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1

LI NI U

K t khi Hertz bng thc nghim chng t nng lng in c th bc
x trong khng gian v s tn ti ca trng in t m u k nguyn ng
dng sng in t trong thng tin lin lc, truyn s liu, gii tr a phng tin,
iu khin t xa ... H thng thng tin v tuyn ny ngy cng tr nn quan
trng v thit yu trong x hi hin i. Do vic hiu bit bn cht ca sng
in t, tnh cht lan truyn ca trng in t cng nh cc ng dng ca n l
rt cn thit. tch lu phn kin thc ny ngi hc cn phi c kin thc nn
tng v gii tch vector, php tnh tensor, phng trnh vi phn v o hm
ring, gii tch hm mt bin v hm nhiu bin trong Ton hc cao cp; quang
hc sng v in hc trong Vt l i cng.
Gio trnh L thuyt trng in t c bin son trong khun kh ca
chng trnh hon thin b sch gio trnh dng ging dy v hc tp ca
Khoa Cng ngh in t, Trng i hc Cng nghip TP H Ch Minh, bao
gm cc ni dung c trnh by trong 5 chng nh sau:
Chng 0 Mt s cng thc ton hc
Chng 1 Cc nh lut v nguyn l c bn ca trng in t
Chng 2 Tch phn cc phng trnh Maxwell
Chng 3 Sng in t phng
Chng 4 Nhiu x sng in t
Do thi gian v ti liu tham kho cn nhiu hn ch, cho nn chc chn
gio trnh cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp, ph bnh ca bn c
gio trnh c hon thin hn.

Tc gi

V Xun n


2
MC LC

Trang
Li ni u

1
Chng 0 Mt s cng thc ton hc

3
Chng 1 Cc nh lut v nguyn l c bn ca trng in t

8
Chng 2 Tch phn cc phng trnh Maxwell

32
Chng 3 Sng in t phng

60
Chng 4 Nhiu x sng in t

90
Ti liu tham kho

107



3
Chng 0
MT S CNG THC TON HC
1. Vector
{ }
z y x z y x
a k a j a i a , a , a a
r r r
r
+ + = =
{ }
z y x z y x
b k b j b i b , b , b b
r r r r
+ + = =
{ }
z y x z y x
c k c j c i c , c , c c
r r r
r
+ + = =

z z y y x x
b a b a b a b . a + + =
r
r

( ) ( ) ( )
x y y x z x x z y z z y
z y x
z y x
b a b a k b a b a j b a b a i
b b b
a a a
k j i
b a + + = =
r r r
r r r
r
r

( ) b , a cos b a b . a
r
r
r
r
r
r
=
c b a
r
r
r
=
Phng: ( ) b , a c
r
r r

Chiu: theo qui tc vn nt chai
ln: ( ) b , a sin b a c
r
r
r
r r
=
( ) ( ) ( ) b . a . c c . a . b c b a
r
r r r r
r
r
r
r
=
2. Ton t nabla
)
`

=
z
,
y
,
x

3. Gradient
z
U
k
y
U
j
x
U
i U . gradU

= =
r r r

4. Divergence
z
a
y
a
x
a
a . a div
z
y
x

= =
r r

5. Rotary


4
|
|

\
|

+ |

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

= =
y
a
x
a
k
x
a
z
a
j
z
a
y
a
i
a a a
z y x
k j i
a a rot
x
y
z x
y
z
z y x
r r r
r r r
r r

S phc
Hm m
( ) y sin i y cos e e e
x iy x z
+ = =
+

Hm m l mt hm tun hon c chu k l 2i. Thc vy, ta c
1 k 2 sin i k 2 cos e
i k 2
= + =


Suy ra
z i k 2 z i k 2 z
e e . e e = =
+

Cng thc Euler
e
iy
= cosy +isiny
Khi s phc z = r e
i
= r(cos +isin)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai l phng trnh bc nht i vi
hm cha bit v cc o hm ca n:
) x ( f y a y a y
2 1
= + +
(1)
Trong :
a
1
, a
2
v f(x) l cc hm ca bin c lp x
f(x) = 0 (1) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
f(x) 0 (1) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht
a
1
, a
2
const (1) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh c h s khng i
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai thun nht c dng:
0 y a y a y
2 1
= + +
(2)
a
1
, a
2
l cc hm ca bin x


5
nh l 1. Nu y
1
= y
1
(x) v y
2
= y
2
(x) l 2 nghim ca (2) th y = C
1
y
1
+ C
2
y
2

(trong C
1
, C
2
l 2 hng s tu ) cng l nghim ca phng trnh y.
Hai hm y
1
(x) v y
2
(x) l c lp tuyn tnh khi
( )
( )
const
x y
x y
2
1
, ngc li l ph
thuc tuyn tnh
nh l 2. Nu y
1
(x) v y
2
(x) l 2 nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh vi
phn t trng cp hai thun nht (2) th y = C
1
y
1
+ C
2
y
2
(trong C
1
, C
2
l 2
hng s tu ) l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh y.
nh l 3. Nu bit mt nghim ring y
1
(x) ca phng trnh vi phn t
trng cp hai thun nht (2) th c th tm c mt nghim ring y
2
(x) ca
phng trnh , c lp tuyn tnh vi y
1
(x) bng cch t y
2
(x) = y
1
(x).u(x)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai l phng trnh bc nht i vi
hm cha bit v cc o hm ca n:
) x ( f y a y a y
2 1
= + +
(3)
Trong :
a
1
v a
2
l cc hm ca bin c lp x; f(x) 0
nh l 1. Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht (3) bng
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht (2) tng ng v mt nghim
ring no ca phng trnh khng thun nht (3).
nh l 2. Cho phng trnh khng thun nht
) x ( f ) x ( f y a y a y
2 1 2 1
+ = + +
(4)
Nu y
1
(x) l nghim ring ca phng trnh
) x ( f y a y a y
1 2 1
= + +
(5)
v y
2
(x) l nghim ring ca phng trnh
) x ( f y a y a y
2 2 1
= + +
(6)
th y(x) = y
1
(x) + y
2
(x) cng l nghim ring ca phng trnh (4)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai c h s khng i


6
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai thun nht c dng:
0 qy y p y = + +
(7)
p, q l cc hng s
Gi s nghim ring ca (7) c dng
kx
e y = (8)
Trong : k l hng s s c xc nh
Suy ra
kx
ke y = ,
kx 2
e k y = (9)
Thay (8) v (9) vo (7) ta c
( ) 0 q pk k e
2 kx
= + + (10)
V e
kx
0 nn
0 q pk k
2
= + + (11)
Nu k tho mn (11) th y = e
kx
l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh vi
phn (7). Phng trnh (11) gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh vi
phn (7)
Nhn xt: Phng trnh c trng (7) l phng trnh bc 2 c 2 nghim k
1

v k
2
nh sau
- k
1
v k
2
l 2 s thc khc nhau, khi 2 nghim ring ca phng trnh
vi phn (7) l
x k
1
1
e y = ,
x k
2
2
e y = (12)
Hai nghim ring (12) l c lp t trng v
( )
const e
y
y
x k k
2
1 2 1
=


(13)
Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l
x k
2
x k
1 2 1
2 1
e C e C y y y + = + = (14)
- k
1
v k
2
l 2 s thc trng nhau: k
1
= k
2

Hai nghim ring c lp t trng:
x k
1
1
e y = ,
x k
2
1
xe y =


7
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l
( )
x k
2 1
x k
2
x k
1
1 1 1
e x C C xe C e C y + = + = (15)
- k
1
v k
2
l 2 s phc lin hp: k
1
= + i v k
2
= - i
Hai nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l
( )
( ) x i x x i
2
x i x x i
1
e e e y
e e e y

= =
= =

(16)
Theo cng thc Euler ta c
x sin i x cos e
x sin i x cos e
x i
x i
=
+ =


(17)
Suy ra
( )
( ) x sin i x cos e e e y
x sin i x cos e e e y
x x i x
2
x x i x
1
= =
+ = =


(18)
Nu

1
y v

2
y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (7) th cc hm
x sin e
i 2
y y
y
x cos e
2
y y
y
x
2 1
2
x 2 1
1
=
+
=
=
+
=



(19)
cng l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (7) v c lp t trng v
const x tg
y
y
2
1
=
(20)
Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l
( ) x sin C x cos C e x sin e C x cos e C y
2 1
x x
2
x
1
+ = + =

(21)



8
Chng 1
CC NH LUT
V NGUYN L C BN CA TRNG IN T

1.1. Cc i lng c trng cho trng in t
1.1.1. Vector cng in trng
in trng c c trng bi lc tc dng ln in tch t trong in
trng
E q F
r r
=
(1.1)
Hay:
q
F
E
r
r
=
(1.2)
Ct E
r
ti mt im bt k trong in trng l i lng vector c tr s
bng lc tc dng ln mt n v in tch im dng t ti im
Lc tc dng gia 2 t im Q v q
2
0
0
r
r
4
Qq
F
r
r

=
(1.3)
- m / F 10 . 854 , 8
12
0

= - hng s in
- - in thm tng i
-
0
r
r
- vector n v ch phng
H t im
n 2 1
q ,..., q , q

= =

= =
n
1 i
2
i
i 0 i
0
n
1 i
i
r
r q
4
1
E E
r
r r

(1.4)
i 0
r
r
- cc vector n v ch phng
Trong thc t h thng l dy mnh, mt phng hay khi hnh hc, do :

=
l
2 l
0
l
r
r
dl
4
1
E
r
r

(1.5)


