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I N D E X

_______________________________________________________________ Section Subject Page _______________________________________________________________ Intorduction I Geological Overview 1. Hofuf, Dam, and Hadrukh Formations 2. Dammam Formation 3. Rus Formation 4. Umm Er Radhuma Formation 5. Aruma Formation 6. Wasia Formation 7. Shuaiba Formation 8. Biyadh Formation 9. Buwaib Formation 10. Mid-Thamama Formation 11. Yamama Formation 12. Sulaiy Formation 13. Hith Formation 14. Arab Formation 15. Jubaila Formation 16. Hanifa Formation 17. Tuwaiq Mountain Formation 18. Dhruma Formation 19. Marrat Formation 20. Minjur Formation 21. Jilh Formation 22. Sudair Formation 23. Khuff Formation 24. Unayzah Formation 25. Berwath Formation 26. Jubah Formation 27. Jauf Formation 28. Tawil Formation 29. Qalibah Formation 30. Sarah Formation 31. Zarqa Formation 32. Qasim Formation 33. Saq Formation 34. Burj Formation 35. Siq Formation 36. Basement 4 7 7 10 12 12 13 14 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 20 21 23 24 25 25 26 27 27 31 32 32 34 35 36 37 38 38 42 42 42

II

Casing Points 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Rus Formation Casing Point (30 Casing) Aruma Formation Casing Point (24 Casing) Ahmadi Member Casing Point (24 CSG) Biyadh Formation Casing Point (18 5/8 CSG) Mid-Thamama Casing Point (18 5/8 CSG) Hith Casing Point (18 5/8 CSG, 13 3/8 CSG) Arab-D Casing Point (18 5/8 CSG, 13 3/8 CSG) Jilh Formation Casing Point (18 5/8 CSG) Khuff Formation Casing Point

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III

Wellsite Core Handling 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction Conventional-Core Handling Procedures Preserved-Core Handling Procedures Exploration wells Core Handling Procedures Safety Precautions

IV

Drilling Mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations 1. Drilling Mud additives 2. Natural Fluorescence: UV- Light

General Wellsite Requirements

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INTRODUCTION
The main objective of this manual is to provide a quick reference of wellsite field related geological issues to new geologist and trainees. It is also intended to share the knowledge and experiences that are common to Wellsite Geology with other disciplines in Area Exploration, Reservoir Characterizations, Reservoir Engineering and Drilling.

The manual provides an overview of the stratigraphy of the Arabian Peninsula while focusing on the most common lithological description on formation and potential reservoir cuttings within Saudi Aramcos operating areas. At the same time, it relates trends in the rate of penetration (ROP) to picking of formation tops. This data is essential to reduce probable hole problems and to ensure safe picking of casing points. The manual also provides an overview of pitfalls of cuttings description and hydrocarbon fluorescence evaluation while dealing with different types of drilling mud. The manual also covers and provides detail instructions on wellsite core handling procedures while alerting new geologists to a number of important safety issues.

SECTION I

GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

SECTION I: Geological Overview

SECTION I: GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW:

TERTIARY Miocene and Pliocene 1. Hofuf, Dam, and Hadrukh: These formations are usually exposed at the surface or start below the weathered surface. It can only be found in some localized areas in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. It contains layers of limestone, chart, marl, sandstone, and shale beds. Refer to (Figures 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4) for a more detailed lithology, facies, and fossils descriptions. Note: fossils are extremely difficult to see in the cuttings samples.

The quality of cutting samples from these formations is usually poor. Very few strip logs show the lithology description of this section. Furthermore, loss of circulation is possible in this section.

Rate of penetration (ROP) has a random nature and differs from one place to another.

Figure 1.1: Hofuf formation type section (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.2: Dam Formation type section (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

Figure 1.3: Hadrukh Formation type section (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.4: Hofuf, Dam, Hadrukh, Dammam, and Rus Formation type log in Al Hassa area (Source: BRGM, 1977. Al-Hassa Development Project: ground water resources study and management program.)

SECTION I: Geological Overview

Eocene 2. Dammam Formation: Dammam formation consists of five members: (top to bottom) 1. Alat 2. Khobar 3. Alveolina 4. Saila 5. Midra

Loss of circulation is possible and, therefore, the lithology descriptions are found in few strip logs (Figures 1.4, and 1.5).

Alat Limestone: Alat member is composed of two main sections: 1. Light colored chalky, dolomitic limestone and porous limestone. 2. Dolomitic fine-grained orange marl.

The pre-Neogene unconformity is picked on the appearance of the non-sandy limestone.

Khobar Member: It is composed of light brown, partially recrystallized, tight, nummulitic limestone at the top, followed by a yellowish-brown, soft, marly limestone. At the bottom of the Khobar member is another tight limestone and marl layer. Loss of circulation is possible in soft limestone layer.

Alveolina Member: This member is composed of Light-tan, partially recrystallized limestone. The Alveolina member also contains gray and blue-gray, pyretic, shale.

Saila Shale Member: Saila is a dark-brownish-yellow, subfissile clay-shale, underlain by gray limestone. Saila contains also gray and blue marl.

Midra: The top of Midra is picked by the appearance of the yellow-brown earthy clay shale below the limestone of the Saila member.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Midra gives the drilling fluid a sudden distinctive brown color after the blue clay of the overlaying Alveolina zone.

Figure 1.5: Type log from type localities and subsurface (Source: BRGM, 1977. Al-Hassa Development Project: ground water resources study and management program.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

3. Rus formation: Rus formation is a regular casing point. For picking the Rus formation, refer to the casing-points section in this manual, (SECTION-II).

Lower Eocene-Late Paleocene 4. Umm Er Radhuma (UER) Formation: The UER is a major aquifer in Saudi Arabia. It is mainly consists of limestone and/or dolomite. Thin beds of shale and marl are present, especially toward the lower part of the formation.

Loss of circulation is highly possible in the UER because of the soft nature of its carbonates.

ROP tends to be relatively fast in the UER. ROP makes it easier to distinguish the top of UER from the RUS limestone, in the Ghawar area.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

CRETACEOUS Upper Cretaceous

5. Aruma Formation: Aruma is composed of a thin layer of shale at the top, followed by a thick section of limestone and/ or dolomite that is interbedded with shale and marl layers. The shale may contain lignite or pyrite. (Figure 1.6)

ROP in the Aruma limestone is relatively slower than that in the UER. Loss of circulation may occur in the upper part of the Aruma formation.

Aruma contains an oil bearing reservoir. It has produced oil from the Lawah field and other fields, especially off-shore wells (Marjan carbonate Reservoir)

Lower Aruma shale: Within the Aruma formation is the Lower Aruma shale (LAS). It is usually green, gray, fissile, partially calcareous shale and varying to marl and argillaceous limestone.

ROP slows down relative to the upper limestone section.

LAS is a common casing point. Refer to the casing points section in this manual for more details on picking the LAS top.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.6: Aruma Formation type section. (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

6. Wasia Formation: Wasia formation consists of seven members: (top to bottom) 1. Mishrif 6. Safaniya 2. Rumaila 7. Khafji 3. Ahmadi 4. Wara 5. Mauddud

Wasia includes several loss of circulation zones.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Wasia-Aruma Unconformity: this unconformity can be identified by shale and ironstone appearance. It is also easier to identify when Wasia starts with the sand sections of Wara or Safania member, which exhibit fast ROP.

6.1. Mishrif Member: Mishrif member composed mainly of soft limestone that is interbedded by thin shale stringers. Mishrif is a gas-oil reservoir in some of the off-shore wells.

6.2. Rumila Member: Generally, the Rumila member is composed mainly of multi-colored shale. However, Rumila includes a limestone gas-reservoir in some of the off-shore wells.

