, c vng, c vng, c vng, c vng, eo bin eo bin eo bin eo bin eo bin eo bin eo bin eo bin eo bin reo mng ; reo mng ; reo mng ; reo mng ; reo mng ; reo mng ; tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th 3. Hng dn ghp cu vn ngn. Chng ta cha hc cch nh ch Hoa nn u cu vn nh ch thng. y l bi tp nhn nh. Mt c vo T no nh n T , chng ta khng nn nh m nh, xung dng theo bi tp, dng ngn t tay phi nh vo phm Enter xung dng. Khi tp bi ny nghim cm nhn vo bn phm, nu khi nh cn hay b li, phi t nghin cu xem hay b nhm do u sa cha nhng ch sai . 4. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng ch di y: (V cha hc nh ch Hoa nn u cu vn nh ch thng) khng c vic g kh, ch s lng khng bn o ni v lp bin, quyt ch t lm nn. --------nhiu iu ph ly gi gng, ngi trong mt nc phi thng nhau cng. --------bu i thng ly b cng, tuy rng khc ging nhng chung mt gin. --------khn ngoan i p ngi ngoi, g cng mt m ch hoi nhau. --------TRANG 17
TRNG THCN CKN NG
mt cy lm chng nn non, ba cy chm li nn hn ni cao. --------anh i b i sao trn m mi mi l sao sng dn ng, em s l hoa trn nh ni bn ma thm mi cnh hoa thm. --------qua di ma xun ti ngm em mn ma nho nhng nt thn quen tnh yu mi n sao m p. mt thong nhn nhau, ma cng ghen.
TRANG 18
TRNG THCN CKN NG
BI 5 TP NH HNG PHM S 1234567890- = I. L THUYT 1. V tr cc ngn tay hng phm ch 1234567890- = s BB iNg s 1,tri 2 n tay ph n tay Ngn nhn s 3 Ngn gia s 4 Ngn tr s 5, 6Ng du-= Ngn nhn s 0 2. Cch nh cc phm ch Bi tp ny tp rt kh, bi v tr cc phm s cch xa hng phm khi hnh nn khi tp ta cn vi ngn tay ln phm ph trch, sau ta a c bn tay ln nh th khng bao gi ta b nh trt sang cc phm khc. Ta nh phm s 1 bng ngn t bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn t nh xung phm s 1 nh xong lp tc ta thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh, tip theo ta nh s 2 bng ngn t bn tay tri, khi nh c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn t nh xung phm s 2. Ta nh phm s 3 bng ngn nhn bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn nhn nh xung phm s 3 nh sxong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 4 bng ngn gia bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn gia nh xung phm s 4 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 5 bng ngn tr bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn tr nh xung phm s 5 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 6 bng ngn tr bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn tr nh sung phm s 6 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 7 bng ngn tr bn tay phi. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay phi nng ln, sau ngn tr nh xung phm s 7 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 8 bng ngn tr bn tay phi. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay phi nng ln, sau ngn tr nh xung phm s 8 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 9 bng ngn gia bn tay phi. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay phi nng ln, sau ngn gia nh xung phm s 9 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm s 0 bng ngn nhn bn tay phi. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay phi nng ln, sau ngn nhn nh xung phm s 0 nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch khi hnh. Ta nh phm du gch ni - bng ngn t bn tay phi. Khi nh phm du gch ni ny, c bn tay phi nng ln, sau ngn t nh xung phm gch ni nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng ch khi hnh.
TRANG 19
TRNG THCN CKN NG
Ta nh phm du bng = bng ngnn t bn tay phi. Khi nh phm du bng, c bn tay phi nng ln, sau , ngn t nh xung phm du bng = nh xong lp tc thu cc ngn tay v hng ch khi hnh. 3. Nhng li hay mc khi tp nh hng phm ch s. Hng phm ch s cch xa hng phm ch khi hnh, nn khi ta vi cc ngn tay ln nh rt d b trt phm ngn ph trch, sau c nhn vo bn phm tm ch, dn dn tr thnh thi quen kh sa. II. THC HNH. 1. Hng dn chi tit tp nh cc ch s. Bi tp ny tp rt kh, bi v tr cc phm s cch xa phm khi hnh. Khi tp, ta cn vi ngn tay ln phm ph trch, sau ta a c bn tay ln nh, nh vy khng bao gi b nh trt sang cc phm khc. 2. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng ch s di y 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 3. Cch nh cc s lin k. Tp nh cc s c nhiu ch s luyn cc ngn tay. Khi tp bi ny, cn tp kin tr khng nn b qua 1 bi no. Khi gp cc phm s lin nhau, ta c th nh lun sau mi thu tay v hn phm ch khi hnh. V d: 278 phm s 7 v phm s 8 lin nhau u do ngn tr bn tay phi ph trch, ta c th nh lun hai phm lin ri thu tay v hng phm khi hnh. 126 phm s 1 v 2 do ngn t bn tri ph trch, phm s 6 do ngn tr bn tri ph trch, nn khi nh lun 126 ri mi thu tay v hng phm khi hnh. Bi tp nh s, chng ta pht trin bi theo chiu ngang, khng nh theo chiu dc. 4. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln mi tp ch s di y 910 283 307 485 5.198 6.2087.152 83.000 9.760 10.35428,57 372,09 41.429,15205.756,78 11.756 so 236.000 ng 90.238 ki-l-mt 249 ap-pe 2-9-1945 quc khnh nc vit nam. 30-4-1975 ngy vit nam hon ton gii phng. trng trung hc cng k ngh ng c thnh hn 2 nm.
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TRNG THCN CKN NG
BI 6 CCH S DNG PHM SHIFT NH CH HOA V CC K T !@#$%^&*( )_+
BB n tay tri ! @ tay ph iNg n Ngn nhn # Ngn gia $ Ngn tr% ^Ng _ + Ngn nhn )
I. L THUYT 1. Ngn tay ph trch phm SHIFT bn tri v bn phi. Phm SHIFT bn tri do ngn t bn tay tri ph trch, phm SHIFT bn phi do ngn t bn phi ph trch. Nhng phm ch bn tay tri ph trch mun nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay phi gi phm SHIFT bn phi v ngc li, nhng phm ch bn phi mun nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri. V d: Ch e mun nh hoa E. Chng ta nng ton b tay phi ln, dng ngn t bn tay phi gi phm SHIFT bn phi, sau dng ngn gia bn tay tri nh vo phm ch e, sau mi thu tay v. Ch o mun nh hoa O. Chng ta nng ton b tay tri ln, dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri, sau dng ngn nhn bn tay phi nh vo phm ch o, sau mi thu tay tri v. Nhng du !@#$%^&*( ) _+:? >< l nhng du phi s dng phm Shift mi nh c. Ta cn lu trn bn phm c nhng phm wocj chia lm hai phn, mi phn c mt k t khc nhau, nu mun nh k t phn trn ca phm, ta phi gi phm Shift khi nh th k t mi th hin c trn bn hnh. v tr cc ngn tay ph trch tng ng vi v tr cc ngn tay ca bi 5 c luyn tp phn trn. 2. Cch nh mt s loi du Cc du ngt cu V d: A p qu! (nh sai) A p qu ! (nh ng) ng khng? (nh sai) ng khng ? (nh ng) Du phn trm % chng ta nh lun ri mi nh du cch ch: V d: 95 % (nh sai) 95% (nh ng) Du ngoc n v du ngoc kp + Khi m v ng nh lin. + Sau khi ng, nh cch ch. V d: ( anh hng ) nh sai (anh hng) nh ng H Ni nh sai
TRANG 21
TRNG THCN CKN NG
H Ni nh ng. 3. Nhng li hay mc khi tp nh phm SHIFT Nhiu bn khi s dng phm ny khng nng c tay l m ch a ngn t xung v t vo phm SHIFT, nh vy khi nh phm tip theo cng tay s b dnh ch. C khi ngay cnh phm SHIFT l ch a hay ch z, nhiu ngi gi phm SHIFT bng ngn t, sau dng ngay ngn nhn ca bn tay tri nh ch A (mc d ph ch A l ngn t tay tri ph trch ) l sai. Nht thit phi n phm SHIFT bn phi nh ch A. II. THC HNH. 1. Hng dn chi tit tp nh cc bi tp Nhng phm ch thuc bn tay phi ph trch mun nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn tri bng ngn t bn tay tri v ngc li nhng ch thuc cc phm bn tay tri ph trch mun nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn phi bng ngn tay t bn phi. V d: Sn, (ch s ngn nhn tay tri ph trch, mun nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay phi xung gi phm Shift bn phi, sau ta nh ch s bng ngn nhn bn tay tri v thu tay phi v hng ch khi hnh ) Kin, (ch k ngn gia tay phi ph trch, mun nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay tri xung gi phm Shift bn tri, sau ta nh ch kbng ngn gia bn tay phi v thu tay tay tri v hng phm khi hnh). Hai#ha@yahoo.com (trong a ch trn c du # l du c cng trn phm s 3 nhng na trn ca phm ch nu ta nh bnh thng n s ra s 3 nhng nu ta gi phm Shift ri nh ta s c du #). Bi tp ny l bi tp cui cng luyn k nng s dng cc phm ch ca cc ngn tay qun l, chng ta cn luyn tp k khng b qua mt dng no, khi luyn tp lun lu kt thc t bn tay tri, ta cch ch pah v kt thc t bn tay phi, ta cch ch bn tay tri. Mt im na cn lu l khi luyn tp cn gi c nhp u, khng nn nh git cc (nht gng), v nh nh vy d gy li. 2. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng di y - An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? - An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : - Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. - Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! - Nng. Nng. Nng. Nng. Nng. Nng. - ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ - France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? - Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. - G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! - (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) - H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. - Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! - Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan - Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ?
TRANG 22
TRNG THCN CKN NG
- Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? - Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn - Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? - Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin. - Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn - Viruslover80@yahoo.com, Viruslover80@yahoo.com, - nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, - Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. - Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi - Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. - (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) - Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; - Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, - Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? - Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : - Xun To ! Xun To ! Xun To ! Xun To ! Xun To ! - khongtentrung@yahoo.com, khongtentrung@yahoo.com, - Vnh Long Vnh Long - Vnh Long Vnh Long
TRANG 23
TRNG THCN CKN NG
BI 7 LUYN TP NH TC I. L THUYT 1. Cch tnh tc khi son tho vn bn Mi ln nh (g) xung phm c gi l mt thao tc hay gi l 1 p. V d: ch ti ( nh c ch ti ta cn c 5 thao tc). nh phm ch t nh ph ch o nh phm ch o nh phm ch i nh phm cch ch. T Vit Nam ! ( nh c t Vit Nam ta cn 16 thao tc hay 16 p) 1. n phm Shift bn phi. 2. nh phm ch v 3. nh phm ch i. 4. nh phm ch e. 5. nh phm ch e. 6. nh phm ch t. 7. nh phm ch j. 8. nh phm cch ch. 9. n phm Shift bn tri. 10. nh phm ch n. 11. nh phm ch a. 12. nh phm ch m. 13. nh phm cch ch. 14. n phm Shift bn phi. 15. nh phm du chm thang !. 16. nh phm cch ch. C 5 thao tc (5 p) ta tnh l 1 ting. Tc t rung bnh cn t c: 27 ting/pht. Hay 135 p/pht kim tra tc ngi ta thng tnh trong thi gian 15 pht hay 30 pht vi mt bi vn xui n thun. Xin gii thiu vi con s v tc nh my vi tnh: + Trung bnh: 25 n 30 ting/pht. (125 150 p/pht) + Cao 30 n 45 ting/pht. (150 225 p/pht) + Chuyn nghip: 50 ting/pht tr ln (250 p/pht tr ln) + K lc: 108 n 125 ting/pht(540 650 p/pht) 2. Cch tnh li. Li chnh ta sai ngha + Ti nh thnh ti (1 li) + Ngi nh thnh Ngui (1 li) Li chnh t khng sai ngha: + xung kch nh thnh sung kch trng cy nh thnh chng cy + Danh t ring khng nh hoa:
(1/2 li) (1/2 li)

