Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t Bi ging Dao ng in t

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1) Nng lng in trng, (W
C
)
L nng lng tch ly trong t in, tnh bi cng thc
2
2
C
1 q
W Cu
2 2C
= =
2) Nng lng t trng, (W
L
)
L nng lng tch ly trong cun cm, tnh bi cng thc
2
L
1
W Li
2
=
3) Nng lng in t, (W)
L tng ca nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng, cho bi
2 2
2
2
L C
2
1 1
Cu Li
2 2
q 1
W W W Li
2C 2
1 1
qu Li
2 2
+
= + = +
+

4) S bo ton nng lng in t ca mch dao ng in t l tng
Gi s
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 o
o 2
o
o
q Q cos t
Q cos t q 1 1
W Li L Q sin t
2C 2 2C 2 i q Q sin t
=

= + = + =

= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 o o o
o o
Q Q Q 1 1 1
cos t L Q sin t cos t L. Q sin t const.
2C 2 2C 2 LC 2C
= + = + = =
Vy trong mch dao ng LC th nng lng c th chuyn ha qua li gia nng lng in trng v nng
lng t trng nhng tng ca chng l nng lng in t lun c bo ton.
Nhn xt:
T cc cng thc tnh trn ta thy nng lng in t bng nng lng t trng cc i v cng bng nng lng
in trng cc i.
Khi ta c
( )
( )
2
o
2
2 2
o
2 2 o o
C o o o
max
o o
2 2 2
L o o o
max
o o
Q
LC
I
Q Q 1 1 1
W CU QU LI
C
2C 2 2 2 2C
W I U
L 1 1 1
W LI LI CU
2 2 2 L
U I
C

= = = =

= =


= =

Cng ging nh ng nng v th nng ca dao ng c, nu mch dao ng bin thin tun hon vi chu k T, tn
s f th nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi tn s l 2f v chu k l T/2.
tnh cc gi tr tc thi (u, i) ta da vo phng trnh bo ton nng lng:
( )
( )
2 2
o
2 2 2 2 2 2
o o
2 2
o
2 2 2 2 2 2
o o
C U u
1 1 1
CU Cu Li Li CU Cu i
2 2 2 L
L I i
1 1 1
LI Cu Li Cu LI Li u
2 2 2 C

= + = =

= + = =

tnh cc gi tr tc thi (i, q) ta da vo h thc lin h:
( )
( )
2 2
o
o o o
q Q cos t
i q
1.
Q Q i q Q sin t
=
| | | |

+ =
| |
= =
\ \

Bi ging 2:
Nng lng Nng lng Nng lng Nng lng Mch dao ng in t Mch dao ng in t Mch dao ng in t Mch dao ng in t

Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t Bi ging Dao ng in t
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T ta c mt s cc cp (i, q) lin hp:
C
o
L
L
o
C
o o
C L
o o
L C
o o
L C
W W
i 0 ; q Q
W 0
W W
i I ; q 0
W 0
I Q 3
i ; q W 3W
2 2
I 3 Q
i ; q W 3W
2 2
I 2 Q 2
i ; q W W
2 2
=
= =

=
= =

= = =
= = =
= = =

V d 1: Mch dao ng l tng gm t in c in dung C = 1 (F) v cun dy c t cm L = 1 (mH).
Trong qu trnh dao ng, cng dng in qua cun dy c ln ln nht l 0,05 (A). Sau bao lu th
hiu in th gia hai bn t in c ln ln nht, ln bng bao nhiu?
Hng dn gii:
Thi gian t lc cng dng in t cc i n lc hiu in th t cc i l T/4 (T l chu k dao ng ring
ca mch). Vy thi gian cn tm l
6 2 4
1 1
t .2 LC 10 .10 1, 57.10 (s).
4 2

= = =
Bo ton nng lng ta c
2
2 2
o o o o 6
1 1 L 10
CU LI U I 0, 05. 5 (V).
2 2 C 10

= = = =
V d 2: Mch dao ng LC c cng dng in cc i I
o
= 10 (mA), in tch cc i ca t in l Q
o
=
4.10
8
(C).
a) Tnh tn s dao ng ring ca mch.
b) Tnh h s t cm ca cun dy, bit in dung ca t in C = 800 (pF).
Hng dn gii:
a) Ta c
3
5 o
o o
8
o
I 10.10
I Q 2, 5.10 (rad/s).
Q 4.10

= = = =
T tn s dao ng ring ca mch l
5
2, 5.10
f 40000 (Hz).
2 2
= = =
b) T phng trnh bo ton nng lng
2 2
2 8
2 o o
o 12 3
o
Q Q 1 1 1 4.10
LI L . 0, 02 (H).
2C 2 C I 800.10 10.10

| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ \

Vy h s t cm ca cun dy l L = 0,02 (H).
V d 3: Mch dao ng LC l tng dao ng vi chu k ring T = 10
4
(s),

hiu in th cc i gia hai bn
t U
o
= 10 (V), cng dng in cc i qua cun dy l I
o
= 0,02 (A). Tnh in dung ca t in v h s t
cm ca cun dy.
Hng dn gii:
Bo ton nng lng ta c ( )
2
2 2 4 o
o o
2
o
U 1 1 L
LI CU 25.10 , 1 .
2 2 C I
= = =
Theo gi thit ( )
2 8
10
2 2
T 10
T 2 LC LC 2, 5.10 , 2 .
4 4.

