1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data a) An object at 200 degrees F is put in a room at 60 degrees F.

The temperature of the room decreases at the constant rate of 1 degree every 10 minutes. The body cools to 120 degrees F in 30 minutes. How long will it take for the body to cool to 90 degrees F? b) Show that the solution of the pertinent initial value problem which models the situation is: T(t) = 60 + 140e^(kt) + [(e^(kt) - kt - 1)/(10k)] c) Set-up an equation from which you can solve for k. d) Set-up an equation from which the required cooling time can be found. 2. Relevant equations Newton's Law of Cooling: T'(t) = K(T(t) - T0) Note: T is in minutes 3. The attempt at a solution a) This is variable seperable dT/dt = K(T(t) - T0) dT/(T(t) - T0) = k dt + C ln (T(t) - T0) = kt + C (T(t) - T0) = ce^(kt) T(t) = ce^(kt) + T0 At T(0) = 200, and T0 = 60 200 = ce^(K*0) + 60 c = 140 T(t) = 140e^(kt) + 60 This is where I get stuck. I'm not really sure where to go next. I'm mainly confused by the fact that room temperature is decreasing as well.Yes, that's the problem. The differential equation you started with, dT/dt = K(T(t) - T0), assumes that the

ambient temperature, T0, remains constant. The function that represents the ambient temperature is Ta = -t/10 + 60. You need to work that into the differential equation instead of T0.

A cup of coffee is poured from a potwhose contents are into a non-insulated cup in a room at . After a minute, the coffee has cooled to . How much time is required before the coffee reaches a drinkable temperature of ? 1. Enter the equation.
2. > eq1:= T = exp(k*t+C) +20;

3. Solve for C by using the initial temperature.

4. > eq2:= subs({t=0,T=95},eq1);

> C:=evalf(solve(eq2,C));

5. Solve for k by using the temperature at t=1.

6. > eq3:=subs({t=1,T=90},eq1);

>k:=solve(eq3,k);

7. Look at the original equation and notice that the only variable is t. Proceed to enter desired temperature and solve for t.
8. > eq1;

> eq4:=subs(T=65,eq1);

>solve(eq4,t);

The time it takes for the coffee to reach

is 7.4 minutes.

Newton's Law of Cooling

From experimental observations it is known that (up to a ``satisfactory'' approximation) the surface temperature of an object changes at a rate proportional to its relative temperature. That is, the difference between its temperature and the temperature of the surrounding environment. This is what is known as Newton's law of cooling. Thus, if is the temperature of the object at time t, then we have

where S is the temperature of the surrounding environment. A qualitative study of this phenomena will show that k >0. This is a first order linear differential equation. The solution, under the initial condition , is given by

Hence,

, which implies

This equation makes it possible to find k if the interval of time vice-versa.

is known and

Example: Time of Death Suppose that a corpse was discovered in a motel room at midnight and its temperature was . The temperature of the room is kept constant at . Two hours later the temperature of the corpse dropped to . Find the time of death.

Solution: First we use the observed temperatures of the corpse to find the constant k. We have

. In order to find the time of death we need to remember that the temperature of a corpse at time of death is (assuming the dead person was not sick!). Then we have

which means that the death happened around 7:26 P.M.

On a hot day a thermometer is takend outside from an air conditioned room where the temperature is 21C. After one minute it reads 27 and after two it reads 30. What is the temperature outside. The basic scheme is your standard 'growth and decay' setup. And you are right that: dT/dt = k(T - C), where, I assume, T is the reading on the thermometer, and C is the outside temperature, which we don't know. What you have there is a Differential Equation -- an equation involving one or more derivatives of an unknown function. In this case, the unknown function is T(t) and we solve the equation by Separation of Variables. The variables are T and t. (Not T and C, even though you are supposed to find C. For the purposes of this equation, C is a constant.) After separating, the equation looks like this: dT ----- = k dt T-C and we integrate each side. ln(T - C) = kt + A (A constant of integration.)