9

=
S
2 S
0
S
r
r
dS
4
1
E
r
r

(1.6)

=
V
2 V
0
V
r
r
dV
4
1
E
r
r

(1.7)
1.1.2. Vector in cm
n gin khi tnh ton i vi cc mi trng khc nhau, ngi ta s
dng vector in cm D
r


E D
0
r r
=
(1.8)
1.1.3. Vector t cm
T trng c c trng bi tc dng lc ca t trng ln in tch chuyn
ng hay dng in theo nh lut Lorentz
B v q F
r
r
r
=
(1.9)
T trng do phn t dng in l Id
r
to ra c xc nh bi nh lut thc
nghim BVL
( ) r l Id
r 4
B d
2
0
r
r r

=
(1.10)
- m / H 10 . 257 , 1 10 . 4
6 7
0

= = - hng s t
- - t thm tng i
T trng ca dy dn c chiu di l

=
l
2
0
r
r l Id
4
B
r
r
r

(1.11)
1.1.4. Vector cng t trng
n gin khi tnh ton i vi cc mi trng khc nhau, ngi ta s
dng vector cng t trng H
r




10
0
B
H

=
r
r

(1.12)
1.2. nh lut Ohm v nh lut bo ton in tch
1.2.1. nh lut Ohm dng vi phn
Cng dng in I chy qua mt S t vung gc vi n bng lng in
tch q chuyn qua mt S trong mt n v thi gian
dt
dq
I =
(1.13)
Du tr ch dng in I c xem l dng khi q gim
m t y s chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in trong mi trng dn
in, ngi ta a ra khi nim mt dng in
E v v e n J
0
r
r r
r
= = =
(1.14)
dng vi phn ca nh lut Ohm
- n
0
- mt ht in c in tch e
- - mt in khi
- v
r
- vn tc dch chuyn ca cc ht in
- - in dn sut
Dng in qua mt S c tnh theo

= = =
S S S
S d E S d J dI I
r r r r

(1.15)
Mt vt dn dng khi lp phng cnh L, 2 mt i din ni vi ngun p
U, ta c
(lu : p dng c/t S = L
2
v
L S
L
R

= = )
R
U
LU ) EL )( L ( ES EdS I
S
= = = = =


(1.16)
dng thng thng ca nh lut Ohm
V E
r
v S d
r
cng chiu, t


11
RL
1
=
(1.17)
- in dn sut c n v l 1/m
1.2.2. nh lut bo ton in tch
in tch c th phn b lin tc hay gin on, khng t sinh ra v cng
khng t mt i, dch chuyn t vng ny sang vng khc v to nn dng
in.
Lng in tch i ra khi mt kn S bao quanh th tch V bng lng in
tch gim i t th tch V .
Gi s trong th tch V c bao quanh bi mt S, ta c

=
V
dV Q
(1.18)
sau thi gian dt lng in tch trong V gim i dQ

= =
V
dV
dt
d
dt
dQ
I
(1.19)
Mt khc

=
S
S d J I
r r

(1.20)
Suy ra



=
V S
dV
t
S d J
r r

(1.21)
Theo nh l OG
( )



= =
V V S
dV
t
dV J . S d J
v r r

(1.22)
Suy ra
0
t
J . =


+
v

(1.23)
y l dng vi phn ca nh lut bo ton in tch hay phng trnh lin
tc.
1.3. Cc c trng c bn ca mi trng


12
Cc c trng c bn ca mi trng: , ,
Cc phng trnh:
E D
0
r r
=
(1.24)

=
0
B
H
r
r

(1.25)
gi l cc phng trnh vt cht
, , cng trng : mi trng tuyn tnh
, , const : mi trng ng nht v ng hng
, , theo cc hng khc nhau c gi tr khng i khc nhau: mi trng
khng ng hng. Khi , biu din bng cc tensor c dng nh bng
s. Chng hn ferrite b t ho hoc plasma b t ho l cc mi trng
khng ng hng khi truyn sng in t
, , v tr : mi trng khng ng nht
Trong t nhin a s cc cht c > 1 v l mi trng tuyn tnh.
Xecnhec c >> 1 : mi trng phi tuyn
> 1 : cht thun t : cc kim loi kim, Al, NO, Phng trnh, O, N,
khng kh, ebonic, cc nguyn t t him
< 1 : cht nghch t : cc kh him, cc ion nh Na
+
, Cl
-
c cc lp
electron ging nh kh him, v cc cht khc nh Pb, Zn, Si, Ge, S, CO
2
, H
2
O,
thu tinh, a s cc hp cht hu c
>> 1 : cht st t : mi trng phi tuyn : Fe, Ni, Co, Gd, hp kim cc
nguyn t st t hoc khng st t Fe-Ni, Fe-Ni-Al. t ho ca cht st t
ln hn t ho ca cht nghch t v thun t hng trm triu ln.
Cn c vo dn in ring : cht dn in, cht bn dn v cht cch
in hay in mi
Cht dn in: > 10
4
1/m, = : cht dn in l tng
Cht bn dn: 10
-10
< < 10
4



13
Cht cch in: < 10
-10
, = 0 : in mi l tng
Khng kh l in mi l tng: = = 1, = 0
1.4. nh l Ostrogradski-Gauss i vi in trng
c tm ra bng thc nghim, l c s ca cc phng trnh Maxwell
Thng lng ca vector in cm D
r
qua mt S l i lng v hng c
xc nh bi tch phn

=
S
E
S d D
r r

(1.26)


S d
r
: vi phn din tch theo hng php tuyn ngoi
dS.cos( D
r
, S d
r
) : hnh chiu ca S ln phng D
r

Xt mt mt kn S bao quanh in tch im q, tnh thng lng ca D
r
do q
to ra qua mt kn S, ta c
( )

= = d
4
q
r 4
S d , D cos . dS . q
S d D d
2
r r
r r

(1.27)
d l vi phn gc khi t in tch q nhn ton b din tch dS
Thng lng ca D
r
qua ton mt kn S l
q d
4
q
S d D
S
=

= =


r r

(1.28)
Xt trng hp in tch im q nm ngoi mt kn S. T in tch q nhn
ton mt S di mt gc khi no . Mt S c th chia thnh 2 na S v S'
D
r

S d
r

S
d
r
r

q


14
(c giao tuyn l AB). Php tuyn ngoi ca S v S' s c chiu ngc nhau.
Do tch phn trn S v S' c cng gi tr nhng tri du. Khi thng
lng ca D
r
qua ton mt kn S bng 0.

Xt h in tch im q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
n
t trong mt kn S, ta c

=
=
n
1 i
i
D D
r r

(1.29)
Thng lng ca D
r
do h q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
n
gy ra qua ton mt kn S
Q q S d D S d D
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
S
i
S
= = = =


= =
r r r r

(1.30)
Vy: Thng lng ca vector in cm D
r
qua mt kn S bt k bng tng
i s cc in tch nm trong th tch V c bao quanh bi S
Lu : V Q l tng i s cc in tch q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
n
, do c th m
hoc dng
Nu trong th tch V c bao quanh bi S c mt in khi th c
tnh theo
Q dV S d D
V S
E
= = =

r r

(1.31)
Cc cng thc (1.30) v (1.31) l dng ton hc ca nh l Ostrogradski-
Gauss i vi in trng.
Nguyn l lin tc ca t thng
Thc nghim chng t ng sc t l khp kn d ngun to ra n l
dng in hay nam chm. Tm biu thc ton hc biu din cho tnh cht ny
D
r

S d
r

A
B
q


15
Gi s c mt kn S tu nm trong t trng vi vector t cm B
r
. Thng
lng ca B
r
qua mt kn S bng tng s cc ng sc t i qua mt S ny.
Do ng sc t khp kn nn s ng sc t i vo th tch V bng s
ng sc t i ra khi th tch V . V vy thng lng ca B
r
c tnh
theo
0 S d B
S
M
= =

r r

(1.32)
Cng thc (1.32) gi l nguyn l lin tc ca t thng. y l mt phng
trnh c bn ca trng in t
1.5. Lun im th nht - Phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday
Khi t vng dy kn trong mt t trng bin thin th trong vng dy ny
xh dng in cm ng. Chng t trong vng dy c mt in trng E
r
c chiu
l chiu ca dng in cm ng .
Th nghim vi cc vng dy lm bng cc cht khc nhau, trong iu kin
nhit khc nhau u c kt qu tng t. Chng t vng dy dn khng phi
l nguyn nhn gy ra in trng m ch l phng tin gip ch ra s c mt
ca in trng . in trng ny cng khng phi l in trng tnh v
ng sc ca in trng tnh l ng cong h. in trng tnh khng lm
cho ht in dch chuyn theo ng cong kn to thnh dng in c (v
ho ra trong in trng tnh khng cn tn cng m vn sinh ra nng lng
in !).
Mun cho cc ht in dch chuyn theo ng cong kn to thnh dng
in th cng phi khc 0, c ngha l
0 l d E q
l

r r

(1.33)
v .sc ca in trng ny phi l cc .cong kn v gi l in trng xoy.
Pht biu lun im I: Bt k mt t trng no bin i theo thi gian
cng to ra mt in trng xoy.