TRANG 24
TRNG THCN CKN NG
H Ni nh thnh h ni (1/4 li) + Sau du chm cu khng nh hoa + Khng cch ch gia cc t + Sai lut cch du
(1/4 li) (1/4 li) (1/4 li).
II. THC HNH 1. Hng dn cch tp cc bi tp. y l bi tp luyn cho nhanh tay, sau khi chng ta c nhng k nng s dng 10 ngn tay trn bn phm vi nhng bi vn xui ngn, chng ta nn nh t t, sao cho gi c nhp u v tht hn ch s dngphm xo, bi khi mi tp ta cha th nh nhanh m c nh nhanh s gy li v phi xo sa s ko di thi gian nh mt vn bn. Mi u tp chm nhng u nhp, khi nh nhanh th nhanh u khng c li chnh t l t yu cu. 2. Bi tp. Di y l nhng on vn xui, khi tp, mt lun nhn vo bi tp (rn luyn mt nhn c nh), nhn c n u nh n , cha cn tht nhanh, quan trng l khng c li,nu c li sa ngay. nh ht ln mt, chuyn sang ln hai, ta y tc cao ln mt cht. Nh lun c ng h bn cnh so snh gia cc ln nh. Nhng ch m khi tpkhng cn nh m bi ch m trong gio trnh nhm lm r u bi ca tng bi tp. nh li 2 ln nhng mu chuyn di y. Nhng ch lm cng v con g trng: M ch nh m m nh thc cc ch lm cng v h g trng ln ting gy l mc bt ngi vo lm vic. Cc chlm cng thy kh bn quyt nh ght cht g trng g trng khng nh thc m ch. Git cht g trng, cc ch lm cng cng kh s hn. M ch s ng qun nn dng cc ch lm cng dy cng sm hn na. Con ch v ci bng ca n: Mt con ch, mm ngom tht, i trn tm vn bc qua sui. N thy bng n di nc li ngh l di y cmt con ch khc cng ang ngom tht, n nh ming thit v lao xung cp tht ca con ch kia: Ming tht kia chng thy u, cn tht ca n th b sng nc cun mt. Th l cho ta tr khc chng c g. Hu b v hu con: Mt ln hu con ni vi hu b: bB i, b va to ln hn, va nhanh nhn hn, b li c cp sng s t v, tai sao b li s ch ? Hu b bt ci v bo : Con , con ni ng y. Ch c mt iu bt hnh l h c va nghe thy ting cho sa, b chng kp suy ngh g, m vi b chy ngay. Con co v chm nho : Co nhn thy nhng chm nho chn mng lin loay hoay tm cch chn nhng chm nho y. Co loay hoay hi lu nhng khng vi ly c. dp ni bc mnh co bn ni: Cn xanh lm. Co v d : D kht: N ln xung ging di chn dc ung no v tr nn nng nn. N leo ngc dc ln nhng khng c. Th l n rng be be. Co nhn thy bn bo : Th y, ngc ! Nu nh tr c trong u mi cng nhiu nh b ru mi, th trc khi xung dc, mi phi ngh xem c leo ngc c khng. Ch, g trng v co : Ch nh v g trng r nhau i chu du. Ti n g trng ln ng trn cy, cn ch thu xp nm ngay di gc cy gia m r cy. n gi n khc, g trng ct ting gy. Nghe thy ting trng, co chy n v ng di ni xin g trng xung t vi n. Lm nh n mun by t s knh trng i vi g trng v ging gy ca g trng hay qu. G trng bn p : - Trc ht cn nh
TRANG 25
TRNG THCN CKN NG
thc ngti qut sn , bc ta qut dn cho t t , khi y ti s xung. Co sc i tm ngi qut sn v tm n ni. Cho snh lp tc chm dy cn cht co. Phm SHIFT bn tri do ngn t bn tay tri ph trch, phm SHIFT bn phi do ngn t bn phi ph trch. Nhng phm ch bn tay tri ph trch mun nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay phi gi phm SHIFT bn phi v ngc li, nhng phm ch bn phi mun nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri. V d: Ch e mun nh hoa E. Chng ta nng ton b tay phi ln, dng ngn t bn tay phi gi phm SHIFT bn phi, sau dng ngn gia bn tay tri nh vo phm ch e, sau mi thu tay v. Ch o mun nh hoa O. Chng ta nng ton b tay tri ln, dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri, sau dng ngn nhn bn tay phi nh vo phm ch o, sau mi thu tay tri v. Nhng du !@#$%^&*( ) _+:? >< l nhng du phi s dng phm Shift mi nh c. Ta cn lu trn bn phm c nhng phm wocj chia lm hai phn, mi phn c mt k t khc nhau, nu mun nh k t phn trn ca phm, ta phi gi phm Shift khi nh th k t mi th hin c trn bn hnh. v tr cc ngn tay ph trch tng ng vi v tr cc ngn tay ca bi 5 c luyn tp phn trn. 2. Cch nh mt s loi du Cc du ngt cu V d: A p qu! (nh sai) A p qu ! (nh ng) ng khng? (nh sai) ng khng ? (nh ng) Du phn trm % chng ta nh lun ri mi nh du cch ch: V d: 95 % (nh sai) 95% (nh ng) Du ngoc n v du ngoc kp + Khi m v ng nh lin. + Sau khi ng, nh cch ch. V d: ( anh hng ) nh sai (anh hng) nh ng H Ni nh sai H Ni nh ng. 3. Nhng li hay mc khi tp nh phm SHIFT Nhiu bn khi s dng phm ny khng nng c tay l m ch a ngn t xung v t vo phm SHIFT, nh vy khi nh phm tip theo cng tay s b dnh ch. C khi ngay cnh phm SHIFT l ch a hay ch z, nhiu ngi gi phm SHIFT bng ngn t, sau dng ngay ngn nhn ca bn tay tri nh ch A (mc d ph ch A l ngn t tay tri ph trch ) l sai. Nht thit phi n phm SHIFT bn phi nh ch A. II. THC HNH.
TRANG 26
TRNG THCN CKN NG
1. Hng dn chi tit tp nh cc bi tp Nhng phm ch thuc bn tay phi ph trch mun nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn tri bng ngn t bn tay tri v ngc li nhng ch thuc cc phm bn tay tri ph trch mun nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn phi bng ngn tay t bn phi. V d: Sn, (ch s ngn nhn tay tri ph trch, mun nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay phi xung gi phm Shift bn phi, sau ta nh ch s bng ngn nhn bn tay tri v thu tay phi v hng ch khi hnh ) Kin, (ch k ngn gia tay phi ph trch, mun nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay tri xung gi phm Shift bn tri, sau ta nh ch kbng ngn gia bn tay phi v thu tay tay tri v hng phm khi hnh). Hai#ha@yahoo.com (trong a ch trn c du # l du c cng trn phm s 3 nhng na trn ca phm ch nu ta nh bnh thng n s ra s 3 nhng nu ta gi phm Shift ri nh ta s c du #). Bi tp ny l bi tp cui cng luyn k nng s dng cc phm ch ca cc ngn tay qun l, chng ta cn luyn tp k khng b qua mt dng no, khi luyn tp lun lu kt thc t bn tay tri, ta cch ch pah v kt thc t bn tay phi, ta cch ch bn tay tri. Mt im na cn lu l khi luyn tp cn gi c nhp u, khng nn nh git cc (nht gng), v nh nh vy d gy li. 2. Bi tp: nh li 2 ln dng di y - An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? - An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : - Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. - Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! - Nng. Nng. Nng. Nng. Nng. Nng. - ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ - France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? - Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. - G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! - (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) - H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. H Ni. - Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! Hi Phng ! - Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan - Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? Kin An ? - Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? Lng sn ? - Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn - Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? Qung Bnh ? - Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin.Eo Bin. - Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn - Viruslover80@yahoo.com, Viruslover80@yahoo.com, - nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, - Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. - Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi Rch Gi - Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. - (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi)
TRANG 27
TRNG THCN CKN NG
- Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; - Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, - Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? Ong Bm ? - Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : - Xun To ! Xun To ! Xun To ! Xun To ! Xun To ! - khongtentrung@yahoo.com, khongtentrung@yahoo.com, - Vnh Long Vnh Long - Vnh Long Vnh Long
TRANG 28
TRNG THCN CKN NG
TRANG 29
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
TRANG 1
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
Bi 2 T P NH HNG CH QWERT YUIOP I. L THUY T 1. V tr cc ngn tay ph trch hng ch kh i hnh QWERT YUIOP Bn tay tri:Bn tay ph i:Ngn tr rt Ngn gi a e Ng n nh n w Ngn t: q Ngn ci: Cch chNgn tr yu Ngn gi a i Ng n nh n o Ngn t: p 2. Cch nh cc phm Khi t p nh hng ch ny, chng ta v n tay hng ch kh i hnh, nh xong ch no hng trn, ph i thu v hng ch kh i hnh. Khi nh cc phm hng trn nh c c bn tay ln, nh phm ch c a ngn no ph trch, ch ngn nh xu ng, sau l p t c thu tay v hng ch kh i hnh. hng trn ny, ngn tr cng ch u trch nhi m g p i, cn hai ngn ngn tay ci v n ch c m t vi c chung l nh xu ng phm cch ch . C tay nng ngang v i bn phm, khng t xu ng m t bn. Cc ngn tay th t tho i mi ch m nh ln cc phm ch , ch khi no nh m i cng tay, sau chn l i lm sao cho l c ti p xc v i bn phm v a ph i khng m nh qu v khng nh qu. 3. Nh ng l i hay m c khi t p hng ch QWERT YUIOP Th ng khi t p hng phm ny chng ta th ng khng thu tay v hng phm kh i hnh m nh lun m t m ch nh v y l sai, nhi m v c a chng ta l ph i t p nh thong th , u n, ngn no nh ng vo phm ch ngn ph trch, m i l n nh xong m t phm ch ph i thu tay v hng phm kh i hnh r i nh sang phm ch khc. M t i m hay m c n a l v a nh v a g t u theo nh p (y l nh ng l i t nhin c n lu s a ngay). Tuy t i khng bao gi nhn vo bn phm. Kinh nghi m cho bi t lc m i t p v cha thu c nh ng v tr c a cc ngn tay nn hay nhn vo bn phm tm ch .Nh v y d thnh thi quen khng nhn khngt nh c, do lc c n s a cho ng r t kh khn. Khi t p lc m i th ng hay t c tay xu ng bn, chng ta ph i cng quy t trnh thi quen ny, b i n s nh h ng n t c v gy l i trong khi so n th o. II. TH C HNH 1. H ng d n chi ti t t p cc ngn bn tay tri qwert Khi t p nh bn tri qwert bn tay ph i c n gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh ch q b ng ngn t bn tri, cc ngn bn tay tri c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xu ng phm ch q sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch.
TRANG 2
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
Ta nh ch w b ng ngn nh n bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn gi a, ngn tr , r i kh i bn phm, ch c ngn nh n nh xu ng phm ch w sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch e b ng ngn gi a bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nh n, ngn tr r i kh i bn phm, ch c ngn gi a nh xu ng phm ch e sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch r b ng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nh n, ngn gi a r i kh i bn phm, ch c ngn tr nh xu ng phm ch r sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch t b ng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nh n, ngn gi a r i kh i bn phm,ch c ngn tr nh xu ng phm ch t sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch t lc ny bn tay ph i m i nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay ph i nh xu ng phm cch ch , lc ny bn tay tri l i ph i gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch :Bn phm r t nh y nn khi nh, ta c n ph i nh d t khot v nh c ngn tay ln ngay, n u khng ch s xu t hi n ln trn mn hnh lin ti p. 2. Bi t p: nh l i 5 l n dng ch d i y qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert qwert 3. H ng d n chi ti t t p cc ngn bn tay ph i poiuy Khi ta t p nh bn tay ph i poiuy bn tay tri c n gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh phm p b ng ngn t bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xu ng phm p, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh d u o b ng ngn p t bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn p t nh xu ng phm o, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh d u i b ng ngn gi a bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn gi a nh xu ng phm i, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh d u u b ng ngn tr bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr ph i nh xu ng phm u, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh d u y b ng ngn tr bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr ph i nh xu ng phm y, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch y lc ny bn tay tri m i nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay tri nh xu ng phm cch ch , lc ny bn tay ph i c n gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch : Bn phm r t nh y nn khi nh, ta c n ph i nh d t khot v nh c ngn tay ln ngay, n u khng ch s xu t hi n ln trn mn hnh lin ti p.
TRANG 3
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
4. Bi t p: nh l i 5 l n dng ch d i y: poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy poiuy 5. H ng d n chi ti t t p ghp t Bi ny b t u ghp cc t n nhng cha c d u ti ng Vi t, i m d n lu bi ny, khi t k t thc b ng k t nh bn ph i ta cch ch bn tri v ng c l i. T c k t thc b ng k t nh bn tay tri ta cch ch bn ph i. V d : T qua k t thc b ng phm ch a bn tay tri, ta s cch ch b ng ngn tay ci c a tay ph i. T oai k t thc b ng ch i bn tay ph i, ta s cch ch b ng ngn ci bn tay tri. Khi t p bi t p ny, m t c t tri sng ph i, h t dng dng ngn t nh vo phm Enter xu ng dng. Bi t p c thm phm u ph y trn ' c nh phm d u ch m ph y ; (d u ph y trn ta nh b ng ngn t bn tay ph i). 6. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng ch d i y: . qua qua qua qua qua qua qua qua qua qua . wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit wit . eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo . rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua rua . thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi thi . yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu yeu . iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet iet . oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai oai . pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho pho . au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au au . sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut sut . dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio dio . fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia fia . gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay gay . hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe hoe . jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao jao . kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha kha . lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao lao . t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru t'ru . h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao h'lao . quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay quay . loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai loai . gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi gioi . k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia k'lia . hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai hoai . diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet diet . luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi luoi
TRANG 4
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
7. H ng d n chi ti t t p ghp nh ng cu ng n. Sau khi nh cc t n, chng ta b t u ghp nh ng cu n gi n. M t lun lun nhn vo gio trnh, c n k t no, nh k t . B i ta ang c n luy n ph n x c i u ki n gi a m t nhn c v tay nh. Khng nn c c cu r i m i nh, nh v y l nh m nh, v n u nh m nh g p m t cu di r t d b b ch , b dng. Khi nh xong m t cu, ta dng ngn tay t bn ph i nh vo phm Enter xu ng dng. 8. Bi t p: nh l i 3 l n cu vn d i y (khng c d u ti ng Vi t). toi quay to gioi toi da du hoi thi tho gioi ta phai diet t ru het loai sau keo hay pha hoai lua se rat kho gioi khi luoi tap sau qua quat quat o kia to qua thay tro deu thi dua day tot tap tot de dat hieu qua tot thu hoa hue kia dep qua Ti ng Vi t d u c a cc cu trn nh sau: ti quay t gi i ti d h i thi th gi i ta ph i di t tr h t lo i su keo hay ph ho i la s r t kh gi i khi l i t p su qu qu t kia to qu th y tr u thi ua d y t t t p t t t hi u qu t t. Ch : Khi t p n u nh sai khn nn xa ngay, v xa ngay s khng tm ra c l i hay nh sai v tr no rt kinh nghi m s a ch a. N u c s d ng phm xa, dng ngn t c a b n tay ph i nh xu ng phm xa (Backspace). Khi nh ngn t xu ng phm Enter, c bn tay ph i nng ln, ch ngn t nh xu ng phm Enter. C n lu i m ti p xc c a ngn tay xu ng phm. u ngn tay khng xu ng phm th ng ng m hi nghing. 9. Ki m tra. T nh l i cc cu vn trn nhng khng nhn vo bn phm, khng nhn ln mn hnh. Sau khi nh xong t ch m l i, m i l i tr i 1 i m. Cng vi c c a b n l pht hi n ra nh ng sai st v nh ng l i m c ph i t s a ch a. V d : B n hay sai khi nh phm ch r v t b i ngn tr tri qu n l phm, nh ch ra ph i khc v i nh ch t. Nn khi a ngn tay ln nh ch t nhch sang bn ph i m t t, n u khng s b dnh li n hai ch . Ph n ki m tra ny ta c th t t mn hnh nh m t cu hay hai trong bi t p, sau b t mn hnh ln tnh l i.
TRANG 5
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TRANG 6
ERROR: undefined OFFENDING COMMAND: STACK:
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
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Bi 3 T P NH HNG CH
ZXCVB NM,./
I. L THUY T 1. V tr cc ngn tay ph trch hng ch ZXCVB NM,./ Bn tay tri:Bn tay ph i:Ngn tr vb Ngn gi a c Ng n nh n x Ngn t: z Ngn ci: Cch chNgn tr nm Ngn gi a , Ng n nh n . 2. Cch nh cc phm Khi t p nh hng ch ny, chng ta v n tay hng ch kh i hnh, nh xong ch no hng d i, ph i thu v hng ch kh i hnh. Khi nh cc phm hng trn nh c c bn tay ln, nh phm ch c a ngn no ph trch, ch ngn nh xu ng, sau l p t c thu tay v hng ch kh i hnh. hng d i ny, ngn tr cng ch u trch nhi m g p i, cn hai ngn ngn tay ci v n ch c m t vi c chung l nh xu ng phm cch ch . C tay nng ngang v i bn phm, khng t xu ng m t bn. Cc ngn tay th t tho i mi ch m nh ln cc phm ch , ch khi no nh m i cng tay, sau chn l i lm sao cho l c ti p xc v i bn phm v a ph i khng m nh qu v khng nh qu. 3. Nh ng l i hay m c khi t p hng ch ZXCVB NM,./ Bi ny luy n nh hng phm ch cu i cng kh hn hng trn r t nhi u, b i cc phm ch hng phm ny b che khi nh hay nh c ln tm ch , ngn ci c p vo lng bn tay trng r t x u v cng hay nh tr t sang cc phm khc. Th ng khi t p hng phm ny chng ta th ng khng thu tay v hng phm kh i hnh m nh lun m t m ch nh v y l sai, nhi m v c a chng ta l ph i t p nh thong th , u n, ngn no nh ng vo phm ch ngn ph trch, m i l n nh xong m t phm ch ph i thu tay v hng phm kh i hnh r i nh sang phm ch khc. Tuy t i khng bao gi nhn vo bn phm. Kinh nghi m cho bi t lc m i t p v cha thu c nh ng v tr c a cc ngn tay nn hay nhn vo bn phm tm ch . Nh v y d thnh thi quen khng nhn khng nh c, do lc c n s a cho ng r t kh khn. Khi t p lc m i th ng hay t c tay xu ng bn, chng ta ph i cng quy t trnh thi quen ny, b i n s nh h ng n t c v gy l i trong khi so n th o. 4. Cch nh nh ng d u ng t cu. Trong ngn ng ti ng Vi t c a chng ta c cc d u ch m cu v ng t cu nh , . ; : / ? ! cch nh nh ng u ny nh sau: Nh ng d u , (ph y), d u . (ch m) d u / (g ch cho), nh lun r i m i cch ch (cch ch ng sau) Nh ng d u ; ! ? : cch ch r i m i nh, sau l i cch ch r i nh ti p (nh 1 cch ch tr c v m t cch ch sau) V d : + Hm qua, em ht r t hay.
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+ ng ti gi l m. Tc ng b c ph. + Cc thnh ph l n : H N i ; H i Phng ; + i ! Ch g i ! Ta yu ch l m. + Hoa gip m lm g ? II. TH C HNH 1. H ng d n chi ti t t p cc ngn bn tay tri zxcvb Khi t p nh bn tri zxcvb bn tay ph i c n gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh ch z b ng ngn t bn tri, cc ngn bn tay tri c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xu ng phm ch z sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch x b ng ngn nh n bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn gi a, ngn tr , r i kh i bn phm, ch c ngn nh n nh xu ng phm ch x sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch c b ng ngn gi a bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nh n, ngn tr r i kh i bn phm, ch c ngn gi a nh xu ng phm ch c sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch v b ng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nh n, ngn gi a r i kh i bn phm, ch c ngn tr nh xu ng phm ch v sau cc ngnl i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh ch b b ng ngn tr bn tri, cc ngn t, ngn nh n, ngn gi a r i kh i bn phm,ch c ngn tr nh xu ng phm ch b sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch b lc ny bn tay ph i m i nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay ph i nh xu ng phm cch ch , lc ny bn tay tri l i ph i gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch : Bn phm r t nh y nn khi nh, ta c n ph i nh d t khot v nh c ngn tay ln ngay, n u khng ch s xu t hi n ln trn mn hnh lin ti p. 2. Bi t p: nh l i 5 l n dng ch d i y zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb zxcvb 3. H ng d n chi ti t t p cc ngn bn tay ph i nm,./ Khi ta t p nh bn tay ph i nm,./ bn tay tri c n gi nguyn v tr cc ngn ph trch khng nng tay ln. Ta nh d u / b ng ngn t bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn t nh xu ng d u /, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh d u . b ng ngn p t bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn p t nh xu ng phm ., sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh d u , b ng ngn gi a bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn gi a nh xu ng phm ,, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch.
TRANG 2
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Ta nh phm m b ng ngn tr bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr ph i nh xu ng phm m, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. Ta nh phm n b ng ngn tr bn ph i, cc ngn bn tay ph i c n r i kh i cc phm ph trch, ch c ngn tr ph i nh xu ng phm n, sau cc ngn l i thu v cc phm mnh ph trch. nh xong ch n lc ny bn tay tri m i nng ln v ch c ngn ci bn tay tri nh xu ng phm cch ch , lc ny bn tay ph i c n gi nguyn khng nng ln theo. Ch : Bn phm r t nh y nn khi nh, ta c n ph i nh d t khot v nh c ngn tay ln ngay, n u khng ch s xu t hi n ln trn mn hnh lin ti p. 4. Bi t p: nh l i 5 l n dng ch d i y: nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ nm,./ 5. H ng d n chi ti t t p ghp t c cc d u ng t cu Bi t p ny c thm cc d u ng t cu v d u ch m cu ng sau m i t . Cch nh cc d u nh sau: Nh ng d u , d u . d u / nh lun r i m i cch ch (cch ch ng sau) cn d u ; ta nh m t cch ch tr c v m t cch ch sau: V du: xuan , xuan . xuan / (nh sai) xuan, xuan. xuan/ (nh ng) chung; chung; (nh sai) chung ; chung ; (nh ng) xuan, xuan, (k t thc t l d u , bn tay ph i ta cch ch b ng ngn ci bn tri). chung ; chung ; (d u ; k t thc bn tay ph i ta cch ch b ng ngn ci bn tri). 6. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng ch d i y: - zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, zig, - zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. zythum. - xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; xuan ; - xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung xung - chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, chim, - cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, cung, - vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; vanh ; - vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong vuong - buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ buoc/ - biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet biet - ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, ngan, - nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. nuoc. - muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi muoi - my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, my, - binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh binh - manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; manh ; - nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi nguoi - chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. chung. - khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen khuyen - chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ; chieu ;
TRANG 3
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Ch : Trong bi t p ny, sau d u ch m cu khng nh ch hoa v cha h c cch nh ch hoa.
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TR NG THCN CKN NG
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TRANG 5
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Bi 4 T P NH CC CH C BI T V CC D U THANH TRONG TI NG VI T I. L THUY T 1. Nguyn t c ghp d u nh ng k t c bi t ------ ChCch nhaw (hai ch nh lin ti p)aa (hai ch nh lin ti p)Wow (hai ch nh lin ti p)oo (hai ch nh lin ti p)ee (hai ch nh lin ti p)dd (hai ch nh lin ti p)
2. Nguyn t c nh d u thanh ` ; ~ . trong ti ng Vi t. D u s c ( ; )s (nh sau cng c a ch )D u huy n (`)f (nh sau cng c a ch )D uh i( ) r (nh sau cng c a ch )D u ng (~)x (nh sau cng c a ch )D u n ng ( . )j (nh sau cng c a ch )Xa b d uZ
Cch nh cc d u thanh: Khi nh cc d u thanh ta nh sau cng nh khi chng ta vi t tay. V d : nh my ta s nh (ddanhs mays) ch t l ng ta s nh (chaats lwowngj) Cng c th b d u ngay sau nguyn m, nhng nh nh v y hay b st l i . nh my (ddasnh masy) khng nn nh nh v y. 3. Cch ghp cc k t li n k . Ph n ghp d u ti ng Vi t, chng ta b t u b t d n cc thao tc tr v hng ch kh i hnh (v d t tr tr c ta ph i t p nh ch t v hng kh i hnh r i nh ti p r sau tr v hng kh i hnh r i m i nh ti p e nhng sang n bi t p ny, chng ta b t d n cc thao tc tr v hng ch kh i hnh nh lun t r e r sau m i v hng ch kh i hnh). Khi t p bi ny r t hay b du ch , b i b t d n cc thao tc v hng ch kh i hnh, nn khi nh xu ng cc phm li n k c n r rng v nh p. 4. Cch s a l i khi nh sai. Trong khi nh chng ta khng th no trnh c sai st. V n l cch s a nh th no cho h p l. T t nh t l khi pht hi n ra ch sai c n s a ngay s thu t l i hn v cho h p l. T t nh t l khi pht hi n ra ch sai c n s a ngay s thu n l i hn b i khng ph i m t nhi u thao tc a con nhy vo v tr c n s a. Cn pht hi n ra sai v d u gi ng ngay lc ta nh d u gi ng khc ln l c (v du: ta c n nh ch nh nhng l i nh d u gi ng khc ta l p t c nh d u huy n (phm f) ngay sau khi ta nh nh m d u s c (phm s). Tr ng h p nh th a d u, v d : c n nh ch a, nhng l i nh thnh , ta nh ngay phm z d u ng s m t.
