Forensic Ballistics Reviewer

Forensic Ballistics Reviewer
By MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
Definition of Terms
1.
Ballistics about motion of projectiles

a. b.
Gr. ballein or ballo: to throw Roman ballista: a catapult
2.
Branches
a.
Interior ballistics ANYTHING taking place IN & ON the gun prior to bullet leaving muzzle. Exterior ballistics ANYTHING taking place when bullet is OUTSIDE of muzzle.
Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 22
b.
Definition of Terms
2.
Branches
c.
Terminal ballistics ANYTHING taking place on TARGET. Forensic ballistics proper term: firearms identification
d.
5. 6.
Firearms Legal definition Sec. 877, RACP & Sec. 290 of NIRC: weapons that discharge projectile by gunpowder & other explosives
Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim
33
Definition of Terms
3. 4.
Firearms Technical definition instrument for propulsion of projectiles by gases of gunpowder. Other definitions weapon designed to expel projectile
5.
44
VIPs of Firearms
1.
Col Calvin H. Goddard: Father of Modern Ballistics Invented comparison microscope & helixometer John M. Browning: wizard of modern firearms pioneered the breech loading single-shot rifle invented: Winchester rifle, pump-action shotgun, Colt 45 automatic
1.
55
VIPs of Firearms
3.
Samuel Colt: produced first practical revolver Colt 45 Henry Derringer: gave his name to a whole class of firearms manufacturer of the Pocket Pistol Lt. Col. Patrick Ferguson: designed his own rifle
3.
3.
66
VIPs of Firearms
6.
Alexander John Forsyth: invented the percussion system of ignition Uziel Gal: invented the Uzi submachine gun John C. Garand: father of semi-automatic US Rifle Cal. 30 M1 Mikhail Kalashnikov: Russian designer of AK-47
6.
6.
6.
VIPs of Firearms
10.
John Mahon Marlin: founder of Marlin Firearms Company famous for Marlin cal. 22 Carbine Eliphalet Remington: one of first rifle makers James Wolfe Ripley: stimulated the development of the Model 1855 rifled musket
10.
10.
VIPs of Firearms
13.
Benjamin Robins: one of first to state sound ballistics theories
13.
Elisha King Root: helped Samuel Colt synthesize the manufacturing of firearms
13.
Berthold Schwartz and Roger Bacon:

Melcon S. invented credited to have Lapina, MSCrim the first 99
VIPs of Firearms
17.
Daniel B. Wesson: partner of Horace Smith in revolver making
17.
David Carbine Williams: maker of first known carbine firearms
17.
Oliver Fisher Winchester: Manufactured Winchester repeating Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 1010 rifle
VIPs of Firearms
21.
John T. Thompson: Pioneered making of Thompson submachine gun - first hand held machine gun.
21.
Melvin M. Johnson Jr: Invented Johnson Model 1941 rifle one of most innovative rifles of its time period
21.
Dr. Richard Gatling: Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim
1111
VIPs of Firearms
24.
Hiram Maxim: inventor of Maxim Machine gun & Maxim Silencer
24.
George Luger: did lasting design work in connection with 9 mm parabellum cartridge
24.
Carl Walther: developed a reliable small caliber Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim automatic pistol in 1866
1212
Important Points in Firearms History

The use China; of gunpowder started in The Mongols brought the technology to the Middle East; and The Arabs in turn brought it to Europe.
1313
Firearm Forerunners
Any weapon that propels projectiles, e.g. bow & arrow; Ancient Firearms: Arquebus:

Used 15th 17th century Muzzle loading Smoothbore Forerunner of rifle & long arms
Firearm Forerunners
Ancient Firearms: Blunderbuss:

Muzzle-loading Short, large caliber barrel Flared at muzzle Muzzle-loading Smooth bore S. Lapina, MSCrim Melcon
1515
Musket:

Firearm Forerunners
Ancient Firearms: Rifled musket:

Made in 19th century Much more accurate than smoothbore musket
1616
Classification of Firearms
1.
General Classif
a. b.
Smooth bore shotguns & muskets Rifled bore with riflings (lands & grooves)
2.
Main Classif
a.
Artillery more than 1 inch diameter projectile Small arms less than 1 inch diameter projectile; portable & can be handled by only 1 man.
b.
b.
Small arms: Ex:

c.
Machine guns: M-60, Bren gun, BAR, mounted .30 & .50 cal guns Shoulder arms: rifle, carbine, shotgun Handguns: revolver, pistol
d.
e.
3.
Mechanical Construction
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
Single-shot firearms Repeating Arms Bolt-action Type Lever-action Type Slide-action Type Semiautomatic Automatic action
Test of Knowledge & Comprehension
2020
q1
It is a branch of ballistics that treats of the motion of a projectile while still inside the firearm. a. interior ballistics b. exterior ballistics
c. d.
terminal ballistics forensic ballistics
2121
q2
The term ballistics was actually derived from the Greek word ballein or ballo, which means a. to kick b. to punch c. to throw d. to explode
2222
q3
It is the sound created at the muzzle end of the gun barrel after explosion. a. muzzle energy b. trajectory c. range d. muzzle blast
2323
Q4
The force of resistance encountered by the bullet in flight due to air density. a. air resistance b. penetration c. pull of gravity d. velocity
2424
Q5
The greatest distance a projectile can travel when fired at the optimum angle of elevation of the barrel. a. maximum range b. minimum range c. maximum effective range d. minimum effective range
Q6
It is the rearward movement of the firearm after explosion. a. velocity of the bullet b. recoil of the firearm c. rotation of the bullet inside the barrel d. energy generated
Q7
A branch of ballistics that studies the effects of the impact of the projectile on the target. a. interior ballistics
b. c.
exterior ballistics terminal ballistics
d. forensic ballistics
Q8
It refers to the size of the bullet groupings on the target. a. terminal penetration
b. c.
terminal velocity terminal energy
d. terminal accuracy
2828
Q9
It is the entry of the bullet on the target. a. penetration
b. c.
pull of gravity air resistance
d. velocity
2929
Q10
A field of forensic ballistics that includes the expert examination of firearms, bullets and shells that would determine whether or not a particular bullet is fired from a particular firearm, and whether or not a particular shell is loaded and ejected from the same firearm; it is conducted in a forensic laboratory. a. field investigation MSCrim Melcon S. Lapina,
3030
Q11
He is considered as the Father of Modern Ballistics. a. John M. Browning b. Samuel Colt c. Col. Calvin H. Goddard d. Henry Derringer
3131
Q12
He gave his name to a whole class of firearms; he is also the manufacturer of the Pocket Pistol. a. John M. Browning b. Samuel Colt c. Col. Calvin H. Goddard d. Henry Derringer
Q13
He invented a submachine gun in the 1950s which was used by the Israeli Army during its Sinai campaign in 1956. a. Alexander John Forsyth b. Uziel Gal c. Lt. Col. Patrick Ferguson d. John C. Garand
Q14
He is the System. b. Uziel Gal c. Lt. Col. Patrick Ferguson d. John C. Garand inventor of Percussion
a. Alexander John Forsyth
3434
Q15
He was a soldier assigned in the British Army; he designed his rifle and demonstrated it before the King of Windsor, resulting in orders for 100 rifles and trained a company of men in the use of the rifle. a. Alexander John Forsyth b. Uziel Gal c. Lt. Col. Patrick Ferguson
Q16
A Russian designer famous for his innovations for battle tanks, including a mechanism that would count the shots fired; he is also the main designer of the Russian AK-47 assault rifle. a. John C. Garand c. Eliphalet Remington b. John Mahlon Marlin d. Mikahail Kalashnikov
Q17
He is one of the first rifle makers in firearms history. a. John C. Garand b. John Mahlon Marlin c. Eliphalet Remington d. Mikahail Kalashnikov
3737
Q18
He used his expertise as a top machinist in the United States to help Samuel Colt synthesize the manufacturing of firearms, thereby bringing his brand of machinery into a sophisticated production facility. a. James Wolf Ripley b. Eliphalet Remington c. Elisha King Root
Q19
He founded the great firm Smith & Wesson and pioneered the making of the breech-loading rifle. a. Daniel B. Wesson b. Horace Smith c. David Carbine Williams d. Oliver Fisher Winchester
Q20
He was the developer and designer of the AR15/M16 rifle. a. John T. Thompson b. Eugene Stoner c. George Luger d. Carl Walther
4040
Q21
The year that started the age of gunpowder, with its first use as propellant for projectiles. a. 1313 b. 1350 c. 1498 d. 1575
Q22
This year started the development of small arms; gunpowder was first used only with cannons; it was not until the middle of the 14th century that portable hand arms were introduced. a. 1313 b. 1350 c. 1498 d. 1575
Q23
In 1845, in France, Flobert developed the bullet breech cap. This was in reality the first a. pin-fire cartridge b. center-fire cartridge c. rimfire cartridge d. none of the above
Q24
It was in this year that the first cartridges made of paper were developed; these combined both powder and ball, and greatly speeded loading and at the same time reduced the hazards of carrying loose gunpowder. a. 1313 b. 1350 c. 1498
Q25
The Morse cartridge in 1858 marked the beginning of the rapid development of the a. pin-fire cartridge b. center-fire cartridge c. rimfire cartridge d. none of the above
Q26
He is the developer of the first fully automatic firearm the machine gun. a. Maximus b. Optimus c. Hiramakoniyan d. Hiram Maxim
4646
Q27
It is an early muzzle-loaded firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. Like its successor, the musket, it is a smoothbore firearm, but it is lighter and easier to carry. It is a forerunner of the rifle and other long-arm firearms. a. arquebus b. blunderbuss c. musket
Q28
This is an example of a smooth-bore firearm. a. rifle b. pistol c. revolver d. none of the above
4848
Q29
These are firearms projectiles less than diameter. a. artillery b. small arms c. shoulder arms d. machine guns
that propel one inch in
Q30
The US Federal Arms Act defines these as weapons that shoot or are designed to shoot, automatically or semiautomatically, more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single pull of the trigger. a. artillery b. small arms c. shoulder arms
Q31
Following are within the field of interior ballistics, EXCEPT
a. b. c. d.
energy of the bullet firing pin hitting the primer pressure developed
engraving on the cylindrical surface of t
5151
Q32
In firearm, an automatic and semi-automatic firearm design that directly utilizes the breech pressure exerted on the head of the cartridge cases to actuate the mechanism.
a. b. c. d.
ricochet blowback recoil full cock
5252
AMMUNITION
5353
Definition
1.
Legal definition NIRC & RACP