Praealveolina member: is composed mainly of limestone and/or dolomite. It is interbedded by shale sections which, in turn, cause the E-shaped ROP curve, as mentioned in the casing point section- Ahmadi casing point. Also, Praealveolina is a probable loss of circulation zone.

This section is not a member in the published stratigraphic column used currently in wellsite. However, Praealveolina member top has been frequently picked by wellsite geologists as a separate formation, as can be seen from older strip logs.

6.3. Ahmadi Member: Refer to the casing points section in this manual for Ahmadi Identification.

6.4. Wara Member: Wara is generally consists of layers of siltstone or shale and sandstone. It is considered to be a loss of circulation zone in many areas. Wara is an oil reservoir in some of the off-shore wells.

6.5. Mauddud Member: Mauddud is a highly possible loss of circulation zone with fast ROP. It consists of different kinds of carbonates depending on the location of the well.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

6.6. Safania Member: Safania is mainly composed of clean sandstone and layers of shale or siltstone. In some of the off-shore wells, Safania is a major reservoir. Safania is another loss of circulation zone in Wasia.

6.7. Khafji Member: Khafji is also composed of sandstone and siltstone. It is also a reservoir in the offshore fields.

Lower Cretaceous 7. Shu'aiba Formation: Shuaiba mainly consists of different types of carbonates depending on the well location. The vast extent of Shuaiba is porous with fast ROP. Shuaiba is an oil and gas reservoir in some of the off-shore wells.

In many areas Shuaiba is a loss of circulation zone.

Shuaiba is an oil bearing reservoir in Shybah and many off-shore fields.

8. Biyadh Formation: Biyadh is a casing point in some wells, as described in the casing points section (SECTION II).

Biyadh consists of quartz sandstone interbedded by shale and thin beds of ironstone. In the Jubair field, Biyadh is a sandstone reservoir.

Biyadh exhibits a relatively faster ROP compared to the boundary formations. A thin section of carbonate exists, also, in Biyadh. However, this thin section of carbonates dominates the formation toward the off-shore fields.

The Zubair oil reservoir found in the northern fields and off-shore wells exists in the Biyadh formation.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

9. Buwaib Formation: Generally, Buwaib is composed of three distinct layers: (top-bottom) 1. Argillaceous Limestone Section: multi-colored, and exhibit different levels of dolomatization depending on the location of the well.

2. Sandstone section: exhibits poorly sorted quartz sandstone and interbedded

by siltstone in some wells. This sandstone section is an oil reservoir in some of the northern and off-shore fields such as Rimthan field. 3. Sandy Limestone: multi-colored limestone, dolomitized in part.

10. Mid-Thamama: Mid-Thamama is composed of hard carbonates (limestone) which exhibit a slow ROP. Mid-Thamama does not appear on the latest stratigraphic column. However, it is sill used frequently in the current wells geological programs.

11. Yamama Formation: Yamama is mainly composed of soft carbonates (calcarnitic limestone). This section is the Upper Ratawi reservoir which has produced oil in many fields such as Marjan, Sharar, and Khurasania fields. At the bottom of Yamama is another section of limestone.

12. Sulaiy Formation (lower Ratawi Reservoir): Like Yamama, Sulaiy is mainly composed of carbonates (limestone). Dolomite is also present with different level of dolomitization from one area to another.

Sulaiy exhibits a faster ROP due to the abundance of the soft calcarnite. In fact, the top of Sulaiy has a distinctive drilling break that can be used as a marker when doing well correlations.

The Lower Ratawi reservoir exists at the top part of Sulaiy. Water flow may occur in the Sulaiy formation.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

JURASSIC 13. Hith Formation: Hith is predominantly composed of a thick layer of anhydrite interbedded occasionally by thin carbonate beds (dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone,

calcareous dolomite). (Figure 1.10)

Manifa carbonate-reservoir, if present, exists at the top part of Hith. It has produced oil in Abu-Hadria and Manifa fields among others.

Thin layers of salt (halite) exist in Hith anhydrite. It is difficult to find halite in the cutting samples. However, it could easily be identified by the distinctive fast drilling breaks. Also, the level of chloride increases significantly in the drilling mud.

Hith is a casing point as described in the casing points section.

14. Arab Formation: Arab formation consists of 4 members, Arab-A, B, C, D. It consists of porous layers of soft carbonates separated by anhydrite. The porous layers contain the Arab reservoirs and the anhydrite units seal these reservoirs. (Figures 1.7, and 1.10)

ROP slows down in the anhydrite units and speeds up in the soft carbonates.

Salt stringers occur in the Arab formation. Salt can be identified by distinctive fast ROP breaks and an increase of chloride in the drilling mud.

15. Jubaila Formation Jubaila is generally made of well-indurated argillaceous limestone. ROP is

distinctively slower than the overlaying Arab formation and the underling Hanifa formation. (Figure 1.8) shows a more detailed lithology description from the outcrop. In some areas Jubaila contains a thin oil reservoir. (Figure 1.10) shows Jubaila Formation from a well in the Qatif area.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.7: Arab Formation type section and reference section (Abqaiq-71) (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.8: Jubaila Limestone reference section. (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

16. Hanifa Formation: Hanifa is another carbonate formation. The top is marked by a thick bed of oolitepellet calcarenite. The formation is made of alternating aphanitic and calcarenitic limestone, much of it oolitic. Argillaceous limestone units and thin beds of shale are also present. Dolomatization has occurred in some parts of Hanifa. (Figure 1.9)

Hanifa is an oil reservoir in many areas. ROP is relatively faster than the boundary formations.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.9: Hanifa Formation reference section. (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

17. Tuwaiq Mountain Formation: Generally, the Tuwaiq Mountain formation is a massive, compacted, limestone section (mainly aphanitic limestone and calcaranitic limestone). Porous units of limestone occur at the upper part of the formation, forming the Hadria reservoir which has produced oil in the Fadhili, Ramlah, and Qatif fields. Also, the Upper Fadhili oil reservoir is present at the lower part of the formation. Thin beds of shale and marl are occasionally present in the formation. (Figure 1.10)

ROP is generally slow except in the reservoir zone.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.10: Sequence stratigraphy of the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Qatif field. (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

18. Dhruma Formation: Dhruma consists of: (top to bottom) 1. Upper Dhruma, which is subdivided into the Hisyan and Atash members 2. Middle Dhruma 3. Lower Dhruma which contains the Dhibi unit

18.1. Upper Dhruma: (top to bottom) 18.1-A: Hisyan member: Usually, it starts with a bed of shale, but not in all areas. Below, beds of carbonates (limestone and/or argillaceous limestone) and shale are alternating.

The majority of Hisyan drills relatively slower than the lower part of Tuwaiq Mountain formation (Upper Fadhili Reservoir), above, and Atash (Lower Fadhili Reservoir).

18.1-B: Atash member: the top is also marked by shale. Below, a thicker bed of limestone that is interbedded by shale units. Atash limestone exhibits reservoir quality units, such as in the Lower Fadhili Reservoir.

18.2. Middle Dhruma: Middle Dhruma is composed mainly of limestone, containing beds of clean calcarnite at different levels with good porosity. Sharar Reservoir and Faridah are examples of these porous layers.

Middle Dhruma can be identified by the strong-negative drilling break after the fast drilling in the Lower Fadhili Reservoir, if present.

18.3. Lower Dhruma: The majority of the Lower Dhruma consists of shale, except for the Dhibi limestone member at the upper part. Thin beds of Gypsum are present.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

19. Marrat Formation: The majority of Marrat is made of limestone. Anhydrite is found in various wells at the top of Marrat. A distinctive brick red pyretic shale layer is present within the formation. This shale section could be identified by a negative drilling break. (Figure 1.11) shows more details of lithology.

Marrat reservoir exists in the calcaranitic limestone section at the upper part of the formation.