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Nh t thi t khi dng phm xa (Back space) ta nh b ng ngn t bn tay ph i. II. TH C HNH 1. H ng d n chi ti t t p cc bi t p ghp d u theo ki u TELEX Bi t p ny chng ta b t u t p ghp d u ti ng Vi t v i nh ng t kp v c d u ch m cu. Khi t p lu lu t cch d u ch m cu ni trn. Nh b t ch nh ti ng Vi t tr c khi t p ph n th c hnh. 2. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng ch d i y n ng s m, n ng s m, n ng s m, n ng s m, n ng s m, n ng s m, s di n ; s di n ; s di n ; s di n ; s di n ; s di n ; s di n ; s di n ; dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. dn qun. Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille Famille gi g o gi g o gi g o gi g o gi g o gi g o gi g o gi g o gi g o hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn hong hn japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan japan khim t n, khim t n, khim t n, khim t n, khim t n, khim t n, khim t n, lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun lng qun qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut qu qut c v ng, c v ng, c v ng, c v ng, c v ng, c v ng, c v ng, eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n eo bi n reo m ng ; reo m ng ; reo m ng ; reo m ng ; reo m ng ; reo m ng ; tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th tranh th 3. H ng d n ghp cu vn ng n. Chng ta cha h c cch nh ch Hoa nn u cu v n nh ch th ng. y l bi t p nhn nh. M t c vo T no nh n T , chng ta khng nn nh m nh, xu ng dng theo bi t p, dng ngn t tay ph i nh vo phm Enter xu ng dng. Khi t p bi ny nghim c m nhn vo bn phm, n u khi nh cn hay b l i, ph i t nghin c u xem hay b nh m do u s a ch a nh ng ch sai . 4. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng ch d i y: (V cha h c nh ch Hoa nn u cu v n nh ch th ng) khng c vi c g kh, ch s lng khng b n o ni v l p bi n, quy t ch t lm nn. --------nhi u i u ph l y gi gng, ng i trong m t n c ph i thng nhau cng. --------b u i thng l y b cng, tuy r ng khc gi ng nhng chung m t gin. --------khn ngoan i p ng i ngoi, g cng m t m ch hoi nhau. --------TRANG 2
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m t cy lm ch ng nn non, ba cy ch m l i nn hn ni cao. --------anh i b i sao trn m mi mi l sao sng d n ng, em s l hoa trn nh ni b n ma thm mi cnh hoa thm. --------qua d i ma xun ti ng m em mn ma nho nh ng nt thn quen tnh yu m i n sao m p. m t thong nhn nhau, ma cng ghen.
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TRANG 4
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BI 5 T P NH HNG PHM S I. L THUY T 1. V tr cc ngn tay
1234567890- =
Bn tay triBn tay ph iNgn t
hng phm ch s 1234567890- = s 1, 2
Ngn nh n s 3 Ngn gi a s 4 Ngn tr s 5, 6Ngn t d u-= Ngn nh n s 0 Ngn gi a s 9 2. Cch nh cc phm ch Bi t p ny t p r t kh, b i v tr cc phm s cch xa hng phm kh i hnh nn khi t p ta c n v i ngn tay ln phm ph trch, sau ta a c bn tay ln nh th khng bao gi ta b nh tr t sang cc phm khc. Ta nh phm s 1 b ng ngn t bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn t nh xu ng phm s 1 nh xong l p t c ta thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh, ti p theo ta nh s 2 b ng ngn t bn tay tri, khi nh c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn t nh xu ng phm s 2. Ta nh phm s 3 b ng ngn nh n bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn nh n nh xu ng phm s 3 nh sxong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 4 b ng ngn gi a bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn gi a nh xu ng phm s 4 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 5 b ng ngn tr bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn tr nh xu ng phm s 5 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 6 bng ngn tr bn tay tri. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay tri nng ln, sau ngn tr nh su ng phm s 6 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 7 b ng ngn tr bn tay ph i. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay ph i nng ln, sau ngn tr nh xu ng phm s 7 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 8 b ng ngn tr bn tay ph i. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay ph i nng ln, sau ngn tr nh xu ng phm s 8 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 9 b ng ngn gi a bn tay ph i. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay ph i nng ln, sau ngn gi a nh xu ng phm s 9 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm s 0 b ng ngn nh n bn tay ph i. Khi nh phm s ny, c bn tay ph i nng ln, sau ngn nh n nh xu ng phm s 0 nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng phm ch kh i hnh. Ta nh phm d u g ch n i - b ng ngn t bn tay ph i. Khi nh phm d u g ch n i ny, c bn tay ph i nng ln, sau ngn t nh xu ng phm g ch n i nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng ch kh i hnh.
TRANG 1
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Ta nh phm d u b ng = b ng ngnn t bn tay ph i. Khi nh phm d u b ng, c bn tay ph i nng ln, sau , ngn t nh xu ng phm d u b ng = nh xong l p t c thu cc ngn tay v hng ch kh i hnh. 3. Nh ng l i hay m c khi t p nh hng phm ch s . Hng phm ch s cch xa hng phm ch kh i hnh, nn khi ta v i cc ngn tay ln nh r t d b tr t phm ngn ph trch, sau c nhn vo bn phm tm ch , d n d n tr thnh thi quen kh s a. II. TH C HNH. 1. H ng d n chi ti t t p nh cc ch s . Bi t p ny t p r t kh, b i v tr cc phm s cch xa phm kh i hnh. Khi t p, ta c n v i ngn tay ln phm ph trch, sau ta a c bn tay ln nh, nh v y khng bao gi b nh tr t sang cc phm khc. 2. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng ch s d i y 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 3. Cch nh cc s li n k . T p nh cc s c nhi u ch s luy n cc ngn tay. Khi t p bi ny, c n t p kin tr khng nn b qua 1 bi no. Khi g p cc phm s li n nhau, ta c th nh lun sau m i thu tay v hn phm ch kh i hnh. V d : 278 phm s 7 v phm s 8 li n nhau u do ngn tr bn tay ph i ph trch, ta c th nh lun hai phm lin r i thu tay v hng phm kh i hnh. 126 phm s 1 v 2 do ngn t bn tri ph trch, phm s 6 do ngn tr bn tri ph trch, nn khi nh lun 126 r i m i thu tay v hng phm kh i hnh. Bi t p nh s , chng ta pht tri n bi theo chi u ngang, khng nh theo chi u d c. 4. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n m i t p ch s d i y 910 283 307 485 5.198 6.2087.152 83.000 9.760 10.35428,57 372,09 41.429,15205.756,78 11.756 so 236.000 ng 90.238 ki-l-mt 249 ap-pe 2-9-1945 qu c khnh n c vi t nam. 30-4-1975 ngy vi t nam hon ton gi i phng. tr ng trung h c cng k ngh ng c thnh hn 2 nm.
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TRANG 3
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TR NG, TP N NG
BI 6 CCH S D NG PHM SHIFT NH CH HOA V CC K T !@#$%^&*( )_+
I. L THUY T 1. Ngn tay ph trch phm SHIFT bn tri v bn ph i. Phm SHIFT bn tri do ngn t bn tay tri ph trch, phm SHIFT bn ph i do ngn t bn ph i ph trch. Nh ng phm ch bn tay tri ph trch mu n nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay ph i gi phm SHIFT bn ph i v ng c l i, nh ng phm ch bn ph i mu n nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri. V d : Ch e mu n nh hoa E. Chng ta nng ton b tay ph i ln, dng ngn t bn tay ph i gi phm SHIFT bn ph i, sau dng ngn gi a bn tay tri nh vo phm ch e, sau m i thu tay v . Ch o mu n nh hoa O. Chng ta nng ton b tay tri ln, dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri, sau dng ngn nh n bn tay ph i nh vo phm ch o, sau m i thu tay tri v. Nh ng d u !@#$%^&*( ) _+:? >< l nh ng d u ph i s d ng phm Shift m i nh c. Ta c n lu trn bn phm c nh ng phm wocj chia lm hai ph n, m i ph n c m t k t khc nhau, n u mu n nh k t ph n trn c a phm, ta ph i gi phm Shift khi nh th k t m i th hi n c trn bn hnh. v tr cc ngn tay ph trch tng ng v i v tr cc ngn tay c a bi 5 c luy n t p ph n trn. 2. Cch nh m t s lo i d u Cc d u ng t cu V d : A p qu! (nh sai) A p qu ! (nh ng) ng khng? (nh sai) ng khng ? (nh ng) D u ph n trm % chng ta nh lun r i m i nh d u cch ch : V d : 95 % (nh sai) 95% (nh ng) D u ngo c n v d u ngo c kp + Khi m v ng nh li n. + Sau khi ng, nh cch ch . V d : ( anh hng ) nh sai (anh hng) nh ng H N i nh sai
TRANG 1
Bn tay triBn tay ph iNgn t ! @ Ngn nh n # Ngn gi a $ Ngn tr % ^Ngn t _ + Ngn nh n )
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
H N i nh ng. 3. Nh ng l i hay m c khi t p nh phm SHIFT Nhi u b n khi s d ng phm ny khng nng c tay l m ch a ngn t xu ng v t vo phm SHIFT, nh v y khi nh phm ti p theo cng tay s b dnh ch . C khi ngay c nh phm SHIFT l ch a hay ch z, nhi u ng i gi phm SHIFT b ng ngn t, sau dng ngay ngn nh n c a bn tay tri nh ch A (m c d ph ch A l ngn t tay tri ph trch ) l sai. Nh t thi t ph i n phm SHIFT bn ph i nh ch A. II. TH C HNH. 1. H ng d n chi ti t t p nh cc bi t p Nh ng phm ch thu c bn tay ph i ph trch mu n nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn tri b ng ngn t bn tay tri v ng c l i nh ng ch thu c cc phm bn tay tri ph trch mu n nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn ph i b ng ngn tay t bn ph i. V d : Sn, (ch s ngn nh n tay tri ph trch, mu n nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay ph i xu ng gi phm Shift bn ph i, sau ta nh ch s b ng ngn nh n bn tay tri v thu tay ph i v hng ch kh i hnh ) Kin, (ch k ngn gi a tay ph i ph trch, mu n nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay tri xu ng gi phm Shift bn tri, sau ta nh ch kb ng ngn gi a bn tay p hi v thu tay tay tri v hng phm kh i hnh). Hai#ha@yahoo.com (trong a ch trn c d u # l d u c cng trn phm s 3 nhng n a trn c a phm ch n u ta nh bnh th ng n s ra s 3 nhng n u ta gi phm Shift r i nh ta s c d u #). Bi t p ny l bi t p cu i cng luy n k nng s d ng cc phm ch c a cc ngn tay qu n l, chng ta c n luy n t p k khng b qua m t dng no, khi luy n t p lun lu k t thc t bn tay tri, ta cch ch pah v k t thc t bn tay ph i, ta cch ch bn tay tri. M t i m n a c n lu l khi luy n t p c n gi c nh p u, khng nn nh gi t c c (nht g ng), v nh nh v y d gy l i. 2. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng d i y - An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? - An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : - Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. - Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! - N ng. N ng. N ng. N ng. N ng. N ng. - ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ - France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? - Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. - G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! - (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) - H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. - H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! - Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan - Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ?
TRANG 2
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n. Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Viruslover80@yahoo.com, Viruslover80@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Xun T o ! Xun T o ! Xun T o ! Xun T o ! Xun T o ! khongtentrung@yahoo.com, khongtentrung@yahoo.com, Vnh Long Vnh Long - Vnh Long Vnh Long
TRANG 3
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
TRANG 4
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
BI 7 LUY N T P NH T C I. L THUY T 1. Cch tnh t c khi so n th o vn b n M i l n nh (g) xu ng phm c g i l m t thao tc hay g i l 1 p. V d : ch ti ( nh c ch ti ta c n c 5 thao tc). nh phm ch t nh ph ch o nh phm ch o nh phm ch i nh phm cch ch . T Vi t Nam ! ( nh c t Vi t Nam ta c n 16 thao tc hay 16 p) 1. n phm Shift bn ph i. 2. nh phm ch v 3. nh phm ch i. 4. nh phm ch e. 5. nh phm ch e. 6. nh phm ch t. 7. nh phm ch j. 8. nh phm cch ch . 9. n phm Shift bn tri. 10. nh phm ch n. 11. nh phm ch a. 12. nh phm ch m. 13. nh phm cch ch . 14. n phm Shift bn ph i. 15. nh phm d u ch m thang !. 16. nh phm cch ch . C 5 thao tc (5 p) ta tnh l 1 ti ng. T c t rung bnh c n t c: 27 ti ng/pht. Hay 135 p/pht ki m tra t c ng i ta th ng tnh trong th i gian 15 pht hay 30 pht v i m t bi vn xui n thu n. Xin gi i thi u vi con s v t c nh my vi tnh: + Trung bnh: 25 n 30 ti ng/pht. (125 150 p/pht) + Cao 30 n 45 ti ng/pht. (150 225 p/pht) + Chuyn nghi p: 50 ti ng/pht tr ln (250 p/pht tr ln) + K l c: 108 n 125 ti ng/pht(540 650 p/pht) 2. Cch tnh l i. L i chnh ta sai ngha + T i nh thnh ti (1 l i) + Ng i nh thnh Ngui (1 l i) L i chnh t khng sai ngha: + xung kch nh thnh sung kch tr ng cy nh thnh ch ng cy + Danh t ring khng nh hoa:
(1/2 l i) (1/2 l i)
TRANG 1
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
H N i nh thnh h n i (1/4 l i) + Sau d u ch m cu khng nh hoa (1/4 l i) + Khng cch ch gi a cc t (1/4 l i) + Sai lu t cch d u (1/4 l i). II. TH C HNH 1. H ng d n cch t p cc bi t p. y l bi t p luy n cho nhanh tay, sau khi chng ta c nh ng k nng s d ng 10 ngn tay trn bn phm v i nh ng bi vn xui ng n, chng ta nn nh t t , sao cho gi c nh p u v th t h n ch s d ngphm xo, b i khi m i t p ta cha th nh nhanh m c nh nhanh s gy l i v ph i xo s a s ko di th i gian nh m t vn b n. M i u t p ch m nhng u nh p, khi nh nhanh th nhanh u khng c l i chnh t l t yu c u. 2. Bi t p. D i y l nh ng o n vn xui, khi t p, m t lun nhn vo bi t p (rn luy n m t nhn c nh), nhn c n u nh n , cha c n th t nhanh, quan tr ng l khng c l i,n u c l i s a ngay. nh h t l n m t, chuy n sang l n hai, ta y t c cao ln m t cht. Nh lun c ng h bn c nh so snh gi a cc l n nh. Nh ng ch m khi t pkhng c n nh m b i ch m trong gio trnh nh m lm r u bi c a t ng bi t p. nh l i 2 l n nh ng m u chuy n d i y. Nh ng ch lm cng v con g tr ng: M ch nh m m nh th c cc ch lm cng v h g tr ng ln ti ng gy l m c b t ng i vo lm vi c. Cc ch lm cng th y kh bn quy t nh gh t ch t g tr ng g tr ng khng nh th c m ch . Gi t ch t g tr ng, cc ch lm cng cng kh s hn. M ch s ng qun nn d ng cc ch lm cng d y cng s m hn n a. Con ch v ci bng c a n: M t con ch, mm ngo m th t, i trn t m vn b c qua su i. N th y bng n d i n c l i ngh l d i y cm t con ch khc cng ang ngo m th t, n nh mi ng thit v lao xu ng c p th t c a con ch kia: Mi ng th t kia ch ng th y u, cn th t c a n th b sng n c cu n m t. Th l cho ta tr kh c ch ng c g. Hu b v hu con: M t l n hu con ni v i hu b : bB i, b v a to l n hn, v a nhanh nh n hn, b l i c c p s ng s t v , tai sao b l i s ch ? Hu b b t c i v b o : Con , con ni ng y. Ch c m t i u b t h nh l h c v a nghe th y ti ng cho s a, b ch ng k p suy ngh g, m v i b ch y ngay. Con co v chm nho : Co nhn th y nh ng chm nho chn m ng li n loay hoay tm cch chn nh ng chm nho y. Co loay hoay h i lu nhng khng v i l y c. d p ni b c mnh co bn ni: Cn xanh l m. Co v d : D kht: N l n xu ng gi ng d i chn d c u ng no v tr nn n ng n n. N leo ng c d c ln nhng khng c. Th l n r ng be be. Co nhn th y bn b o : Th y, ng c ! N u nh tr c trong u mi cng nhi u nh b ru mi, th tr c khi xu ng d c, mi ph i ngh xem c leo ng c c khng. Ch, g tr ng v co : Ch nh v g tr ng r nhau i chu du. T i n g tr ng ln ng trn cy, cn ch thu x p n m ngay d i g c cy gi a m r cy. n gi n kh c, g tr ng c t ti ng gy. Nghe th y ti ng tr ng, co ch y n v ng d i ni xin g tr ng xu ng t v i n. Lm nh n mu n by t s knh tr ng i v i g tr ng v gi ng gy c a g tr ng hay qu. G tr ng bn p : - Tr c ht c n nh
TRANG 2
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
th c ngt i qut sn , bc ta qut d n cho t t , khi y ti s xu ng. Co s c i tm ng i qut sn v tm n ni. Cho snh l p t c ch m d y c n ch t co. Phm SHIFT bn tri do ngn t bn tay tri ph trch, phm SHIFT bn ph i do ngn t bn ph i ph trch. Nh ng phm ch bn tay tri ph trch mu n nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay ph i gi phm SHIFT bn ph i v ng c l i, nh ng phm ch bn ph i mu n nh hoa, ta dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri. V d : Ch e mu n nh hoa E. Chng ta nng ton b tay ph i ln, dng ngn t bn tay ph i gi phm SHIFT bn ph i, sau dng ngn gi a bn tay tri nh vo phm ch e, sau m i thu tay v . Ch o mu n nh hoa O. Chng ta nng ton b tay tri ln, dng ngn t bn tay tri gi phm SHIFT bn tri, sau dng ngn nh n bn tay ph i nh vo phm ch o, sau m i thu tay tri v. Nh ng d u !@#$%^&*( ) _+:? >< l nh ng d u ph i s d ng phm Shift m i nh c. Ta c n lu trn bn phm c nh ng phm wocj chia lm hai ph n, m i ph n c m t k t khc nhau, n u mu n nh k t ph n trn c a phm, ta ph i gi phm Shift khi nh th k t m i th hi n c trn bn hnh. v tr cc ngn tay ph trch tng ng v i v tr cc ngn tay c a bi 5 c luy n t p ph n trn. 2. Cch nh m t s lo i d u Cc d u ng t cu V d : A p qu! (nh sai) A p qu ! (nh ng) ng khng? (nh sai) ng khng ? (nh ng) D u ph n trm % chng ta nh lun r i m i nh d u cch ch : V d : 95 % (nh sai) 95% (nh ng) D u ngo c n v d u ngo c kp + Khi m v ng nh li n. + Sau khi ng, nh cch ch . V d : ( anh hng ) nh sai (anh hng) nh ng H N i nh sai H N i nh ng. 3. Nh ng l i hay m c khi t p nh phm SHIFT Nhi u b n khi s d ng phm ny khng nng c tay l m ch a ngn t xu ng v t vo phm SHIFT, nh v y khi nh phm ti p theo cng tay s b dnh ch . C khi ngay c nh phm SHIFT l ch a hay ch z, nhi u ng i gi phm SHIFT b ng ngn t, sau dng ngay ngn nh n c a bn tay tri nh ch A (m c d ph ch A l ngn t tay tri ph trch ) l sai. Nh t thi t ph i n phm SHIFT bn ph i nh ch A. II. TH C HNH.
TRANG 3
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
1. H ng d n chi ti t t p nh cc bi t p Nh ng phm ch thu c bn tay ph i ph trch mu n nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn tri b ng ngn t bn tay tri v ng c l i nh ng ch thu c cc phm bn tay tri ph trch mu n nh hoa chng ta n phm Shift bn ph i b ng ngn tay t bn ph i. V d : Sn, (ch s ngn nh n tay tri ph trch, mu n nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay ph i xu ng gi phm Shift bn ph i, sau ta nh ch s b ng ngn nh n bn tay tri v thu tay ph i v hng ch kh i hnh ) Kin, (ch k ngn gi a tay ph i ph trch, mu n nh hoa, u tin ta a ngn t bn tay tri xu ng gi phm Shift bn tri, sau ta nh ch kb ng ngn gi a bn tay p hi v thu tay tay tri v hng phm kh i hnh). Hai#ha@yahoo.com (trong a ch trn c d u # l d u c cng trn phm s 3 nhng n a trn c a phm ch n u ta nh bnh th ng n s ra s 3 nhng n u ta gi phm Shift r i nh ta s c d u #). Bi t p ny l bi t p cu i cng luy n k nng s d ng cc phm ch c a cc ngn tay qu n l, chng ta c n luy n t p k khng b qua m t dng no, khi luy n t p lun lu k t thc t bn tay tri, ta cch ch pah v k t thc t bn tay ph i, ta cch ch bn tay tri. M t i m n a c n lu l khi luy n t p c n gi c nh p u, khng nn nh gi t c c (nht g ng), v nh nh v y d gy l i. 2. Bi t p: nh l i 2 l n dng d i y - An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? An Kh ? - An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : An Din : - Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. Sn La. - Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! Si Gn ! - N ng. N ng. N ng. N ng. N ng. N ng. - ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ ng ng/ - France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? France ? - Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. Famille. - G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! G cng ! - (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) (Gia Lai) - H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. H N i. - H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! H i Phng ! - Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan - Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? Ki n An ? - L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? L ng sn ? - Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn Quynhon@hn.vnn.vn - Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? Qu ng Bnh ? - Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n.Eo Bi n. - Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn Quynhchi@hn.vnn.vn - Viruslover80@yahoo.com, Viruslover80@yahoo.com, - nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, nckhadn@yahoo.com, - Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. - R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi R ch Gi - Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. Thi Nguyn. - (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi) (Yn Bi)
TRANG 4
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Ung B ; Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Itali, Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Ong B m ? Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Phan Rang : Xun T o ! Xun T o ! Xun T o ! Xun T o ! Xun T o ! khongtentrung@yahoo.com, khongtentrung@yahoo.com, Vnh Long Vnh Long - Vnh Long Vnh Long
TRANG 5
TR NG THCN CKN NG
143 L T
TR NG, TP N NG
TRANG 6
BI THC HNH S 01
Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; Asdf asdf asdf jkl; jkl; jkl; asjk asjk asjk asjk asl; asl; asl; dfas dfas dfas dfas A; a; a; sl sl sl dk dk dk fj fj fj asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; a;sl a;sl a;sl Qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert Qwert qwert qwert yuiop yuiop yuiop qqpp qqpp qwpo qwpo qwpo qeqe qeqe Po po po pe pe pe pq pq pq pw pw pw pe pe pe pr pr pr pt pt pt qp qp qp qo qo qo Qwe qwe qwe poi poi poi qpo qpo qpo poq poq poq poi poi poi qpo qpo qpo Zxcvb nm,./ zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb Zzz zzz zzz xxx xxx xxx ccc ccc ccc vvv vvv vvv bbb bbb bbb Nnn nnn nnn mmm mmm mmm ,,, ,,, ,,, ... ... ... /// /// /// Zxz zxz zxz zxc zxc zxc /., /., /., xcv xcv xcv cvb cvb cvb vbn vbn vbn nmo nmo Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; Qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop Zxcvb nm,./ zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; asdf jkl; Qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop qwert yuiop Zxcvb nm,./ zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. zxcvb nm.,. Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; qwert yuiop zxcvb nm.,. asdf jkl; asdf jkl; qwert yuiop Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; qwert yuiop zxcvb nm.,. asdf jkl; asdf jkl; qwert yuiop Asdf jkl; asdf jkl; qwert yuiop zxcvb nm.,. asdf jkl; asdf jkl; qwert yuiop Abcd efgh mopq rstu vwxy abcd efgh ijkl mopq; ark how eve box sue fly pad A small boy with a watch has the time of his life. verb verb verb curbs curbs File file file notf notf notf ound ound ound file file file notf notf notf ound ound Not not not found found found fit fit fit fact fact fact foot foot foot food food food As as as all all all ask ask ask sad sad sad sals sals sals sad sad sad dad dad dad Fall fall fall flask flask flask lads lads lads dada dada dada alas alas alas kala kala Lada lada lada flak flak flak jaffa jaffa jaffa dalk dalk dalk kalf kalf kalf Salad salad salad dallas dallas dallas alaska alask alask flasks flasks flasks Lass lass lass alfalfa alfalfa alfalfa alfa alfa alfa kafka kafka kafka salsa salsa salsa Lalalaa lalalaa lalalaa kaff kaff kaff dalk dalk dalk lasa lasa lasa Add add add dad as sad alad sad ada
Dallas dallas dallas All fall alfa All fall alfa Jafa salad flask Jafa salad flask Lass ass lads salad Lass ass lads salad Salsa lada lalalaa Salsa lada lalalaa Alaska flask all Alaska flask all Akkaf akkaf akkaf Akkaf akkaf akkaf All flasksad All flasksad Kals kals kals faja faja faja Dallas dallas dallas flaka flaka flaka Assaa assaa assaa dadda dadda dadda Alla alla alla jalla jalla jalla Aadas aadas aadas affas affas affas De de de ki ki ki Ed ed ed ik ik ik Ddee ddee ddee kkii kkii kkii Edde edde edde ikki ikki ikki Eedd eedd eedd iikk iikk iikk Eede eede eede iiki iiki iiki Fids fids fids jkil jkil jkil Deki deki deki deki kide kide kide Didi didi didi keke keke keke Dese dese dese jiki jiki jiki Lisi lisi lisi seke seke seke Fisi fisi fisi jele jele jele Deli deli deli jeli jeli jeli Jkel jkel jkel diej diej diej Ajei ajei ajei elif elif elif Feli feli feli aife aife aife If if if eel eel eel led led led Aid aid aid ski ski ski ill ill ill Side side side keel keel keel life life life Ellis ellis ellis isle isle isle ellis isle ellis isle Field field file file field file field file
Silk silk silk slide slide slide skill skill skill Else else else elk elk elk desk desk desk Lead lead lead sail sail sail seal seal seal See see see sadle sadle sadle fiddle fiddle fiddle Alike alike alike kids kids kids leaf leaf leaf Sleek sleek sleek flea flea flea skeel skeel skeel Skill skill skill asia asia asia jake jake jake All lad sill dill salad Alike silad sal feel sad Jeff jeff like like sea sea sea lakes lakes lakes Lila lila jade jade is is fake fake said said Kafka kafka lilies lilies daises daises Elsie elsie leads leads jill jill fiji fiji Seaside seaside jill jill sees sees
BI THC HNH S 02 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- = 1234567890- =
4747 5858 6969 8596 7485 9674 8558 8558 6996 6996 9658 9658 4796 4796 5869 5869 7445 7445 8567 8567 7485 7485 8596 8596 4468 4468 8559 8559 6967 6967 4849 4849 9985 9985 4568 4568 474785 859699 968596 857644 9655766 897559 8877456 767698 749655 499554 45589 4565599 8484557 9655448 9697478 885779 966485 7496688 846685 1425 2536 3914 3914 2539 2539 5241 5241 6352 6352 1736 1736 3622 3622 1782 1782 2837 2837 3985 3985 1325 1325 1145 1145 0140 0140 0305 0305 1070 1070 5300 5300 4068 4068 3801 3801 7405 7405 1009 1009 4047 4047 6090 6090 2540 2540 8080 8080 9090 9090 3370 3370 210630 210630 200363 200363 930114 930114 363225 363225 272110 272110 272991 272991 2855200 2855200 0841162 0841162 995120 995120 115100 115100 8522711 8522711 123963 123963 009631 009631 761440 761440 761550 761550 265663 265663 663441 663441 552552 552552
636414 636414 474474 474474 696696 696696 456123 456123 321654 321654 147258 147258 258369 258369 741456 741456 654963 654963 9960 123 445 9660 8441 8552 942 6625 357 159 556 5595 6676 456 23 9955 5511 951 9915 1595 9155 7755 5533 753 5511 757 5533 3377 357 1245 6598 4758 1425 2536 7485 8596 1256 2345 1278 8956 153 426 759 846 155 166 144 488 499 756 423 156 489 102 103 104 105 201 301 401 501 707 808 909 404 505 606 101 202 303 1230 1420 1530 1708 1090 1001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1995 1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 74100 75100 76100 1456 1654 2456 2654 3456 3654 1899 1788 1987 1789 122 30 50 40 60 159 258 357 12 23 147 258 369 741 852 963 17 47 28 58 39 69 456+ 56+9
789+ 4+23 13+1 0+19 20+5 2+33 89+4 3.02 0.03 52.1 56.3 16.1 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.8 + 14.2 17.8 + 18.9 10.2 + 78.9 63.0 + 14.4 75.9 + 95.5 44.6 + 55.5 64.8 + 64.8 654.5 + 18.8 15+789+8 2000+642+20 0.976766 0.8989+98.1+3.0 8.456+2.84+7 6367+140 0.3669+0.95 27.2+5.4 101+8750 1000+1999 42.0+95.30 89+100.1 58/8 28/8 9*96 39*6 8/9*6 -9+6-6 9*9-6 5/25 9-96 2/24 936* 258/
59-1 74*8 08-8 25/4 9*8-4 -9-2 14-4 69.3*3+89-5 556/201-102 78/8-24.58 75025.60+6 5*10+5*6-80 8510-750+420 9*6*9.6-7 1*3.0+9*4.0 95+89-100 8/8-9.50-0.50 56*2+1.0*100
+358 456 -5545
1-700+7989 +358 778 -5595