a.
Loaded shell rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers and pistols from which a ball, bullet, shot, shell or other missile; NOTE: with use of gunpowder/other explosives Ammunition for air rifles
b.
2.
Technical definition
a. b.
Group of cartridges Single unit

Definition
2.
Technical definition
a. b. c. d. e.
xxx xxx Single cartridge Single round Complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, cartridge case, gunpowder and primer
5555
Evolution of Cartridge
1.
Powder charge & ball bullets loaded one after the other Powder charge & shot wrapped in paper Latin charta, paper & French cartouche, roll of paper
2.
5656
Parts of Cartridge
1. 2.
Bullet a.k.a. slug Cartridge case a.k.a. shell or casing Gunpowder a.k.a. propellant or powder charge Primer cup of highly sensitive priming mixture, ignited thru percussion.
3.
4.
Classification of Cartridges
A.
According to the Type of Firearms used:

1. 2. 3. 4.
revolver cartridges pistol cartridges rifle cartridges shotgun cartridges
5858
B.
According to Location of Primers:

1.
2. 3. 4.
Pin-fire cartridges
Obsolete Made by Monsieur Le Facheux of Paris in 1836 Contained pin at the head which (end protrusion) is hit by a hammer for ignition
5959
B.

2.
Rim-fire cartridges .22 pistols, revolvers & rifles Priming mixture inside and around the rim. Hammer or firing pin strikes the rim for ignition Identifiable thru its headstamp
3. 4. 5.
6.
6060
B.

2.
Rim-fire cartridges
3.
Further classification:
4.
cal. .22 short short bullet, short shell cal. .22 long short bullet, long shell cal. .22 L.R. long bullet, long shell
Melcon S. Magnum 6161 cal. .22Lapina, MSCrim extra long
5.
6.
7.
B.

3.
Center-fire cartridges
4.
5. 6. 7.
Used in most modern firearms

Primer cup at the center Firing pin hits the center Flame passes thru vent or flash hole igniting powder charge
6262
Shotgun Shells
Single unit of ammunition for shotguns Parts: tubular case (paper, plastic or metal), metallic base (with primer, powder or propellant), wads, and shots or pellets. Importance ofMelcon S. Lapina, MSCrim wads:
6363
Cartridge Cases
Definition: tubular metallic or nonmetallic container which holds together the bullet, gunpowder, and the primer. Other terms: shell or casing Functions: Holder: bullet, gunpowder & primer; Waterproof container: gunpowder; and Sealer: gas atMelcon S. breech end of the the Lapina, MSCrim
6464
Parts of Cartridge Case