Figure 1.11: Marrat Formation reference section (Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

TRIASSIC 20. Minjur Formation: Upper Minjur: The top of Minjur is marked by the appearance of multi-colored loose sandstone and shale. It is interbedded by layers of siltstones, claystone, and shale. Thin ironstone stringers are found, also, within the formation.

Minjur exhibits good reservoir quality, but it is wet. However, oil has been produced from the Minjur formation in the Jauf field.

Lower Minjur: Sandstones are interbedded by siltstones and shale. Drilling is alternately fast (in the sandstone) and slow (in the siltstone).

21. Jilh Formation: The Jilh top is marked by the appearance of anhydrite and/or carbonates (commonly oolitic limestone) after the Minjur sandstone and/or shale.

Jilh formation is divided into: 1. Upper Jilh 2. Lower Jilh

21.1. Upper Jilh Formation: Upper Jilh can be divided into the following rock units: Interbedded light gray, off-white dolomite, dolomitic limestone. Shale is abundant in this unit, which contributes to the ROP slowing down. Anhydrite is present as well as salt stringer. These salt stringers, if present, can be traced by the distinctive fast drilling breaks.

Jilh Dolomite: The Jilh Dolomite rock unit is marked by the appearance of the sucrosic (clean) dolomite or dolomitic limestone. This section has more porosity than the overlain section. Also, shale percentage

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

decreases/disappears at the Jilh dolomite. This porous section contains the Jilh Reservoir.

ROP increases relative to the upper section.

21.2. Lower Jilh: Below the Jilh Dolomite is a rock unit that is marked by the increased appearance of shale again after the Jilh Dolomite. ROP is relatively slower in this section relative to the Jilh Dolomite. (Base Jilh Dolomite)

Base Jilh Dolomite is a common casing point, as mentioned in the casing point section in this manual.

Like the upper Jilh, the lower Jilh is composed mainly of carbonates (dolomite, dolomatic limestone, and limestone), anhydrite, and shale. However, the Lower Jilh is known to be a high pressure zone. Therefore, casing is set in the Base Jilh Dolomite to increase the mud weight to compensate for the high-pressure zone.

22. Sudair Formation: The upper Sudair is predominantly composed of shale (mostly brick-red shale). However, the upper Sudair exhibits reservoir quality stringers (dolomite) outside of Saudi Arabia (Kuwait).

The lower Sudair contains layers of carbonates and anhydrite as well as shale and siltstone. ROP is relatively slow.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

PERMIAN 23. Khuff Formation: Khuff is a massive interbedded limestone, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone formation with occasional anhydrite. Shale is present especially toward the lower part. The formation is divided into three members, Khuff-A, B, C, D anhydrite, and Khuff-E. (Figure1.12) shows more detailed lithological description of the section.

The formation has two common casing points, as described in the casing points section.

The Khuff formation contains three gas reservoirs (Khuff A, B, and C).

The rate of penetration varies between the reservoir zones and the less porous sections.

PERMIAN/CARBONIFEROUS 24. Unayzah Formation: Unayzah formation is a major clastic formation in the stratigraphic column. It has been previously divided into three members Unayzah-A, B, C. Lately, a new subdivision of the formation has been adopted in SAUDI ARAMCO (Figure 1.13). However, the old classification of the formation is still widely used.

Generally, Unayzah consists of sandstone sections interbedded by siltstone and/or shale layers. Unayzah-A is the most porous section of all Unayzah units. (Figure 1.14) shows a detailed description of the Unayzah formation from Hawtah-6.

The sandstone-siltstone special distribution has a random nature within the formation. Therefore, the wellsite geologist should not totally rely on correlations with the offset wells.

Unayzah contains four reservoirs Unayzah-A, A2, B, and C. They mainly produce gas. Unayzah A, and B has produced oil in central Arabia only.

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ROP drills relatively fast in the porous sandstone units and slows down in the siltstone.

Figure 1.12: Khuff Formation reference section Source: Powers et al. Geology of the Arab. Pen.)

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Figure 1.13: Unayzah new stratigraphic classification (Saudi Aramco)

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Figure 1.14: The Unayzah Formation and basal Khuff clastics sequence in HWTH-6 (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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CARBONIFEROUS

25. Berwath Formation: Berwath is composed mainly of shale interbedded by thin layers of dolomite. A thin layer of sandstone is present toward the lower boundary with Jubah. (Figure 1.15)

Figure 1.15: Berwath and Jubah Formations in Abu-Safah-29 (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

DEVONIAN 26. Jubah Formation: Jubah is a sandstone formation interbedded by siltstone and/or silty-shale (Figures1.15, 1.16). The sand in Jubah sandstone is mostly medium and coarse grained sandstone that contains subrounded and rounded quartz grains. In the lower part, sandstone beds are light gray and contain light and dark minerals that give it a salt and pepper appearance. Ferruginous and manganiferous cement and grain coatings are common. Mica occurs, also.

27. Jauf Formation: The Jauf formation is subdivided into 5 members: 1. Murayr (Fiyadh) 4. Qasr 2. Hammamiyat 3. Subbat: contains Jauf Reservoir

5. Shaiba

(Figure 1.16) shows a generalized description of the formation.

Figure 1.16: Jubah, Jauf, Tawil, and Qalibah Formations corss-section(Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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Figure 1.17: Generalised stratigraphic column of the Jauf Formation of nowthwest Arabia (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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28. Tawil Formation: Tawil is another clastics formation. It contains mainly sandstone and siltstone. (Figure 1.18) shows lithology description from the outcrop.

Figure 1.18: Tawil Formation Reference section (Source: Explanatory notes to the geologic map of the Al Qalibah Quadrangle, sheet 28C, Saudi Arabia)

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SILURIAN 29. Qalibah Formation: Qalibah is subdivided into 2 members: 1. Sharawra: sandstone interbedded by shale and siltstone 2. Qasaiba: mostly shale and siltstone with a layer of sandstone that contains the Mid-Qasaiba gas reservoir.

(Figure 1.19) shows a more detailed lithology description of this formation from Udaynan-1. (Figure 1.20) shows an outcrop description of the formation.

Figure 1.19: Subsurface composite reference section of Qalibah Formation in central Arabia (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

Figure 1.20: Surface reference section of the Qalibah Formation at Al Qalibah (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

30. Sarah Formation: To understand the Sarah formation, it is important to understand its depositional origin. Sarah sandstone is originally deposited by giant glacial channels. Therefore, the sandstone of Sarah is poorly sorted. Also, the thickness of the Sarah formation varies significantly within a small area.

The Sarah Reservoir has produced oil from several wells in central Arabia. (Figure 1.21) shows core descriptions of the formation.

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

ORDVICIAN 31. Zarqa Formation: Similar to Sarah, Zarqa sand was deposited during glacial advance. Therefore, the sand is distinctively poorly sorted, yielding a low porosity sandstone section.

Figure 1.21: Sarah and Zarqa Formation from the reference section at Jaz az Zarqa, central Arabia (Source: Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.)

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SECTION I: Geological Overview

32. Qasim Formation: Qasim formation is subdivided into 4 members: (top to bottom) 1. Quwarah: contains Quwarah gas Reservoir contains Kahfah gas Reservoir 4. Hanadir 2. Raan 3. Kahfah:

1.

Quwarah Member: Sandstone beds occur in Quwarah. The sandstone is bounded by siltstone layers. The sand stone contains the Quwarah gas Reservoir.

2. 3.

Raan Member: Raan is predominately composed of clay. (Figure 1.22) Kahfah member: Kahfah is composed mainly of sandstone which contains Kahfah gas Reservoir. Silty claystone occurs toward the upper part of the Kahfah. (Figures 1.22, 1.23)

4.