16
Thit lp phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday:
Theo nh lut cm ng in t ca Faraday, sc in ng cm ng xh
trong mt vng dy kim loi kn v tr s bng tc bin thin ca t thng i
qua din tch ca vng dy
dt
d
e
c

=
(1.34)
Du (-) phn nh sc in ng cm ng trong vng dy to ra dng in
cm ng c chiu sao cho chng li s bin thin ca t thng

=
S
S d B
r r

(1.35)
l thng lng ca vector t cm B
r
qua S c bao bi vng dy. Suy ra

|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|
= =

=
S S S
c
S d
t
B
S d
dt
B d
S d B
dt
d
dt
d
e
r
r
r
r
r r

(1.36)
Hoc biu din sc in ng cm ng e
c
theo lu s ca vector cng
in trng E
r

=
l
c
l d E e
r r

(1.37)
Chiu ca vng dy kn l ly ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn n t ngn
ca B
r


V vng dy kn l ng yn nn theo cc cng thc (1.35), (1.36), (1.37) ta
c
S d
r

B
r

l d
r

S


17

|
|

\
|

=
S l
S d
t
B
l d E
r
r
r r

(1.38)
y l phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday di dng tch phn, cng l mt
phng trnh c bn ca trng in t.
Vy: Lu s ca vector cng in trng xoy dc theo mt ng
cong kn bt k bng v gi tr tuyt i nhng tri du vi tc bin thin theo
thi gian ca t thng gi qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong kn .
Theo gii tch vector (cng thc Green-Stock)
( )

=
S l
S d E l d E
r r r r

(1.39)
Theo cc phng trnh (1.38) v (1.39)
t
B
E

=
r
r

(1.40)
y l phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday di dng vi phn, c th p dng
i vi tng im mt trong khng gian c t trng bin thin.
1.6. Lun im th hai - Phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere
Theo lun im I, t trng bin thin theo thi gian sinh ra in trng
xoy. Vy ngc li in trng bin thin c sinh ra t trng khng ?
m bo tnh i xng trong mi lin h gia in trng v t trng, Maxwell
a ra lun im II:
Bt k mt in trng no bin thin theo thi gian cng to ra mt t
trng.
( chng minh bng thc nghim)
Lu : in trng ni chung c th khng p.b ng u trong khng
gian, c ngha l thay i t im ny sang im khc, nhng theo lun im II
s bin thin ca in trng theo khng gian khng to ra t trng, ch c
s bin thin ca in trng theo thi gian mi to ra t trng.
Thit lp phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere:


18
Theo nguyn l tc dng t ca dng in v nh lut Biot-Savart-Laplace,
Ampere pht biu nh lut dng in ton phn:
Lu s ca vector cng t trng H
r
dc theo mt ng cong kn bt
k bng tng i s cc dng in i qua din tch bao bi ng cong ny
I I l d H
n
1 i
i
l
= =

=
r
v

(1.41)


Dng in I i qua din tch S c th phn b lin tc hoc gin on.
Nu dng in qua mt S c phn b lin tc vi mt dng in J
r
th

=
S l
S d J l d H
r r r v

(1.42)
nh lut dng in ton phn cng l mt phng trnh c bn ca trng
in t
Khi nim v dng in dch
Cn c vo nh lut cm ng in t ca Faraday v nh lut dng in
ton phn ca Ampere, Maxwell bng l thuyt ch ra s tc dng tng h
gia t v t trng cng vi vic a ra khi nim mi v dng in dch.
Dng in dch c mt c tnh theo cng thc
dP 0 d 0 d
J J
t
P
t
E
t
D
J
r r
v r r
r
+ =

=
(1.43)
Trong :
J
r

l d
r

S d
r

I
i

S


19
t
P
J
dP

=
v
r
- mt dng in p.cc trong in mi do s x dch ca cc
in tch
t
E
J
0 0 d

=
r
r
- in trng bin thin trong chn khng v gi l mt dng
in dch
chng minh s tn ti ca dng in dch, xt th d sau: c mt mt
kn S bao quanh 1 trong 2 bn ca t in. Do c in p xoay chiu t vo t
in nn gia 2 bn t c in trng bin thin E
r
v dng in bin thin chy
qua t. Dng in ny chnh l dng in dch trong chn khng v gia 2 bn
t khng tn ti in tch chuyn ng v c gi tr:
t
E
S I
0 0 d

=
r

(1.44)
Theo nh lut Gauss
S E S d E q
0
S
0
= =

r r

(1.45)
S S d
S
=

r
v in trng ch tn ti gia 2 bn t
i vi mi trng chn khng, ta c: = 1

Dng in dn chy trong dy dn ni vi t c gi tr bng
S
S' +q
-q
E
r

~


20
t
E
S S d E
dt
d
dt
dq
I
0
S
0

= = =

r
r r

(1.46)
Suy ra
I = I
d0
(1.47)
Vy: dng in dch chy gia 2 bn t bng dng in dn chy mch
ngoi t in.
Bng cch b sung dng in dch vo v phi ca phng trnh (1.42), ta
c
(b sung c v v kha cnh to ra t trng dng in dch tng
ng dng in dn)

+ =
S S l
S d
t
D
S d J l d H
r
r
r r r
v

(1.48)
Hay

|
|

\
|

+ =
S l
S d
t
D
J l d H
r
r
r r v

(1.49)
y l phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere di dng tch phn
Theo gii tch vector (cng thc Green-Stock)
( )

=
S l
S d H l d H
r r r v

(1.50)
Suy ra
d
J J
t
D
J H
r r
r
r r
+ =

+ =
(1.51)
y l phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere di dng vi phn, cng l mt
phng trnh c bn ca trng in t
Nu mi trng c in dn sut = 0 (in mi l tng v chn khng)
th do 0 E J = =
r r
, ta c:
0 d 0
J
t
E
H
r
r
r
=

=
(1.52)


21
Vy: dng in dch hay in trng bin thin theo thi gian cng to ra
t trng nh dng in dn.
1.7. Trng in t v h phng trnh Maxwell
Theo cc lun im ca Maxwell, t trng bin thin theo thi gian to ra
in trng xoy, v ngc li in trng bin thin theo thi gian to ra t
trng. Vy trong khng gian in trng v t trng c th ng thi tn ti
v c lin h cht ch vi nhau
in trng v t trng ng thi tn ti trong khng gian to thnh mt
trng thng nht gi l trng in t.
Trng in t l mt dng vt cht c trng cho s tng tc gia cc
ht mang in.
- Phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday
Dng tch phn

|
|

\
|

=
S l
S d
t
B
l d E
r
r
r r

(1.53)
Dng vi phn
t
B
E

=
r
r

(1.54)
Din t lun im th nht ca Maxwell v mi lin h gia t trng bin
thin v in trng xoy.
- Phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere
Dng tch phn

|
|

\
|

+ =
S l
S d
t
D
J l d H
r
r
r r v

(1.55)
Dng vi phn
t
D
J H

+ =
r
r r

(1.56)


22
Din t lun im th hai ca Maxwell: in trng bin thin cng sinh
ra t trng nh dng in dn.
- nh l OG i vi in trng
Dng tch phn
q S d D
S
=

r r

(1.57)
Theo gii tch vector:

=
V S
dV D . S d D
r r r
v

=
V
dV q , ta c
Dng vi phn
= D .
r

(1.58)
Din t tnh khng khp kn ca cc ng sc in trng tnh lun t
cc in tch dng i ra v i vo cc in tch m: trng c ngun
- nh l OG i vi t trng
Dng tch phn
0 S d B
S
=

r r

(1.59)
Dng vi phn
0 B . =
r

(1.60)
Din t tnh khp kn ca cc ng sc t trng: trng khng c ngun
Cc phng trnh (1.54), (1.56), (1.58), (1.60) gi l h phng trnh
Maxwell
t
B
E

=
r
r


t
D
J H

+ =
r
r r

(1.61)
= D .
r


0 B . =
r


- H phng trnh Maxwell vi ngun ngoi


23
Trong l thuyt anten bc x in t pht ra t ngun v i vo khng gian.
Dng in trong anten l ngun bc x in t. Ngun dng in ny c lp
vi mi trng v khng chu nh hng ca trng do n to ra, gi l ngun
ngoi. Cc ngun ngoi c bn cht in hoc khng in. c trng cho
ngun ngoi ca trng in t ta c khi nim mt dng in ngoi
O
J
r
.
.lut Ohm dng vi phn:
( )
O O
E E J J
r r r r
+ = +
(1.62)
Nhn xt: h phng trnh Maxwell (1.61) ch m t trng in t ti
nhng im trong khng gian khng tn ti ngun ngoi ca trng hay trng
in t t do. Khi c ngun ngoi h phng trnh Maxwell c vit li
t
B
E

=
r
r


t
D
J J H
O

+ + =
r
r r r

(1.63)
= D .
r


0 B . =
r


Trong mi trng ng nht v ng hng c , v , tc l
mi trng in mi: E D
0
r r
=
mi trng dn in: E J
r r
=
mi trng t ho: H B
0
r r
= , ta c
t
H
E
0

=
r
r


t
E
J E H
0 O

+ + =
r
r r r

(1.64)
0
E .

=
r


0 H . =
r


- Nguyn l i ln ca h phng trnh Maxwell


24
Xt trng hp mi trng ng nht v ng hng, khng dng in
dn, khng in tch t do v ngun ngoi 0 J J
O
= = =
r r

t
H
E
0

=
r
r


t
E
H
0

=
r
r

(1.65)
0 E . =
r


0 H . =
r


Nhn xt: E
r
v H
r
i xng v c th i ln cho nhau
h phng trnh Maxwell trong trng hp c ngun ngoi vn i
xng, cn phi a thm 2 i lng hnh thc
M
J
r
- mt dng t ngoi

M
- mt t khi
Trong mi trng ng nht v ng hng, khng dng in dn, khng
in tch t do, vi ngun in v t ngoi
t
H
J E
0 M

=
r
r r


t
E
J H
0 E

+ =
r
r r
, J
E
J
O

(1.66)
0
E .