= = = =
T (1) v (2) ta c
4
10
L
25.10 L 7, 9 (mH)
C
C 31, 6 (nF)
LC 2, 5.10

= =


=

V d 4: Mch dao ng LC gm t C = 6 (F) v cun cm thun. Bit gi tr cc i ca in p gia hai u t
in l U
o
= 14 V. Ti thi im in p gia hai bn ca t l u = 8 V, nng lng t trng trong mch bng
A. W
L
= 588 J. B. W
L
= 396 J. C. W
L
= 39,6 J. D. W
L
= 58,8 J.
Hng dn gii:
Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t Bi ging Dao ng in t
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Bo ton nng lng ta c
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
o L o o
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CU Li Cu W Li CU Cu C U u
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + = = =
Thay s ta c nng lng t trng ca mch l
( )
2 2
L
1
W .6. 14 8 396 J.
2
= =
Vy chn p n B.
Bnh lun:
Trong v d trn cc em thy c cc p n u n v ca W
L
l bi s ca nn trong php tnh ton ta khng
cn thit phi i n v ca in dung C ra Fara. l mt k nng quan trng ca lm trc nghim: hy quan st
p n c hng tnh ton hp l.
V d 5: Ti thi im cng dng in qua cun dy trong mt mch dao ng c ln l 0,1 (A) th hiu
in th gia hai bn t in ca mch l 3 (V). Tn s dao ng ring ca mch l 1000 (Hz). Tnh cc gi tr
cc i ca in tch trn t in, hiu in th hai u cun dy v cng dng in qua cun dy, bit
in dung ca t in 10 (F).
Hng dn gii:
i = 0,1 A
u = 3 V
f = 1000 Hz
C = 10 C
---------------------
Tnh Q
o
; U
o
; I
o



Bo ton nng lng ta c ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 o
o
Q 1 1
Li Cu Q LCi C u , 1 .
2 2 2C
+ = = +
M
2 2
1 1
f LC
4 f 2 LC
= = , thay vo (1) ta c
2 2
2 2 6 2 2 5
o 2 2 2 2
i 0,1
Q C u (10.10 ) .3 3, 4.10 (C).
4 f 4. .1000

= + = + =
Hiu in th cc i v cng dng in cc i c tnh bi
5
o
o 5
5
o o o
Q 3, 4.10
U 3, 4 V.
C 10
I Q 2fQ 2..1000.3, 4.10 0, 21A.

= = =
= = = =

V d 6: Mt mch dao ng LC, cun dy c t cm L = 2 (mH) v t in c in dung C = 0,2 (F).
Cng dng in cc i trong cun cm l I
o
= 0,5 (A). Tm nng lng ca mch dao ng v hiu in
th gia hai bn t in thi im dng in qua cun cm c cng i = 0,3 (A). B qua nhng mt mt
nng lng trong qu trnh dao ng.
Hng dn gii:
Nng lng in t ca mch
2 3 2 3
o
1 1
W LI .2.10 .0, 5 0, 25.10 (J).
2 2

= = =
Mt khc ta cng c
2 3 3 2
2 2
6
1 1 2W Li 2.0, 25.10 2.10 .0, 3
W Li Cu u 40 (V).
2 2 C 0, 2.10

= + = = =
V d 7: Cng dng in tc thi trong mt mch dao ng LC l tng l i = 0,08cos(2000t) A. Cun dy
c t cm l L = 50 (mH).
a) Hy tnh in dung ca t in.
b) Xc nh hiu in th gia hai bn t in ti thi im cng dng in tc thi trong mch bng gi
tr cng dng in hiu dng.
Hng dn gii:
a) T gi thit ta c
6
2 3 2
1 1 1
C 5.10 F 5 (F).
L 50.10 .2000 LC

= = = = =
b) Bo ton nng lng ta c
2 2 2
o
1 1 1
Li Cu LI
2 2 2
+ =
Ti thi im
3
o
o 6
I L 50.10
i I u I 0, 08 4 2 (V).
2C 25.10 2

= = = = =
V d 8: Trong mch dao ng LC c dao ng in t t do (dao ng ring) vi tn s gc 10
4
rad/s. in tch cc
i trn t in l Q
o
= 10
9
C. Khi cng dng in trong mch bng 6.10
6
A th in tch trn t in l
A. q = 8.10
10
C. B. q = 4.10
10
C. C. q = 2.10
10
C. D. q = 6.10
10
C.
Hng dn gii:
Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t Bi ging Dao ng in t
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p dng h thc lin h ta c
( )
( )
2 2
o
o o o
q Q cos t
i q
1.
Q Q i q Q sin t
=
| | | |