Hanadir Member: Hanider is mainly composed of claystone interbedded by siltstone. Sandstone occurs toward the lower part of Hanadir

ORDOVICIAN/CAMBRIAN

33. Saq Formation: Saq is predominantly composed of multi-colored, poorly to well-sorted quartz sandstone. Thin layers of siltstone are present. (Figure 1.24) shows a generalized stratigraphic section of the Saq.

Saq is subdivided into: (top-bottom) 1. Sajir member 2. Risha

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Figure 1.22: Sedimentological log of the At-Tirq 2 measured section; upper part of the Hanadir Member and the Kahfah Member (Source: Qasim Formation: Ordovician Strom- and TideDominated Shallow-Marine Siliciclastic Sequences, Central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia v. 6, no.2, p.233-268.)

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Figure 1.23: Sedimentological log of the At-Tiraq 1 measured section; Upper part of the Hanadir Member and Kahfah Member ( Source: Qasim Formation: Ordovician Strom- and Tide- Dominated Shallow-Marine Siliciclastic Sequences, Central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia v. 6, no.2, p.233-268.)

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Figure 1.24: Generalized Stratigraphic section of the Saq Sandstone (Source: Geologic map of the Buraydah quadrangle, sheet 26G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry of Mineral Resources Geosciences Map Series GM-114)

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CAMBRIAN 34. Burj Formation: Burj is mainly composed of shale and carbonates.

35. Siq Formation: Siq is composed mainly of sandstone.

PRECAMBRIAN 36. Basement: It is time to seriously consider pulling out of hole (POOH).

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REFERENCES

Powers, R. A., L. F. Ramierez, C. D. Redmond, and E. L. Elberg, 1966. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Sedimentary Geology of Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geological Survey,

Sharland, P.R., R. Archer, D.M. Casey, R.B. Davies, S.H. Hall, A.P. Heward, A.D. Horbury and M.D. Simmons 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication 2, Bahrain.

Manivit, J., D. Waslet, A. Berthiaux, P. Le Strat, and J. Fourniguet, 1986. Geologic map of the Buraydah quadrangle, sheet 26G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry of Mineral Resources Geosciences Map Series GM-114, scale 1:250, 000, with text 32 p.

Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), 1977. Al-Hassa Development Project: ground water resources study and management program. Ministry of Agric. Water, Riyadh

Dominique Janjou, Mohammed A. Halawani, Mohammed S. Al-Muallem, Christian Robeline, Jean-Michel Brosse, SerCourbouleix, Jacques Dagain, Antonin Genna, Philippe Razin, M. John Roobol, Hassan Shorbaji, Robert Wyns, 1996, Explanatory Notes to the Geologic Map of the Al Qalibah Quadrangle, Sheet 28C, Saudi Arabia

Senalp, M., A.A. Al-Duaiji, 2001. Qasim Formation: Ordovician Strom- and Tide- Dominated Shallow-Marine Siliciclastic Sequences, Central Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia v. 6, no.2, p.233-268.

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SECTION II

CASING POINTS

Reviewed by: Rifat HajiSmail, WSGU Geologist Manahi Al-Otiebi, WSGU Geologist

SECTION II: Casing Points 1. Rus Formation Casing Point: (30 Casing) Introduction: Rus casing is intended to prevent shallower formations collapsing (Hofuf, Dam, Hadrukh, and Dammam). These shallow formations are mainly loose with loss of circulation zones, such as the Khobar Member. Therefore, such a large sized hole collapsing is highly possible. A secondary objective of the Rus casing is to protect the Umm Er Radhuma aquifer below Rus.

There are two different geological casing-settings for the Rus Formation. A. Rus Collapse (Ghawar Area): In the Ghawar area (Ain Dar, Uthmaniyah, Hawyah, Haradh, and areas toward the southern part of Abqaiq), the Rus anhydrite disappears from the section and the Rus top starts with carbonates. Unlike the rest of Ghawar fields, the majority of Shadugum exhibits anhydrite at the top of the Rus. B. Rus Anhydrite: Outside of the Ghawar area such as Tinat, Waqar, Midrekah, Northern fields, off shore wells, and Shadgum from Ghawar area, the Rus top is associated with the anhydrite appearance.

Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples): The last sections of Dammam Formation (Saila, and Midra members), which are above Rus, are mainly composed of shale, red clay, and marl. However, sand could possibly show up in the samples due to the caving in from the sand zones in the upper sections. Limestone, also, exists in the Dammam Formation. To pick the top of Rus, there are two different scenarios:

A. Rus Collapse (Ghawar Area): In the Ghawar area the Rus is identified by the first appearance of carbonates (limestone) after drilling through 30 to 40 ft of Midra and Saila shale and marl. In the Ghawar area anhydrite disappears totally from the Rus Formation and will not be seen in samples. A few traces of gypsum can be seen in some places and should not be confused for anhydrite. (Figure 2.1.1: HRDH-56) (Figure 2.1.2: Ain Dar-270).

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SECTION II: Casing Points B. Rus Anhydrite: Outsides of the Ghawar area the top of Rus is picked with the first appearance of anhydrite in the samples. The limestone that exists in the Ghawar area is rarely seen. (Figure 2.1.3: FZRN-12) (Figure 2.1.4: SHDGM-223)

2. Rate of Penetration (ROP): A. Ghawar Area: The softer carbonates of Rus exhibit a relatively faster ROP compared to the Dammam Formation. (Figure 2.1.1: HRDH-56) B. Rus Anhydrite: On the other hand, when Rus starts with Anhydrite ROP slows down relative to the overlaying section. (Figure 2.1.3: FZRN-12)

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Figure 2.1.1: HRDH-56

Figure 2.1.2: Ain Dar-27

Figure 2.1.3: FZRN-12

Figure 2.1.4: SHDGUM-223

SECTION II: Casing Points 2. Aruma Formation Casing Point: (24 CSG) Introduction Aruma casing is placed in the Lower Aruma Shale. Usually, a loss of circulation occurs in Umm Er Radhuma above Aruma, and therefore, picking Lower Aruma Shale (L.A.S) depends mostly on the ROP correlations and could, also, be estimated by the isopach from the nearest wells.

Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples): The majority of Aruma formation consists of carbonates (limestone, and dolomite). A few stringers of shale are present. However, the Lower Aruma Shale is the thickest shale section, and it is the most noticeable shale section for its thickness. Up to 100% shale is observed in the samples and will be in more than one sample. (Figure 2.2.1: TINT-2) (Figure 2.2.2: MAGHRIB-2)

2. Rate of Penetration (ROP): Normally, the dominant carbonate sections of Aruma drill relatively fast. When getting into the L.A.S, drilling will start to slow down. (Figure 2.2.3: SHDGM-230)

3. Isopach Estimation In many other cases, the characteristic of sudden decrease of ROP when getting into L.A.S is not always evident. (Figure 2.2.4: FZRN-13) and (Figure 2.2.2: MAGHRIB-2) show that a number of the Aruma carbonates sections slow down drilling prior to drilling through L.A.S. For cases like FZRN-13, where there is a loss of circulation and an unclear ROP trend, the isopach (thickness) of Aruma from the adjacent wells provides a reasonable estimation of where to expect L.A.S. Consulting the reservoir geologist is recommended, in cases like FZRN-13, to acquire a further insight into how the Aruma Formation behaves between the offset wells and your well.

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Figure 2.2.1: TINT-2

Figure 2.2.2: MAGHRIB-2

Figure 2.2.3: SHDGUM-230

Figure 2.2.4: FZRN-13

SECTION II: Casing Points 3. Ahmadi Member Casing Point: (24 CSG) Introduction: When Ahmadi casing is planned, it is intended to seal all the highly-possible loss of circulation zones above Ahmadi (Umm Er Radhuma, Lawhah, Rumaila, and Mishref). Ahmadis shale provides a firm casing shoe, unlike Wara loose sand below Ahmadi. Therefore, casing is set in Ahmadi to avoid further losses of circulation.

Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples) Ahmadi formation is mainly composed of a thin carbonates section at the top and a dominant shale section below. It has been a customary practice, in wellsite, that the casing point of Ahmadi is calculated 30 to 50 below the top of the shale section. (Figure 2.3.1: UTMN-600) In offshore fields, the geology of Ahmadi is different. It consists mainly of carbonates. However, Ahmadi is not a casing point in these fields. (Figure 2.3.2: MRJN-29)

2. Rate of Penetration (ROP) When drilling into Ahmadi a loss of circulation is common due to the many losses of circulation zones above Ahmadi. Therefore, the Ahmadi casing point is usually picked by observing the ROP. Ahmadi casing is commonly characterized by the E-shaped ROP curve, in which 3 separate stringers of slow drilling are observed, due to carbonates stringers of Praealveolina. After encountering the E-shaped ROP, a relatively faster ROP is detected due to the shale of Ahmadi. (Figure 2.3.3: SHDGUM-230) (Figure 2.3.4: AIN DAR-277) In many situations the E-shaped ROP is not observed. Instead 2, 4 or 5 stringers of slow drilling are detected by the ROP, (Figures 2.3.5-6). This is mainly due to the different drilling parameters adopted in different drilling rigs and, also, due to variations of lithology of the upper part of Ahmadi and the Praealveolina limestone from one area to another. To ensure that you have drilled through the carbonates of Praealveolina and Ahmadi, and reached the shale, it is recommended to drill up to 25 ft below the third stringer of slow ROP. If the ROP continues to be fast after the 25 ft, then you are assured that the shale section has certainly been reached. If drilling slows down, significantly, before drilling through the 25 ft, it indicates a high probability of another carbonates stringer. It is also recommended to drill this section with a constant weight on the bit, if possible, to ensure that ROP trends are due to the formation, and not the drilling parameters.

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The E-shaped ROP curve

Figure 2.3.1: UTMN-600

Figure 2.3.2: MRJN-29

The E-shaped ROP curve

Figure 2.3.3: SHDGUM-230

The E-shaped ROP curve

Figure 2.3.4: AIN DAR-277

Figure 2.3.5: HRDH-927

Figure 2.3.6: HRDH-922

SECTION II: Casing Points 4. Biyadh Formation Casing Point: (18 5/8 CSG) Introduction: Biyadh casing is intended to seal off the loss circulation zone of Shuaiba and, also, the swelling shale of upper Biyadh. Therefore, it is placed +/- 300 feet into Biyadh. Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples) The top of Biyadh is characterized by quartz sandstone and shale underlay Shuaiba carbonates section. This dramatic change of lithology clearly indicates the Biyadh top. (Figure 2.4.1: SHDGUM-239), (Figure 2.4.2: HRDH-52) A loss of circulation is probable and cutting samples might not be available.

2. Rate of Penetration (ROP) Biyadh ROP is considerably faster than the overlaying Shuaiba carbonates section, (Figure 2.4.2: HRDH-52). The ROP break is less dramatic in many other situations. (Figure 2.4.3: HRDH-56).

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Figure 2.4.1: SHDGUM-239

Figure 2.4.2: HRDH-52

Figure 2.4.3: HRDH-56

SECTION II: Casing Points 5. Mid-Thamama Formation Casing Point: (18 5/8 CSG)

Introduction: Mid-Thamama casing is not a regular casing point. It is planned when Biyadh casing is skipped. Mid-thamama casing serves the same purposes that the Biyadh casing serves, i.e. to seal off Shuaiba loss zone and the swelling of Biyadh shale. Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples) Mid-Thamama top is easier to pick when cuttings are available. The last section of Buwaib Formation, that overlays Mid-Thamama, consists of siltstone and shale. The top of Mid-Thamama is marked by the appearance of limestone (hard limestone) in the cuttings. (Figure 2.5.1: HRDH-52) (Figure 2.5.2: SHDGUM-239) (Figure 2.5.3: TINT-2) 2. Rate of Penetration (ROP) Top of Mid-Thamama limestone is hard and, hence, slows down drilling relative to the overlaying section. (Figure 2.5.1: HRDH-52).

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Figure 2.5.1: HRDH-52

Figure 2.5.2: SHDGUM-239

Figure 2.5.3: TINT-2

SECTION II: Casing Points 6. Hith Formation Casing Point: (18 5/8 Casing, 13 3/8 Casing) Introduction: Hith is, also, not a regular casing point. It is planned when Biyadh and Mid-Thamama casings are skipped. It meets the same objectives served by Biyadh and Mid-Thamama casings. This casing point is placed +/- 100 feet into Hith.

Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples) Hith is picked when anhydrite starts to appear in the cutting samples, after Sulaiy carbonates. (Figure 2.6.1: HRDH-60) (Figure 2.6.2: HRDH-56) (Figure 2.6.3: ST-39)

2. Rate of Penetration (ROP) Ideally, Hiths anhydrite slows down drilling after Sulaiy carbonates, (Figures 2.6.2-3). However, this trend is not always clear especially when using a PDC bit.

3. Isopach Picking Hith is an easy task when cuttings are available. However, if a loss of circulation is present, then a good estimation is achieved by reviewing the nearest wells isopach for Sulaiy to estimate the top of Hith.

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Figure 2.6.1: HRDH-60

Figure 2.6.2: HRDH-56

Figure 2.6.3: ST-39

SECTION II: Casing Points 7. Arab-D Member Casing Point (18 5/8 CSG, 13 3/8 CSG) Introduction: This casing is set in the Arab-D Member (5 -10 feet above the top of Arab-D Reservoir) to seal off all the high pressure water flow zones above Arab-D Reservoir. The sections overlaying Arab-D Reservoir require drilling with a high mud weight. Therefore, it is necessary to set the casing above Arab-D Reservoir to maintain a lower mud weight to drill the soft Arab-D Reservoir. Extra precautions are necessary when picking this casing point to avoid penetration into the highly porous Arab-D Reservoir which results in a severe loss of circulation, (Figure 2.7.1: SHDGUM), and drilling hazards.

Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples) The key for picking the Arab-D casing point is to pay attention to the Post Arab-D Stringer which is present in the lower part of Arab-D Member. This carbonate stringer is usually 5- 10 feet above the Arab-D reservoir and therefore provides a good indication that you are getting extremely close to the casing point. (Figure 2.7.2: HWYH-200), (Figure 2.7.3: NYYM-2) However, do not wait to see the stringer in the cutting samples. It will be too late when you get the carbonates of this stringer in the samples because of the fast drilling and long lag time. Instead, detect the stringer using the ROP method. 2. Rate of Penetration (ROP) The anhydrite in Arab-D Member slows down the ROP. Post Arab-D Stinger, on the other hand, will significantly speed up the ROP. The stringer is only 2-8 feet in thickness; therefore, it is highly recommended that the well-site geologist observes the ROP from the geolograph at the rig floor to closely detect the increase of ROP in Post Arab-D stringer. (Figure 2.7.4: DARB-1), (Figure 2.7.5: HRDH-56), In the Qatif area as well as in some parts of Ghawar, such as Uthmaniyah, and south western Haradh, there are usually two separate stringers above the Arab-D reservoir (Figure 2.7.6: QTIF). It is recommended to discuss the geology, ROP and gas indications with the reservoir geologist. 3. Isopach It is suggested that the wellsite geologist keep a record of the thicknesses of Arab members from the nearby wells. It usually provides a good estimate of where to pick the tops. However, you should not totally rely only on this piece of information.