=
r


0
M
H .

=
r


ng dng: nu kt qu bi ton cho mt ngun in (ngun t) bit, th
s dng nguyn l i ln xc nh kt qu bi ton cho mt ngun t (ngun
in), m khng cn phi gii c hai.
- H phng trnh Maxwell i vi trng in t iu ho


25
Trng in t v ngun bin thin iu ho vi tn s gc nn c th
biu din di dng phc, ta c

= E re E
r r

= H re H
r r

(1.67)

= J re J
r r

= re

Vi:
Trong : ( )
z
y
x
i
mz
i
my
i
mx
m m e E k e E j e E i z , y , x E E


+ + =
r r r r r
gi l bin phc
ca

E
r
;
x
,
y
,
z
l cc pha ban u
Khi
m
0
m H i E

=
r r


Em m
0
m J E i E H

+ + =
r r r r

(1.69)
0
m
m E .

r


0 H . =

r


1.8. iu kin bin i vi cc vector ca trng in t
Xt hai mi trng 1 v 2 c mt phn cch S, xt tnh lin tc hoc gin
on ca cc vector ca trng in t v xc nh c
- i vi thnh phn php tuyn ca in trng
D
1n
- D
2n
=
S

S
mt in mt
(1.70)
t i
m
e


= ;
t i
m e E E


=
r r
;
t i
m e H H


=
r r
;
t i
m e J J


=
r r

(1.68)


26
Khi
S
= 0 ta c: D
1n
= D
2n
hay
1
2
n 2
n 1
E
E

=
- i vi thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng
E
1
= E
2
,
1
2
2
1
D
D


(1.71)
- i vi thnh phn php tuyn ca t trng
B
1n
= B
2n
,
1
2
n 2
n 1
H
H

=
(1.72)
- i vi thnh phn tip tuyn ca t trng
H
1
- H
2
= I
S

I
S
dng in mt
Khi I
S
= 0 ta c: H
1
= H
2
hay
1
2
2
1
B
B


(1.73)
- Trng hp c bit mi trng 1 l in mi v mi trng 2 l vt dn
l tng c
2
= . Trong vt dn l tng trng in t khng tn ti, c ngha
l 0 H E
2 2
= =
r r
.
Thc vy, nu vt dn l tng tn ti trng in t 0 H ; E
2 2

r r
th di tc
dng ca trng cc in tch t do s phn b li in tch trn b mt ca n
cho n khi trng ph do chng to ra trit tiu vi trng ban u v kt qu
trng tng hp trong vt dn l tng bng 0. Trn b mt S ca vt dn l
tng c dng in mt v in tch mt tn ti trong mt lp mng v hn.
Khi ta c
E
1n
=
1
S


E
1
= 0
H
1n
= 0
H
1
= I
S

(1.74)


27
Vy: trng in t trong in mi st mt vt dn l tng ch c thnh
phn php tuyn ca E
r
v thnh phn tip tuyn ca H
r

1.9. Nng lng trng in t - nh l Umov Poynting
- Nng lng ca trng in t
W = W
E
+ W
M
= ( )

+
V
M E
dV =
|
|

\
|
+

V
2
0
2
0
dV
2
H
2
E

- nh l Umov Poynting
chng minh c
O t
S
P P
dt
dW
S d =

r r

(1.75)
Trong
H E
r r r
= (W/m
2
) vector Poynting
Phng trnh =

=
V
2
V
dV E dV E J
r r r
cng sut tiu hao nhit do dng in dn
J
r
gy ra trong V
P
O
=

V
E
dV E J
r r
cng sut ca ngun ngoi trong th tch V
(1.75) gi l nh l Umov Poynting m t s cn bng ca trng in t
trong th tch V
Pht biu: Tng cc bin i nng lng trng in t, cng sut tn
hao nhit v cng sut ngun ngoi trong th tch V bng thng lng ca
vector Poynting qua mt kn S bao th tch V .
Vector Poynting
r
biu th s dch chuyn nng lng ca trng in t.
1.10. nh l nghim duy nht
H phng trnh Maxwell c nghim duy nht khi trng in t tho mn
cc iu kin sau


28
1. Bit cc vector c in trng v t trng ti thi im t
0
= 0 ti bt
k im no trong vng khng gian kho st hay cn gi l iu kin ban u,
tc l
( ) 0 , z , y , x E E
0
r r
= khi t = 0

( ) 0 , z , y , x H H
0
r r
=
(1.76)
2. Bit thnh phn tip tuyn ca E
r
v thnh phn tip tuyn ca H
r
ti mt
gii hn S bao min khng gian kho st trong khong thi gian 0 < t < hay
cn gi l iu kin bin
E = E
|S
hoc H = H
|S
vi 0 < t <
(1.77)
Nhn xt: nh l nghim duy nht c ngha quan trng v bng cch no
ta nhn c nghim ca h phng trnh Maxwell v nu n tho mn cc
iu kin trn th nghim nhn c l duy nht.
1.11. Nguyn l tng h
Nguyn l tng h phn nh mi quan h tng h gia trng in t v
cc ngun to ra n ti hai im khc nhau trong khng gian.
1. B Lorentz
Dng vi phn
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|



m 1 m 2 M m 2 m 1 M
m 1 m 2 E m 2 m 1 E m 1 m 2 m 2 m 1
H J H J
E J E J H E . H E .
r r r r
r r r r r r r r

(1.78)
Dng tch phn

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
=
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|



V
m 1 m 2 M m 2 m 1 M m 1 m 2 E m 2 m 1 E
S
m 1 m 2 m 2 m 1
dV H J H J E J E J
dS H E H E
r r r r r r r r
r r r r

(1.79)
V , ta c


29
0 dV H J H J E J E J
V
m 1 m 2 M m 2 m 1 M m 1 m 2 E m 2 m 1 E =
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|


r r r r r r r r

(1.80)
2. Nguyn l tng h
Gi s trong mi trng ng nht v ng hng, ngun in v t 1 phn
b trong V
1
, ngun in v t 2 phn b trong V
2
v 2 th tch ny khng c
min chung. Do v tri ca phng trnh (1.80) tch phn trong min V
chia thnh 3 min V
1
, V
2
v min cn li. Tuy nhin tch phn trong min cn
li bng 0 v min ny khng tn ti ngun cho nn phng trnh (1.80) c
vit li
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|


2 V
m 1 m 2 M m 1 m 2 E
1 V
m 2 m 1 M m 2 m 1 E dV H J E J dV H J E J
r r r r r r r r

(1.81)
gi l nguyn l tng h ca trng in t v ngun ca chng 2 min khc
nhau.
1.12. Nguyn l ng dng in ng
Nguyn l ng dng in ng hay cn gi l nguyn l mu ho xc nh
mi quan h gia trng in t. Cc tham s in v hnh hc ca h in t v
mi trng i vi 2 h in t ng dng in ng vi nhau.
Tham s ho cc i lng ca trng in t
6 6 5 5 4 4 M 3 3 E 2 2 1 1
a t ; a l ; a J ; a J ; a E ; a H = = = = = =
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r

(1.82)
4 3 2 1
a ; a ; a ; a
r r r r
l cc vector n v khng c th nguyn ch s ph thuc ca
cng trng v ngun vo cc to khng gian v thi gian
6 5
a ; a l cc n v v hng xc nh to khng gian v thi gian
Cc h s t l
i
c th nguyn tng ng l

1
[A/m],
2
[V/m],
3
[A/m
2
],
4
[V/m
2
],
5
[m],
6
[s]
Thay cc i lng trong (1.82) vo cc phng trnh Maxwell sau y
t
E
J E H
0 E

+ + =
r
r r r
, J
E
J
O

(1.83)


30
t
H
J E
0 M

=
r
r r


Ta c
3 3
6
2
2 1 1
a c
a
a
c c a
r
r
r
+

+ =
(1.84)
6
1
5 4 4 2
a
a
c a c a

=
r
r r


Cc h s t l c
i
khng c th nguyn tng ng vi cc biu thc sau
1
5 2
1
c


= ;
6
5 2
2
c


= ;
1
5 3
3
c


= ;
2
5 4
4
c


= ;
6 2
5 1
5
c


=
H phng trnh (1.84) l dng khng c th nguyn, m t cc h in t
khc nhau qua h s c
i
. Hai h in t c cc h s c
i
tng ng bng nhau gi
l 2 h ng dng in ng vi nhau.
1.13. Trng tnh in
Trng tnh in c to ra bi cc in tch ng yn v khng bin i
theo thi gian, ta c h phng trnh Maxwell nh sau
0 E =
r


= D .
r
(1.85)
E D
0
r r
=

1.14. T trng ca dng in khng i
0 E =
r


= D .
r
(1.86)
E D
0
r r
=


J H
r r
=

0 B . =
r

(1.87)
H B
0
r r
=



31
Nhn xt: in trng ca dng in khng i cng tng t nh in
trng tnh v l mt trng th, ch khc nhau l in trng ca dng in
khng i tn ti ngay c trong vt dn E J
r r
= , cn in trng tnh th khng
tn ti bn trong vt dn.


32
Chng 2
TCH PHN CC PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

2.1. Phng trnh sng i vi cc vector cng trng
Lu :
- l in thm t i i vi mi trng
- l t thm t i i vi mi trng
t =
0
v =
0

- l in thm tuyt i
- l t thm tuyt i
H phng trnh Maxwell trong mi trng ng nht v ng hng c c
ngun in v t ngoi
t
E
J E H
0 E

+ + =
r
r r r
(1)

t
H
J E
0 M

=
r
r r
(2) (2.1)
0
E .