03 65...
1.41*10*10*10 985*85-960.05 -77+8575.50 12+12+145 12.2+15+17-17.80 50/5 35/5 45/5 27/5 30/3 90/3 1999/06/03 1999-06-29 2001/24/12 1001-24-12
+358 333-1558 1 800 940-2774
85*5 96*6 755-55 630+33 422*20 1.0*10 6.4*10 8.8*10 63.0/100 36.50/50 1450/23/7 1880/03/06 2022/01/01 2222/09/11 1323/15/10 1575/19/10 78*3 7.8-0.3 0.078/30 123-14+25*360.0 850.30 96.10 7.4
375.35 951.34 470.23 966.29 3.1415926535 9.819 9.826 3.36 3.77 4.42 0.71 0.81 0.93 4.50 5.20 8.60 54.20 129.90 34.90 59.90 106.50 199.50 2007/01/01 2008/12/31 1998-05-07 2005-07-12 95+84 751+208 8490+65 4510*8 2490*14 362*420 548/69 273/15 3520/70 2466.40 981.52 12.704 34.2146 1145.99+200.90 2890.75/50.80 10850.00*750.99 75369.00-461.85
970-24... 803-88...
800,00*500 945,50*700
942/1351 57/31/1990 12+650 7511+2059 5.7+6.4 547-853-9922

901-77...
1622 3594 6282 12724 22469 53193 249047 612113 723659 593522 924565 621572 8805 78091 2650418 332 75241 8671155 726 68844 39113 5020060 321 200611 3085 54316689 45 2210068733 5951089 905 543563 3274 68291171 4300 8527234 65572
410451 942/1351 57/31/1990 12+650 7511+2059 5.7+6.4 547-853-9922