1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Rim Primer Pocket Vent or Flash Hole HEAD and BODY Neck Cannelures Crimp Base Shoulder Extracting Groove
Classification of Cartridge Cases

A.
According to Case Shape: Pistols Revolvers

used in modern rifle cartridges rarest cartridge case
greatest powder capacity Magnum Jet cartridge Caliber .22 (carbines)
6666
Classification of Cartridge Cases: Cal.45 Pistols According to Head

caliber 8 mm x 59 Cal.38 Cal.357 Super 38s Grease Gun Thompson Submachine Gun
caliber 338 magnum
6767
BULLETS
6868
Definition of Bullet
Cylindrical projectile Propelled by expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder
6969
Origin of Bullets
Were not originally used in firearms but in sling Used in firearms placed in front of gunpowder Lead balls as projectiles bullet from French boulette, little ball Delvigne, a French infantry officer, invented breech in 1826 giving way to breech loading system
Origin of Bullets
Modern bullet: Copper jacketed bullet
Elongated bullet with a lead core in a copper coating Greater muzzle velocity
Spitzer bullet
Flew for greater distances more accurately carried more energy

Boat tail bullet
Bullet Classification
A.
According to Mechanical Construction

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Lead Bullets lead or alloys of lead, tin, and antimony, Jacketed Bullets Gilding metal a copper alloy of approximately 90% copper and 10% zinc. Copper-plated steel : jacket of caliber .45 bullets.
9.
8.
NOTE:Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim to prevent Primary function:
7272
B.
According to Bullet Shape
7373
C.
According to Bullet Type

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
solid lead solid hollow-point solid paper-patched metal-cased soft metal-cased hollow point metal point rifled slug
Rifle Bullets
1.
Ball Bullets soft lead cores inside a jacket; used against personnel only Armor-piercing Bullets hardened steel cores; fired at vehicles and other armored targets. Tracer Bullets base contains chemical compound USU barium nitrates, catches fire when the bullet is projected; seen during nighttime.
2.
3.
Rifle Bullets
4.
Incendiary Bullets contain mixture fires on impact; used on combustible targets: gasoline depot, aircrafts, etc. Explosive/fragmentary Bullets contain high charge of explosives; limited to 20 millimeter and above.
5.
7676
Primers
7777
Description of Primer
Portion of cartridge Consists of a brass or gilding metal cup Cup contains highly sensitive mixture of chemical compound Cup is ignited by percussion
Used for igniting the gunpowder or the powder charge Priming mixture may be contained in
Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim Separate primer cup (center fire)
7878
Priming Methods
External priming Matchlock Wheel-lock Flintlock Caplock
7979
Priming Methods
Internal priming Magnum primers: contain more priming compound & hotter flame Berdan primers: Boxer primers:
8080
Parts of Primer
1. 2.
Primer Cup container of the priming mixture Priming Mixture highly sensitive chemical mixture contained in the primer cup Anvil where priming mixture is crushed by a blow from the firing pin Disc small paper or tin foil pressed over the priming mixture; its purpose is to a) hold the priming mixture in place, and b) to exclude moisture
3.
4.
8181
Primer Composition
1.
Potassium chlorate (initiator and fuel) - - 45% Antimony sulphide (element and fuel) - - 23% Fulminate of mercury (initiator) - - - - - - 32%
2.
3.
8282
Gunpowder
8383
Characteristics of Gunpowder
A.k.a. propellant, powder charge Ignited by the primer flash Converted to gas under high pressure Propels bullet or shot thru barrel
8484
Classification & Composition

1.
a.
Black powder
potassium nitrate (75%) Sulphur (10%) Charcoal (15%)
b.
c.
2.
Smokeless based)
a. b.
powder
(nitrocellulose-
Nitrocellulose (60 parts) Nitroglycerine (35 parts) Vaseline (5 parts)

c.
Test of Knowledge and Comprehension
8686
Q1
The National Internal Revenue Code and the Revised Administrative Code define ammunition as a loaded shell for a. rifles b. muskets c. carbines d. all of the above
Q2
It refers to one complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, primer, cartridge case, and gunpowder a. projectile b. firearm c. cartridge d. slug
Q3
It is a Latin word for paper a. cartouche b. charta c. penna d. papyrus
8989
Q4
The following are the advantages of using cartridges, except