=
r

(3)

0
M
H .

=
r

(4)

Nhn xt: Cc phng trnh (1) v (2) bao gm E
r
, H
r
v cc ngun in v
t nn kh gii. V vy cn a chng v dng n gin hn.
Ly rot 2 v ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) E
t
J E H H . H
0 E
2
r r r r r r

+ + = =
(1)

( ) ( ) ( ) H
t
J E E . E
0 M
2
r r r r r

= =
(2)
(2.2)
Suy ra


33
M
M
0 M
0
E 0
2
2
0 0
2
J
t
J 1
J
t
H
t
H
H
r
r
r
r r
r
+

+ =


(1)
t
J 1
J
t
E
t
E
E
E
0
0
M 0
2
2
0 0
2

+ =


r
r
r r
r

(2)
Nhn xt: V tri ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) trong (2.3) ch cn E
r

hoc H
r
. y l cc phng trnh vi phn cp 2 c v phi. Rt kh gii v v
phi l cc hm rt phc tp. Thng ch gii trong trng hp khng c ngun
v in mi l tng = 0, ta c
0
t
H
H
2
2
0 0
2
=


r
r
(1)

0
t
E
E
2
2
0 0
2
=


r
r
(2)
(2.4)
2.2. Phng trnh cho cc th in ng
Nhn xt: h phng trnh Maxwell (2.1) l tuyn tnh, cc ngun in v
t thng c kch thch ring r v c lp vi nhau.
2.2.1. i vi ngun in
n gin xt trng trong in mi l tng = 0 h phng trnh
Maxwell (2.1) c vit li
t
E
J H
0 E

+ =
r
r r
(1)

t
H
E
0

=
r
r
(2)
(2.5)
0
E .

=
r

(3)

0 H . =
r

(4)
t:
( )
E
0
A
1
H
r r

=
(2.6)


34
E
A
r
gi l th vector in
D thy rng: ( ) 0 A .
1
H .
E
0
=

=
r r

a (2.6) vo (2) ca h phng trnh (2.5) ta c
0
t
A
E
E
=
|
|

\
|

+
r
r

(2.7)
Suy ra
E
E
t
A
E

=
r
r

(2.8)
Lu
0
E
= (2.9)

E
l th v hng in
E
A
r
v
E
c gi chung l cc th in ng ca ngun in
Nh vy: H
r
v E
r
c biu din qua
E
A
r
v
E
theo cc cng thc (2.6) v
(2.8) tng ng.
Tm
E
A
r
v
E
?
T cc cng thc (2.6) v (2.8) thay H
r
v E
r
vo (1) ca (2.5) ta c
E 0
E
0 0 E 2
E
2
0 0 E
2
J
t
A .
t
A
A
r r
r
r
=
|

\
|


(2.10)
E
A
r
v
E
c chn tu . V vy n gin ta c th chn iu kin ph
0
t
A .
E
0 0 E
=


+
r

(2.11)
(2.11) cn gi l h thc chun
Phng trnh sng (2.10) c vit li
E 0 2
E
2
0 0 E
2
J
t
A
A
r
r
r
=


(2.12)
T cng thc (2.8) thay E
r
vo (3) ca (2.5) v p dng (2.11) ta c


35
0
2
E
2
0 0 E
2
t



(2.13)
Cc phng trnh (2.12) v (2.13) gi l cc phng trnh sng khng
thun nht hay cc phng trnh dAlambert cho cc th in ng ca trng
in t i vi ngun in.
E
A
r
v
E

2.2.2. i vi ngun t
H phng trnh Maxwell (2.1) i vi ngun t trong in mi l tng
= 0 c dng
t
E
H
0

=
r
r
(1)

t
H
J E
0 M

=
r
r r
(2)
(2.14)
0 E . =
r

(3)
0
M
H .

=
r

(4)

Cch lm tng t nh i vi ngun in ta c
( )
M
0
A
1
E
r r

=

M
M
t
A
H

=
r
r

(2.15)
M 0 2
M
2
0 0 M
2
J
t
A
A
r
r
r
=



0
M
2
M
2
0 0 M
2
t



(2.16)
0
t
A .
M
0 0 M
=


+
r

(2.17)
M
A
r
v
M
l cc th in ng i vi ngun t


36
Nu trong mi trng in mi l tng tn ti ng thi c ngun in v
ngun t th trng in t tng hp bng chng cht trng ca ngun in v
ngun t, c ngha l
( )
E M
0
E
A
1
t
A
E

=
r
r
r


( )
M
M
E
0
t
A
A
1
H

=
r
r r

(2.18)
Nhn xt: E
r
v H
r
c biu din qua
E
A
r
v
E
hoc
M
A
r
v
M
lm cho h
phng trnh Maxwell n gin hn. y chnh l u im ca phng php
dng cc th in ng.
2.2.3. i vi trng iu ho
Nu cc ngun ca trng bin thin iu ho theo thi gian vi tn s gc
th cc phng trnh sng dAlambert (2.12), (2.13) v (2.16) vit di dng
bin phc nh sau
Em
0 2
Em
2
2
Em
2
J
t
A
k A


r
r
r


0
m
2
Em
2
2
Em
2
t
k



Mm
0 2
Mm
2
2
Mm
2
J
t
A
k A


r
r
r

(2.19)
0
Mm
2
Mm
2
2
Mm
2
t
k



Trong :
0 0
k = l s sng trong mi trng
(2.19) l cc phng trnh khng thun nht, cn gi l phng trnh
Hemholtz
Biu thc ca E
r
v H
r
c dng


37
Em
Mm
0
Em A
1
A i E



|
|

\
|

=
r r r

(2.20)
Mm
Mm
Em
0
t
A
A
1
H

|
|

\
|

=
r
r r


Gia th vector v th v hng c mi quan h sau
Em
0 0
Em
A .
1


=
r

(2.21)
Mm
0 0
Mm
A .
1


=
r


Nhn xt: Theo (2.20) v (2.21) cho thy rng i vi trng in t iu
ho ch cn tm nghim ca hai phng trnh Hemholtz i vi cc th vector
Em A

r
v Mm A

r

2.3. Phng trnh sng cho cc vector Hertz
2.3.1 Vector Hertz in
t
t
A
E
0 0 E


=
r
r

(2.22)
Trong :
E

r
gi l vector Hertz in
Thay (2.22) vo (2.6) ta c
( ) ( )
E 0 E
0
t
A
1
H

=
r r r

(2.23)
Thay (2.22) vo h thc chun (2.11) ta c
( ) 0 .
t
E E
= +

r

(2.24)
Suy ra
E E
. =
r

(2.25)
Thay (2.22) v (2.25) vo (2.8) ta c


38
( )
2
E
2
0 0 E E
E
t
.
t
A
E

=
r
r
r
r

(2.26)
Nhn xt: E
r
v H
r
c biu din qua vector Hertz in
E

r

Tm
E

r
?
Thay (2.22) vo (2.12) ta c
E 0 2
E
2
0 0 E
2
0 0 2
E
2
0 0 E
2
J
t t t
A
A
r
r
r
r
r
=
|
|

\
|


(2.27)
Hay
E
0
2
E
2
0 0 E
2
J
1
t t
r
r
r

=
|
|

\
|


(2.28)
Ly tch phn 2 v ca (2.28) t 0 n t ta c



t
0
E
0
2
E
2
0 0 E
2
dt J
1
t
r
r
r

(2.29)
t

=
t
0
E E
dt J P
r r

(2.30)
E
P
r
gi l vector phn cc ca ngun in
Phng trnh (2.29) c vit li
0
E
2
E
2
0 0 E
2
P
t
=



r r
r

(2.31)
Nh vy: vector phn cc
E
P
r
l ngun to ra vector Hertz in
E

r
. Do
E

r
cn gi l th vector phn cc in.
2.3.2 Vector Hertz t
Tng t cch lm ca vector Hertz in hoc p dng nguyn l i ln
ca h phng trnh Maxwell ta c
t
A
M
0 0 M


=
r
r

(2.32)