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Figure 2.7.1: SHDGUM

Figure 2.7.2: HWYH-200

Figure 2.7.3: NYYM-2

Figure 2.7.4: DARB-1

Figure 2.7.5: HRDH-56

2 Post Arab-D St

Figure 2.7.6: QTIF

SECTION II: Casing Points 8. Jilh Formation Casing Point: (18 5/8 Casing) Introduction: Jilh casing is designed to case off the Jurassic section prior to drilling into the Lower Jilh. The Lower Jilh section is generally a high pressure zone and, therefore, requires a much higher drilling-mud weight. This casing point is critical and demands special attention not to drill more than 30 ft to 40 ft below Base Jilh Dolomite to avoid encountering the high pressure zone prior to setting the casing. Casing Point Identification: 1. Geology (Cutting Samples) Minjur Formation, which overlays Jilh Formation, is a clastic section. The top of Jilh Formation is picked by the appearance of carbonates in the samples. The samples will also contain shale accompanied with sand and traces of anhydrite in some areas. Then, Jilh Dolomite section is picked by the appearance of the distinctive, clean, light colored, sucrosic dolomite or dolomitic limestone. It is highly probable to see shale also in the samples due to shale caving down into the hole from the upper section. However, the percentage of caving shale decreases in the Jilh Dolomite section and the sucrosic Dolomitic limestone percentage increases. Then, Base Jilh Dolomite is picked when the shale percentage increases again in the samples and the sucrosic dolomite decreases or disappears. Anhydrite is also found in the B.J.D. (Figure 2.8.1: HWYH-200), (Figure 2.8.2: SHDGUM-238)

2. Rate of Penetrations (ROP) Usually, ROP increases in the Jilh Dolomite and then slows down at the upper part of Base Jilh Dolomite. (Figure 2.8.3: HRDH-60), (Figure 2.8.4: HRDH-52)

3. Isopach It is suggested to review the thickness of Jilh Dolomite from the nearest wells to estimate the top and the Base of Jilh Dolomite. If the offset wells are close enough, it could provide a close estimation.

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Figure 2.8.1: HWYH-200

Figure 2.8.2: SHDGUM-238

Figure 2.8.3: HRDH-60

Figure 2.8.4: HRDH-52

SECTION II: Casing Points 9. Khuff Formation Casing Sets: (9 5/8 Casing, 7 liner) Introduction: In Khuff Formation, there are two points where casing is set: A. Top of Khuff Formation (10 to 15 below the top): This casing is set when the Lower Jilh has a high pressure zone that requires a high mud weight. So, the casing is set at the top of the Khuff Formation, prior to drilling into the porous Khuff-A Reservoir, to prevent the heavy-drilling mud from breaking into the formation causing a loss of circulation and drilling hazards. B. Below Khuff-D Anhydrite: If no high pressure zone is encountered in Jilh, then this casing is set 400-550 below the top of Khuff-D Anhydrite.

Casing Point Identification 1. Geology (Cutting Samples): A. Khuff formation: Top of the Khuff Formation is easily identified by the appearance of clean carbonates (chalky limestone) in the samples after Sudair. (Figure 2.9.1: SHDGUM-223), (Figure 2.9.2: NYYM-2) B. Khuff-D Anhydrite: is picked by the appearance of Anhydrite in the samples below the base of Khuff-C Reservoir. Khuff-D Anhydrite exists in two separate stringers. These two stringers are separated by a 20 ft to 30 ft of carbonates section. The top of Khuff-D Anhydrite is picked at the first appearance of the first Anhydrite stringer. (Figure 2.9.3: AIN DAR-277), (Figure 2.9.4: DARB-1), (Figure 2.9.5: NYYM-2)

2. Rate of Penetrations (ROP): A. Khuff Formation: Picking the top of Khuff by ROP characteristics is not very credible, because it does not have a distinctive characteristic (increase or decrease) relative to the overlaying Sudair section. It usually, but not commonly, drills faster than Sudair shale, (Figure 2.9.6: AIN DAR-277). However, this is not a very distinctive feature to completely rely on. It depends on the drilling parameters (bit type, weight on bitetc). It is, also, highly possible that ROP decreases as drilling gets into Khuff. B. Khuff-D Anhydrite: Anhydrite usually drills slower than the overlaying Dolomite section. The opposite could be true, especially with diamond bits. (Figures 2.9.3-5)

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SECTION II: Casing Points 3. Circulating bottoms up: Circulating bottoms up and examining the samples allow the geologists to safely pick the Khuff top. Since the ROP is not reliable in the case of picking the top of Khuff Formation, and the casing point is only 10 ft below the top of Khuff Formation. Also, because of the longer lag time to get samples, it is suggested that the wellsite geologist stops drilling and circulate bottoms up from the expected Khuff Formation.

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Figure 2.9.1: SHDGUM-223

Figure 2.9.2: NYYM-2

Figure 2.9.3: AIN DAR-277

Figure 2.9.4: DARB-1

Figure 2.9.5: NYYM-2

Figure 2.9.6: AIN DAR-277

SECTION III

WELLSITE CORE HANDLING

Reviewed By AbdulHafiz Masri, Core Coordinator

SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling: 1. Introduction: Coring is an expensive operation and, more importantly, provides valuable geological information to the Exploration Organization. Every part of the core is indispensable and should not be taken for granted. Only proper core handling by the wellsite geologist can ensure attaining the desired benefits and objectives of the core.

Core handling includes: Measuring the recovered core. Assigning the proper depths to the core tubes after it has been cut. Assigning the proper orientation to the core tubes (top-bottom). Describing the core on location, if needed (lithology, and hydrocarbon shows). Ensuring that the core tubes are properly stored and put into core boxes to be sent to the core-lab store in Dhahran, unless otherwise instructed. Filling out the core data sheet. Writing clearly and properly assigning core tags for each core tube.

Planning ahead, even before going to the rig location, ensures a successful core handling. Planning ahead requires acquiring general information regarding the core. Such information, and more, can be obtained by reading the core-meeting minute and meeting the core proponent for further inquiries. Planning ahead will save you the troubles of going to the rig unprepared and lacking tools and information.

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling 2. Conventional-Core Handling Procedures:

A. plan ahead: A-1. Read the core meeting minute before leaving for the rig or meet the core proponent to find out about the following:

Length of the core Formation compatibility. Fractures and faults that could possibly cause core jamming and you should be aware of possible jamming zones. Significant change of rock hardness in the interval being cored. Change of hardness of core from hard to soft could, sometimes, cause jamming if not carefully dealt with by the coring service company. Therefore, notifying the core hand of the zones of significant hardness change could help maintain better coring parameters.

Best offset wells for correlations. Preferably an offset well that has a coring job done on the same section.

A-2. The following are tools needed to accomplish the job efficiently: Core tags and plastic straps that are provided by the Wellsite Geology Unit. A Hammer and a small chisel to take samples from the core. Two screw drivers, to screw the caps clamps, to avoid wasting time searching for them in the rig. A calculator will come in handy to calculate core tubes depths and other calculations. Two measuring tapes.

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling B. When you get to the rig location, meet with the coring personnel and rig foreman to make sure they are aware of the core requirements.

Also, as soon as you get to the rig location, make sure that the core shippingboxes are available.

C. Pulling out of hole for possible jamming is definitely not your decision. However, when cutting a core, Rate of Penetration (ROP) might significantly slow down. This could indicate a possible core jam that requires pulling out of hole. The core hand will definitely come to ask you if you think the slow down is due to a change of the formation hardness. Answer him in the light of your meeting with the core proponent. Also, review the offset wells for any significant slow down. Sometimes, offset wells trends are not accurate enough and do not apply to your well, especially when coring in Unayzah, which is one of the highly cored sections, because of its random sandstone-siltstone spatial distribution (facies change).

ROP slow down is only one indication of jamming. The core hand has other indications of jamming such as change of pressure and torque. He is the expert in the coring operation. You just provide him with the geological consultations that might help him make better decisions.