901-77...
942/1351 57/31/1990 12+650 7511+2059 5.7+6.4 547-853-9922

901-77...
BI THC HNH S 03
The word "astronaut" derives from the Greek words meaning "star" and "sailor." These men and women -- Alan Shepherd, John Glenn, Jr., Sally Ride, to name a few -- conjure up images of bravery and adventure. They are modern heroes, helping humanity reach for the stars. When the space program began in 1959, there were only seven such people in the entire country. They all were then -- or had been in the past -- in the armed forces. Most of them were test pilots, used to the dangers that came from "pushing the envelope." That was only 36 years ago, and since then much has changed. Today the Americans who make up the shuttle crews are comprised of every race, creed, color, and gender. As of May 2, 1993, 180 men and 21 women astronauts were Caucasian, six men and one woman were African-American, three men and one woman were Hispanic, and two men were of Asian descent. NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, chooses its astronauts from an increasingly diverse pool of applicants that "looks like America." Thousands of applications come in from all over the world; from these, approximately 100 men and women are chosen for an intensive astronaut candidate training program every two years. "I cannot imagine a better career. I've done more than I could ever have imagined. I'm thankful that I've been at the right place at the right time," says astronaut Kenneth S. Reightler. The training is demanding, but the study time involved is no longer than that of any other professional career requiring graduate/post-graduate study. If becoming an astronaut is a dream, held long and steadfast, then this labor will be one of love. The preparation for becoming an astronaut actually begins in elementary school. "It is here that the foundations are laid down and then built upon," comments Colonel Charlie Bolden, Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. "Start with the basics and get them down first ... you can't do anything without math and science." At this level, students should read everything they can get their hands on about astronauts and space in general. Later, once they have found a specific field of interest, they can begin to focus on that. But there's more than book learning involved. Other skills Bolden feels are integral to becoming an astronaut are: being able to work as a team player; understanding and appreciating your ethnic, cultural, and American history; and maintaining a grasp on current events.
Bolden does not hold the opinion that America's young people are less equipped than their foreign counterparts. "I listen to people say that American students can't do this and can't do that. I don't buy into or accept that at all. Kids are just as sharp as when I came up. It's just motivation that may be lacking," Bolden said. It is also interesting to note that out of 195 former and present astronauts, 123 (64%) have taken part in some form of scouting. Scouting develops a sense of discipline, as well as particular skills. Both are crucial to becoming part of the astronaut team. Once students reach high school, it is particularly important that they earn the best possible grades as well as high standardized test scores (SAT and/or ACT). NASA looks for the best and the brightest, so it makes sense that they would look at how well students apply themselves to their studies. At this point, too, students should begin to think about a specific direction of study, such as engineering, biological or physical science, or mathematics. This will help them direct their education once they get to college. Again, though, books are only part of the process. It's a good idea to look for out-of-school opportunities like internships or apprenticeships, summer programs, and fieldwork, to help balance textbook learning. After all, going into space is a real-world -- not a virtual -- experience; the more experience you bring to it, the better you'll be able to deal with the demands of the job. Internships are also a good way of finding out if your career choice is the right one for you. Many students, when faced with the realities of a particular field, decide it's not what they wanted, after all. It's better to decide early on that this is the case, before you devote a lot of time and effort to something you don't enjoy. But choose your activities wisely. "If you do things thinking that, 'This will look good on a resume, or 'I'm not going to like it but it'll help me get selected someday,' you will do yourself a disservice. You're not going to do as well as you would at something in which you're interested," said Reightler. The "minimum degree requirement" for an astronaut is a Bachelor's degree from an accredited institution. Three years of related increasingly responsible professional experience must follow that degree. Most astronauts to date, however, have continued with their education to the post-graduate (Master's and Ph.D.) levels; they have been able to substitute that education for all or part of their work experience requirement. NASA contributes funds to 51 colleges and universities through its Space Grant Consortia. If you attend one of these institutions, you are ensured that the curriculum for space programs will conform with the guidelines NASA finds acceptable. However, you can attend any college or university that you wish,
since almost all offer degrees in technical fields, math, and science. You should check with a guidance/college counselor -- and NASA -- before you go to confirm that the school will offer the subjects you need. Regardless of which school you do attend, you once again need to go for the grades. For one thing, you will need them to be accepted into a good Master's program. And for another, NASA needs applicants who can demonstrate success at the higher-education levels. Math and science are obviously critical to becoming an astronaut, but they are not the only subjects you will need to get where you're going. English -- an ability to communicate, both written and verbally -- is also vital. So is history, not just of the space program, but of the world. And Bolden, who had to wake up extra early to attend a class in basic Russian language to prepare for his mission with a cosmonaut, suggests that every American should be -- at the very least -- bilingual. "Space," he says, "is a multinational and multicultural operation. Working with Russian cosmonauts is very difficult if astronauts don't know anything about Russian culture and their history as a people." This is also increasingly true as construction of the International Space Station gets underway. But, says Dr. Ellen Ochoa, a Mission Specialist and the first Hispanic woman in space, "there isn't one particular type of work experience that NASA is looking for. NASA -- like any other employer -- wants to know how well a person has done. If you come from a research background, they'd look at published work in technical journals, lecturing or TA experience, and also any awards that you may have won. Everyone should have summer jobs. You need some sort of experience." College-level experience will also help you to understand what particular companies are looking for in terms of hiring policies and experience levels. And many students are offered jobs, either when their internship is completed or upon graduation. So now that you've got the degree and some experience, how do you qualify to become an astronaut? The first step is to fill out an application -specifically, U.S. Government Form 171, which you send to the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas. There it will be reviewed and ranked according to height considerations (you must be at least 58.5 inches), experience, and expertise (i.e. geologists, physicists, chemists, biologists etc.). The competition is fierce -- about 4,000 individuals apply every two years, and the slots are limited.
BI THC HNH S 04
Cao Ba Quat la mot nha tho la mot nha tho loi lac dong thoi la mot lanh tu cua phong trao nong dan khoi nghia o giai doan nua cuoi the ky XVIII, nua dau
the ky XIX. Cao Ba Quat sinh vao khoang 1808-1810 va mat nam 1855. Cao Ba Quat tu la Chu Than (bac than tu cua nha ho Chu), hieu la Cuc Duong, Man Hien. Ong la nguoi lang Phu Tho, huyen Gia Lam, tinh Bac Ninh. Cao Ba Quat xuat than trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo. Than sinh cua ong song vao thoi ky Le mat, xa hoi loan lac nen ong khong di thi de ra lam quan ma chi song bang nghe day hoc. Nhung dong ho Cao la mot dong ho co truyen thong ve thi phu va khoa bang. Nguyen Trai, sinh o Thang Long trong gia dinh ong ngoai la quan Dai tu do Tran Nguyen Dan. Cha ong la Nguyen Ung Long, hieu uc Trai (tuc la Nguyen Phi Khanh). Me ong la Tran Thi Thai, con gai Tran Nguyen Dan. Nam Nguyen Trai len 5 tuoi, me ong mat. Sau do khong lau, Tran Nguyen Dan cung mat. Ong ve o voi cha tai que noi o lang Nhi Khe. Nam 1400, de cuu van che do phong kien dang khung hoang tram trong, Ho Quy Ly lat do nha Tran va tiep tuc thi hanh cac cai cach nhu chinh sach han no, han dien, to chuc lai giao duc, thi cu va y te. Cung nam 1400, sau khi len ngoi vua, Ho quy Ly mo khoa thi. Nguyen Trai ra thi, ong do thai hoc sinh (tien si) nam ong 20 tuoi. Ho Quy Ly cu ong giu chuc Ngu su dai chanh chuong. Con cha ong la Nguyen Phi Khanh do bang nhan tu nam 1374, duoc Ho Quy Ly cu giu chuc Dai ly tu khanh Thi lang toan trung thu kiem Han lam Vien hoc si tu nghiep quoc Tu Giam. Nguyen Dinh Chieu, tu Manh trach, hieu Trong Phu, hoi Trai, sinh ngay 01.07.1822 tai Gia Dinh, Sai gon. Than sinh thay do Chieu la Nguyen Dinh Huy, nguoi xa Bo Dien, huyen Phong Dien, tinh Thua Thien la tho lai Van han ty cua Tong tran Le Van Duyet. Me la Truong Thi Thiet, nguoi Gia Dinh. Nguyen Du ten chu la To Nhu, hieu la Thanh hien, sinh ngay 23 thang 11 nam at Dau (ngay 3 thang 1 nam 1766). Que lang Tien Dien, huyen nghi xuan, tinh Ha Tinh, nhung ong ra doi o Thang Long, trong mot gia dinh dai quy toc, nhieu doi lam quan va co nhieu nguoi sang tac van hoc. Han Mac Tu (1912 1940), Nha tho voi cuoc doi dau thuong co mot khong hai nay, ten that la Nguyen Trong Tri, sinh ngay 22-9-1912 o Le My (Dong Hoi). Ong lam tho tu thuo nho. Lay hieu la Phong Tran va Le Thanh, trong nhung nam 16 tuoi. Von o qui Nhon tu nho. Cha mat som, nha ngheo. Hoc den nam thu ba o truong Qui Nhon, ke do mac benh hui, dua vao nha thuong qui Hoa roi mat o do, ngay 11-10-1940. To Huu ten that la Nguyen Kim Thanh, sinh ngay 4/10/1920 tai lang Phu Lai, huyen Quang Dien, tinh Thua Thien (nay la Thua Thien Hue). Truyen thong van hoa, van chuong cua que huong va gia dinh la nhung nhan to quan trong trong su hinh thanh hon tho To Huu. Nam len 12 tuoi, me mat. Nam 13 tuoi, vao truong Quoc hoc (Hue). Tai day, duoc truc tiep tiep xuc voi tu tuong Cong san qua sach bao tien bo cua Mac, Angghen, Lenin, Ho Chi Minh, Goocki,.. ket hop voi su van dong, giac ngo cua cac Dang vien uu tu bay gio (Le Duan, Phan Dang Luu, Nguyen Chi Dieu), nguoi thanh nien Nguyen Kim Thanh som nhan ra ly tuong dung dan. Gia nhap Doan thanh nien, hang hai hoat dong, duoc ket nap Dang nam 1938. Thang 04/1939, bi bat, bi tra tan da man va day di nhieu nha lao. Trong tu, nguoi chien si cong san tre tuoi luon giu vung khi tiet, tiep tuc hoat dong cach mang o moi hoan canh. Cuoi 1941,
vuot nguc (ve hoat dong bi mat o Hau Loc Thanh hoa). Khi cach mang thang Tam bung no, la Chu tich Uy ban khoi nghia cua thanh pho Hue. Nam 1946, la bi thu Tinh uy Thanh hoa. Cuoi 1947, le Viet Bac lam cong tac van nghe, tuyen huan. Tu do, luon gia nhung trong trach trong cong tac van nghe, trong bo may lanh dao Dang va nha nuoc (1948: Pho tong thu ky Hoi van nghe Viet Nam ; 1963: Pho Chu tich Hoi Lien hiep van hoc nghe thuat Viet Nam; tai dai hoi Dang lan II/02-1951: Uy vien du khuyet Trung uong; 1955: Uy vien chinh thuc ; tai dai hoi Dang lan III/9-1960 : vao Ban Bi thu ; tai dai hoi Dang lan IV/1976 : Uy vien du khuyet Bo Chinh tri, Bi thu Ban chap hanh Trung uong, Truong ban Tuyen truyen Trung uong, Pho Ban Nong nghiep Trung uong ; tu 1980 : Uy vien chinh thuc Bo Chinh tri; 1981: Pho Chu Tich hoi dong Bo Truong). Nguyen Khuyen luc nho ten la Thang, sinh nam at Mui (1835) o que me, lang Hoang Xa, huyen Y Yen, tinh Nam Dinh; nhung ong lon len va song chu yeu o que cha, lang Yen Do, huyen Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam. Thua nho cham hoc. Nam 17 tuoi, ong di thi cung mot khoa voi cha, nhung bi hong. Sau do cha mat, nha ngheo, Nguyen Khuyen phai di day hoc de kiem song va nuoi me. Ong nghe Vu Van Li, hoc tro cu cua ong bac Nguyen Khuyen thuong tinh canh cua Nguyen Khuyen, dem ve nuoi cho an hoc tiep. Nam 1964, Nguyen Khuyen thi huong dau giai nguyen (dau dau); nam sau thi hoi bi hong, ong vao kinh theo hoc truong Quoc Tu Giam. Nam 1871, ong thi lai lan nua va do lien ca Hoi nguyen va Dinh Nguyen. Nguyen khuyen dau dau ca ba ky nen nguoi ta thuong goi ong la ong Tam nguyen hay Tam nguyen Yen Do. Ong Tam nguyen Yen Do da tung lam o noi cac Hue, roi lam Doc hoc Thanh Hoa, An sat Nghe An, roi Bien li bo Ho,.. Thoi gian Nguuyen Khuyen ra lam quan, Phap danh chiem sau tinh Nam Ky va dang danh ra mien Bac. Cuoi nam 1883, Nguyen Khuyen duoc cu lam quyen Tong doc Son Tay thay cho Tong doc Nguyen Dinh Nhuan da bo son Tay len Hung Hoa chong thuc dan Phap, nhung Nguyen Khuyen tu choi. Sau do Hoang Cao Khai Kinh luoc su Bac Ki moi ong den nha day hoc, roi Le Hoan Tuan phu Hung Yen to chuc thu vinh Kieu cung moi ong lam giam khao Hoang Cao Khai, Le Hoan la nhung ke cong tac voi thuc dan Phap. Tu choi loi moi cua ho ong biet se sinh chuyen loi thoi nen danh mien cuong nhan loi. Nguyen Khuyen lam quan tat ca hon 10 nam, roi tu quan ve nha. Phan lon cuoc doi cua Nguyen Khuyen la o thon que Ong mat nam 1909, tho 75 tuoi.
BI THC HNH S 05 Cao B Qut l mt nh th li lc ng thi l mt lnh t ca phong tro nng

dn khi ngha giai on na cui th k XVIII, na u th k XIX. Cao B Qut sinh vo khong 1808-1810 v mt nm 1855. Cao B Qut t l Chu Thn (bc thn t ca nh h Chu), hiu l Cc ng, Mn Hin. ng ngi lng Ph Th, huyn Gia Lm, tnh Bc Ninh. Cao B Qut xut thn trong mt gia nh nh nho ngho. Thn sinh ca ng sng vo thi k L mt, x hi lon lc nn ng khng i thi ra lm quan m ch sng bng ngh dy hc. Nhng dng h Cao l mt dng h c truyn thng v thi ph v khoa bng. Nguyn Tri, sinh Thng Long trong gia nh ng ngoi l quan i t Trn Nguyn n. Cha ng l Nguyn ng Long, hiu c Trai (tc l Nguyn Phi Khanh). M ng l Trn Th Thi, con gi Trn Nguyn n. Nm Nguyn Tri ln 5 tui, m ng mt. Sau khng lu, Trn Nguyn n cng mt. ng v vi cha ti qu ni lng Nh Kh. Nm 1400, cu vn ch phong kin ang khng hong trm trng, H Qu Ly lt nh Trn v tip tc thi hnh cc ci cch nh chnh sch hn n, hn in, t chc li gio dc, thi c v y t. Cng nm 1400, sau khi ln ngi Vua, H Qu Ly m khoa thi. Nguyn Tri ra thi, ng Thi hc sinh (tin s) nm ng 20 tui. H Qu Ly c ng gi chc Ng s i chnh chng. Cn cha ng l Nguyn Phi Khanh bng nhn t nm 1374, c H Qu Ly c gi chc i l t khanh Th lang ta trung th kim Hn lm Vin hc s t nghip Quc T Gim. Nguyn nh Chiu, t Mnh Trch, hiu Trng Ph, Hi Trai, sinh ngy 01.7.1822 ti Gia nh, Si Gn. Thn sinh thy Chiu l Nguyn nh Huy, ngi x B in, huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin l Th li Vn hn ty ca Tng trn L Vn Duyt. M l Trng Th Thit, ngi Gia nh. Nguyn Du tn ch l T Nh, hiu l Thanh Hin, sinh ngy 23 thng 11 nm t Du (ngy 3 thng 1 nm 1766). Qu lng Tin in, huyn Nghi Xun, tnh H Tnh, nhng ng ra i Thng Long, trong mt gia nh i qy tc, nhiu i lm quan v c nhiu ngi sng tc vn hc. Hn Mc T (1912-1940), Nh th vi cuc i au thng c mt khng hai ny, tn tht l Nguyn Trng Tr, sinh ngy 22-9-1912 L M (ng Hi). ng lm th t thu nh. Ly hiu l Phong Trn v L Thanh, trong nhng nm 16 tui. Vn Qui Nhn t nh. Cha mt sm, nh ngho. Hc n nm th ba trng Qui Nhn, k mc bnh hi, a vo nh thng Qui Ha ri mt , ngy 1110-1940. T Hu tn tht l Nguyn Kim Thnh, sinh ngy 4/10/1920 ti lng Ph Lai, huyn Qung in, tnh Tha Thin (nay l Tha Thin Hu). Truyn thng vn ha, vn chng ca qu hng v gia nh l nhng nhn t quan trng trong s hnh thnh hn th T Hu. Nm ln 12 tui, m mt. Nm 13 tui, vo trng Quc hc (Hu). Ti y, c trc tip tip xc vi t tng Cng sn qua sch bo tin b ca Mc, ngghen, Lnin, H Ch Minh, Goocki... kt hp vi s vn ng, gic ng ca cc ng vin u t by gi (L Dun, Phan ng Lu, Nguyn Ch Diu), ngi thanh nin Nguyn Kim Thnh sm nhn ra l tng ng n. Gia nhp on thanh nin, hng hi hot ng, c kt np ng nm 1938. Thng 4/1939, b bt, b tra tn d man v y i nhiu nh lao. Trong t, ngi chin s cng sn tr tui lun gi vng kh tit, tip tc hot ng cch mng mi hon cnh. Cui 1941, vt ngc (v hot ng b mt Hu Lc - Thanh Ha). Khi Cch mng thng Tm bng n, l Ch tch y ban khi ngha ca thnh ph Hu. Nm 1946, l b th Tnh y Thanh Ha. Cui 1947, ln Vit Bc lm cng tc vn
ngh, tuyn hun. T , lun gi nhng trng trch trong cng tc vn ngh, trong b my lnh o ng v nh nc (1948 : Ph tng th k Hi Vn ngh Vit Nam ; 1963 : Ph Ch tch Hi Lin hip vn hc ngh thut Vit Nam ; ti i hi ng ln II/02-1951 : y vin d khuyt Trung ng ; 1955 : y vin chnh thc ; ti i hi ng ln III/9-1960 : vo Ban B th ; ti i hi ng ln IV/1976 : y vin d khuyt B Chnh tr, B th Ban chp hnh Trung ng, Trng ban Tuyn truyn Trung ng, Ph Ban Nng nghip Trung ng ; t 1980 : y vin chnh thc B Chnh tr; 1981 : Ph Ch Tch Hi ng B Trng). Nguyn Khuyn lc nh tn l Thng, sinh nm t Mi (1835) qu m, lng Hong X, huyn Yn, tnh Nam nh; nhng ng ln ln v sng ch yu qu cha, lng Yn , huyn Bnh Lc, tnh H Nam. Tha nh chm hc. Nm 17 tui, ng i thi cng mt kha vi cha, nhng b hng. Sau cha mt, nh ngho, Nguyn Khuyn phi i dy hc kim sng v nui m. ng ngh V Vn L, hc tr c ca ng bc Nguyn Khuyn thng tnh cnh ca Nguyn Khuyn, em v nui cho n hc tip. Nm 1864, Nguyn Khuyn thi hng u gii nguyn (u u); nm sau thi hi b hng, ng vo kinh theo hc trng Quc T Gim. Nm 1871, ng thi li ln na v lin c Hi nguyn v nh nguyn. Nguyn Khuyn u u c ba k nn ngi ta thng gi ng l ng Tam nguyn hay Tam nguyn Yn . ng Tam nguyn Yn tng lm ni cc Hu, ri lm c hc Thanh Ha, n st Ngh An, ri Bin l b H,... Thi gian Nguyn Khuyn ra lm quan, Php nh chim su tnh Nam K v ang nh ra min Bc. Cui nm 1883, Nguyn Khuyn c c lm quyn Tng c Sn Ty thay cho Tng c Nguyn nh Nhun b Sn Ty ln Hng Ha chng thc dn Php, nhng Nguyn Khuyn t chi. Sau Hong Cao Khi Kinh lc s Bc K mi ng n nh dy hc, ri L Hoan - Tun ph Hng Yn t chc thu vnh Kiu cng mi ng lm gim kho Hong Cao Khi, L Hoan l nhng k cng tc vi thc dn Php. T chi li mi ca h ng bit s sinh chuyn li thi nn nh min cng nhn li. Nguyn Khuyn lm quan tt c hn 10 nm, ri t quan v nh. Phn ln cuc i ca Nguyn Khuyn l thn qu ng mt nm 1909, th 75 tui.
BI THC HNH S 06
Trng Cao ng ng bc ngot v tm cao mi