greatly speeded the loading of weapon
avoided waste of powder from spillage
soldiers carry with them a bag of powd
provided a uniform charge from shot t
9090
Q5
Technically speaking, the term ammunition refers to a group of cartridges or to a single unit or single cartridge.
a. b. c. d.
the entire primer assembly consisting o
a complete unfired unit consisting of a b
an entire cartridge case, including extra

the bullet consisting of the nose, the bo
Q6
It consists of a tubular case, either paper, plastic or metal, with a metallic base, containing the primer, powder or propellant, wads, and shots or pellets. a. shotgun shell b. shot pellet c. buck shot d. birds eye shot
Q7
Under this definition, the term may also include projectiles propelled from shotguns, although strictly speaking, these projectiles designed for shotguns are called shots, slugs, or pellets. a. primer b. cartridge case c. bullet d. cartridge
Q8
"Bullet" is derived from the French word boulette which roughly means a. little brick b. little box c. little wood d. little ball
9494
Q9
These are bullets that have soft lead cores inside a jacket and are used against personnel only. a. armor-piercing bullet b. ball bullet c. tracer bullet d. incendiary bullet
Q10
These are bullets that contain a chemical compound at the base usually similar to barium nitrates, which catches fire when the bullet is projected. a. armor-piercing bullet b. ball bullet c. tracer bullet d. incendiary bullet
9696
Q11
The centerline of a firearms bore is angled slightly upward so that the projectile crosses the line of sight on its way up and again on its way down at is called the a. effective range b. maximum range c. excess range d. point blank range
Q12
It is the process of machine operation used in making cartridge cases. a. lettering b. drawing c. casting d. drilling
9898
Q13
The following are functions cartridge case, except
a. b. c. d.
of
holding the bullet, gunpowder, and prim serving as waterproof container for the
igniting the priming mixture, and conseq
preventing the escape of gases to the re
9999
Q14
The circular groove near the base of the case or shell designed for the automatic withdrawal of the case after each firing. a. extracting groove b. shoulder c. ejector rod d. base
Q15
The bottom portion of the case which holds: a) the primer that contains the priming mixture; b) the shell head that contains the headstamp, caliber, and year of manufacture. a. extracting groove b. shoulder c. ejector rod d. base
Q16
It is that portion that supports the neck. a. extracting groove b. shoulder c. ejector rod d. base
102102
Q17
Semi-rimmed type cartridges are used in super 38s. These are designed specifically to fit in the mechanism of the super 38s. The rims of the semirimmed are

at level with the body of the cartridge slightly larger than the body and has cannelures for extraction and ejection
smaller than the diameter of the body of the
103103 protruding Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim the cartridge case at the base of
Q18
The rimless types are used in .45 cal. pistols, Thompson submachine guns, grease gun, etc.; the rims are
a. b. c.
at level with the body of the cartridge slightly larger than the body and has cannelures for extraction and ejection protruding at the base of the cartridge case
smaller than the diameter of the body of the cartridge
d.
104104
Q19
A part of the cartridge used for igniting the gunpowder or the powder charge. a. cartridge case b. primer c. bullet d. gunpowder
105105
Q20
He is credited with being the first to conceive the idea of using detonating compounds for igniting powder charges in small arms by percussion. a. John Browning b. Alexander John Forsyth c. Eliphalet Remington d. Elisha King Root
Q21
It is a small cylinder of copper or brass with one closed end and placed over a hollow metal "nipple" at the rear end of the gun barrel. a. minie ball b. shot pellets c. priming mixture d. percussion cap
Q22
The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is a. igniting the propellant b. propelling the bullet c. detonating the gunpowder d. all of them
108108
Q23
It incorporated a "lock" that was actuated by a trigger. The lock was a simple lever which pivoted when pulled, and lowered the match down to the touchhole. a. wheel lock b. cap lock c. matchlock d. flint lock
Q24
It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite. a. wheel lock b. cap lock c. match lock d. flint lock
Q25
It used a flash pan and a spark to ignite the powder. As the name implies, however, it used flint rather than iron pyrite. a. wheel lock b. cap lock c. match lock d. flint lock
Q26
They simply contain more priming compound and give a longer and hotter flame than standard primers. a. Berdan primers b. Boxer primers c. Magnum primers d. all of the above
Q27
It is one kind of cartridge primer that has an anvil which is part of the cartridge itself. a. Berdan primers b. Boxer primers c. Magnum primers d. all of the above
Q28
That portion of the primer against which the priming mixture is crushed by a blow from the firing pin; this must be hard, rigid, and firmly supported to provide the resistance necessary for firing the priming mixture a. anvil b. priming mixture c. disc
Q29
It is the container of the priming mixture; this is made of brass, gilding metal or copper, depending upon the kind. a. anvil b. priming mixture c. disc d. primer cup
Q30
It consists of irregular grains which may have either a dull or a shiny black surface. When fired it produces large volumes of grayish smoke, and considerable residue is left in the barrel. a. smokeless powder b. gunpowder c. primer powder d. black powder
Ballistics Examination and Investigation
117117
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES General Search
Link Firearm evidences/ballistics exhibits perpetrato r to crime Other traces
Search: well-planned & organized Take attention on minute details Extreme patience and keen observation
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES Collection of Physical Evidence
Collect all articles Do not MAC: M-utilate, A-lter, C-ontaminate Sketch & photograph Features of firearm to take note: (1) type, (2) caliber, (3) serial #, (4) whether loaded or not, (5) position of firearm in relation to body, (6) distinct/significant features, (7) place & date of discovery
119119
Features of bullet or bullets to take note:
type of bullet caliber of the bullet shape or form of the bullet presence of metal or bullet fragments place and date of recovery
Features of shell or shells to take note:
number of shells and their order of recovery caliber of the shells trademark or brand of the shells place and date of recovery
121121
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES Collecting firearm:

Handkerchief/non-metallic string into trigger guard Cocked firearm: lump of paper/cloth inserted on open hammer
122122
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES Marking of Physical Evidence: Donts
Dont rely on memory Dont use universal marks such as X Dont move or mark without first taking photographs
123123
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES Marking Firearms and Firearms Evidence: Guiding
Principle Court is satisfied that this is the item (gun, bullet, cartridge, wad, etc.) that was collected. Unmarkable item: secured in a suitable container, the container marked as to item number, date, time, finder, description, location found, etc., sealed and the seal marked in such a way that breaking of the seal would be discernible.
124124
Some Suggested Sites for Marking Handguns
125125
126126
127127
128128
129129
Important Note
When marking, consider the following:
1.
all class and individual characteristics
any trace evidence deposits any of these If in doubt:

2. 1. 2. 3.
wrap the item in a tissue clean piece of paper secure and Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim seal in a vial
any of these
130130
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES Evidences: Transmittal of Physical
Establish Chain of Possession who recovered evidences who received exhibits from him exact time exhibits were submitted date and time received issuance of receipt and by whom location of evidence at any given time Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 131131
ARMS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES RELATED TO FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
132132
How Barrel Is Made

1.
Drilling cutting a hole inside the barrel Reaming removing scars scratches left after drilling
4. 5. 6.
1. 2. 3.
2.
and
3.
Hook Rifling grooving inside the barrels

Broach, Gang Broach, Single Button
Scrape Swage
How Breechface Is Made

Machine cut Machine or hand filing and grinding Finishing operation NOTE: Breechface Where cartridge case and primer are forced backwards. Shell will be imprinted with breechface markings
How Firing Pin Is Made

Cut and shaped Fire finishing according to the grade of weapon
135135
Class Characteristics
136136
common to a group or family of items determinable even prior manufacture of the firearms to the
factory specifications and within the control of man basis for identifying a certain group of class of firearms
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
bore diameter (caliber) number of lands and grooves width of land width of grooves direction of twist pitch of rifling depth of grooves
Individual Characteristics
markings peculiar and not found in all other firearms Determinable only manufacture of firearm beyond the control of man have random distribution caused by tools in in their normal operation
after
the
Marks Found on Fired Bullets

1. 2.
land marks caused by the lands groove marks grooves caused by the
3. 4.
skid marks due to worn out barrel stripping marks/shaving marks due to bullet jumping the rifling
5.
slippage marks caused by rotating resistance of bullet upon entering rifling of breech end.
Marks Found on Fired Shells

1.
firing pin marks caused by a firing pin after hitting the primer cup breechface marks due to impact created by the banging of the shell head and breechblock surface extractor marks created by the action of the extracting mechanism on the empty shells; usually located on the extracting grooves of the Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 141141 shell
2.
3.
Marks Found on Fired Shells