D. When the core barrels come out to the surface, make sure you know the order of the inner core barrels: the number of inner tubes in each run depends on the planned length of core cut. Usually, each coring run will include two inner core barrels. In that case it is easy to distinguish the top core barrel from the bottom barrel, because the bottom core barrel will have the shoe attached to it (Figure 3.1). When there are three core barrels, you should pay attention to distinguish between the second and third core barrels. To distinguish between the second and third core barrels be on the rig floor when the core barrels are being brought out to

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling the surface. The first core barrel to come out of the hole is the very top inner barrel. The second barrel is the middle barrel. And, of course, the last barrel to come out is the very bottom barrel.

E. Write down your notes and measurements clearly on a piece of paper while working on the cat walk, so you can use it later to fill out the Core Data Sheet. DO NOT count on your memory to fill out the core data.

F. Only when all core barrels are being laid down on the cat walk, can you start making your measurements and markings.

G. First measure the length of missing core from the top side of the core by inserting the measuring tape inside the top core barrel. Also measure the missing core from the shoe. Subtracting the total missing length from the total length of the core assembly (core barrels, shoe, and bearing joints between core barrels) gives you the recovered core length. See (Diagram 3.1), to identify the different parts of the inner core barrels.

H. Before starting to make markings on the core tubes, it is recommended that you clean the mud off the core barrels using water and cloths. Cleaning the core barrels will make it easier to write on the core barrels and will ensure that your writings do not come off later.

I. Now, the core barrels are ready to be marked. Give yourself all the time you need for marking and numbering the core tubes. Do not rush.

Marking: make a mark every 3 feet on the core barrels. These marks indicate where the core barrels are cut to make the 3 feet core tubes. The core in the shoe stays in a separate core tube (~ 1.5). So, start making the 3 feet marks from the end of the shoe to the end of the first core barrel. Then the core in the bearing joint between barrels, if present, stays also in a separate core tube (~ 1

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling foot). Next, continue making the 3 feet marks on the second barrel to the end of core barrels. If the end of the top core barrel is empty, then, use this extra amount of core barrel to make 2 core tubes. One for the core in the shoe and the other for the core in the bearing. (Diagram 3.2) Numbering: start numbering the core tubes with the shoe being core tube #1 and increase numbers going upward. (Diagram 3.2). Orientation: indicate by writing on the core tubes at the bottom end and top end. In one core tube, the bottom end is the end that is closer to the bottom of the hole, or closer the shoe (Diagram 3.2). Also, draw the black and red stripes to indicate the bottom from top, as shown in (Diagram 3.3).

J. Now the core barrels are ready to be cut into 3 feet long tubes by the core saw. Conventional core tubes are suppose to be cut in an angle with water. It does not matter if you start cutting from top to bottom or vise versa as long you have made the right marking, numbering, and orientation on the core barrels.

K. When cutting the core tubes, pieces of the core might fall out. Place back these fallen core pieces in the right orientation.

L. Vibrations of the core saw eject loose core parts outside the core barrel. Therefore, cap the open ends to prevent losing pieces of the core.

M. Before capping the bottom end, take a sample for examination. The samples description goes to the strip log. Each sample is used to describe the top 3 feet.

N. Now that the core barrels are cut into 3 feet tubes, make sure each tube is capped from both ends and secured by the metal clamps around the plastic caps. Place a plastic strap at the bottom end to be used later for hanging the core tags (Figure 3.2).

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling O. Now, you should be ready to fill out the core data sheet, and make the core tags. Also, this is a good time to add the lengths of all the core tubes to calculate the length of the recovered core. Compare the result with your initial calculation from step G.

P. Place the core tags on the proper tubes. Also, write the core number and well name on every tube (Figure 3.3, and 3.4). Core number indicates the core run number. If there were 2 core runs in Arab-D formation, for example, then the first core number in Unayzah, for example, will be core number 3.

Q. Make a final check up on your work and, then, place the core tubes inside the designated core boxes in the order of their numbers. Then, ensure that the box covers are properly attached. Use duck tape or straps to close the covers, if necessary.

R. Make sure that all received foam beds are placed back inside the core shipment boxes, if not used.

S. Make sure that the rig foreman places an order to transport all the core boxes to the core store in Dhahran (DPC-155, BLDG-3170) as soon as the coring job is done. Core boxes are supposed to be transported on a truck separately, and not with other rig materials, to avoid any damage to the cores.

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling 3. Preserved-Core Handling Procedures: Conventional core handling procedures apply for preserved cores, provided that you strictly meet the following requirements:

Do not use water to cut the core tubes. Instead cut dry.

Do not use the steel clamps to seal the plastic caps. Instead use the silver duck tape. Also, use the silver duck tape to attach the core tags. (Figure 3.5)

Place the tubes in the ProtecCore and seal it immediately. Make sure that the ProtecCore is not damaged.

Then, wrap the tube with bubble-wrap at least twice to protect the ProtecCore from being damaged during handling and transportation. Also, it is necessary to ensure that the tube ends are covered with bubble-wrap. (Figure 3.6)

Write on the bubble-wrap the well number, core number, and tube number. Also, label the top and bottom for orientation.

Core boxes should be transported immediately to the Saudi Aramco core store, unless directed to a different location.

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling 4. Exploration Wells Core Handling Procedures: Conventional core handling procedures apply for exploration wells cores. However, cores that are cut in exploration wells require a complete description of the core on location. Therefore; The cores are taken out of the core tubes and placed in the 3 feet core trays to be examined on location. The red and black stripes are labeled on the core directly. All information and labels (well number, core number, and tray number) are placed on the bottom side of the core trays. (Diagram 3.4) After examination a wooden cover is used to seal the core trays and then strapped to secure the core inside the core tray. NOTE: foam beds are not sent with the core boxes to exploration wells, because they are not used with the core trays.

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

5. Safety Precautions:

1. Wear your safety gear at all time, including ear plugs.

2. Make sure that everyone who works with you on the cat walk understands the nature of has role. Stop at any time you feel someone is confused and might cause an accident, especially if it is his first time working on the cat-walk and cutting core barrels.

3. Do not start marking the core tubes until all core tubes are laid down. Keep the worst in mind, i.e. the cables carrying the core tubes from the rig floor to the cat walk might snap in the air and crash down. Keep an eye also on the crane and its operator when moving the core cradle around the cat walk. Better yet, stay at the far end of the cat walk until all core barrels are laid down.

4. Be aware of scattering pieces of rock when you take samples by a hammer. It could cause serious damage if they hit your face or the person holding core tubes. Make sure that the persons face holding the tube is not at the same level with the core tube end where you take a sample and that he is looking the other direction. This is a time where everyone around should be wearing their safety goggles.

5. Also, be aware of fine pieces of aluminum that could fly behind and in front of the core saw when core barrels are being cut.

6. Be gentle when you lift core tubes from the ground, to avoid back injuries.

7. Be extra cautious if you are operating at the end of a crew shift. People tend to be fatigued and slow in reaction.

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

Figure 1: The shoe: it prevents the core from slipping out of the core barrel.

Figure 2: the plastic straps are placed under the metal clamps on the bottom end 105

SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

Figure 3: write the well name, core number, and tube number clearly.

Figure 4: The Necessary labels (well name, core number, tube number, and top-bottom) on one side and the red and black stripes on the other side

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

Figure 5: Preserved core, sliver duck tape is used to seal caps and attach core tags (photo is a courtesy of AbdulHafiz Masri, Cores Coordinator)

TOP

TINT-1, core#1, Tube#2

Bottom

Figure 6: Persevered core wrapped inside bubble-wrap (Photo Courtesy of AbdulHafiz Masri)

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CORE HEAD

STABILIZER

CORE BARREL

STABILIZER

CORE BARREL

LD ADJUSTIN G SYTEM O. TUBE

STABILIZER

TOP SUB

1.12 26.00 4.00 26.00 3.74 4.00

4.00

2.24
2.23

2.23 2.23

Inner Tube

Standard Pilot Shoe Assembly

Inner Tube Stab.