Now exponentiate to get: T - C = e^(kt + A) and rewrite based on exponent properties: T - C = e^kte^A T - C = a e^kt << a = e^A, which is a constant. T = C + ae^kt Now put in some of the 'observational' data. Since you have three unknown constants, a, k, C, you need three observations. You have:

At t = 0, T = 21. At t = 1, T = 27. At t = 2, T = 30. So you have three equations: 21 = C + a e^k(0) 21 = C + a [I]

27 = C + a e^k(1) 27 = C + a e^k [II]

30 = C + a e^k(2) 30 = C + a (e^k)^2

[III]

Here they are again: 21 = C + a [I] 27 = C + a e^k [II] 30 = C + a (e^k)^2 [III] Now do some standard simultaneous equation stuff to eliminate: II - I gives: 6 = a e^k - a ae^k = 6 + a 6+a ae^k = -----a Next, III - I gives: 9 = a (e^k)^2 - a 6+a 9 = a(-----)^2 - a a 36 + 12a + a^2 9 = a(--------------) - a a^2 36 + 12a + a^2 9 = (--------------) - a a 9a = 36 + 12a + a^2 - a^2 9a = 36 + 12a a = - 12 Finally, in equation I: 21 = C - 12 C = 33 degrees. [I]

4. After spending many hours study for your math class you decide to reward yourself with a case of Stiffler Soda. Unfortunately I.V. Market only had warm case left, the physics students got there first and got all of the cold ones. You buy several bags of ice and decide to chill it at home. When you get home the temperature of the soda is 76 degrees F and you proceed to pack it in ice. After ten minutes the temperature has cooled to 70 degrees F. If Stiffler Soda is best served at 60 degrees F or cooler, how much longer must you wait to enjoy your Sriffler Soda?

Answers:
1. y(t) = 25+50e(-2t) 2. y(1)=1, see below for more info. M=5, k=3, and A=-4/e(-3) or -4e(3), and y(t)=5-4 e(3) e(-3t) or 5-4 e(3-3t), thus y(1) = 5-4 e(3-3) which becomes 5-4 e(0) or 1.

3. y(0)=12, see below for more info. first factor out the 1/2, y'=(1/2)(8-y), and using y'(0)=-8 you get A=4. y(t)=8+4 e(-1/2).

4. You have to wait 20.8 minutes longer, see below for more info. y(0)=76, y(10)=70, and M=32 temp of the ice.

A=44 and K=(-1/10)ln(19/22), time to reach 60 F is 30.8 min after you first get home, but you only have to wait 20.8 minutes longer.
A thermometer reading 75F is taken out where the temperature is 20F. The reading is 30F four minutes later. (a). Find the temperature reading 7 mins.after the thermometer was brought outside (b). the time taken for the reading to drop from 75F to within a half degree of the air temperature. 2. At 9am , a thermometer reading 70F is taken outdoors, where the temperature is 15F. At 9:05am, the thermometer reading is 45F. At 9:10am, the thermometer is taken back indoors, where the temperature is fixed at 70F. (a). Find the reading at 9:20am (b). when the reading, to the nearest degree, will show the correct (70F) indoor temperature. 3. At 2pm, a thermometer reading 80F is taken outside, where the air temperature is 20F. At 2:03pm, the temperature reading yielded by the thermometer is 42F. Later, the thermometer is brought inside, where the air is at 80F. At 2:10pm, the reading is 71F. When was the thermometer brought indoors?
dT/dt = k(T Ta) . Newtons law of cooling, Ta dT / (T Ta) = k dt ln(T Ta) = kt + c T = Ce^(kt) + Ta 75 = C + 20 T[0] = 75 C = 55 . notice that C = To Ta , To 30 = 55e^(4k) + 20 T[4] = 30 k = 1/4 ln(2/11) T(7) = 55 (2/11)^(7/4) + 20 22.8 F Answer (1a): 22.8 F 20.5 = 55 (2/11)^(t/4) + 20 t 11 min Answer (1b): t 11 min initial temperature ambient temperature

Ill skip solving the ordinary differential equation again and just use the result. You can copy the solution from above if youre expected to solve it for each problem. T(t) = (To Ta) e^(kt) + Ta Newtons law of cooling 45 = 55e^(5k) + 15 . T[5] = 45 k = 1/5 ln(6/11) T(10) = 55 (6/11)^(10/5) + 15 31.4 F the temp at 9:10 T(10) = (31.4 70) (6/11)^(10/5) + 70 58.5 F .. the temp at 9:20 Answer (2a): 58.5 F 69 = (31.4 70) (6/11)^(t/5) + 70 t 30.2 min Answer (2b): 30.2 min T(t) = (To Ta) e^(kt) + Ta Newtons law of cooling 42 = (80 20) e^(3k) + 20 k = 1/3 ln(11/30) Let x be the minutes after 2:00 pm the thermometer is taken in. 71 = ((60 (11/30)^(x/3) + 20) 80) (11/30)^((10-x)/3) + 80 -9 = (1331/450) x 4.959 min Answer (3): 2:05 pm (11/30) (1 (30/11)^(x/3))