Vi phng chm chiu hin i s, thc hin chin lc quy t nhn ti, trng thu ht c nhng ngi c trnh , chuyn mn, nghip v cao v tn tm vi ngh nghip, sn sng cng hin cho s mnh gio dc o to ca nh trng v cng tc. Cn b ging vin, nhn vin nh trng c 281 ngi trong c 5 Tin s: 2,38%, 40 Thc s: 19,05%, cn li cn b, ging vin c trnh i hc, nh trng ang tch cc o to v bi dng nng cao trnh v nghip v hn na. Trng c c s vt cht khang trang, b th, y tin nghi vo loi bc tch cc nht c nc trong cc trng ngoi cng lp, ta lc ngay trung tm thnh ph Nng Vi mc tiu sinh vin ng ra trng va gii chuyn mn, va gii tin hc, ngoi ng v c k nng sng v o c ngh nghip cao nn chng trnh o to cc chuyn ngnh ca trng c xy dng theo hng lun cp nht kin thc mi p ng nhu cu thc tin v s pht trin ca x hi. ng thi, i mi phng php ging dy theo hng tch cc - ly sinh vin lm trung tm. Nh trng lun to mt sn chi tr tu cho sinh vin, thnh lp cc Cu lc b: Cu lc b chuyn ngnh, Bn ca Doanh nghip nhm b tr kin thc chuyn ngnh, qua sinh vin giao lu, hc hi t nhng doanh nghip thnh t tr thnh cm nang sng trong qu trnh lp nghip sau ny. Phng Pht trin & Quan h Cng ty vi chc nng gii thiu vic lm cho sinh vin. Kt qu t c rt kh quan qua cc kho hc: Kho 1 ra trng t l sinh vin xin c vic lm t 91,3%, kho 2 t 82.2 %, ring kho 3 ch trong vng 2 thng 7 v 8/2006 phng gii thiu vic lm cho hn 420 sinh vin. Nh trng xy dng c ch hc bng cho sinh vin ngho vt kh hc gii v hc bng hng nm tng ln: nm 2004 c 20 xut hc bng, nm 2005 c 40 xut v nm 2006 d kin s l 57 xut, khng dng li nh trng h tr min gim hc ph cho con em gia nh chnh sch v khen thng cho sinh vin c thnh tch cao trong hc tp v hot ng phong tro. c bit l khc phc hu qu bo Chanchu, thy v tr ng ng h trn 16,4 triu ng cho nn nhn v min gim hc ph cho 24 sinh vin c ngi thn b thit hi trong cn bo Chanchu vi s tin 96 triu ng . Bo tr cho 3 hc sinh m ci x Ho Bc huyn Ho Vang- Nng hc ht cp III- y chnh l ngha c cao p ca thy tr trng ng . Ging dy i i vi vic nghin cu khoa hc, cn b, gio vin nh trng nghin cu, thit k, ch to a vo ging dy trn 150 m hnh, 5 phn mm cng ngh thng tin c ngha thc tin cao. Cc k thi hc sinh sinh vin gii tin hc, ngoi ng v k ton thc hnh khi Cao ng v THCN trong ton thnh ph Nng t chc 2 nm mt ln, trng ng lin tc t gii nht ton on 2 ln lin tip (2002-2003 v 2004-2005). D kin vo k thi sp ti (2006-2007) trng ng cng s ot gii nht ton on. Trong 2 ngy 30/9 v 1/10/2006 va qua, cn bo Xangsane b vo cc tnh Min Trung gy thit hi nng n, vi thng ip Thy tr trng ng quyt tm cng chung tay nht gch v xy dng li qu hng, c hn 2000 SV tham gia dn dp ng ph ti phng Thanh Bnh- ni nh trng ang ng v mt s tuyn ng khc ca cc phng ln cn. C 30 gio vin, 450 HSSV ngnh Xy dng v ngnh in tnh nguyn h tr, gip dn dn dp v
xy dng li nh ca cc phng b thit hi nng: phng Khu M, Hi Ho (Ng Hnh Sn), phng Th Quang, Ni Hin ng (Sn Tr) v phng Ho Hip Nam (Lin Chiu) sa gn 40 ngi nh cho nhn dn. Bi hc o c, thc trch nhim vi cng ng, vi mi trng lun c nh trng coi trng v xem y l vic lm ht sc cn thit gio dc nhn cch, tm hn cho mt th h. Lun tm c s xy dng mt h thng trng ng ln mnh, mang tnh chuyn nghip cao, ni o to quy m v cht lng ngang tm cc nc trong khu vc, sn sng, vng vng, hi nhp vi nn gio dc tin tin trn th gii. V th, ng ch ng tm kim i tc c nn gio dc tin tin lin kt, a ng tin ln tm cao mi. Trng Cao ng SCHOLARS Chu , Trng Cao ng Thng Mi- K thut Phon (T chc gio dc di s iu hnh ca Gio s .Tin s Krase Chanawongse), hp tc trao i cc chng trnh o to hc chuyn tip ln cp cao hn v to iu kin ng c tham gia cc chng trnh o to v nghin cu khoa hc quc t. Vi mong mun cht lng o to ca trng ng vt bin gii tr thnh ni o to tin cy ca bn b quc t, va qua Cng ty TNHH ICHIDADENSOH (Nht Bn) ch ng lin kt vi nh trng o to ngun nhn lc c tay ngh cao cung ng cho cc cng ty Nht khi u t vo Vit Nam. y l mt bc t ph mi ca ng , sn sng cung ng ngun nhn lc chuyn nghip khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO. NG PHC HC NG Tr cc trng c quy nh mc ng phc tt c cc ngy trong tun, cng li hu ht hc sinh u may qun o thng ri rc sut nm hc, nhng mc lm sao cho p, hp vi la tui vi gi c va phi l c mt vn nhiu bc ph huynh quan tm. Hin nay, qun o may sn rt a dng v hnh thc v cht lng, qun o may sn rt a dng v hnh thc v cht lng, qun o t may cng nhiu kiu qa. Sau y l mt s im cn lu khi chun b trang phc i hc (may hoc mua). Hng may sn: Cc cng ty c uy tn trn th trng nh May Vit Tin, May 10, May Chin, May Thng Long,.. hin u c mu trang phc dnh cho la tui cp III v sinh vin i hc. Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty i vo cung cp trang phc cho mi la tui. hng may sn ca cc hng ny tuy gi cao hn qun o hng ch (may gia cng v hng Trung Quc), nhng c u im v cht liu v mu m hp vi mi trng sinh hot ca hc sinh, sinh vin (cht liu mt ; kiu dng thoi mi, tin li). Hng t may: Cc ca hng may hin vn tp trung nhn may trang phc cho mi la tui vi gi c trung bnh t 30.000 /b n 60.000 /b tin cng. Tuy nhin, cattaloge dnh cho trang phc i hc cn rt t, nn th may ch yu vn nhn t qun o theo yu cu ca khch hng. - Quan trng nht l khu chn vi: Vi dnh cho hc sinh, sinh vin phi c bn cao (si vi anh, mt vi dy tng i nhng phi mm), mu sc trang nh (cc tng mu chnh: xanh tm than, xanh l cy, trng, xanh nht,..). Vi dnh ring may o di: C nhiu loi vi la gi bnh dn ca hng dt trong nc (Thi Tun, dt Hu,..) vi may o di n sinh khng qu mng, c c im mc mt, git mau kh, khng b nhn nhiu. Kiu may khng b st, qun ng sung, o khp t.
a ch may H Ni: Ph L Dun, Tn c Thng, Trn Xun Son,.. TM NGUYN TC GI SC KHE Dinh dng (Nutrition): Nguyn tc ca dinh dng l cn b sung Protein, Canxi, cc loi u qu v rau c cng l nhng th khng th thiu c i vi sc kho. Vn ng (Exercise): Vn ng l nguyn tc quan trng, nht l i vi nhng ngi cao tui, mi ngy c th phi c lng vn ng nht nh. Nc (Water): V cng quan trng i vi sc kho con ngi. Nu stnh theo lng nc ung, mi ngi phi ung ti nhiu lt nc trong ngy (tnh c trong canh v hoa qu). Nng mt tri (Sun light): Tm nng l v cng cn thit, khng th thiu c i vi sc kho con ngi. Tt nht l nn tm nng vo bui sng sm v lc chiu t. S iu (Temperance): Phi bit tit ch v iu mi hnh vi ca mnh. Chng hn khng nn n qu nhiu, vui chi qu hoc qu au bun v mt l do no . Khng kh (Air): Sc kho con ngi khng th thiu khng kh. Trong cuc sng hng ngy phi m bo mt lng khng kh trong lnh, phng phi thng xuyn m ca cho thong kh. Ngh ngi (Rest): Mi ngy phi m bo ng t 6-8 ting ng h. Ng di 6 ting ng h l c hi cho sc kho. Lng tin, s tn nhim (Trust): Phi c lng tin v phi c mc tiu vn ti. Khng th c con ngi kho mnh m khog c mc tiu phn u r rng. l s cn bng tm l.
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Tm nguyn tc trn c mi quan h mt thit an xen vi nhau, da vo nhau tn ti. Chc bn lun c c th kho mnh v khi c minh mn.
BI THC HNH S 07 LUYN TR NH
Tr nh l kh nng gi c tnh trng ca thc qua, khi cn ti, gi n ln, xc nh c n trong thi gian v khng gian trc kia. thc qua gi l k c, gm nhng cm gic hnh nh, m thanh ghi no trong qu kh. Tr nh l mt thuc tnh bm sinh bo m cho s sinh tn ca loi vt. Chim th u nh ng i kim n, ng v t. Tr em cng nh ng i chi, ng v nh. Khng c tr nh, i sng sinh hot s gim mt nhiu kinh nghim ca d vng hng hnh ng cho tng lai. Tr em nh b bng v la, sau ny khng dm th tay vo ngn nn ang chy. Mt nh trit hc c ni: S nhn trc l mt tr nh tr ngc. Khng c tr nh, s khng c i sng tr tu: Nhn thc, tng tng, lp lun v l phi. Tr thng minh cng phong ph v linh hot nu tr nh cng phong ph v c rn luyn tt. Yu cu v tr nh i vi ngi nghin cu cao hn ngi lao ng khc. Nh khoa hc phi lun lun lin h cc s kin v tm cch ni chng vi nhau, nn buc phi c tr nh nhanh ghi c nhiu s kin xy ra trong thi gian ngn. Mt khc, cng phi c tr nh bn v phi thng xuyn lin h so snh s kin mi vi s kin c. Trong cuc du lm, i quan st mt khu rng nguyn sinh ta phi nhn bit nhanh chng cc loi cy in hnh, v sau li lin h vi cuc du lm trc kia trong mt khu rng th sinh, thy cc im ging nhau v im sai khc. Tr nh nhanh phn no c tnh bm sinh v tu thuc tnh nhy cm ca t bo thn kinh. Ngi ta k chuyn tin s L Quy n, hi cn nh, c bi vn bia b sng trong lc thu triu ln, v c th c li khng sai mt ch, khi nc che lp bia. Nh ton hc L.Oile c mt tr nh k diu. Trong mt m mt ng, ng tnh nhm trong c lu tha su ca mt trm s u v rt lu v sau, ng vn cn nh kt qu tm c. Nh ton hc Gaus ni danh l mt cun sch im lng khng c tn sch; ng lm tnh khng bao gi nhm mc d tnh c phc tp th no. Tuy nhin vn c th tng tc bng cch tp luyn. Thng thng, ta c kh nng c 250 t mt pht, nhng c th nh luyn tp m tng tc ln 500 t v hn na. Tr nh bn tu thuc nhiu vo qu trnh rn luyn. Tp trung ch khi c bi gip ta ghi su c hnh nh kin thc v no. n tp thng xuyn cng gip cng c hnh nh ny. Phi coi trng vic ghi nht k, mt hnh thc quan trng gip vic cng c kin thc. Nhng d chng l tr nh my mc, tr nh truyn khu, tr nh sch v li khng tt cho tr tu. Mt tr nh cc nim ln xn, cc t khng r ngha, li thnh mt tr ngi cho tr thng minh hn l tr th cho n. Loi tr nh ny s lm mt cm gic ti tr, mt tnh c o, mt tnh uyn
chuyn. Mt vn ho c ni: Mt ci u tt gi tr hn mt ci u y p. Khng nhng cn c tr nh trt t, minh bch, m ngi nghin cu cn c tr nh trung thc. Mt tnh trng qua cng d nh li nu n ghp vi nhiu tnh trng khc m mt s d gi li. Mt chuyn gia nh rt k tt c iu g lin can ti chuyn mn ca anh ta, v kin thc mi c ghp ngay vo mng li cht ch ca kin thc c c lin quan. Mt bc hc nh d dng cc s kin xc minh cho gi thuyt tha thit ca mnh, v c thin hng qun nhng s kin tri vi quan nim ca bn thn. cuyn t t cho mnh quy tc sau y gi c tnh trung thc tr tu: Mi khi, ti thy mt s kin, mt quan st hay mt nim mi mu thun vi kt qu chung t c, ti lu tm ghi chp ngay v y , v kinh nghim cho bit l nim v s kin loi y d xo nho trong k c ca ta hn cc s kin ph hp vi quan nim ca ta. Ni ti tr nh, khng phi v khng nn ci g cng ghi, ci g cng nh. Ngi nghin cu phi bit chn lc kin thc cn nh, ch yu cc kin thc lin can ti lnh vc khoa hc ca mnh. No ngi khng phi l mt trng nh v hn. Mun bit nh phi bit qun, nh nhng iu c ch v qun nhng iu v ch. Nhng ci g c th d tm trong sch th khng cn nh. Khi M, ngi ta a Anxtanh xem mt cun sch ghi cc cu hi cn thit cho mt hc sinh vo i. Khi xem n cu hi v tc truyn m, ng ni: Khng bit! Ti khng cn nhi nht vo u c ti nhng s kin m ti c th tm r dng trong mt cun t in bch khoa. Mt nh trit hc ni: Mt iu kin ca tr nh l lng qunLng qun, tr vi trng hp, khng phi l mt bnh ca tr nh, m l mt iu kin ca sc mnh v s sinh tn ca tri nh. Ti y c cu hi: Tr nh cn thit cho cng tc nghin cu, tai sao ngi ta k nhiu chuyn ng tr ca cc nh bc hc? Tht ra y ch l biu hin ca s tp trung ch cao v vn nghin cu, lm cc nh khoa hc tch bit hn v mt tm l vi hon cnh bn ngoi. S tp trung ch ny rt cn thit cho ngi nghin cu, v t mt khi kin thc thu c, ch c th tp trung suy ngh, phn tch, tng hp mi ny sinh nim mi. Thi c Hi Lp, nh trit hc csimt c nh vua mi ti tnh ton xem ci m min va t lm c bng vng nguyn cht hay b trn ln vi bc. csimt suy ngh hng thng cha tm ra gii php. Bng dng, mt bui sng nm trong bn tm, ng thy dm ngi xung nc th nc tro ra ngoi, ng cht ngh ra l cc vt c t trng khc nhau b vo nc s b mt lc y khc nhau ca nc. Nh vy, ch c vic lm hai ci m min khc, mt bng vng nguyn cht, mt bng bc nguyn cht. Ri so snh lc y ca nc i vi hai m ny vi lc y ci m min u tin. Nu c sai khc, r rng cht liu c pha trn.
Ngh ti , ng thch qu, nhy khi bn tm, chy ra ph khng kp mc qun o, ming ku: rca, rca (tm thy ri, tm thy ri). C th pht hin tr nh bng cch tp luyn: hc nhng on vn, th ni ting, quan tm ti sc kho, v sc kho l c s ca tri nh. Mun c nh k c, phi hot ng cng lc mt, tai, ming, bn tay; t c v t vit nhng t c, mnh mun nh. n tp l rt cn thit; n tp phi cch nhau bi khong thi gian. Phi sp xp c th t cc kin thc (c phi c ghi chp vo phiu, s tay). Mc luyn tr nh bng cch hc thuc lng nhng bi th bng th ting ng khng bit. Phi dy cho sinh vin khng ch bng lng c bng mt hay nghe bng tai, m luyn thi quen lp li r rng trong ni tm nhng t nghe hay c. Phng php ny cho php theo di tt hn mt bi hc, mt bi c hay mt cuc hi thoi. H Hu Tng l mt Hc gi ni ting v l ngi c tr nh ng phc. B no ng c xem nh l mt th vin sng. Theo ng th: nu bo rng tr nh con ngi ging nh mt ci bc c gii hn, ch c th nh n mt s lng vn no thi th qu l sai lm v b c con ngi l ni lm cng vic ghi nhn ch khng phi l ci bnh cha th ng. Do cng lm vic, cng c ghi nhn tm hiu th ta cng nh c lu hn, nhiu hn. Nu chng ta bing suy ngh, khng chu tr c hot ng th tr nh s mi ngy mt km i m thi Tuy nhin ci m cc bn quan tm, mun hiu r nht l lm th no nh c lu hn, c nhiu l phi tp cho tr no hot ng? Trc tin, gip tr no hot ng bn hy lm theo cc iu sau y: Phi bit r vn nu ra: Nu bn nghe ai k mt cu chuyn hay, c mt cun sch hay, bn c th tm hiu xem vn ct li l g.V nhiu khi ta ch hiu m m thi m gi l nghe ht, c ht, hiu ht do s xt on suy lun v kt lun u khng ng. Nh th l v tnh tp cho tr c ta lm vic khng n ni n chn, ln xn, m h. Khi l lun ng thnh kin, s thiu sng sut tc ng nn lm cho s suy lun ca bn tr nn sai lch i: Phi tr c lm vic t nhin, phi chu kh suy ngh, phi cho tr c lm vic mi kha cnh ca vn , c th s nhn xt ca bn mi trung thc. Nu tp quan c nh th tr c bn s loi b nhng cn tr ca so o suy tnh cn nhc khi nhn xt v tr nh tr nn ln xn, lu m lm pht sinh s qun.
BI THC HNH S 08
PHNG PHP HC NGOI NG CA BC H Ngoi cc ngoi ng ph bin nh Php, Anh, Trung Quc, , c, Nga, Bc H ca chng ta cn c th s dng thng tho kh nhiu ngoi ng khc na nh: ting Xim (Thi Lan by gi), ting Ty Ban Nha, ting Rp, ting ca rt nhiu dn tc thiu s Vit Nam Vn ngoi ng ca Bc khng phi do "thin bm" m c, tt c u xut pht t s kh cng luyn tp... Trong bn l lch i biu d i hi Quc t cng sn ln th 7, Bc ghi: "Bit cc th ting: Php, Anh, Trung Quc, , c, Nga". Nhng trn thc t, da vo nhng ln Bc i thm nc ngoi, cng nh nhng ln n tip cc phi on ngoi giao ti thm Vit Nam, chng ta cn c bit vn ngoi ng ca Ch tch H Ch Minh khng dng li , Ngi cn c th s dng thng tho kh nhiu ngoi ng khc na nh: ting Xim (Thi Lan by gi), ting Ty Ban Nha, ting Rp, ting ca rt nhiu dn tc thiu s Vit Nam vn ngoi ng ca Bc khng phi do "thin bm" m c, tt c u xut pht t s kh cng luyn tp. Bc H hc ting Php nh th no? Ma h nm 1911, Bc t chn ln t Php, i vi Bc, k t thi im mi vic t sinh hot hng ngy, ti cng vic, nhm mc ch tm ra con ng cu nc, cu dn u phi s dng bng ting Php. V th, nu khng bit ting Php th l "tr ngi ln nht trn con ng tm ng cu nc, cu dn". Bc t ra quyt tm: "Nht nh phi hc vit cho k c". V th, d trong hon cnh thiu thn mi th, nhng Ngi cng tm ra c phng php hc cho ring mnh. Ngay khi cn trn chuyn tu sang Php, mi lc rnh ri, Bc u tm n hai ngi lnh tr c gii ng i cng chuyn tu hc c v vit ting Php. H cho Bc mn nhng quyn sch nh in ting Php. Mun bit ci g, mun bit vt no bng ting Php, Bc u ch tay hi ngi Php, ri Bc vit vo mt mu giy, dn vo ch hay nht tranh th va lm, va hc. C khi Bc vit hn vo cnh tay. Ti ti sau khi i lm v, Bc ra tay, ri li ghi nhng t mi vo. Hc c ch no, Bc ghp chng li thnh cu thc hnh ngay. Ban u, Bc tp ghp mt vi t, sau ghp thnh on, dn dn Ngi tp vit thnh bi di. Mt thi gian sau, Bc tm n cc t bo ca Php xin c vit bi ng bo. Sau mi bi bo vit bng ting Php, Bc u chp thnh 2 bn, mt bn lu gi li, cn bn kia gi cho To son. Trong nhng ln gi bi, Bc ni vi mi ngi trong To son rng: "Ti rt sung sng nu bi vit ny ca ti c ng, nhng d th no cng xin cc ng ch sa li ting Php cho ti". Sau mi ln bi vit ca Bc c ng bo, Bc vui mng khn xit, nhng Bc li cn thn xem li tng cu tng ch, xem bi vit ca mnh ng sai ch no, To son bo sa li cho mnh nh th no. Theo ch dn ca nhng ch bt, Bc tp vit i vit li, khi th vit din gii ra cho di, khi li vit ngn li cho sc tch D cng vic bn bu ti u, nhng c sau mi ngy lm vic, Bc li
tranh th c vi trang tiu thuyt va gii tr, th gin u c li va l t trau di kin thc. Bc thng tm c nhng tc phm ca Tnxti hc tp cch vit, cch lp lun, ri Bc tp vit nhng bi phng s. Sng no Bc cng vit t 5 gi n 6 gi ri, ti 7 gi Bc li bt tay vo cng vic. D tri nng hay rt Bc cng khng nn ch. Thm thot thi gian tri i, cho n nm 1922, Bc tr thnh ch bt ca t bo "Ngi cng kh" vit bng 3 th ting. Tn bo bng ting Php t gia, ch Rp bn tri v bn phi l ch Hn, tt c u do Bc vit. Do To son bo khng c Ban bin tp thng xuyn, nn nhiu khi Bc phi "cng ng" mi vic t khu sa cha, bin tp bi v, ti khu bn bo. Bit ting Php ri, Bc tm sang tn t nc Anh. t chn ln t nc Anh. Bc tm ngay cho mnh mt cng vic lm, cng vic u tin ca Bc trn t nc Anh l t l, sau v qu vt v khin m mt hai tun, Bc lin chuyn sang xin lm thu ti Khch sn Carlton. Thng ngy Bc phi lm t 8 gi sng ti 12 gi, chiu t 5 gi ti 10 gi m. Bc "tht lng, buc bng" c cht tin mua sch v. Phng tin hc duy nht ca Ngi cng ch c vi quyn v v mt cy bt ch. Sm chiu Bc ra Vn hoa Hayd, ni c nhiu cy to, ct n xa t hc. Sau ny Bc tit l, s d Bc thng ra hc "v thi tit thng rt lnh, nn khi hc s khng th bun ng c, c nh th mi tp trung vo hc". Sau mt tun i lm, Bc dnh dm tt c s tin kim c cng vi v Gio s ngi hc thm ting Anh vo bui cui tun. Bc tn dng mi ni, mi lc c th hc ting Anh. R-n-i-pt vit v Bc trn t bo "Phong tro" rng: "Trn ng i tm hiu th gii, mi ni tu dng li, i vi anh Ba u l mt trng i hc. , anh trc tip thu lm c nhng hiu bit" Trong thi gian London, Bc lm nhiu ngh khc nhau c tin n hc. Trong thi gian chin tranh, Bc dnh nhiu thi gi nghin cu lch s th gi, hc ting Anh v suy ngh v tng lai ca cc dn tc thuc a. Va hc ting Anh, Bc va tm hiu nn vn ho v lch s nc Anh, c bit l nc M. Ring ti liu ni v M ca Bc ln n hng my trm bi, vi cc th loi khc nhau, cp ton din v su sc n nc M. Vi Bc, vic c nhiu sch bo ca M, hc ting Anh hiu tng tn hn th gii v lnh o cch mng mt cch khoa hc hn
BI THC HNH S 09 I LI BN V LC TR TI - QUYN - TH - O Lc l ci m ngi ta c v ln, qui m ca n so vi ngi khc. Lc u l c bp ri sau l ti sn, vn ling, cng ngh. Nh vy c ci Lc b gi i mn dn, co li c ci li c th nhn ln, khuych trng c v th m c ni nim bi quan v lc quan trong mi ci m ngi ta c. Ci LC m yu th ym th v hay v bt nt, lm vic g cng kh thnh, sinh ra hay than vn bi tm l thua thit. Khng c lc th c bn n vic th cng ch l vin vng v huyn hoc m thi. Ci Tm l dng ci mnh c vo vic g vi mc ch g (Thin hay c). N vn c k vng v tnh bn thin, v nh s tinh khi ca to ho. Ngay c h bo khi nh cng rt ng yu. Nhng c l Nhn chi s tnh v k. Mi c th trong qu trnh ln ln pht trin phi u tranh sinh tn m ci Tm bin i, an xen gia v k v tng i, gia thin v c. H con khi nh n mi bit n mnh, ch thy nhu cu cn phi n ln, nhng khi l H m n phi ngh n n con nn nhiu khi n phi c vi con vt khc. V lc ny n hiu phi lm th no c n. Bi vy ci Tm ln l bit v mnh nhng cng v k khc, khng gii quyt muu thun bng xung t m vt ln nhn thu v tha nhn c cc li ch khc nhau, c mun tn ti v pht trin trong chung sng ho bnh. Khng c Tm th a ngc l ci m con ngi t to ra cho chnh mnh ch khng cn nh n ma qu. Nhng ci Tm m khng c Tr th hoang tng tht bi sut i m thi, ri chnh mnh ch cn gi c ci Tm ban u na. Ci Tr ngha l bit dng nhng ci mnh c nh th no cho hiu qu, thm ch huy ng, s dng c ngay c nhng ci mnh khng c, ca k khc. Ci Tr c th c c do kinh nghim, nn H m bit sn mi sao cho hiu qu. Nhng ci Tr do t duy, nhn thc li ch c con ngi: Thng qua cc khi nim, cc qui c, cc nh m phn tch, lit k, tng hp cc s vic hin tng rt ra c cc qui lut, hiu c cc din bin, o lng c cc vn , dn dt c cc trng hung, dn t c cc qu trnh, gii phng c cc tim nng, hnh thnh nn t tng, lun thuyt, gii php. Ci ti: Phm nhng k Tr cao Ti thp - Bc ng i lp vp quanh co l kh nng s dng ci Tr trong thc t mun vn mi quan h an xen, bin ng. Ci Tr gip anh pht hin ra mu thun, vn , thi th, hnh thnh nn nhng l thuyt nhng ci Ti mi gip anh ng dng l thuyt gii quyt nhng g c pht hin. Con ch n c phn con ngi khng th n c do d khng th ni l con ch c ti hn con ngi m tht ra ch l dng nng lc ca ging ni. Ci Ti ho gii c mu thun, khai thng nhng bt cp, kin to nhng kh nng, huy ng, s dng tt nhng ngun lc hu hn hn ch c mc tiu. Ci Tm: Kh nng vn ti, nm bt, thng hiu, chinh phc c ci g ln hn nng lc t c ca bn thn. iu to nn cho ta mt ng cp khng nh c v th ca mnh v qui t, dn dt c ngi khc trong mt ch hng, mc tiu hp nht. Tm l s t ti bc no trong
thang gi tr tuyt i ca Thin nhin v Nhn loi. Ci Tm hn ch sinh ra nhng hu qu xu m tng lai phi khc phc hay sa cha. Khng c Tm th mi ci c thc hin mt cch manh mn, chp v, nht thi. Quyn: Khng phi l s nh hng vi by n c c do cc yu t t nhin m l kh nng quyt nh ca c th v cc vn i vi cng ng. Con H gi c v th ca n m phn phi li vng sinh sng vi by mung th khc l nh c bp v sc mnh bn nng. Mt con ngi gy yu hom hem c khi li chi phi c c cng ng, y l do sc mnh ca tinh thn: Lc, Tm, Tr, Ti, Tm ca h t n thch thc li hay lay chuyn c Thin, a, Nhn c th kt t c nhiu ngi v iu khin h bi ch ca mnh. Nhng quyn c c nh th phi c hnh thnh, cng c v duy tr bi mt T chc (v khng phi bn thn mt ngi, t h c th sng sut, v i c nh th), nh vic t mi ngi vo mt trt t c th bc v v th, li ch, phm vi hnh ng, vng nh hng, khin mi ngi tha nhn, tun th v bo v chnh n, chnh v h. V ci T chc phi c v th ng cp trong mt x hi rng ln hn chnh n, Lc Tm Tr Ti - Quyn ca mi thnh vin trong c lan to kh nng v sc nh hng c th khng nh mnh v cng hin, pht trin trn th thng phong. Th ca mi ngi hay t chc m h l thnh vin c c trc ht nh nhng gi tr vn ho c tha nhn l tin b, kt t trong mi biu hin, mi sn phm, c sc mnh xuyn qua bin gii cc x hi, quc gia khc lm nn nhng k tch, nhng k lc ng thi c sc ht Lc Tm Tr Ti ca cc x hi cng c ng cp ca mnh. iu c th hiu nh l Th vy. Con H, con Chim, con Ch khng c nhng ci c gi nh Lc, Tm, Tr, Ti, Tm, Quyn m c nhng thuc tnh, c tnh ring c ca chnh nhiu khi rt phi phm (vt qu kh nng v hiu bit ca con ngi). Con ngi c ci u thng minh th con Ch c ci mi tinh nhy, con Chim c kh nng nh hng cao . Nu ai bt chc c nhng thuc tnh, c tnh ca cc loi vt khc, hoc hnh ng ging nh th, th gi l ngi c nhng kh nng c bit. Do vy, Lc Tm Tr Ti Tm Quyn l nhng khi nim o lng nng lc ca con ngi trong Nhn gian, ngha mang tnh x hi ch khng mang tnh t nhin. M Vn ho l dng nha sng ca con ngi, cc x hi trong Nhn gian . Vn ho thi vo Lc Tm Tr Ti Tm Quyn mt th o mi th y c th lin kt vi nhau, kt dnh nh mt nam chm khng l nhng yu t nhn vn, nhn tnh, nhn i, nhn ho, nhn bn cn tim n trong mi con ngi, chung nhau con ng Thin a chng gai, khc khuu, him nguy ti ngai vng ca Cha t mun loi vi ch ngha nhn o m khng phi l s hu dit. Bi vy, Vn ho l o ca con ngi bt k chng tc, xa v nay, khin cho con ngi c th ch t i trng c vi Thn thnh trong Th gii Siu nhn
BI THC HNH S 10 MT S QUAN IM V O TO NGH TRONG QU TRNH CNG NGHIP HO, HIN I HO VIT NAM c ngun nhn lc c kh nng p ng c yu cu ca cng nghip ha, hin i ha, cn phi pht trin mt h thng o to c kh nng cung cp cho x hi mt i ng nhn lc ng o, c trnh cn thit theo mt c cu thch hp, c kh nng thch ng nhanh vi mi bin i ca mi trng c trnh ton cu ha ngy cng cao. ng thi c kh nng thng xuyn cp nht cc kin thc v k nng cn thit cho i ng lao ng ca t nc. o to ngh l mt b phn quan trng cu thnh h thng o to ngun nhn lc cho s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha. Theo s liu thng k, h thng o to ngh ca Vit nam hin gm 157 trng dy ngh; 137 trng i hc, cao ng c o to ngh, 148 trung tm dy ngh, 147 trung tm xc tin vic lm v dch v vic lm c dy ngh. Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu trung tm gio dc k thut tng hp hng nghip v cc trung tm gio dc thng xuyn c t chc dy ngh. S c s ny c tnh khong vi trm c s hot ng nhng mc , phm vi khc nhau. Nm 2000, s cn b hot ng trong h thng o to cng nhn k thut ca Vit nam l 6.494 ngi, tng 7,25% so vi nm 1995. Trong , c 4.602 ngi c trnh i hc (gn 71% tng s gio vin ca ngnh) v 122 ngi c trnh trn i hc (vi t l tng ng l gn 2%). H thng ny o to 174 nghn cng nhn k thut, tng gp gn 2,1 ln so vi nm 1995. T l tng khng tng ng gia cc c s o to ngh v lc lng gio vin vi s hc sinh tt nghip hng nm cho thy mc cng thng ngy cng tng nhanh trong chnh h thng o to ngh. Trong cc c s dy ngh, t l gio vin: hc sinh, bnh qun tng t 1: 13,7 (nm 1995) ln 1: 25,8 (nm 2000). Trong 5 nm qua, xu hng tng cng bi dng v o to li ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng c th hin kh r nt. Trong s hc sinh tt nghip, nm 1995, s hc sinh tt nghip h di hn chim 79,1%, s hc sinh ngn hn (h bi dng v o to li) ch chim 20,9%. Nm 2000, t l ny c o ngc: h di hn tp trung ch cn chim 41,2%, cn s c bi dng v o to li chim 58,8%. S thay i t l ny cng th hin xu hng mi trong hot ng ca cc trng dy ngh, t ch hon ton da vo kinh ph do ngn sch cp (tuyn sinh o to chnh quy theo ch tiu c phn) chuyn sang hot ng c thu (bi dng tay ngh trn c s cc hp ng k vi cc doanh nghip). Ngoi vic nng cao tnh nng ng, ch ng ca cc trng dy ngh, xu hng ny thc s c tnh tch cc ch, cc hot ng o to gn lin vi a ch s dng, gn vi nhu cu thc tin, ng thi va to iu kin, va to sc p i vi i ng cn b ging dy phi t nng cao trnh l thuyt v tay ngh, buc cc c s o to cng nh cc gio vin trc tip tham gia o to, bi dng phi tnh ton hiu qu ca cng tc o to; thc hin nhng hnh thc khuyn khch vt cht i vi gio vin c trnh cao.