39
Trong :
M

r
gi l vector Hertz t
M M
. =
r

(2.33)
( )
M 0
t
E

=
r r

(2.34)
( )
2
M
2
0 0 M
t
. H


=
r
r r

(2.35)
Nhn xt: E
r
v H
r
c biu din qua vector Hertz t
M

r

Tm
M

r
?
M
0
2
M
2
0 0 M
2
J
1
t t
r
r
r

=
|
|

\
|


(2.36)
Ly tch phn 2 v ca (2.28) t 0 n t ta c



t
0
M
0
2
M
2
0 0 M
2
dt J
1
t
r
r
r

(2.37)
t

=
t
0
M M
dt J P
r r

(2.38)
M
P
r
gi l vector t ho ca ngun t
(2.37) c vit li
0
M
2
M
2
0 0 M
2
P
t
=



r r
r

(2.39)
Nh vy: vector t ho
M
P
r
l ngun to ra vector Hertz t
M

r
. Do
M

r

cn gi l th vector t ho.
Nhn xt: E
r
v H
r
c biu din qua vector Hertz in
E

r
hoc vector
Hertz t
M

r
n gin hn phng php dng cc th in ng.
2.3.2 Trng loi in v trng loi t


40
Trng hp cc vector Hertz in
E

r
v vector Hertz t
M

r
ch c mt
thnh phn. Trong h to Decac cc vector Hertz in
E

r
v vector Hertz t
M

r
theo phng z l
E E
k =
r r

(2.40)
M M
k =
r r

(2.41)
- Trng ca ngun in (ng vi vector Hertz in
E

r
mt thnh phn) s
c H
r
theo phng z bng 0 (H
z
= 0), cn cc thnh phn khc ca H
r
ni chung
khc 0. Trng in t loi ny gi l trng loi in dc E hay t ngang TM
- Trng ca ngun t (ng vi vector Hertz t
M

r
mt thnh phn) s c
E
r
theo phng z bng 0 (E
z
= 0), cn cc thnh phn khc ca E
r
ni chung khc
0. Trng in t loi ny gi l trng loi t dc H hay in ngang TE
Nh vy: trong trng hp tng qut v iu kin bin nht nh, trng
in t c th xem nh tng hp ca 2 loi trng: loi in v loi t
2.4. Tm nghim ca phng trnh sng
Nhn xt: p dng nguyn l i ln, vic tm nghim ca cc phng trnh
d Alambert ch cn xc nh E
r
hoc H
r
. Do c th s dng mt hm v
hng i din cho
E
v
M
hoc bt c thnh phn no trong h to
Decac ca
E

r
,
M

r
,
E
A
r
v
M
A
r
, phng trnh d Alambert c vit li
g
t
2
2
0 0
2
=



(2.42)
g - hm ngun ca trng phn b trong th tch V
Nghim ca (2.42) bng tng nghim ca phng trnh sng thun nht
khng v phi v nghim ring ca phng trnh sng thun nht c v phi, tc
l tm nghim ca phng trnh sau
0
t
2
2
0 0
2
=



(2.43)


41
i vi trng hp ngun im t gc to . V ngun im c tnh
i xng cu nn hm ch ph thuc r v t. Trong h to cu ta c
( )


= r
r r r
1
r r
2
r
2
2
2
2
2

(2.44)
t = r ta c
0
t r
2
2
0 0 2
2
=



(2.45)
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (2.45) l
|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
=
v
r
t f
v
r
t f
2 1

(2.46)
Suy ra
r
v
r
t f
r
v
r
t f
2 1
|

\
|
+
+
|

\
|

=
(2.47)
Trong :
0 0
1
v

= l vn tc truyn sng trong mi trng; f
1
v f
2
l
cc hm tu
r
v
r
t f
1
|

\
|

m t sng cu phn k truyn t ngun v cng
r
v
r
t f
2
|

\
|
+
m t sng cu hi t truyn t v cng ngun
iu kin bc x ti v cng:
0 E ik
t
E
r lim
r
=
|
|

\
|
+


r
r

0 H ik
t
H
r lim
r
=
|
|

\
|
+


r
r

(2.48)
Trong :
0 0
k = l s sng


42
Nhn xt: v l ngun im t ti gc to v khng gian l v hn nn
theo iu kin bc x ti v cng ta chn nghim ca phng trnh sng (2.43)
cho ngun im l hm f
1
v loi b hm f
2

Vy
r
v
r
t f
1
|

\
|

=
(2.49)
Nu r 0 (ti gc to ) th nghim (2.49) khng tho mn phng trnh
sng thun nht m phi tho mn phng trnh sng d Alambert v th ta phi
chn dng ca f
1
sao cho l nghim ca phng trnh sng d Alambert v
phi tho mn trng trng thi dng.
trng thi dng, phng trnh sng d Alambert c vit li
g
2
=
(2.50)
gi l phng trnh sng Poisson v c nghim l

=
V
dV
r
g
4
1

(2.51)
Lu :
r l khong cch t v tr quan st trng n yu t vi phn gdV. Theo
(2.49) v (2.51) ta chn dng hm ca f
1
nh sau
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

v
r
t g
4
1
v
r
t f
1

(2.52)
Nh vy, nghim ca phng trnh sng d Alambert l
( )

|

\
|

=
V
dV
r
v
r
t , r g
4
1
t , r

(2.53)
Nhn xt: trng thi im t ti v tr quan st bng gi tr ca ngun
thi im t sm hn t mt khong thi gian l
v
r
t =
(2.54)


43
Nh vy, trng ti v tr quan st chm pha so vi ngun mt khong thi
gian t nn (2.53) gi l th chm ca trng in t.
Tng t nh nghim (2.53) ta c
( )

|

\
|

=
V
E
0
E
dV
r
v
r
t , r J
4
t , r A
r
r

(2.55)

( )

|

\
|

=
V
M
0
M
dV
r
v
r
t , r J
4
t , r A
r
r

(2.56)
i vi trng iu ho ta c
ikr t i ikr
m
v
r
t i
m
e g e e g e g
v
r
t g

\
|

= = =
|

\
|

(2.57)

( )
ikr
E
v
r
t i
Em E e t A e A
v
r
t A

\
|


= =
|

\
|

r r r

(2.58)

( )
ikr
M
v
r
t i
Mm M e t A e A
v
r
t A

\
|


= =
|

\
|

r r r

(2.59)
Cc th chm M E A , A ,

r r
c tnh l
( )
( )

=
V
ikr
dV
r
e t , r g
4
1
t , r
(2.60)

( )
( )

=
V
ikr
E
0
E dV
r
e t , r J
4
t , r A
r
r

(2.61)



44
( )
( )

=
V
ikr
M
0
M dV
r
e t , r J
4
t , r A
r
r

(2.62)
2.5. Trng in t ca lng cc in
Lng cc in l yu t bc x sng in t, l thnh phn c bn ca
anten.
Th d v lng cc in, mt on dy dn ngn mnh bn trong c dng
in bin i do ngun cung cp bn ngoi
n gin ta c gi thit nh sau
- t trong in mi l tng: = 0; , = const
- l << , l l chiu di ca lng cc in v l bc sng ca trng
in t do n pht ra
- Dng in cung cp cho lng cc in bin thin iu ho vi tn s gc

- r >> l, r l khong cch r t v tr quan st trng in t n lng cc
in
d phng php th chm tnh trng
2.5.1. Trng in t ca yu t lng cc in
Chn h to cu c gc O nm ti trng tm ca lng cc in, trc
lng cc in hng theo Oz v dng in cung cp cho lng cc in c
dng
t i
m
t i
m Se J k e I k I

= =
r r r r

(2.63)
Trong : S l tit din ca lng cc in
V dng in cung cp hng theo trc Oz v tn ti trong th tch V = Sl
nn ti v tr quan st trng M ch c mt thnh phn hng theo trc Oz. Th
chm ca lng cc in l
ikr
m
0
l
ikr
m
0
V
ikr
m
0
Em Em e
r 4
l I
k dl
r
e I
4
k dV
r
e J
4
k A k A

= =

r r r r r

(2.64)


45
Lu : S d tnh c tch phn (2.64) l do gi thit bin v pha ca
dng in cung cp l khng i trn ton lng cc in v do r >> l nn
khong cch t bt c im no trn lng cc in n v tr xc nh trng
u bng r.
Trong h to cu ta c cng thc
= sin cos r k
0 0
r
r
r

(2.65)
0
r
r
v
0

r
l cc vector n v trong h to cu
Khi (2.64) c vit li
( )

sin cos r
r 4
le I
A
0 0
ikr
m
0
Em
r
r
r

(2.66)
Cng t trng ca lng cc in l
( )
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|


sin cos r
r
e
4
l I
A
1
H
0 0
ikr
m
Em
0
m
r
r
r r

(2.67)
Suy ra
r
e
sin ik
r
1
4
l I
H
ikr
m
0
m

\
|
+

=
r
r

(2.68)
0

r
l vector n v trong h to cu
T h phng trnh Maxwell khng ngun in tch ta c
m
0
m E i H

=
r r

(2.69)
Khi cng in trng ca lng cc in c tnh l
|

\
|

|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
+

=
|
|

\
|


sin
r
ik
k
r
1
cos
r
ik
r
1
r 2 .
.
r
e
i 4
l I
H
i
1
E
2
2 0 2 0
ikr
0
m
m
0
m
r
r
r r

(2.70)


46
Nhn xt: Cc biu thc tnh

E
r
v

H
r
trong (2.68) v (2.70) ca bc x
lng cc in u c tha s
r
e
ikr
v bin t l nghch vi r, c mt ng
pha l mt cu bn knh r.
Nh vy trng bc x lng cc in c tnh cht ca sng cu. Vn tc
dch chuyn ca mt ng pha gi l vn tc pha v
ph

Ta c phng trnh ca mt ng pha l
= t kr = const
d = dt kdr = 0
(2.72)
V
k dt
dr
v
ph

= =
(2.73)
Nu nhn cc biu thc ca (2.68) v (2.70) vi e
it
v ly phn thc ca

E
r

v

H
r
ta c gi tr tc thi ca chng l
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 H H E
kr t cos
kr
1
kr t sin 1
r k
1
sin
r 4
lk I
E
kr t cos
kr
1
kr t sin
r k
1
cos
r 2
lk I
E
kr t sin kr t cos
kr
1
sin
r 4
lk I
H
r
2 2
0
2
m
2 2
0
2
m
r
m
= = =
|

\
|

|

\
|

=
|

\
|

=
|

\
|


(2.74)
2.5.2. Trng vng gn
Khi r << nhng vn m bo gi thit r >> l th gi l trng vng gn
Do r << nn kr = r
2