Inner Tube

Inner Tube Ext.

L.D. Adjusting System


1.00

108
1.00

1.38

30.00

30.00

SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

Diagram 3.1: Inner tube (right), and Outer tube parts

SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

T
#12

T 11
B

22 B T 21 B T 20 B T 19 B T 18 B T 17 B T 16 B T 15 B T 14 B T 13 B
Core Barrel #2 (30 ft) Inner tube Stabilizer Bearing (1 ft)

B T 10 B T 9 B T 8 B T 7 B T 6 B T 5 B T 4 B T 3 B

Diagram 3.2: Marking and numbering of the cores; the core in the
shoe stays in a separate tube as well as the core in the bearing. The core barrels are divided into 3 feet core tubes. There are two standard lengths of core barrels, 30 ft and 20 ft. This diagram is showing a 30 ft long barrel. Inner tube stabilizer does not usually come with the 20 feet core barrels. Numbering starts from the shoe and increasing going upward. Red and black stripes go onto the other side of core barrels to indicate orientation of the core. B stands for Bottom. T stands for Top.

T T
#1

2 B
Core Barrel #1 (30 ft)

B
The Shoe Tube (1.38 ft)

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SECTION III: Wellsite Core Handling

Diagram 3.3: The black and red stripes are marked on the inner core barrel that if you are facing the inner core barrel, with it standing up or coming out of the hole, the red stripe will be to your right, and the black stripe will be to your left. In the case of exploration wells, the stripes are marked directly on the core itself.

Diagram 3.4: Exploration wells core handling. After the core tubes are cut, the core is placed inside the core trays, to be examined. Labels and tags are marked and placed on the bottom side of the trays. 110

SECTION IV

DRILLING MUD EFFECTS ON CUTTINGS SAMPLES EXAMINATIONS

SECTION IV: Drilling Mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations SECTION IV: Drilling mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations The drilling mud is the medium in which cuttings are transported outside of the hole and to the shale shaker.

There are two main types of Mud: 1. Water Based Mud: It is the most common mud type. Before examining cuttings, the cuttings must be washed with running water while in the sieves.

2. Oil Based Mud: This kind of mud uses diesel instead of water as mud base. This kind of mud makes it extremely difficult to examine the cuttings for hydrocarbon shows. Cuttings should be washed with a detergent or diesel before examinations.

1. Drilling Mud Additives Most of the drilling mud additives dissolve in water. As a result, it disappears when washed with water in the geologist lab.

However, few of the mud additives do not dissolve in water and appear in the cutting samples trays examined by the geologist. It is necessary that the wellsite geologist be aware of such solids to ensure accurate descriptions of the cutting samples.

If the wellsite geologist is not fully aware of the mud additives, it creates confusion and inaccurate descriptions of the cuttings samples.

The following are the most common mud non-dissolving additives:

1. SOLTEX: Soltex is a petrochemical additive. It does not dissolve in water and appears with cutting samples as black grains (Figure 4.1, 4.2). Soltex is used to prevent shale swelling and caving. It is usually used in high pressure and temperature zones.

Soltex is usually used in formations where shale is abundant (e.g. Sudair, and Unayzah)

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SECTION IV: Drilling Mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations

Soltex is a hydrocarbon based chemical. Therefore, it shows hydrocarbon fluorescence under the UV light.

2.

BENTONITE:

Bentonite is another petrochemical based additive. It is used to increase the mud capacity of holding cuttings to prevent accumulations of cuttings at the hole bottom during connections.

Since it is a hydrocarbon based additive, Bentonite will show hydrocarbon fluorescence under the UV light.

3.

MICA:

Mica is added to the mud in potential loss of circulation zones. It appears like glass chips and resembles the mica found in clastic formations. It is difficult to distinguish between the mica added to the mud and that coming from the formation. Therefore, communicate with the mud engineer to find out if mica has been added to the mud.

4. NUT SHELLS: Nut shells do not dissolves in water and could create confusion when it appears in the cuttings samples. (Figure 4.3)

There are more mud additives that can show up in the cuttings samples. Therefore, it is necessary to keep in touch with the mud engineer to be aware of the mud ingredients, especially when noticing suspicious particles with the cuttings.

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SECTION IV: Drilling Mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations

Figure 4.1: SOLTEX shows up with the cuttings as black grains

Figure 4.2: Soltex as it appears under the microscope

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SECTION IV: Drilling Mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations

Figure 4.3: Nut shell as it appears in a white sandstone sample (under the microscope).

2. Natural Fluorescence: UV-Light

Oil Gravity 2 - 10 10 - 18 18 - 45 > 45

Fluorescence Color Non-fluorescent Yellow to Gold Gold to Pale Yellow Blue White White

Rock Minerals Dolomite Limestone Chalk Shale Fossils Marl Anhydrite Pyrite

Fluorescence Color Yellow/ Brown Brown Purple Yellow/ Gray Yellow-white/ Yellow Brown Yellow/ Gray Gray/ Blue Yellow/ Brown/ Purple

115

SECTION IV: Drilling Mud Effects on Cuttings Examinations 2 - 10 10 - 18 18 - 45 > 45 Non-fluorescent Yellow to Gold Gold to Pale Yellow Blue White White

Rock Minerals Dolomite Limestone Chalk Shale Fossils Marl Anhydrite Pyrite

Fluorescence Color Yellow/ Brown Brown Purple Yellow/ Gray Yellow-white/ Yellow Brown Yellow/ Gray Gray/ Blue Yellow/ Brown/ Purple

116

SECTION V

GENERAL WELLSITE REQUIREMENTS

SECTION V: General Wellsite Requirements

SECTION V: General Requirements:

1. Keep the strip log clean and organized. All information should be plotted with a waterproof ink pin (Rapidograph), not pencil. On the other hand, formation tops are marked with pencil.

2. Update the strip log on a daily basis. Plotting the strip log at the last minute produces a messy outcome.

3. The strip log is a valuable record of the well, so record all necessary information, including: A. Mud data: it should be recorded every 1000 feet or whenever changed. Also note the depths of any loss of circulation, if it occurs. B. Bit record: including bit number, size, and type against the depth it was changed C. Problems of the hole and any significant events, if present. For example, if the hole is tight, it will significantly create a false ROP reading. Therefore, note such incidents on the strip logs so the ROP reading makes sense. D. Write all information clearly so that it can be read easily by others. E. Write your name with pencil at the top and bottom of the section you worked on, so it is easy to refer back to you, if needed. F. Casing depth and casing size should be marked with the casing symbol.

4. Plan ahead before going to the field, so you do not forget necessary equipments.

5. It is certainly better to leave early for the field rather than at the last minute, to avoid stress and unsafe driving. Travel only during day time.

6. Take good care of your tools.

117

SECTION V: General Wellsite Requirements 7. Sample bags (washed and unwashed) should have the well name as well as the depth marked clearly.

8. When writing the morning report, make sure that you divide the lithology groups into sensible groups. For example, if the formation drilled has changed (e.g. Sudair to Khuff), a new lithology group should be created for Khuff, since the lithology has significantly changed.

9. Also, ROP intervals in the morning report should be broken down into logical groups. For example, (5-80 min/5) does not make sense, because it is a wide range of ROPs.

10. Summarize the operations, instead of exactly copying the foremans report. Include only events that matter for our unit. Engineering details are not necessary.

11. Calculate the lag time yourself, or at least check the calculations of whoever did it

12. Check, regularly, if the samples are collected properly for you and on time.

13. Before you leave the rig site, collect all the sample bags inside the designated sacks. Do not over-load the sacks to the neck. Do not forget to label the sacks.

14. Also, make sure that the geologist room and lab are clean and ready to be used by the next geologist.

118

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