Bn cnh nhng thnh tu quan trng, h thng o to ngh Vit nam cn c nhng tn ti cn sm khc phc. pht trin h thng ny, nhm p ng tt nhu cu cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc trong giai on ti, cn qun trit mt s quan im v gii php ch yu sau: 1. Gn chin lc o to v chin lc pht trin kinh t- x hi Trong h thng o to ngh, vic gio dc- o to c bn ban u phi c h thng, gip ngi lao ng tng lai hnh thnh phng php phng php lun, k nng t hc hi, bi dng v cp nht kin thc. Nhng nhng kin thc, k nng c th phi c cp nht, b sung mt cch thng xuyn. 2. m bo v nng cao cht lng o to ngh Cn nhanh chng r sot v nng cao cc tiu chun ngh v cc tiu chun cht lng i vi cng tc o to ngh cng nh i vi h thng o to ngh. Trong vic m bo v nng cao cht lng ca cng tc o to ngh, cn nhn thc ng v cht lng o to (khng phi c trnh cng cao cng tt m l trnh thch hp, ph hp vi nhu cu s dng). Nn kinh t i hi ngun nhn lc c nhng trnh khc nhau m h thng o to ngh phi cung cp. iu ny i hi mi c s o to phi xy dng v cung cp c nhiu chng trnh o to, bi dng thch hp. 3. Tip tc y mnh cng tc x hi ha cng tc o to ngh y mnh x hi ha cng tc o to ngh c ngha l mi lc lng x hi u tham gia vo cng tc o to ngun nhn lc cho x hi. Trong h thng o to ngh c x hi ha mt cch rng ri, vai tr ca Nh nc ch nn tp trung vo nhng mt sau: - Tiu chun ha cc chun mc o to; - Xy dng khung php l cho cng tc o to v o to li ngi lao ng; - Kim tra, gim st cc hot ng o to; - u t trc tip xy dng v qun l mt s trng dy ngh trng im; - H tr kinh ph v cc ngun lc khc cho cc trng cng lp, ng thi to iu kin cho cc trng ngoi h thng cng lp pht huy nng lc ca h.
Cc t chc o to ngh cn pht huy tnh ch ng ca mnh v tp trung n lc gii quyt cc vn nh: - Xy dng v hon thin cc chng trnh o to, bi dng thng xuyn cho ngi lao ng, ch ng gii thiu vi ngi lao ng v cc t chc s dng lao ng theo phng thc kinh doanh dch v; - Huy ng cc ngun lc x hi xy dng, hin i ha c s vt cht- k thut phc v o to v bi dng thng xuyn cho i ng lao ng; - Phi hp nh hng nhu cu v hng dn ngi lao ng cng nh t chc s dng lao ng xy dng, thc hin cc chng trnh, k hoch o to v bi dng, cp nht cc kin thc, k nng chuyn mn theo yu cu mi. Cc t chc s dng lao ng c trch nhim xc nh nhu cu o to trc mt v d bo nhu cu o to lu di, ng thi h tr kinh ph o to gip cc t chc o to chuyn nghip xy dng v hon thin chng trnh o to, b sung v hin i ha c s vt cht- k thut phc v cng tc o to v bi dng ngun nhn lc cho x hi. Bn thn ngi lao ng cng c vai tr ch ng, va trc tip th hin nhu cu o to v bi dng i vi cng tc o to, thc hin chc nng tha nhn i vi tng c s o to ngh. 4. i mi c ch qun l o to v bi dng ngun nhn lc theo hng th trng ha cng tc o to ngh, ng thi m bo s qun l ca Nh nc vi h thng v cng tc o to ngh ca Vit nam Trong 5 nm ti, Nh nc nn tng bc trao quyn ch ng cho cc c s o to ngh, h ch ng xy dng chng trnh, t chc cc hot ng o to, t chc o to v pht trin ngun lc ca mnh, ... Nhng khng ch v kinh ph o to nn dn dn c bi b, cc c s t quyt nh trn c s quan h cung- cu. i vi nhng i tng chnh sch x hi cn c s tr cp ca Nh nc, nn dng chnh sch hc bng thch hp tc ng. Tha nhn c ch th trng l tha nhn s cnh tranh gia cc c s o to ngh. Trong c ch , nguy c xut hin cc c s o to hot ng v mc tiu li nhun thun ty, vi phm li ch ngi lao ng tng lai v ca x hi s tng ln. Do , nhng quy ch i vi hot ng ca cc c s o to ngh cn c nhng iu khon bo v li ch ca cc ch th c lin quan. 5. Gn o to ban u vi bi dng thng xuyn v ngh nghip Do tin b khoa hc- cng ngh, lng kin thc c b sung tng ln nhanh chng, cc k nng mi hnh thnh ngy cng nhiu v phong ph hn. S lin kt gia cc lnh vc khoa hc- cng ngh, ni dung o to v bi dng cho ngi lao ng ngy cng c m rng. Trong khi , nn
kinh t v quy lut tit kim khng nhng khng cho php ko di thm, m thm ch i hi phi rt ngn bt thi gian o to iu lm cho vic o to c bn ban u phi i vo hng cung cp nn tng kin thc c bn v phng php lun cho ngi hc, cung cp cho h cc phng php v k nng tm kim cc thng tin mi, k nng t hc hi, t xy dng cc chng trnh pht trin nng lc c nhn. Cng chnh v vy, nhu cu c bi dng, cp nht kin thc mt cch thng xuyn ca ngi lao ng ngy cng tr ln bc thit hn. Mun m bo c yu cu ny, cn thc s kt hp cc ch th theo m hnh: H thng gio dc nh hng ngh nghip ban u; Cc c s o to cung cp kin thc v k nng ngh nghip c s v cc dch v o to b sung nh k theo yu cu; cc c s s dng lao ng phi hp t chc o to b sung nh k; ngi lao ng ch ng bi dng thng xuyn./.
BI THC HNH S 11 V QUY HOCH MNG LI TRNG I HC, CAO NG THI K 2001-2010 Ngy 4 thng 4 nm 2001, Th tng Chnh ph ra Quyt nh s 47/2001/Q-TTg v quy hoch mng li trng i hc, cao ng thi k 2001 - 2010. 1. Mc tiu quy hoch p ng c nhu cu o to ngun nhn lc, ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin kinh t - x hi, CNH, HH v bo v t nc. To iu kin thun li cho mi ngi c c hi tip cn. 2. Phng hng quy hoch pht trin H thng trng: Gm cc i hc quc gia; khu vc; cc trng trng im; cc trng, hc vin, i hc m; cao ng v cao ng cng ng. Pht trin hp l cc loi hnh (cng lp, bn cng, dn lp, t thc, v 100% vn nc ngoi ). H thng khng khp kn, c s lin kt gia cc c s. Qui m o to: Qui m o to tng khong 5%/nm trong thi gian u v t 200 sinh vin/1 vn dn vo nm 2010. C cu ngnh ngh o to: Tng t l cc ngnh k thut - cng ngh, nng lm ng nghip, y dc, vn ho - ngh thut - th dc th thao. u tin o to cho cc lnh vc cng ngh u tin, mt s ngnh phc v CNH nng nghip v pht trin nng thn; i ng chuyn gia, cng chc cao cp v cn b qun l gii; i ng gio vin, y t c s v vn ho, th dc th thao a phng. C cu trnh o to: Chun ho v bo m s lin thng gia cc trnh . Nm 2010, t l lao ng c o to t 40%, trong C& H l 6%. Phn b h thng o to theo vng: Hai H quc gia, H s phm trng im v mt s trng trng im khc tp trung ti H Ni v TP H Ch Minh. Ngoi cc trng hin c s thnh lp mi mt s trng thuc cc lnh vc trng im phc v CNH, HH t nc v qui hoch pht trin ca thnh ph. ng bng sng Cu Long: Cng c v pht trin cc trng hin c, s thnh lp thm mt s trng mi. Vng Ty Bc v Ty Nguyn: Tp trung pht trin hai i hc vng c m nhn vai tr ch o trong o to ngun nhn lc v nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh trong vng. Cc vng khc: Nng cp cc trng hin c, m thm mt s trng mi ti cc vng ng dn, c nhu cu ln nhng cha c trng v mt s trng trong khu cng ngh cao, vng kinh t trng im. i ng ging vin: Tng nhanh s lng nm 2010 t cc ch tiu s sinh vin/1 ging vin nh sau: t 5-10 (i vi ngnh nng khiu); 10-15 (khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh); 20-25 (khoa hc x hi, nhn vn v kinh t - qun tr kinh doanh). Cht lng: c t nht 50% t trnh thc s v tin s.
3. Cc bc thc hin qui hoch Giai on 1, t nm 2001 n nm 2003 trng tm l m rng hp l ngnh ngh o to cc trng hin c; Thnh lp mi mt s trng thc s cn thit khi c iu kin; Tp trung ch o thc hin cc gii php (t chc, c s vt cht k thut, i mi o to, Xy dng i ng ging vin, qun l) nhm to bc chuyn bin quan trng v cht lng o to; Khc phc nhng bt hp l, chn chnh vic qun l v t chc o to cc trng ngoi cng lp, thc hin phn cp qun l; Xc nh r chc nng qun l nh nc ca B Gio dc v o to, cc B chuyn ngnh v cc a phng; D bo nhu cu v xut nhng iu chnh cn thit v ni dung qui hoch v cc gii php cho giai on 2. Giai on 2, t nm 2004 n nm 2010 tip tc thc hin cc mc tiu qui hoch v c nhng iu chnh v ni dung v cc gii php qua thc tin giai on 1. QUI HOCH MNG LI TRNG DY NGH GIAI ON 2002 2010 Ngy 11 thng 4 nm 2002, Th tng Chnh ph c Quyt nh s 48/2002/Q-TTg v Quy hoch mng li trng dy ngh giai on 2002 2010. 1. Mc tiu qui hoch: p ng c nhu cu o to ngun nhn lc, phc v s CNH, HH v bo v t nc. Tng nhanh t l lao ng qua o to ngh, khc phc bt hp l v c cu nhn lc v tng bc nng cao cht lng dy ngh. To c hi cho ng o ngi lao ng c trang b kin thc, k nng ngh nghip, nng lc tip thu cng ngh mi t to vic lm, ch ng tm kim c hi lp nghip. 2. Phng hng qui hoch Trnh o to: Thc hin cc chng trnh dy ngh ngn hn di 1 nm ( bn lnh ngh ) v di hn t 1 n 3 nm (lnh ngh v trnh cao); m bo t l o to gia cc trnh ph hp vi yu cu ca thc tin pht trin; ch trng o to cng nhn k thut, k thut vin v nhn vin nghip v trnh cao. Mng li trng dy ngh: bao gm cc trng dy ngh, trung tm dy ngh, lp dy ngh, c s dy ngh gm c cc trng trung hc chuyn nghip v Cao ng k thut c chc nng v nhim v dy ngh; Tng bc xy dng v hon thin cc trng theo hng chun ha, hin i ho; tp trung u t cc trng dy ngh cht lng cao, trnh cao cc vng trng im, khu cng nghip tp trung ph hp vi qui hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi; iu chnh mng li trng thuc cc B ngnh, a phng, vng min, thnh lp mi nhng ni cha c hoc c nhu cu ln v o to ngh. Hnh thnh cc trng a ngnh ngh cc vng B Sng Cu Long, Ty Bc, Ty Nguyn, DH Trung B; pht trin cc c s dy ngh ti
doanh nghip, ngoi cng lp, cc c s c vn u t nc ngoi v cc chng trnh dy ngh trong cc trung tm gio dc cng ng; Nm 2005 mi tnh/thnh ph c t nht mt trng dy ngh, mi qun huyn c mt trung tm dy ngh ngn hn v n 2010 mt s qun huyn c trng dy ngh. Quy m tuyn sinh: t 11-12%/ nm, lao ng qua o to ngh t 26% vo nm 2010; T l hc sinh h di hn tng t 16% (2000) ln 22% (2005) v 27% (2010), trong t l o to trnh cao 7% (2005); T l hc sinh ngoi cng lp t 70% (2010). C cu ngnh ngh o to: thng xuyn d bo v iu chnh cho ph hp vi nhu cu; tp trung o to mt s ngnh cng ngh cao, dch v cht lng cao, u tin cho mt s ngnh mi nhn ( cng ngh thng tin, vin thng, c kh chnh xc, c - in t, in - in t, hng khng, ho du, vt liu mi, cng ngh sinh hc v mt s ngnh c nhu cu s dng lao ng ln nh dt may, thu sn; Ch trng dy ngh phc v CNH, HH nng nghip, pht trin nng thn, min ni v xut khu lao ng. i ng gio vin: Chun ho i ng gio vin, t l gio vin/ hc sinh t 1/15 (2010); nng t l gio vin c trnh sau i hc, c bit l cc trng dy ngh trnh cao. C s vt cht k thut: Huy ng mi ngun lc nng cp cc c s dy ngh hin c v thnh lp cc trng mi; tng bc chun ho v hin i ho c s vt cht, trang thit b dy ngh; tp trung u t cho cc trng cht lng cao v mt s trng dy ngh ca cc B ngnh, a phng. Hot ng nghin cu v sn xut trong cc trng dy ngh: y mnh nghin cu khoa hc v p dng cng ngh mi phc v ging dy v hc tp; khuyn khch hnh thnh c s sn xut, dch v ph hp vi ngnh ngh o to to iu kin rn luyn tay ngh cho hc sinh v tng ngun lc pht trin trng. 3. Cc gii php ch yu v bc i 3.1. Cc gii php ch yu bao gm: gii php v t chc; cc iu kin m bo cht lng o to ( i mi v hin i ho chng trnh, ni dung; i mi phng php ging dy; pht trin i ng gio vin c v s v cht lng; khuyn khch s gn kt gia cc c s s dng v o to; Xy dng v trin khai h thng kim nh cht lng ); gii php u t (tng u t t ngn sch nh nc, huy ng cc ngun ngoi ngn sch, tp trung cho cc trng cht lng cao, khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t, n v, c nhn thnh lp c s dy ngh) v gii php v qun l (kin ton h thng qun l; tng cng nng lc lp k hoch, d bo; tng cng v i mi c ch qun l ngun lc; tng quyn t ch cho c s). 3.2. Bc i: Giai on 2002 - 2005 tp trung r sot nng lc o to cc trng hin c; u t nng cp c s vt cht, trang thit b dy ngh v i mi chng trnh v phng php ging dy; nng cp 25 trng trng im; xy dng mi cc trng nhng tnh cha c, nhng ngnh v khu cng nghip c nhu cu pht trin; xy dng cc c s ngoi cng lp v
thuc doanh nghip m nhn c 20% hc sinh di hn v 84% hc sinh ngn hn vo nm 2005. Giai on 2006-2010: xy dng mi mt s trng, xy dng thm 15 trng cht lng cao, tip tc u t nng cp tng qui m v nng cao cht lng; pht trin cc c s dy ngh ngoi cng lp v ti doanh nghip m bo tip nhn 30% hc sinh di hn v 88% hc sinh ngn hn.
BI THC HNH S 112 I IU V CHNH SCH CHIU HIN I S CA NG CHA TA Di cc triu i phong kin, tr nc, ng cha ta rt ch trng n vic chiu hin i s. Chng ti xin gii thiu nhng cu chuyn v cch x s ca mt s triu i i vi ngi hin ti v thi dt khot i vi nhng k bt ti i quyn cao chc trng. Chiu hin i s l thu phc bc hin ti, trng i tr thc. y l mt tiu chun, mt phm cht quan trng ca cc ng anh qun, minh ch. Ngi xa nhn thc su sc v vai tr ca tr thc i vi x hi, quc gia, c bit l i vi s hng vong ca bn thn cc triu i. Nm 1499, vua L Hin Tng ban o sc, trong c cu: Nhn ti l nguyn kh ca quc gia. Nguyn kh mnh th tr o mi mnh. Khoa mc l ng thng ca quan trng. ng thng m th chn Nho mi c. Trong bia Vn miu s 1, tm lng qu trng ca triu nh i vi k s/tr thc c th hin, khc ghi trn nhm lu li cho mun i sau: K s i vi t nc quan trng l th, cho nn triu nh qu trng k s khng bit th no l cng. qu trng bng khoa danh, li tn vinh bng tc trt, n ban ln vn cho l cha by t ni vui mng ca triu nh chn c ngi ti. Khng vic g m khng lm ti mc cao nht ( by t lng tn trng k s). Nhng tng vng son trn y c ng cha ta c gng thc hin vi nhiu bin php c th trong trng k lch s. T thi L - Trn, ngi xa quyt tm xy dng mt i ng tr thc iu hnh quc gia bng cch xy dng mt x hi hc tp v c ch tuyn chn ngi ti qua thi c. Nhng ngi tham gia chnh quyn u phi hc v phi thi , nu thi khng th khng c gi mt chc v g trong b my qun l t nc. y l iu kin bt buc i vi quan t cp huyn tr ln. Nhng ngi c b lm tri huyn v nguyn tc phi c nhn. T cp x, tng tr xung khng i hi iu kin ny. Cc ng l trng, x trng, chnh tng cng phi bit ch, tuy khng phi tuyn chn qua thi c. Di y l mt cu chuyn tiu biu cho nhng quy nh . Vo thi Trn, b Linh T quc mu - v Thi s Trn Th - c ngi h hng mun c cht danh phn vi lng nc, cu xin b ni vi Thi s cho lm chc cu ng (mt chc dch nh cp x lo vic cng t) lng qu. V Thi s la li ni vi chng nhn dp ng v qu ti Thin Trng xem xt dn tnh. V n a phng, ng kim tra mi vic, lun cng khen thng, phn x nhng vic rc ri. ng cng n vic ngi nh cu xin. Khi bit ngi ny khng hc hnh cng khng c cng trng g vi lng xm, ng cho gi y ra v ni: - Ta c Linh T quc mu cho bit, nh ngi mun xin mt chc cu ng phi khng? - D, xin i n Thi s.
Trn Th nghim nt mt: - Hy khoan. Cu ng l mt chc nh. Ta chng hp hi g vi ngi c. Nhng php nc phi r rng. Chc phn nh to u do hc hnh hoc cng tch m nn. Ngi khng chu hc, cng chng c cng g, ct nhc rt kh. Nhng t chi th khng tin. V th, ta ngh ra mt cch: Ban cho ngi chc Cu ng, phi km theo mt vic mi ngi bit quan gia khng thin v, ngi cng thm k nim nh i. Ta s cho cht mt ngn chn ca ngi dn chng thy v vy m ngi c chc tc. Dt li, Trn Th cho gi ngay ao ph. Tn ngi nh hong ht sp xung ly di: - Xin Thi s tha cho. Con khng dm xin chc cu ng na ! (theo sch Kho tng giai thoi Vit Nam) Nh trn ni, vic tuyn chn nhn ti cho b my nh nc phi qua thi c. vic tuyn chn ny c chnh xc, trnh tnh trng man tr, lut l ny c thc hin rt nghim khc. Nm 1696, tn quan chm thi l Ng Sch Tun, mun tr n cp trn, tm cch lm cho cu m con quan c trng tuyn. Vic ny b pht gic, Ng Sch Tun b kt n t hnh bng hnh pht tht c. Trong cc k thi, vic chn lc rt cht ch. Nm 1463, trong s 4.400 c nhn thi, ch ly c 40 tin s (0,9 %). Nm 1499, c 5.000 c nhn thi, ch ly 55 tin s (1,1 %). Nm 1514, s th sinh l 5.700, ly 43 tin s (0,75 %). Ngoi ra, cn c mt s quy tc khc bo m tnh nghim mt ca thi c nh: - Hc tr i thi phi c mt trnh nht nh. Quy tc trng thi ghi r: Hc tr lm vn khng quyn, xo, st nhiu qu u b b qua khng chm v b ui ra khi trng thi. bo m trnh ti thiu ca th sinh, cc chc dch a phng phi oan khai, tin hnh st hch th sinh v chu trch nhim v vic ny. - Cc quan li v chc dch a phng c hc tr i thi, nu trnh hc tr qu km th x trng hay cc quan ph huyn u b pht. Trong cun sch Lch triu hin chng loi ch ghi: Nu x trng oan khai khng thc, ph huyn st hch khng ng, n ni hc tr vo thi lm bi bt thnh vn l,... u a ra xt hi, tr ti. - Nhng ngi thi , c ra lm quan, cng phi qua nhng thi k st hch hay kim tra li, nu khng lm trn trch nhim s b k lut. Ng Th S c nu ra vic ny trong mt bi tng trnh: Dng Nh Chu v hc nghip a phng khng tin, b trut; Nguyn Qu Nh v ng ch lm th lc vn, phi ging chc xung tri huyn,.... i vi nhng chc v quan trng, vic kim tra, kho duyt phi tin hnh nhiu ln. V d, di thi L - Trn, chc An ph s Kinh s (Thng Long) phi tri qua vic tuyn chn rt nghim ngt. Ngi no c d kin nhn chc An ph s Kinh s phi a i cc tnh xa nh Lng Sn, Qung Ninh, Ngh An lm An ph s . Sau mt thi gian khong nm n by nm, triu nh i kho duyt mt lt, ngi no kh hn s c iu v Kinh v c gi mt trong nhng b quan trng nh b Hnh. Tip theo
li phi qua mt t kho duyt na mi c c lm An ph s Kinh s. Tr thc l nhng ngi bit rng, thng c cch nhn, cch ngh khc vi con mt bnh thng. H li t quen un li, thch li ni thng. Nhng ngi ng u bit nghe li ni thng s c k s tm phc. Trong lch s, nhiu vua cha dng hnh thc Chiu cu li ni thng: Theo chnh s cn lu li, Chiu cu li ni thng u tin c ban b i vua L Nhn Tng, thng t, nm Bnh Thn (1076): Ma h, thng t, i x, i nin hiu lm Anh V Chiu thng, vua xung chiu cu li ni thng (i Vit s k ton th). i vua L Thi T, ngy 26 thng hai, nm K Du (1429), vua lnh cho cc ngn quan rng: Nu thy Trm c chnh lnh h khc, thu m nng n, ngc hi lng dn, thng cng pht ti khng ng, khng theo ng php xa; hay cc i thn, quan li, tng hiu quan chc trong ngoi khng gi php, nhn hi l, nhiu hi lng dn, thin t phi php th phi dng s n hc ngay (i Vit s k ton th). Thi vua L Thi Tng, ngy 27 thng nm, nm Mu Ng (1438), vua xung chiu: Tt c cc i thn vn v cc ngi cn ch ra cc li lm k trn (vua khng lo sa c, quan t ph bt ti, nn hi l honh hnh, vic hnh ngc c nhiu oan tri, thu m nng n,...), c thng thn ni ht, ng king n g. Nu c iu g tip thu c, nht nh Trm s khen thng, ct nhc, du c vu khot cng khng bt ti. Ng hu c th xoay chuyn c lng tri, nc nh mi mi hng phc ln v cng vy (i Vit s k ton th). Thi vua L Nhn Tng, ngy mng 2, thng hai, nm Qu Hi (1443), vua lnh cho khp quan li qun dn: "Phi ht lng by t nhng iu c th xoay c lng tri, dp ht tai bin, hy ni thng ra, ch nn n giu, Trm sa nhng iu thiu st (i Vit s k ton th). Thi Ty Sn, thng Nm, nm t Mo (1795), vua Quang Ton, con vua Quang Trung, xung chiu: Hi qun thn v dn chng, cc ngi hy vit th kn, ni ht, ng giu gim. Trong kinh th np cho triu nh, ngoi np cho cc quan trn chuyn . Trm sn lng nghe theo li ni phi thi hnh ra chnh s, mong i c t tc, lm c vic hay. Thi vua Gia Long, thng mi, nm Nhm Thn (1812), vua xung chiu: Trm mt mnh, thng minh c hn, tr xt li mnh, khng bit v u. Vn v thn liu cc ngi, hoc tng chnh trong, hoc tuyn ho ngoi, ai cng l chn tay tai mt ca Trm, tr lc ti u h chng c iu nghe thy! Nhng phng php phng nga tai bin, ly g m bo Trm? Nn u by t s thc, tu cho Trm nghe. Trm s t chn la, c iu g gip c chnh tr th Trm thi hnh, m iu g khng ly c th cng . Gng em ht mu tr ca cc ngi p lng Trm (i Nam thc lc). Tm li, qua cc triu i, t L - Trn n L - Nguyn, cc bc vua cha thng c Chiu cu li ni thng, mt hin tng ph bin, vi li l chn thnh, tha thit. Chnh nh vy m c sc thuyt phc, cm ng c lng ngi, trc ht l cc bc thc gi ng thi.
trn, chng ti trnh by i iu v chnh sch thu phc hin ti, trng i tr thc ca ng cha ta. Ngi xa thm nhun su sc vai tr ca tr thc. l nhn thc ca ton x hi m nhng ngi ng u t nc tip nhn, khuych trng v thc thi. Trn c s ny, ng cha ta xy dng mt i ng b my cm quyn c hc thc; c quy ch, lut l bo m chn ng nhng ngi c thc ti, thc hc; khuyn khch bc thc gi t do by t chnh kin, k c vic ph phn nhng ngi thay tri tr dn. l nhng kinh nghim qu cho chng ta hc tp trong nn kinh t tri thc, ton cu ho v hi nhp hin nay.
BI THC HNH S 13 MT S VN V CHNH SCH X HI NNG THN NC TA HIN NAY Trong h thng chnh sch x hi chung ca c nc, chnh sch x hi nng thn c v tr quan trng v c c trng ring v tnh cht, mc , c ch vn hnh. Thi gian qua, chnh sch ny v ang i vo thc tin, gp phn khng nh trong vic nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn nng thn nc ta. Tuy nhin, bn cnh n cng cn khng t nhng tn ti, hn ch, i hi phi c khn trng hon thin p ng nhu cu pht trin nng thn trong tnh hnh mi. Tc ng ca chnh sch x hi i vi pht trin nng thn Nhng tc ng tch cc: Thc y tng trng kinh t v ci thin i sng ngi dn nng thn. Trong nhng nm qua, dn s v lc lng lao ng nng thn v mt t trng tuy c gim, nhng vn chim s lng kh ln trong tng dn s v lc lng lao ng x hi v l ngun nhn lc quan trng ng gp vo tng trng kinh t nng thn. Tnh n nm 2005, dn s nng thn chim 73,25% tng dn s v 75,06% tng lc lng lao ng ca c nc. Mc d tc tng trng nng nghip thp hn cng nghip v dch v, nhng yu t lao ng tham gia vo tng trng rt ln, nht l khu vc nng thn. Giai on 2001-2005, tng trng kinh t c nc t bnh qun 7,5%/nm, trong , nng, lm, ng t 3,66%/nm; c bit, sn lng lng thc c ht t 34,27 triu tn (nm 2001) tng ln 39,55 triu tn (nm 2005), bnh qun mi nm tng 1,32 triu tn, l thnh tu rt to ln, chng nhng m bo vng chc an ninh lng thc quc gia, m cn phc v tt cho xut khu (ng th 2 th gii v xut khu go). Yu t lao ng tham gia vo tng trng ni chung, theo cc nh kinh t, chim khong 20%, yu t vn chim 57,5% v cc yu t tng hp chim khong 22,5%. Tuy nhin, trong nng nghip, yu t lao ng tham gia vo tng trng rt ln v u t cho nng nghip thp hn cho cng nghip, c bit trong sn xut lng thc, yu t lao ng ng gp khong 50%. Tng trng kinh t gp phn quan trng nng cao i sng ngi dn nng thn. Theo kt qu iu tra mc sng dn c ca Tng cc Thng k, thu nhp bnh qun 1 nhn khu/thng ca khu vc nng thn nm 2001-2002 l 275,13 nghn ng, n nm 2003-2004 tng ln 378,09 nghn ng, tng 37,42% (cao hn mc tng ca khu vc thnh th - 31,09%). Mc chi tiu cng tng t 232,1 nghn ng/thng nm 2001-2002 ln 314,3 nghn ng/thng nm 2003-2004, tng 35,42% (cao hn mc tng ca thnh th 31,06%). Mt b phn ngi dn nng thn bc u c tch lu (nht l nhm 4, 5), trn 2 triu h dn nng thn t mc thu nhp 30 triu ng/h/nm. i vi nhm ngho nht, mc thu nhp bnh qun 1 khu/thng nm 2003-2004 so vi nm 2001-2002 cng tng (31,65%
nhm 1 v 35% nhm 2 trong 5 nhm dn c). To vic lm v thc y chuyn dch c cu lao ng nng thn theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho (CNH, HH) v hi nhp. Trong 5 nm (2001-2005), chng ta t mc tng trng kinh t cao, u t ton x hi bnh qun t trn 35,1% GDP (nm 2005 t 36,5%), xut khu c m rng v nhiu ngnh ngh, lnh vc mi c m mang, to thm c nhiu vic lm, thu ht nhiu lao ng, tng bc khc phc tnh trng thiu vic lm khu vc nng thn, nng cao hiu qu v cht lng vic lm. Trong 5 nm ny, bnh qun mi nm khu vc nng thn to vic lm mi cho 938.555 ngi, chim 62% tng s v tr lm vic mi c to ra. T l thi gian s dng lao ng ca lc lng lao ng trong tui khu vc nng thn tng lin tc t 74,37% (nm 2001) ln 80,65% (nm 2005), cng c ngha l tnh trng thiu vic lm nghim trng nng thn tng bc c ci thin. C cu lao ng c chuyn dch theo hng tch cc, t l lao ng nng nghip lin tc gim t 62,76% nm 2001 xung 56,8% nm 2005, tng ng lao ng cng nghip v xy dng tng ln 17,9% v dch v 25,3%. Trong nng thn, lao ng lm nng nghip cng ang gim, ng thi lao ng lm ngnh ngh phi nng nghip v dch v tng; lng ngh pht trin vi tc 11%/nm, hin c khong 2.017 lng ngh vi 1,4 triu h, c nc c khong 1,35 triu c s ngnh ngh nng thn thu ht khong 10 triu lao ng (k c kim ngh), chim 29% lc lng lao ng nng thn. Xo i gim ngho nhanh hn, hn ch tc gia tng chnh lch giu ngho, gp phn thc hin tin b v cng bng x hi nng thn. Chnh sch xo i gim ngho nc ta c trin khai t nm 1992 v n nm 2005 t c kt qu cao (t 58,1% h ngho gim xung cn di 22% - tnh theo chun ngho ca W , c cng ng quc t nh gi l nc c tc gim ngho nhanh nht th gii (so vi mc tiu thin nin k v xo i gim ngho, chng ta v ch trc 10 nm). Chnh lch thu nhp gia khu vc thnh th v nng thn nm 1993 l 1,96 ln, n nm 1998 tng ln 3,66 ln, nm 2002 li gim xung cn 2,26 ln v n nm 2004 gim cn 2,16 ln. l mt s chnh lch tt yu c ngi dn chp nhn, ng thun; cha tr thnh vn x hi bc xc, gy mt n nh x hi. Ngi dn nng thn c tip cn tt hn vi h thng chnh sch an sinh x hi. Trong h thng chnh sch an sinh x hi, ngoi tr chnh sch bo him x hi ngi dn nng thn n nay cha c tham gia, cn li cc chnh sch khc lin quan n bo tr x hi ch yu u n vi cc i tng x hi nng thn. Vi s quan tm ca Nh nc, ca cng ng trong ch ng d phng cu tr khn cp vi phng chm 4 ti ch, hng nm cu tr t xut cho 1-1,5 triu ngi n nh cuc sng do thin tai, bo lt, mt ma, gim thiu thit hi v ngi v ca. S i tng c hng tr cp x hi ngy mt tng, t 205.314 ngi (nm 2001) ln 300.000 (nm 2004) v 360.000 ngi (2005). Trong 5 nm qua, cai nghin cho 184.277 lt ngi, gio dc cha tr, phc hi chc nng cho 25.420 i tng mi dm; dy ngh cho 10.000 i tng v 3.468 i
tng c to vic lm, h tr ti ho nhp cng ng. Trong tng s i tng c hng tr cp x hi, 80% l nng thn. Dch v x hi c bn, nht l gio dc, y t, nc sch sinh hot ch hn n khu vc nng thn. Nm 2000, nc ta cng b xo xong nn m ch v t chun ph cp gio dc tiu hc, bt u ph cp bc trung hc c s. c bit, con em cc h gia nh ngho c Nh nc h tr c iu kin n trng. Hng nm, c trn 3 triu lt hc sinh ngho v hc sinh dn tc thiu s c min, gim hc ph v cc khon ng gp xy dng trng. Ngi dn nng thn c chm sc tt hn v sc kho nh cng c v pht trin c mng li y t rng khp trong c nc, n nay hu ht cc x c trm y t, c nc c 96.604/116.359 thn, bn c nhn vin y t hot ng (t 83%), 61,4% s x c bc s. Bo him y t khng ngng m rng, thc hin tt chnh sch h tr ngi ngho trong khm cha bnh, nht l cp th, s khm cha bnh, cp th bo him y t cho ngi ngho, n nay, 14 triu lt ngi ngho c khm cha bnh min ph (3,5 triu lt ngi/nm). Dch v cp nc sch sinh hot hng mnh v nng thn. Nm 2005, trong tng s cng trnh u t xy dng h tng c s nng thn cc x c bit kh khn c 12% s cng trnh v cp nc sch sinh hot. Nhng hn ch: Mc d c nhng ng gp tch cc nhng tc ng ca h thng chnh sch x hi n pht trin nng thn vn cha tng xng v ngang tm vi yu cu, nhiu vn bc xc v x hi nng thn c xu hng gia tng, biu hin trn cc mt sau: Mt l, chnh sch x hi nng thn mc d em li kt qu rt tch cc, nht l xo i gim ngho nhng cn thiu bn vng v cha gn cht vi pht trin. Lao ng tham gia vo tng trng ch yu vn l do s lng m cha phi l do cht lng lao ng. C th l, lao ng nng thn ng gp lm tng gi tr sn xut nng nghip chim ti 50%, nhng ch yu l lao ng c bp, hu ht cha qua o to ngh; nng sut nng nghip cn thp: Bnh qun 1 lao ng nng nghip to ra gi tr ch bng 22,7% so vi dch v v 16,3% so vi cng nghip (nm 2004). 1 hc ta t nng nghip to ra gi tr ch khong 22,5 triu ng (nm 2005). Cng tc xo i gim ngho ch yu mi gii quyt c vn ngho lng thc, thc phm (thc cht l xo i); phn ln ngi thot ngho nm st chun ngho (cn ngho) v t l ti ngho cn cao (7-10%). Chng ta cng cha c chnh sch khuyn khch thot ngho, vn ln lm giu cho ngi dn nng thn. Hai l, sc lao ng nng thn cha c gii phng trit v cha to ra c ng lc mi trong vic s dng c hiu qu lao ng nng thn, tnh trng thiu vic lm nng thn vn cn xy ra nghim trng. Lao ng nng thn ch yu vn l t lm trong kinh t h gia nh (90%). Trong nhng nm gn y, kinh t trang tri tuy pht trin song cn chim t l thp (hin nay c nc c khong 80 nghn trang tri, bnh qun 1 trang tri s