5.
shearing marks striations on the primer caused by sudden movement while being hit by the firing pin; also called secondary firing pin marks chamber marks are mostly found around the body of the fired cartridge case and they are caused by the irregularities in the inside walls of the chamber
142142 magazine Melcon S.markings found at lip Lapina, MSCrim
6.
7.
Summary of Marks Left on Expended Cartridges
143143
Principles of identification of Bullets

1.
No two barrels are microscopically identical. Bullet is engraved by riflings of barrel from where it was fired. Barrel leaves thumb mark on bullet.
2.
3.
144144
Principles of identification of Shells

1.
Breechface & striker microscopical individualities. Firearm leaves cartridge case. fingerprint
leave on
2.
3.
Breechface is distinct.
145145
Test of Knowledge and Comprehension
146146
Q1
6 lands and 6 grooves, left hand twist, narrow land and broad grooves (6-LG2x).
a. b. c. d.
Browning Type Colt Type Steyr Type Smith and Wesson Type
Q2
A gun barrel with very wide lands will have
a. b. c. d.
narrow grooves very wide grooves half as many grooves very deep grooves
148148
Q3
An internal mandrel with rifling configuration which forms rifling in the barrel by means of external hammering. Also known as HAMMER FORGING.
a. b. c. d.
broach, gang scrape swage button
149149
Q4
Bullets fired from a worn-out barrel, oily barrels and slightly over-sized barrels.
a. b. c. d.
skidmarks slippage marks landmarks groovemarks

Q5
Cutting tool which has a clasp-shape and only cuts one groove at a time.
a. b. c. d.
hook broach, gang broach, single button
151151
Q6
Depressed portion cylindrical surface of bullet. a. skidmarks b. slippage marks c. landmarks d. groovemarks
152152
Q7
Five lands and five grooves, right hand twist and lands of equal width (5-RG=L).
a. b. c. d.
Q8
Following are the principles identification of shells, EXCEPT
a.
of
The breechface and striker of every single firearm leave microscopical and individualities of their own.
b. c.
No two barrels are microscopically ident
The firearm leaves its fingerprints or thumbmark Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 154154 on every cartridge case which it fires.
Q9
Four lands and four grooves right-hand twist; narrow land and broad grooves (4-R-G3x).
a. b. c. d.
Steyr Type Colt Type Webley Type Army Type

Q10
Four lands, four grooves, right hand twist and lands or equal width (4-RG=L) used in all earlier self-loading pistols.
a. b. c. d.
Browning Type Browning Type Steyr Type Smith and Wesson Type
Q11
Hardened metal plug with a rifled cross-section configuration. It is pushed or pulled through a drilled and reamed barrel so as to cold form the spiral grooves to the desired depth and twist.
a. b. c.
hook broach, gang broach, single

Q12
If a bullet were to be initialed, which location is NOT suitable location for marking?
a. b. c. d.
ogive anterior portion peripheral portion base

Q13
If the bullet is badly damaged or disfigured, initials shall be placed at the
a. b. c. d.
base anterior portion peripheral ogive

Q14
Instrument used in marking bullets or shells recovered at the crime scene.
a. b. c. d.
marker pentel pen pencil stylus
160160
Q15
Most commonly these marks are found on bullets fired from a revolver due to a poor alignment of the cylinder with the bore.
a. b. c. d.
chamber marks groove marks shaving marks ejector marks

Q16
Negative impression found on the head of the cartridge case after firing.
a. b. c. d.
breechface markings chamber marks extractor marks firing pin impression
162162
Q17
Non-adjustable rifling cutter which cuts all the grooves simultaneously; and is in a series of increasing dimensions until the desired groove depth is achieved.
a. b. c. d.

Q18
One of the following statements regarding principles of identification of bullets is NOT true.
a. b. c.
The engravings on bullets fired from the
No two barrels are microscopically ident
When a bullet is fired from a rifled barre riflings and this engraving will vary in its minut
d.
Every barrel leaves MSCrim Melcon S. Lapina, its thumb mark on e 164164
Q19
Produced upon a cartridge or cartridge case on the head, generally at or near the rim...
a. b. c. d.
chamber marks groove marks shaving marks ejector marks

Q20
Raised or elevated portions cause by the grooves.
a. b. c. d.
skidmarks slippage marks landmarks groove marks
166166
Q21
Seven lands and seven grooves, right hand twist; narrow lands and broad grooves (7-R-G3x).
a. b. c. d.
Steyr Type Colt Type Webley Type Army Type

Q22
Six lands, six grooves, right hand twist, narrow lands and broad grooves. (6-RG2x).
a. b. c. d.
Q23
Spiral grooves in the bore designed to give a spin to the projectile for greater accuracy and carrying power.
a. b. c. d.
gauge rifling caliber bore

Q24
Term used to indicate the bore diameter measured from two opposite land.
a. b. c. d.
gauge measurement rifling caliber

Q25
The indentation in the primer of a center fire cartridge case or in the rim of a rimfire cartridge ...
a. b. c. d.

