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CHNG 5. LP 11.

HROCACBON NO - ANKAN
1

ng ng - ng phn - danh php


Cng thc chung: Cn H2n+2 vi n 1.
Mt s cht u dy ng ng: CH4 : metan; C2 H6 : etan, C3 H8 : propan, C4 H10 : butan . . .
Cc cht hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 .
T C4 H10 tr i c ng phn mch C.
Cch vit ng phn mch C ca ankan.
1. Kim tra vi cng thc Cn H2n+2 . Nu ng th l ankan ch c lin kt n v mch h; nu khng
th khng p dng cch vit ny.
2. Vit CTCT mch C di nht (khng phn nhnh).
3. Gim mch C t t c C lm nhnh. Xc nh trc i xng v di chuyn nhnh n trc i xng.
4. Lu :
- Tnh i xng ca mch C khi di chuyn nhnh.
- Nu c 2C lm nhnh th c th gn trn cng 1C, gn trn 2C khc nhau, nhp li thnh nhm
C2 H5 - v di chuyn c 2 nhnh n trc i xng.
- Nhnh CH3 - gn t C th 2 tr ln; nhnh C2 H5 - gn t C th 3 tr ln.
5. Kim tra li cc cng thc cu to va vit.
VD: vit ng phn ca C6 H14
1. Kim tra cng thc: 14 = 6.2 +2 ankan ch c lin kt n, mch h.
2. Vit CTCT mch C di nht:
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
3. Gim 1C lm nhnh v di chuyn ti v tr i xng:
H3 C CH CH2
CH3

CH2

CH3

4. Gim tip 1C lm nhnh:


H3 C

CH3
C CH2
CH3

H3 C

CH2 CH CH2
CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3
H3 C CH

CH CH3

5. Kim tra li ta c 4 ng phn ca C6 H14 .


Cch gi tn (danh php).
*. Mun c ng tn ankan phi nh t gc (l t biu th s nguyn t C trong mch).
*. Bng t gc thng dng:
S C trong mch
T gc

1
met

2
et

3
prop

4
but

5
pent

6
hecx

*. Tn gi ankan mch khng c nhnh (n - ankan):


Tn gi Cn H2n+2 = T gc (tng ng vi s C) + an
VD: C2 H6 c tn l: etan.
Vi ankan khng nhnh c s C4 thm n- trc t gc.
VD: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 c tn l: n - pentan
1

7
hept

8
oct

9
non

10
dec

Thc s: Phng Gia Lun. St: 01682 872 841.


*. Tn gi ankan mch c nhnh:
- Tn nhm th ankyl (gc no ha tr 1, mch thng): = T gc (tng ng vi s C ca
nhm th) + (-yl).
VD: CH3 tn l metyl. CH3 CH2 CH2 tn l: n-propyl . . .
- Tn mt s nhm th thng gp:
H3 C CH
CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2


n - butyl

iso propyl

CH3 CH2 CH
CH3

H3 C

secbutyl

CH3
C
CH3

tert butyl

CH3
C CH2
CH3

H3 C

neo pentyl

- Cc bc gi tn ankan c nhnh:
Bc 1. Chn mch chnh l mch di nht, cha nhiu nhm th nht.
Bc 2. nh s trn mch chnh sao cho tng v tr cc nhm th l nh nht.
Bc 3. Gi tn theo nguyn tc sau:
Tn ankan c nhnh = s ch v tr cc nhm th + tn cc nhm th + t gc (ng vi s C
ca mch chnh) + an.
- Ch :
+ Gia hai s phi c mt du phy (,). VD: 2,3
+ Gia s v ch phi c mt du gch ngang (-).
+ Nu cc nhm th u l gc Cx Hy th gi tn s ch v tr v tn nhm theo th t a, b, c, . . ..
+ Nu nhm th khc loi phi gi theo th t: halogen (-X), nitro (-NO2 ), amino (-NH2 ), ankyl
+ Khi c nhiu nhm th ging nhau: t lin tip cc s ch v tr ca cc nhm ging nhau, cc s
cch nhau bi mt du phy, sau ty s lng nhm th m thm t i (2 nhm), tri (3 nhm), tetra (4
nhm), ... trc tn nhnh (nhm th).
-VD:
H3 C CH CH2
CH3

CH2

CH3

(2-metylpentan) hay (iso-hexan)

H3 C

CH3
C CH2
CH3

CH3

(2,2-imetylbutan) hay (neo-hexan)

H3 C CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3


CH3
CH2
CH3
4-etyl-2-metylhexan

CH3 CH3
H3 C

C
Cl

C CH2 CH2 CH3


NO2

2-clo-3-nitro-2,3-imetylhexan

Bi tp

Vit cc ng phn v gi tn cc hp cht c cng thc phn t sau:


C4 H10 , C5 H12 , C6 H14 , C7 H16 , C8 H18 , C4 H9 Cl, C4 H11 N, C3 H5 Br3 , C5 H10 Br2

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