dng 6,04 lao ng, trong khi c ti 14 triu h nng thn). Cc ngnh ngh nng thn cn pht trin chm, n nay c nc c khong 2.017 lng ngh, thu ht khong 27% s h nng dn sn xut nng nghip kim ngh, 13% h chuyn ngh. Th trng lao ng nng thn cn rt s khai, c bit l min ni, vng su, vng xa hu nh cha pht trin quan h lao ng. Gi tin cng trong khu vc nng thn thng thp hn khu vc thnh th 15-20%. Kh nng cnh tranh ca lao ng nng thn rt yu, lc lng lao ng ny di chuyn n cc khu cng nghip, th, cc thnh ph ln tm vic lm ngy cng tng, nhng ch tham gia c th trng lao ng c trnh thp hay nhng khu vc phi kt cu vi vic lm khng n nh, thu nhp thp v c nhiu ri ro. Cng v vy, nhiu vn x hi ca lao ng nhp c t nng thn ni ln gay gt nh: Vn nh , phc li x hi, tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn. Qu trnh CNH, th ha ang din ra nhanh chng nc ta, ko theo l tnh trng mt vic lm trong nng nghip ca mt b phn ln nng dn cng gia tng. Trong giai on 2000-2004, c nc c s din tch t nng nghip c chuyn i mc ch s dng sang cng nghip, th l 157.000 ha v c mi hc ta t nng nghip chuyn i mc ch s dng c 13 lao ng nng thn mt vic lm. Do vy, to vic lm cho ngi lao ng nng nghip b chuyn i mc ch s dng t l mt trong nhng vn ln nhng cha c gii quyt. Ba l, vn cng bng x hi i vi nng thn cn nhiu bt cp. Cht lng v gi tr vic lm ca lao ng nng thn thp v c hi tip cn cc ngun lc sn xut (tn dng, cng ngh, th trng...) rt hn ch nn hiu qu vic lm khng cao, cn ph bin tnh trng ly cng lm li. Lao ng nng thn ch yu l t lm trong h gia nh, tham gia th trng lao ng rt t v thng th trng lao ng bc thp; cn khu vc thnh th c t l lao ng lm cng n lng cao (30-40%) v tham gia th trng lao ng trnh cao, do , tin cng bnh qun cao hn lao ng nng thn. nng thn, trong khu vc nng nghip, tnh hnh mt an ton v sinh lao ng rt nghim trng: Khong 30%
s ngi trc tip phun thuc bo v thc vt c du hiu nhim c. Nm 2004, c nc c 4.009 v nhim c thuc bo v thc vt, lm cho 10.355 ngi b nhim c v 154 ngi b t vong; tn sut tai nn trong s dng in l 7,99%, trong s dng my nng nghip l 8,56%. Theo iu tra ca V Y t d phng (B Y t), c tnh hng nm c khong 20.000 lt ngi b tai nn lao ng trong nng nghip, trong c 1.500 trng hp t vong; trn 5.000 trng hp b nhim c thuc bo v thc vt phi cp cu ti bnh vin, trong 300 trng hp t vong. Cng tc chm sc sc khe cho ngi lao ng nng thn cn gp kh khn v cha c u t, ngi lao ng cha tham gia bo him x hi, bo him y t, khng c ch bi thng tai nn lao ng, mi chi ph u do ngi lao ng phi t trang tri.
Tnh trng phn ho giu ngho vn ang c xu hng gia tng, ch s GINI phn nh chnh lch thu nhp v phn ho giu ngho trong dn c t 0,357 (nm 1993) tng ln 0,39 (nm 1999), 0,42 (nm 2002) v 0,423 (nm 2004). Ngi ngho ch yu vn tp trung nng thn, chim ti 90%. Tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn, c bit l dch v x hi cht lng cao c s khc bit rt r gia nng thn v thnh th. Nm 2004, t l ngi bit ch t 10 tui tr ln nng thn l 91,85%, thp hn so vi thnh th (96,34%); mc chi tiu cho gio dc - o to bnh qun trn mt ngi i hc khu vc thnh th l 1.537 nghn ng, gp gn 2,6 ln so vi nng thn. Vic s dng cc c s y t cng c s khc bit ln, trong khi c
85,63% lt ngi m thnh th c iu tr ni tr ti bnh vin nh nc, th con s ny nng thn ch l 77,46%; gi tr dng lu bn bnh qun 1 h thnh th t 22,5 triu ng, trong khi , h nng thn ch t 8,2 triu ng; ngi dn thnh th c bn tip cn c ngun nc sch sinh hot, cn nng thn mi t 62%. Nhn tng th, mc sng vn c s cch bit xa gia thnh th v nng thn. Bn l, vic m rng x hi ho trong huy ng ngun lc thc hin chnh sch x hi ni chung, chnh sch x hi nng thn ni ring l ch trng ng n, tuy nhin, do nhn thc cha y v tm quan trng ca vic thc hin chnh sch x hi nng thn nn u t t ngn sch nh nc cho cc chnh sch x hi cha tng xng vi mc tiu, nhim v t ra v cha p ng yu cu ca i tng. u t cho dy ngh, to vic lm, xo i gim ngho, bo tr x hi... u thp xa so vi mc tiu v nhim v t ra (nm 2005, u t cho gio dc, o to chim 20% tng chi ngn sch nh nc nhng u t cho dy ngh ch chim 6,5% tng chi ngn sch cho gio dc, o to; vn vay cho to vic lm v xo i gim ngho ch p ng c 30% nhu cu...). T , bao ph ca chnh sch x hi cho i tng cn rt hn ch, lao ng nng thn hu nh cha c tham gia bo him x hi, ch mt b phn nh, ch yu l ngi rt ngho mi c cp th bo him y t; vic h tr khc phc hu qu do thin tai mi p ng c 17,63% tng thit hi; t l i tng c tr cp x hi cn thp (nm 2005 khong 53%); cc c s cai nghin tp trung mi m bo 30% nhu cu ca i tng... Phng hng hon thin chnh sch x hi nng thn: khc phc nhng mt cn tn ti v p ng yu cu pht trin nng thn trong thi k y mnh CNH, HH v hi nhp quc t, cn tip tc b sung, hon thin chnh sch x hi nng thn theo hng: - u tin cho pht trin ngun nhn lc nng thn, nht l ph cp ngh cho nng thn, dy ngh cho lao ng nng nghip vng chuyn i mc ch s dng t chuyn i ngh nghip, thc y chuyn dch c cu kinh t v c cu lao ng nng thn theo hng CNH, HH v hi nhp. - H tr vic lm, vic lm c cht lng v thu nhp cao cho lao ng nng thn thng qua chnh sch h tr v khuyn khch pht trin nng nghip cng ngh cao, ngnh ngh phi nng nghip v dch v, kinh t trang tri, lng ngh, doanh nghip va v nh nng thn; h tr pht trin th trng lao ng nng thn, trc ht l cung cp lao ng nng thn p ng nhu cu v lao ng ti ch; pht trin thng tin th trng lao ng, t vn gii thiu vic lm, a hi ch vic lm v nng thn; gii quyt cc vn x hi ca lao ng nhp c t nng thn vo cc thnh ph, khu cng nghip tp trung tm vic lm (v y t, gio dc, nh , phc li x hi). - m bo ngi lao ng nng thn lm vic trong mi trng an ton v v sinh, gim thiu tai nn lao ng trong khu vc nng thn (s dng thuc bo v thc vt, s dng in, my nng nghip, gim nhim mi
trng trong cc lng ngh, doanh nghip nh v va... trn c s thc hin chng trnh quc gia v bo h lao ng giai on 2006-2010. - M rng i tng tham gia bo him x hi i vi lao ng nng thn trn c s a dng ho cc loi hnh bo him x hi, nht l bo him x hi t nguyn, bo him y t ton dn. - Chnh sch xo i gim ngho tp trung vo khu vc nng thn theo hng vng chc v gn vi pht trin trn c s c chnh sch h tr nng cao nng lc, nht l nng lc th trng ca ngi ngho v to c hi cho h ngho, x ngho pht trin kinh t hng ha, to vic lm c gi tr cao, tng thu nhp thng qua chnh sch khuyn khch h ngho vn ln lm giu (u t h tng c s, chnh sch t ai, tn dng, khuyn nng, dy ngh, chnh sch khoa hc v cng ngh, chnh sch th trng tiu th sn phm); m rng c hi cho ngi ngho tip cn cc dch v x hi, c bit l dch v x hi c bn (y t, gio dc, nh , k hoch ho gia nh, nc sch sinh hot), h tr ngi ngho tng bc tip cn dch v x hi cht lng cao; gim nguy c ri ro x hi cho ngi ngho do tc ng ca thin tai, ca ci cch th ch kinh t. - n nh i sng v to iu kin cho nhm x hi yu th nng thn, nht l i vi ngi gi, tr em c hon cnh c bit, ngi tn tt, gip h ho nhp tt hn vo cng ng bng vic sa i, b sung ch tr cp thng xuyn, ph hp vi mc sng ti thiu ca x hi; nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng, x hi v chia s trch nhim x hi i vi vic tr gip, chm sc cc i tng x hi; pht trin cc hnh thc t chc t nguyn, nhn o, chm sc i tng chnh sch x hi ti cng ng theo hng x hi ho. - Thc hin tt cuc vn ng xy dng x, thn, bn lnh mnh, khng c t nn x hi. y li, tin ti xo b t nn x hi, nht l t nn ma tu, mi dm nng thn; c bit nhn rng cc m hnh cha tr, cai nghin v ti ho nhp cng ng cho i tng nghin ma tu, mi dm; p dng cc gii php kinh t - x hi sau cai nghin (qun l i tng cch ly mi trng ma tu, dy ngh, lao ng tr liu, to vic lm, xo i gim ngho). Mun vy, phng php tip cn, xy dng chnh sch x hi nng thn phi c i mi theo hng: i mi t duy v chnh sch x hi nng thn trn c s nhn thc ng v v tr chin lc ca pht trin x hi nng thn trong kinh t th trng v tnh cp bch, bc xc v thc hin cng bng x hi i vi khu vc nng thn so vi thnh th trong qu trnh pht trin. T , xy dng mt chin lc pht trin x hi nng thn v chng trnh quc gia pht trin x hi nng thn n nm 2010 v 20112020 hng vo mc tiu phn u a nc ta c bn tr thnh nc cng nghip theo hng hin i vo nm 2020. Trong chin lc , hnh thnh chin lc v chng trnh mc tiu quc gia ring cho nng thn v dy ngh, vic lm, khuyn khch lm giu v xo i gim ngho, an sinh x hi. - Xy dng mt chng trnh iu tra c bn v nghin cu khoa hc cp nh nc v chnh sch x hi nng thn trong giai on 2006-2010 nhm cung cp cc c s d liu, cc lun c khoa hc cho xy dng chin lc pht trin x hi nng thn v hoch nh cc chnh sch x hi c th
cho nng thn. T chc h thng d bo v h thng cc ch tiu gim st v pht trin x hi ni chung v cho nng thn ni ring ph hp vi h thng d bo v gim st v pht trin x hi ca quc t (c kh nng so snh v ni mng quc t). - Tin hnh xy dng quy hoch tng th pht trin x hi nng thn, nht l quy hoch mng li cc c s gio dc, o to, dy ngh, dch v vic lm, y t, bo tr x hi ph hp vi iu kin nng thn v p ng yu cu phc v i tng ngy cng tng nng thn. - Tng bc hnh thnh h thng cung cp dch v x hi, nht l dch v x hi c bn cho nng thn trong qu trnh pht trin x hi dn s nc ta, trn c s phn r trch nhim ca Nh nc lm ci g v lm n u, chuyn giao hoc u thc cho cc i tc x hi (cc t chc qun chng, phi chnh ph) cung cp n u v dch v no c th giao cho khu vc t nhn cung cp vi s qun l, kim sot cht ch ca Nh nc.
BI THC HNH S 14 LI HAY P Tm hn con ngi l gng phn chiu v tr. (Lbnitz) S au kh lm cho tm hn tr nn nh nhng v thanh cao. (Lamartine) Khng c tm hn cao thng no li khng c mt cht in r. (I. Xtoun) Ngho vt cht d cha, ngho tm hn khng cha c. (M. De Montaigne) th gian ny khng h c ngi no li khng ci thin iu chi trong tm hn mnh ngay khi yu thng ngi khc. (Matterlinck) Trong tm hn cao thng tt c u cao thng. (Pascal) Nhng tm hn cao thng thng tm thy trong trit l nhng an i k l gia nhng tai ho ln lao. (A. Dumas (cha)) Bn ch tng l ngi ta c th to c nhng iu tt p khi khng c s cao c trong tm hn. (Ingrs) Tnh yu l s t im v i. Tnh yu lm cho thin nhin n hoa, n ht ln nhng bi ht k diu nht v quay cung trong nhng v khc huy hong (Lunasa) Ta lun tin rng tnh yu u i ca ta l tnh yu cui cng v tnh yu cui cng ca ta l tnh yu u tin (Melville) Con ngi phi hc yu v phi tri qua on ng y au kh t c n... v cuc hnh trnh lun lun hng v linh hn ngi khc (Lawrence) Tnh yu l v thn tr con. H khi yu th d l bc thnh cng bin thnh mt a tr con khng hn khng km (T tng phng Ty) Quyn thng tr ca tnh yu ging nh quyn ca vua, khng chp nhn chia s. (Ovid) Nc cao bao nhiu cng chng dp tt ni tnh yu, sng d y n u cng chng ngp trn ni. (Thnh kinh)
nh ngha ting Yu tht gin d. N l s ho hp tm hn gia i nam n. (Rousseau) Trong tnh yu, ngi ta khng nghi ng mt iu g, hoc nghi ng tt c. (Balzac) Trong tnh yu ngi ta khi u bng s hng bin v kt thc bng trit hc. (Dyssord) Tnh yu ch sng c nh au kh; sng trong hnh phc, tnh yu s cht mn. (Girardin) T i trong tnh yu chng khc no t li trong tnh bn. (Sand) Tnh yu l danh d, mt ln mt i th khng bao gi tr li. (Abel) Yu nhau l iu duy nht c kh nng chim gi v lm y vnh cu. c ci v cng phi v tn. (Victor Hugo) Hy tin tnh yu, d n mang n s thng kh. Ch khp kn con tim mnh! (Tagore) Tnh yu cn rt bn, xay nghin bn, nh ng bn, nhng hy m hn v n nhn n. (Michel Leivis) Tnh yu l mt tnh cm v i nht, n sng to nn iu k diu, sng to nn nhng con ngi mi, n lm ra nhng gi tr v i nht ca con ngi. (Makarenko) Trn th gian chng c v thn no p hn mt tri, chng c ngn la no k diu hn l ngn la tnh yu. (Gorki) Khi au kh v tnh, ngi ph n mt mi hn nhng bit che giu kho lo hn n ng. (Euripide) Tnh yu th mng, say m - l mu sc cuc sng ca chng ta, tui tr ca chng ta. (Belinxki) Tnh yu t ci nhn u tin l s am m b phng i. (T tng Nga) Tnh yu c th an i c tt c, c th an i chnh nhng ni u phin ca n gy ra. (Rochepdre)
Tnh yu l ni am m khng quy phc mt iu g, tri li, mi th u quy phc n. (De Scudry) S di tr s git cht tnh yu. Song chnh nh s thng thn s git cht n trc. (E. Hemingway.) Tnh yu n t ngt l tnh yu lu ngui ngoai nht. (La Bruyre) Tnh yu ko di nht l tnh yu khng bao gi tr li. (W. S. Maugham) Cch tt nht trong tnh yu l khi yu khng i hi. (Saint Augustin) Khng c tnh yu th nht, tnh yu th hai... Ch c mt tnh yu m thi...( Xukhomlinxki) Tnh yu l iu kin, ni hnh nh ca ngi khc cn thit cho chnh bn thn ca bn. (R. A. Heinlein) Cu chuyn u mi ngi ta thng hay lo s l au kh. Nhng, tnh yu l mm mng gy au kh m ai cng thch bc vo. (Pascal) Yu tc l knh trng, khng knh trng tc l khng yu. (De Stael) Tnh yu bao gi cng hin tng, khng bao gi i n p. Tnh yu lun giy v, khc khoi nhng khng bao gi phn khng v tr th. (Gandhi) Tnh yu khng phi l vt trao i. l mt trong nhng gi tr vnh hng ca nhn loi. (T tng Nga) Trong tnh yu chng ta khng nh nhau ch khng phi thng tr nhau. Yu ng khng phi l thng hay bi m l nng ln nhau. (T tng phng Ty) Tnh yu vo ngi n ng qua mt v ngi n b qua tai (Tc ng Ba Lan) Bnh ng l c s vng chc ca tnh yu (G. E. Lessing) Tc ng u tin ca tnh yu l to nn s knh trng, ta cm thy tn trng su sc ngi ph n ta yu mn. (Pascal) Ch c mt loi tnh yu nhng c hng ngn bn sao khc nhau
ca tnh yu. (La Rochefoucauld) Yu l tm chnh hnh phc ca mnh trong hnh phc ca ngi khc. (Libnitz)
BI THC HNH S 15 KIU KIM TRNG ON T C duyn u bng l sao, Gic Duyn u bng tm vo n ni. Trng ln linh v ch bi, Tht kinh mi hi: Nhng ngi u ta? Vi nng thn thch gn xa, Ngi cn sao bng lm ma khc ngi? Nghe tin ng ngc rng ri, Xm quanh k l rn li hi tra: Ny chng ny m ny cha, Ny l em rut ny l em du. Tht tin nghe by lu, Php s dy th s u l thng! S rng: Nhn qu vi nng, Lm truy bui trc Tin ng bui sau. Khi nng gieo ngc trm chu, n nhau ti gp nhau rc v, Cng nhau nng ca b , Tho am cng gn k chng xa. Pht tin ngy bc ln la, m m nng cng nh nh khn khuy. Nghe tin n mt n my, Mng no li qu mng ny na chng? T phen chic l la rng, Thm tm lung nhng liu chng nc my. R rng hoa rng hng bay, Kip sau ha thy kip ny hn thi. Minh dng i ng chc ri, Ci trn m li thy ngi cu nguyn! Cng nhau ly t Gic Duyn, B hnh mt l theo lin mt khi. B lau vch c tm i, Tnh thm lung hy h nghi na phn. Quanh co theo di giang tn, Khi rng lau ti sn Pht ng. Gic Duyn ln ting gi nng, Bung trong vi do sen vng bc ra. Trng xem mt mt nh:
Xun gi cn khe huyn gi cn ti. Hai em phng trng ha hai, N chng Kim l ngi ngy xa! Tng by gi l bao gi, R rng m mt cn ng chim bao! Git chu thnh tht qun bo, Mng mng ti ti xit bao l tnh! Huyn gi di gi gieo mnh, Khc than mnh k s tnh u ui: T con lu lc qu ngi, Bo tri sng v chc mi lm nm! Tnh rng sng nc ct lm, Kip ny ai li cn cm gp y! ng b trng mt cm tay, Dung quang chng khc chi ngy bc ra. By chy di nguyt du hoa, Mi phn xun c gy ba bn phn. Ni mng bit ly chi cn? Li tan hp chuyn xa gn thiu u! Hai em hi trc han sau, ng trng chng cng tr su lm ti. Quy nhau ly trc Pht i, Ti sinh trn t lng ngi t bi. Kiu hoa gic gi tc th, Vng ng dy rc cng v mt ni. Nng rng: Cht phn hoa ri, Na i nm tri mi mi ng cay. Tnh rng mt nc chn my, Lng no cn tng c ry na khng? c ry ti th tng phng. Kht khao tha tm lng lu nay! em mnh b am my, Tui ny gi vi c cy cng v Mi thin bn mui da, Mu thin n mc a nu sng. S i tt la lng, Cn chen vo chn bi hng lm chi! D dang no c hay g,
tu tu trt qu th th thi! Trng sinh n nng b tri, Lng no n dt ngha ngi ra i? ng rng: B th nht th, Tu hnh th cng phi khi tng quyn. Phi iu cu Pht cu Tin, Tnh kia hiu n ai n cho y? sinh nh c cao dy, Lp am ri s rc thy chung. Nghe li nng cng chiu lng, Gi s gi cnh u cng bc ra. Mt nh v n quan nha, on vin vi m tic hoa vui vy. Tng tng chn cc d say, ng ln Vn mi gii by mt hai . Rng: Trong tc hp c tri . Hai bn gp g mt li kt giao . Gp cn bnh a ba o, Vy em duyn ch buc vo cho em . Cng l phn ci duyn kim, Cng l mu chy rut mm ch sao ? Nhng l ry c mai ao, Mi lm nm y bit bao nhiu tnh ! By gi gng v li lnh, Khun thing la lc dnh c ni . Cn duyn may li cn ngi, Cn vng trng bc cn li nguyn xa . Qu mai ba by ng va, o non sm liu xe t kp th. Dt li nng vi gt i: S mun nm c k chi by gi? Mt li tuy c c xa, Xt mnh di gi du ma nhiu . Ni cng h thn trm chiu, Th cho ngn nc thy triu chy xui ! Chng rng: Ni cng l i, Du lng kia vy cn li y sao ? Mt li trt thm giao,
Di dy c t trn cao c tri ! Du rng vt i sao di, T sinh phi gi ly li t sinh ! Duyn kia c ph chi tnh, M toan s gnh chung tnh lm hai ? Nng rng: Gia tht duyn hi, Cht lng n i ai ai cng lng. Ngh rng trong o v chng, Hoa thm phong nh trng vng trn gng . Ch trinh ng gi nghn vng, uc hoa chng thn vi chng mai xa . Thip t ng bin n gi. Ong qua bm li tha xu xa . By chy gi tp ma sa . My trng cng khuyt my hoa cng tn. Cn chi l ci hng nhan, xong thn th cn toan ni no ? Ngh mnh chng h mnh sao, Dm em trn cu d vo b kinh ! hay chng nng v tnh, Trng hoa n chng thn mnh lm ru ! T ry khp ca phng thu, Chng tu th cng nh tu mi l ! Chng d ngh n tnh xa, em tnh cm st i ra cm c. Ni chi kt tc xe t, bun c rut m d c i ! Chng rng: Kho ni nn li, M trong l phi c ngi c ta ! Xa nay trong o n b, Ch trinh kia cng c ba by ng, C khi bin c khi thng, C quyn no phi mt ng chp kinh . Nh nng ly hiu lm trinh, Bi no cho c c mnh y vay ? Tri cn c hm nay, Tan sng u ng vn my gia tri . Hoa tn m li thm ti, Trng tn m li hn mi rm xa .
C iu chi na m ng, Khch qua ng hng h chng Tiu ! Nghe chng ni ht iu, Hai thn th cng quyt theo mt bi . Ht li khn l chi li, Ci u nng nhng vn di th than . Nh va m tic on vin, Hoa soi ngn uc hng chen bc l. Cng nhau giao bi mt nh, L l i xng i . ng phng du dt chn mi, Bng khung duyn mi ngm ngi tnh xa . Nhng t sen ng o t, Mi lm nm mi by gi l y ! Tnh duyn y hp tan ny, Bi hoan my ni m chy trng cao . Canh khuya bc gm r thao, Di n t rng m o thm xun . Tnh nhn li gp tnh nhn, Hoa xa ong c my phn chung tnh. Nng rng: Phn thip nh, C lm chi na ci mnh b i ! Ngh chng ngha c tnh ghi, Chiu lng gi c xng ty my may . Ring lng thn lm thay, Cng mt dn my dy kh coi ! Nhng nh u ym vnh ngoi, Cn toan m mt vi ngi cho qua . Li nh nhng thi ngi ta, Vt hng di t b hoa cui ma . Kho l gi nhuc by tr, Cn tnh u na l th y thi ! Ngi yu ta xu vi ngi, Yu nhau th li bng mi ph nhau ! Ca nh d tnh v sau, Th cn em l cu ch y . Ch trinh cn mt cht ny, Chng cm cho vng li giy cho tan !
Cn nhiu n i chan chan, Hay g vy cnh hoa tn m chi ? Chng rng: Gn b mt li, Bng khng c nc chim tri l nhau . Xt ngi lu lc by lu, Tng th tht nng nn au n nhiu ! Thng nhau sinh t liu, Gp nhau cn cht by nhiu l tnh. Chng xun t liu cn xanh, Ngh rng cha thot khi vnh i n . Gng trong chng cht bi trn, Mt li quyt hn mun phn knh thm ! By lu y b m kim, L nhiu vng phi tm trng hoa ? Ai ng li hp mt nh, L l chn gi mi ra st cm ! Nghe li sa o ci trm, Khu u ly t cao thm nghn trng: Thn tn gn c khi trong, L nh qun t khc lng ngi ta . My li tm phc rut r, Tng tri dng y mi l tng tri ! Ch che m bc thiu chi, Trm nm danh tit cng v m nay ! Thot thi tay li cm tay, Cng yu v nt cng say v tnh. Thm nn gi ni hng bnh, Cng nhau li chuc chn qunh giao hoan . Tnh xa lai lng khn hn, Thong dong li hi ngn n ngy xa . Nng rng: V my ng t, Lm ngi cho n by gi mi thi ! n nn th s ri ! N lng ngi c vng li mt phen. Phm n du dt tay tin, Khi trm cao thp ting huyn gn xa . Khc u m m dng ha, y l h ip hay l Trang sinh .
Khc u m i xun tnh, y hn Thc hay mnh quyn? Trong sao chu nh dunh quyn, m sao ht ngc Lam in mi ng ! Lt tai nghe sut nm cung, Ting no l chng no nng xn xao . Chng rng: Ph y tay no, Xa sao su thm nay sao vui vy ? T vui bi ti lng ny, Hay l kh tn n ngy cam lai ? Nng rng: V cht ngh chi, on trng ting y hi ngi by lu ! Mt phen tri k cng nhau, Cun dy t y v sau cng cha . Chuyn tr cha cn tc t, G gy sng tri va rng ng . Tnh ring chng li ni sng, Mt nh ai cng l lng khen lao . Cho hay thc n ch cao, Phi ngi ti mn sm o nh ai ? Hai tnh vn v ha hai, Chng trong chn gi cng ngoi cm th . Khi chn ru khi cuc c, Khi xem hoa n khi ch trng ln . Ba sinh ph mi nguyn, Duyn i la cng l duyn bn by. Nh li lp mt am my, Khin ngi thn thch rc thy Gic Duyn . n ni ng ca ci then, Ru trm k ngch c len mi nh, S hi thuc phng xa, My bay hc lnh bit l tm u ? Nng v cht ngha by lu, Trn am c gi hng du hm mai . Mt nh phc lc gm hai, Nghn nm dng dc quan giai ln ln. Tha gia chng ht nng Vn, Mt cy c mc mt sn qu he . Phong lu ph qu ai b,
Vn xun mt ca bia mun i Ngm hay mun s ti tri, Tri kia bt lm ngi c thn. Bt phong trn phi phong trn, Cho thanh cao mi c phn thanh cao. C u thin v ngi no, Ch ti ch mnh di do c hai, C ti m cy chi ti, Ch ti lin vi ch tai mt vn. mang ly nghip vo thn, Cng ng trch ln tri gn tri xa. Thin cn ti lng ta, Ch tm kia mi bng ba ch ti. Li qu chp nht dng di, Mua vui cng c mt vi trng canh
BI THC HNH S 16 7 LU LM VIC HIU QU u nm mi, bn th thay i phong cch lm vic l ph, ty hng bng cch lm vic c sp xp, d tnh. Nu cng vic c hiu qu hn, t sao bn khng chn phng cch lm vic mi? Bn lun cm thy thiu thi gian, cng vic lun n tc mc d bn rt chm ch v n lc. Song, hiu qu cng vic lun lm cho bn tht vng chn nn. gip bn vt qua c lc cn v hnh , bn hy tun th nhng nguyn tc sau: 1. Ln danh sch nhng vic cn lm trong: ngy, tun, thng, nm Danh sch nhng cng vic cn lm ny cn ghi c th ra giy cho tng khong thi gian: ngy, tun, thng, nm. Bn nn thng xuyn theo di th gian biu ny v xa i nhng cng vic c thc hin. Tuy nhin, ty thuc vo thc t, cc k hoch ny cng c th c thay i linh hot: b sung hoc lc b mt s vic. V d: Hm nay bn khng phi i ch, nu n, v bn phi ti thm mt ngi bn m. Bn cn thch nghi ngay vi s thay i ny. 2. Vic cp bch, quan trng lm trc Sau khi lit k cc cng vic cn phi lm trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, bn nn cn nhc, sp xp nhng cng vic theo th t cp bch, quan trng th lm trc v lm theo tun t. V nu c th, bn nn gp mt vi vic li vi nhau cng gii quyt. V d: Bn d nh trong tun s sa li nh bp, nh chic rng au v c mt ba n cho c nh. Tt nhin, n bc s nh rng au l vic bn cn lm trc tin. Vic sa sang li nh bp, bn nn tin hnh vo nhng ngy ngh cui tun. V chiu ch nht, c nh bn c mt ba n chung l hp l
3. Tp trung lm vic
u nm mi, bn th thay i phong cch lm vic l ph, ty hng bng cch lm vic c sp xp, d tnh. Nu cng vic c hiu qu hn, ti sao bn khng chn phng cch lm vic mi?
Khi lm bt c vic g bn nn tp trung vo vic . S tp trung s gip bn lm vic c hiu qu v tit kim c thi gian. Nu nh ang son tho mt cng vn, m trong u bn li ang ln vn ngh v cuc ci v vi b x vo ti qua, th bn phi mt n gn c bui mi hon thnh n, thay v ch mt na gi nu nh bn tp trung.
Tp trung lm vic cng khng c ngha l bn ch bit c mi mt vic ang lm, m bn cn cn phi mt ti cc vic khc na, nu c th th kt hp lm nhiu vic trong cng mt thi gian. 4. Vic hm nay khng ngy mai Bn nn c gng lm xong phn vic c trong k hoch ca tng ngy. iu s em li cho bn cm gic thoi mi, y hng khi bc
sang mt ngy mi. Nu trong ngy mi vic khng c gii quyt xong, s gy n tc. Nhng vic , nu lm v sau s kh hn hoc khng th thc hin c. Nhng ngi thnh t lun tun th nguyn tc ny mt cch trit . 5. To tm trng hng khi khi lm vic Hiu qu cng vic ph thuc rt nhiu vo tm trng ca bn khi lm vic. V vy hy to cho bn mt tm trng thoi mi, hng khi khi lm vic, n s lm cho bn say m lm vic v qun ht mt mi. Nu bn coi cng vic l mt th ngha v v ch thc hin bng trch nhim, n s to cho bn tm l nng n khi lm vic. V nh vy cng vic d d cng tr thnh kh, cn vic kh s l mt vic khng th lm c. 6. Mi ngy li c 1 gi Bn cn to cho mnh thi quen sng ngn np. iu ny s lm cho bn tit kim c thi gian, sc lc khi lm vic. Bn ng cho iu ny l nh, v ch cn tm mt ti liu m bn b u trong mt ng ti liu m bn ang c, bn mt khong 10 pht. Mt ngy bn s c nhiu th phi tm nh th. N khng ch lm mt thi gian, sc lc mt cch v ch, m cn gy cho bn s bc bi, phn tn t tng, lm nh hng n hiu qu cng vic. Nu sng ngn np, gn gng, mi ngy bn c th tit kim c l gi lm vic. Thi gian tit kim bn c th dnh lm nhng vic mnh yu thch nh: c sch, chi th thao, i do... Bn s thy thoi mi, khe khon hn v c mt th trng tt lm vic vo ngy hm sau. 7. C th lc tt Mun lm vic c hiu qu, trc tin bn phi c mt th lc tt. Bn cn tp th dc, n ng iu , trnh lm vic qu sc. C sc khe tt bn mi c th lm vic c lu di v bn b. Khng ch cng vic ph thng s dng c bp, m cng vic i hi nhiu cht xm cng cn bn c mt th lc tt. iu ny cng cn khi nhp sng cng nghip hin nay i hi ngi lao ng phi lm vic vi mt cng cao. Nu bn thc hin theo 7 nguyn tc trn, bn s l ngi thnh cng!

Danh May 10 Ngon

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V. CC NGN TAY C PHN CNG PH TRCH CC PHM CH

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143 L T TRNG, TP NNG

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Ch : Trong bi tp ny, sau du chm cu khng nh ch hoa v cha hc cch nh ch hoa.

TRNG THCN CKN NG

143 L T TRNG, TP NNG

TRNG THCN CKN NG

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BI 6 CCH S DNG PHM SHIFT NH CH HOA V CC K T !@#$%^&*( )_+

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(1/2 li) (1/2 li)

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(1/4 li) (1/4 li) (1/4 li).

TRNG THCN CKN NG

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