Q26
The marks left on a bullet by a gun barrel are different from those left by any other gun barrel. This fact is most useful in directly identifying the
a. b. c. d.
direction from which a shot was fired person who fired a particular gun bullet which caused a fatal wound gun from which a bullet was fired
Q27
This is that portion of the firearm against which the cartridge case and the primer are forced backwards when a shell will be imprinted by the tool markings.
a. b. c. d.
breechface extractor ejector firing pin

Q28
This operation results in a longitudinally rough hole of uniform diameter from one end of the barrel to the other.
a. b. c. d.
rifling boring drilling reaming

Q29
This removes some of the scars and scratches left by the drilling operation.
a. b. c. d.
rifling boring drilling reaming
175175
Q30
They are characteristics whose existence is beyond the control of man and which have random distribution.
a. b. c. d.
class characteristics individual characteristic group characteristics similar characteristics

Q31
Tool having a series of cutting edges of slightly increasing height used to cut the spiral grooves in a barrel.
a. b. c. d.

Q32
Tool which cuts two opposing grooves at a time.
a. b. c. d.
broach, gang scrape swage button
178178
Q33
Toolmarks produced upon a cartridge or cartridge case from contact with the extractor. These are usually found on or just ahead of the rim.
a. b. c. d.

Q34
What is the significance on the part of a firearm examiner in knowing the various steps in the manufacture of a firearm?
a. b. c. d.
for him to satisfy the questions in the m
for him to explain the source or cause o
for him to make impression to the public
for him to provide strong basis in the co

Q35
When it comes to fired shells, the best areas where the investigating officer can place his marks are as follows, EXCEPT
a. b. c. d.
base of the fired shells inside, near the open mouth outside, near the open mouth on the body of the shell
Q36
Which of the following is NOT particularly useful in determining whether a fired bullet could have been fired by a particular gun?
a. b. c. d.
rate of twist number of lands and grooves direction of twist

the widths of either the lands or the groo
Q37
The gun barrel shown on the right has: Mag-klik para mag-edit ng mga estilo ng P Ikalawang antas right a. 5 lands and grooves with a antas twist Ikatlong b. 10 lands with a right twistIka-apat na antasantas Ika-limang c. 5 lands with a left twist d. A polygonal profile e. 5 grooves with a left twist

183183
Q38
Which of the following is NOT particularly useful in determining whether a fired bullet could have been fired by a particular firearm,
a. b. c. d.
Number of lands and grooves Direction twist Rate of twist

The widths of either the lands or the gro
THE END
185185
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By MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

Ballistics about motion of projectiles

Gr. ballein or ballo: to throw Roman ballista: a catapult

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Benjamin Robins: one of first to state sound ballistics theories

Berthold Schwartz and Roger Bacon:

Daniel B. Wesson: partner of Horace Smith in revolver making

David Carbine Williams: maker of first known carbine firearms

Dr. Richard Gatling: Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Hiram Maxim: inventor of Maxim Machine gun & Maxim Silencer

Important Points in Firearms History

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Made in 19th century Much more accurate than smoothbore musket

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Small arms: Ex:

Test of Knowledge & Comprehension

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

terminal ballistics forensic ballistics

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

exterior ballistics terminal ballistics

terminal velocity terminal energy

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

pull of gravity air resistance

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

a. Alexander John Forsyth

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

that propel one inch in

engraving on the cylindrical surface of t

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

ricochet blowback recoil full cock

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Legal definition NIRC & RACP

Group of cartridges Single unit

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

According to the Type of Firearms used:

revolver cartridges pistol cartridges rifle cartridges shotgun cartridges

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

According to Location of Primers:

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

According to Location of Primers:

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

According to Location of Primers:

According to Location of Primers:

Used in most modern firearms

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim

Parts of Cartridge Case

4. 5. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Classification of Cartridge Cases

According to Case Shape: Pistols Revolvers