<< 1 v trong (2.74) nu b qua cc v cng b


bc cao so vi
kr
1
v lch pha kr ta c


47
t sin sin
r 4
l I
E
t sin cos
r 2
l I
E
t cos sin
r 4
l I
H
3
0
m
3
0
m
r
2
m


(2.75)
Nhn xt: H

lch pha so vi E
r
v E

mt gc
2

nn vector Poynting
trung bnh
tb

r
= re

r
= 0, c ngha l nng lng trng in t ca lng cc
in vng gn ch yu l ca dao ng xung quanh ngun, khng mang tnh
cht sng, gi l vng cm ng . Hnh 2.1 trnh by cu trc ng sc ca E
r
v
H
r


2.5.3. Trng vng xa
Khi r >> th th gi l trng vng xa
Do r >> nn kr = r
2

>> 1 v trong (2.74) nu b qua cc v cng b


bc cao so vi
kr
1
ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) kr t sin sin
r 2
l I
kr t sin sin
r 4
lk I
E
kr t sin sin
r 2
l I
kr t sin sin
r 4
lk I
H
0
0 m
0
2
m
m m


(2.76)
Nhn xt:
I
Er Er
H
r

Er Er
E
r



48
- Trng vng xa ca lng cc in ch gm 2 thnh phn H

v E


ng pha, vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng r, vector
Poynting phc ch c phn thc
tb

r
= re

r
0, nng lng trng in t bc
x vo trong khng gian. V vy vng xa gi l vng bc x
- Bin ca H

v E

t l vi , t l nghch vi . Nu c cng gi tr
dng in I
m
, cng khong cch v tn s cng cao th H

v E

cng ln
- Bin ca H

v E

t l vi sin nn trng bc x ca lng cc in


c tnh nh hng trong khng gian. Chng t cc i ti mt phng
2

v
bng 0 theo phng ca lng cc in = 0.
- Trng bc x c tnh nh hng, thng c m t bng gin
hng. Gin hng ca lng cc in, k hiu F(, ), l hm c xc
nh bi biu thc:
( ) = = sin
E
E
, F
max

(2.77)


2.5.4. Cng sut bc x, tr bc x
Cng sut bc x ca lng cc in c tnh theo cng thc
S d P
S
tb bx
r r

=
(2.78)


=

0
0

= 90
0

E

=

0

E = E
max

Mt phng kinh tuyn

Mt phng v tuyn
Z


49

Trong


=
2
0
3 2
3 2 2
m
tb
sin
r 32
k l I
r
r
r

(2.79)
Vi phn mt cu
dS = r
2
sindd

Suy ra
bx
2
m
0
0
2 2 2
m
0
3
2
0 0
3 2
3 2 2
m
bx
R
2
I
12
k l I
d sin d
r 32
k l I
P =

=

=



(2.80)
Trong
2
0
0
0
0
2
bx
1
3
2
6
lk
R
|

\
|

=
(2.81)
R
bx
- tr bc x ca lng cc in
t
0
0
c
z

= []
(2.82)
z
c
- tr sng ca mi trng
Trong chn khng hoc khng kh, ta c = = 1, do
= =

= 377 120 z
0
0
0 c


d
d
H
r

E
r

S d
r

I
r


50

\
|

=
|

\
|

=
2 2
2
0 bx
1
790
1
80 R

W
1
I 395 P
2
2
m 0 bx
|

\
|

=

2.6. Trng in t ca lng cc t
Lng cc t l yu t bc x sng in t, l thnh phn c bn ca anten
Th d v lng cc t, mt on dy dn ngn mnh bn trong c dng t
bin i do ngun cung cp bn ngoi. Cch lm tng t nh i vi lng cc
in hoc p dng nguyn l i ln v trong cc cng thc (2.68) v (2.70) thay
H
r
bng E
r
, thay E
r
bng H
r
, thay bng - v thay m I

bng Mm I


r
e
sin ik
r
1
4
l I
E
ikr
Mm
0
m

\
|
+

=
r
r

(2.83)
|

\
|

|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
+

=

sin
r
ik
k
r
1
cos
r
ik
r
1
r 2
r
e
i 4
l I
H
2
2 0 2 0
ikr
0
Mm
m
r
r
r

(2.84)


Theo (2.83) v (2.84) cho thy trng bc x ca lng cc t cng l
sng cu,
E
r
, H
r
~ r,
E
r
, H
r
c tnh nh hng trong khng gian
I
Er Er
E
r

Er Er
H
r



51
Vai tr ca in trng v t trng lng cc t so vi ca lng cc
in thay th cho nhau. V vy cu trc ng sc ca chng l ging nhau vi
E
r
v H
r
i ch cho nhau
2.6.1 Trng in t ca vng dy
Nhn xt: trong thc t, ngi ta c th to ra trng in t xung quanh 1
vng dy nh mnh c dng in bin i I
m
chy qua tng t nh lng cc
t. Vng dy dn ny gi l anten khung nguyn t.
Gi s:
- mt phng vng dy nm trng vi mt phng v tuyn ca h to cu
- kch thc vng dy rt nh so vi bc sng ca trng in t do n
pht ra
- dng in bin i iu ho theo thi gian vi tn s gc :
t i
m e I I


= vi
bin v pha dc theo ng dy c gi tr nh nhau
Theo (2.61) th chm ti im Q thuc trng in t do vng dy pht ra

=
V
ikr
m
0
Em dV e
r
J
4
A
r
r

(2.85)
Trong : r l khong cch t im Q n yu t vi phn l d
r

Ta c:
l Sd dV
r
= , l d I l Sd J dV J m
m m
r r r r
= =
(2.86)
Suy ra

l
ikr
m
0
Em l d
r
e
4
I
A
r r

(2.87)
V dng in chy trong dy dn ch theo phng v tuyn nn th chm
Em A

r
ca n cng ch c 1 thnh phn hng theo phng v tuyn
Th d:


52
Xt 2 yu t vi phn l d
r
ca vng dy t i xng vi nhau qua mt phng
P i qua im tnh trng Q v vung gc vi mt phng vng dy (mt phng
P gi l mt phng kinh tuyn). Mi mt yu t vi phn l d
r
li phn tch thnh 2
yu t vi phn: l d
r
// (P) v l d
r
(P).
Nhn xt:
- th vector do cc yu t vi phn l d
r
to ra ti Q c cng gi tr nhng
hng ngc nhau nn b trit tiu
- th vector do cc yu t vi phn l d
r
to ra ti Q c cng gi tr v cng
hng vi nhau nn tng gp i.

Do tch phn trong (2.87) ch cn ly theo yu t vi phn l d
r
. Hn na
do tnh i xng ca l d
r
i vi mt phng P nn tch phn trn ch cn ly theo
na vng dy v nhn i
Ta c:
dl = dl cos = Rcos d
(2.88)
Trong : R l bn knh ca vng dy
Suy ra:

V
ikr
m
0
0
Em d
r
cos e
2
R I
A
r
r

(2.89)
P


r
r
O
a
a
b
R I
Q
O
a
R
I


dl
dl
dl
dl
dl
dl


53
Trong :
0

r
l vector n v hng theo phng v tuyn, theo hnh v
trn ta c cc h thc sau
2 2 2
ab aQ r + = , + = cos ROa 2 R Oa ab
2 2 2

(2.90)
Hay
+ = + + = cos sin Rr 2 R r cos ROa 2 R Oa aQ r
2 2 2 2 2 2

(2.91)
Trong : r l khong cch t O n Q
Theo gi thit r >> R nn cho R
2
= 0 v t (2.91) ta c
= = cos sin R r cos sin
r
R 2
1 r cos sin Rr 2 r r
2


Suy ra
+ =
|

\
|
+


=

=

cos sin
r
R
r
1
cos sin
r
R
1
r
1
cos sin
r
R
1
1
r
1
cos sin R r
1
r
1
2


V
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) + =
= =


cos sin kR sin i cos sin kR cos e
e e e e
ikr
cos sin ikR ikr cos sin R r ik r ik


Khi >> R th kR << 1, do c th xem
( ) 1 cos sin kR cos
( ) cos sin kR cos sin kR sin
Suy ra
( ) +

cos sin ikR 1 e e
ikr r ik


Thay vo tch phn trong (2.89) ta c
|

\
|
+

ik
r
1
sin
r
e
2
d cos
r
e
ikr
V
ikr

(2.92)
V


54
2
ikr
m
0
0
Em R ik
r
1
sin
r 4
e I
A
|

\
|
+

r
r

(2.93)
|

\
|

|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
+ =

sin
r
ik
k
r
1
cos
r
ik
r
1
r 2
r
e
4
R I
H
2
2 0 2 0
ikr 2
m
m
r
r
r

(2.94)
|

\
|
+

=
|
|

\
|


ik
r
1
sin
r i 4
le k R I
H
i
1
E
0
ikr 2 2
m
0
m
0
m
r
r r

(2.95)
D thy rng trng bc x ca vng dy dn c tnh cht tng t nh
trng bc x ca lng cc t v s hon ton ging nhau nu tho mn iu
kin sau
2
m
0
Mm
R I
i
l I
=


(2.96)
t

= =

i
l I
l q P
Mm
Mm
M
r
r r

(2.97)
M P

r
gi l moment lng cc t
t
2
m
0 0
m
0 0
Mv R I S S I S P = =

r r r

(2.98)
Mv P

r
gi l moment t ca vng dy dn c dng in m I

v din tch S
Khi trng bc x ca lng cc t v vng dy dn l tng ng
nhau
Mv M P P

=
r r

(2.99)
T cc biu thc (2.94) v (2.95) ta tnh c thnh phn trng bc x
ca vng dy vng xa l