+ =
| |
= =
\ \

Thay s vi
2
2
6
4 6 9 10
o
5 9
6.10 q
10 ; i 6.10 ; Q 10 1 q 8.10 (C)
10 10

| |
| |
= = = + = =
|
|
\
\

Vy chn p n A.
V d 9: Mch dao ng in t LC c in tch cc i gia hai bn t in l Q
o
, cng dng in cc i
trong mch l I
o
. Tm khong thi gian ngn nht
a) t khi t bt u phng in n khi cng dng in qua cun dy cc i.
b) t thi im m nng lng in trng cc i n thi im nng lng in trng bng 3 ln nng
lng t trng.
c) t thi im nng lng t trng cc i n thi im nng lng in trng bng nng lng t
trng.
d) t thi im nng lng t trng bng ba ln nng lng in trng n thi im nng lng t trng
cc i.
Hng dn gii:
a) T bt u phng in th q = Q
o
, cng dng in cc i th
o o
i I q Q = =
khi ta c
( )
o
T 2 LC LC
t : q Q q 0 t
4 4 2
= = = = =
b) Nng lng in trng cc i tc q = Q
o
Khi nng lng in trng bng 3 ln nng lng t trng th
2 2 o
C L o
Q 3 3 3
W 3W W q Q q
4 4 2
= = = =
Khi thi gian ngn nht cn tm tha mn
o
o
Q 3 T 2 LC LC
t : q Q q t
2 12 12 6
| |
= = = = =
|
|
\

c) Nng lng t trng cc i tc
o
i I q 0. = =

Khi nng lng in trng bng nng lng t trng th
2 2 o
C L o
Q 2 1 1
W W W q Q q
2 2 2
= = = =
Khi thi gian ngn nht cn tm tha mn
o
o
Q 2 T 2 LC LC
t : q Q q t
2 8 8 4
| |
= = = = =
|
|
\

d) Khi nng lng t trng bng 3 ln nng lng in trng th
2 2 o
L C o
I 3 3 3
W 3W W i I i
4 4 2
= = = =
khi nng lng t trng cc i, tc l i = I
o
.
Khi thi gian ngn nht cn tm tha mn
o
o
I 3 T 2 LC LC
t : i i I t
2 12 12 6
| |
= = = = =
|
|
\

V d 10: Mch dao ng LC c

= =
2
10 1
L (H), C (F).

B qua in tr dy ni. Tch in cho t in n gi
tr cc i Q
o
, trong mch c dao ng in t ring.
a) Tnh tn s dao ng ca mch.
b) Khi nng lng in trng t in bng nng lng t trng cun dy th in tch trn t in bng
bao nhiu phn trm Q
o
?
Hng dn gii:
a) Tn s dao ng ring ca mch l
2 6
1 1
f 5000 (Hz).
2 LC
10 10
2. .


= = =
b) Khi nng lng in trng bng nng lng t trng ta c
2 2 o
C L o
Q 2 1 1
W W W q Q q
2 2 2
= = = =
Vy
o
q 70%Q .
V d 11: Trong mch dao ng t in c cp mt nng lng W = 1 (J) t ngun in mt chiu c sut
in ng e = 4 (V). C sau nhng khong thi gian nh nhau t = 1 (s) th nng lng trong t in v trong
cun cm li bng nhau. Xc nh t cm L ca cun dy ?
Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t Bi ging Dao ng in t
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A. =
2
32
L (nH).

B. =
2
34
L (H).

C. =
2
32
L (H).

D. =
2
30
L (H).

Hng dn gii:
T c np in bng sut in ng mt chiu nn e = U
o
= 4 (V).
Khi nng lng in trng bng nng lng t trng th
2 2 o
C L o
Q 2 1 1
W W W q Q q
2 2 2
= = = =
Khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip m W
L
= W
C
tha mn
o o
Q 2 Q 2 T T
t : q q t 2.
2 2 8 4
| |
= = = =
|
|
\

T ta c T = 4.t = 4 (s).
Mt khc
( )
2
6 2
2 2 2
o
o o
2 2 2 2 6 2
2 2
1
4.10 .4 W CU
U T U 2W 32
2 L (H).
T 4 L 8 W 8 .10
T 2 LC T 4 LC

= = = =

= =

Vy chn p n C.
III. S TNG QUAN GIA DAO NG C V DAO NG IN T
Cc i lng tng t nhau ca dao ng c v dao ng in t th hin qua bng sau:

Dao ng c hc Dao ng in t
x q
v i
2
d
1
E mv
2
=
2
L
1
W Li
2
=
2
t
1
E kx
2
=
2
C
q
W
2C
=
m L
k
1
C