55
( )
( ) kr t cos sin
r 4
k R I
E
kr t cos sin
r 4
k R I
H
0
0
2 2
m
2 2
m

= =
=


(2.100)
Cng sut bc x v tr bc x ca vng dy c tnh l
bxv
2
m
bxv
R
2
I
P =
(2.101)
c
2
3
bx
z
S
3
8
R
|

\
|

=
(2.102)
2.7. Trng in t ca yu t din tch mt
Xt trng bc x ca yu t vi phn din tch m trn c dng in v
t mt chy vung gc vi nhau.
Gi s yu t vi phn din tch nm trong mt phng xOy c dng hnh ch
nht kch thc a, b
Dng in mt hng theo trc x: I
ESx
bthin iu ho theo thi gian
Dng t mt hng theo trc y: I
MSy
bthin iu ho theo thi gian
S << nn bin v pha ca dng in v t mt l ging nhau trn ton
b yu t vi phn din tch S, cn gi l nguyn t Huyghens

p dng cc nghim th chm cho trng bc x ca yu t vi phn din
tch vi dng in mt I
ESx
v dng t mt I
MSy
ta c
I
ESx

I
MSy

O
a
b
x
z
y


56

=
S
ikr
ESxm
0
Exm dS
r
e I
4
A
(2.103)

=
S
ikr
MSym
0
Mym dS
r
e I
4
A
(2.104)
V dng in mt I
ESx
hng theo trc x nn Exm A

cng ch c thnh phn


ny, tng t dng t mt I
MSy
hng theo trc y nn Mym A

cng ch c thnh
phn ny
Theo gi thit, bin v pha ca dng in v t mt l khng i trn
ton yu t vi phn din tch, khong cch t im quan st trng n yu t
din tch ln hn rt nhiu so vi kch thc ca yu t din tch, do c th
a cc biu thc trong du tch phn ca (2.103) v (2.104) ra ngoi
r 4
e I S
A
ikr
ESxm
0
Exm


(2.105)
r 4
e I S
A
ikr
MSym
0
Mym


(2.106)
Trong :
r l khong cch t im quan st trng n gc to
S = ab l din tch ca yu t mt
Cc thnh phn ca th vector trong h to cu v h to Decac lin
h vi nhau nh sau
+ + = cos A sin sin A cos sin A A
z y x r

+ + =

sin A sin cos A cos cos A A


z y x
(2.107)
+ =

cos A sin A A
y x

Do ch c Exm A

v Mym A

khc 0, ta c
=

cos sin A A Exm Erm



57
=

cos cos A A Exm m E


(2.108)
=

sin A A Exm m E


=

sin sin A A Mym Mrm

=

sin cos A A Mym m M


(2.109)
=

cos A A Mym m M

p dng cc cng thc (2.6) v cng thc 1 ca (2.15) cho (2.108) v
(2.109), ta c
|
|

\
|

=

Em
0
A
1
H
r r


|
|

\
|

=

Mm
0
A
1
E
r r


Kho st trng bc x ca yu t din tch vng xa
Khi tnh trng ta ch quan tm n s hng suy gim
r
1
, b qua cc s
hng bc cao hn
n
r
1
|

\
|
. Do khi tnh rot trong h to cu ca (2.108) v
(2.109) ta ch gi li cc thnh phn vi o hm
r
A m
0

r
v
r
A m
0

r
c gi
li, cn cc s hng bc cao hn c b qua v ta c
ikr
ESxm
m E e
r 4
cos cos I ikS
H


=

ikr
ESxm
m E e
r 4
sin I ikS
H

=
(2.110)
ikr
MSym
m M e
r 4
sin cos I ikS
E


=



58
ikr
MSym
m M e
r 4
cos I ikS
E

=

S dng cc phng trnh Maxwell th nht v th hai
|
|

\
|

=

Em
0
Em H
i
1
E
r r


|
|

\
|

=

Mm
0
Mm E
i
1
H
r r


cho cc biu thc (2.110) ta c
ikr
ESxm
0 0
m E e
r 4
sin I S ik
E


=

ikr
ESxm
0 0
m M e
r 4
cos cos I S ik
E


=
(2.111)
ikr
0 0
MSym
m M e
r 4
cos I ikS
H

=

ikr
0 0
MSym
m M e
r 4
sin cos I ikS
H



=

Ly tng cc biu thc ca (2.110) v (2.111) theo cc thnh phn ca E


v E

ta c
( ) +


= + =

cos 1 e
r 4
sin I ikS
E E E
ikr
ESxm
0 0
m M m E m

(2.112)
Trong :
0 0 ESxm
MSym
I
I

=
Tng t, theo cc thnh phn ca H

v H

ta c
|

\
|

= + =

cos
1
1 e
r 4
cos I ikS
H H H
ikr
0 0
MSym
m M m E m



59
( ) +

= + =

cos 1 e
r 4
sin I ikS
H H H
ikr
ESxm
m M m E m
(2.113)
Nhn xt:
- Cc cng thc (2.112) v (2.113) cho thy rng trng bc x vng xa
ca yu t vi phn din tch trong mt phng kinh tuyn c c trng hng
dng ng cong cardioid
- Trng bc x ca nguyn t Huyghens cng tng t nh trng bc x
ca lng cc in v lng cc t t vung gc v cng chung im gia








mt
phng
C(1+cos)
z


60
Chng 3
SNG IN T PHNG

Sng phng: mt ng pha l mt phng
Sng tr: mt ng pha l mt tr
Sng cu: mt ng pha l mt cu
Trong thc t, sng in t c to ra t cc ngun nhn to u l sng
tr v sng cu. Sng phng ch l mu l tng ca sng in t.
Mc tiu: kho st cc tnh cht ca sng in t phng lan truyn trong
mi trng ng nht ng hng v khng ng hng, s phn x v
khc x ti cc mt phn cch, s phn cc v cc hiu ng khc. Ngun
sng in t l iu ho vi v rt xa vi im kho st.
3.1. Nghim phng trnh sng i vi sng phng
3.1.1. Sng phng ng nht TEM (transverse electromagnetic wave)
- Nu trong mt ng pha ca sng in t c bin ca E
r
v H
r
bng
nhau tng ng ti mi im th sng phng c gi l ng nht
- Phng trnh Maxwell ca sng phng iu ho trong mi trng ng
nht v ng hng vi cc bin phc ca E
r
v H
r
trong h to Decac c
dng
xm
P
ym zm
E i
z
H
y
H


=


(1)
ym
P
zm xm
E i
x
H
z
H


=


(2)
zm
P
xm ym
E i
y
H
x
H


=


(3)
xm
0
ym zm
H i
z
E
y
E


=


(4)


61
ym
0
zm xm
H i
x
E
z
E


=


(5)
zm
0
xm ym
H i
y
E
x
E


=


(6)

Trong :
Oz phng truyn sng
mt phng ng pha v ng bin ca sng phng chnh l mt phng P //
mt phng xOy v c phng trnh z = l
|
|

\
|

=
0
0 P
i 1
E
r
v H
r
c gi tr nh nhau trn ton mt phng P v x, y; ch z, t. Khi
:
0
y
H
x
H
y
E
x
E
=


(3.1)
0 H E zm zm = =


(3.2)
Vy: sng phng ng nht lan truyn trong mi trng ng nht v ng
hng khng c cc thnh phn dc theo phng truyn sng z ca E
r
v H
r
.
Cc E
r
v H
r
nm trong mt phng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Sng
phng ng nht c tnh cht nh vy gi l sng in t ngang, k hiu l sng
TEM.
3.1.2. Nghim phng trnh sng
T cc phng trnh (1), (2), (4) v (5) ta c:
P
O
l
y
z


62
0 E k
z
E
xm
2
P 2
xm
2
= +


(7)
0 E k
z
E
ym
2
P 2
ym
2
= +


(8)
0 H k
z
H
xm
2
P 2
xm
2
= +


(9)
0 H k
z
H
ym
2
P 2
ym
2
= +


(10)
Trong :
0
0
0 0 P P
i 1 k
|
|

\
|

= = - s sng phc
Nhn xt:
- v cc phng trnh sng (7), (8), (9) v (10) ging nhau nn ch cn tm
nghim ca mt trong s cc phng trnh sng ny.
- y l cc phng trnh vi phn cp 2 tuyn tnh thun nht c h s
khng i, do nghim ca phng trnh sng (7), chng hn, c dng l
z ik
xmpx
z ik
xmt xm
P P
e E e E E


+ =
(3.3)


Trong :
-
z ik
xmt
P
e E

biu th sng phng truyn theo trc z > 0: sng ti ti mt


phng P
P
O
l
y
z


63
-
z ik
xmpx
P
e E

biu th sng phng truyn theo trc z < 0: sng phn x ti mt


phng P
- xmt E

, xmpx E

l cc bin phc ca sng ti v sng phn x tng ng


Tng t ta c nghim ca cc phng trnh sng (8), (9) v (10) l
z ik
ympx
z ik
ymt ym
z ik
xmpx
z ik
xmt xm
z ik
ympx
z ik
ymt ym
P P
P P
P P
e H e H H
e H e H H
e E e E E


+ =
+ =
+ =

(3.4)
Suy ra
|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
+ = + =
|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
+ = + =

z ik
ympx
z ik
ymt
z ik
xmpx
z ik
xmt ym xm m
z ik
ympx
z ik
ymt
z ik
xmpx
z ik
xmt ym xm m
P P P P
P P P P
e H e H j e H e H i H j H i H
e E e E j e E e E i E j E i E
r r r r r
r r r r r

(3.5)
tm mi lin h gia m E

r
v m H

r
cho sng ti v sng phn x, bng cch
quay h to Decac sao cho trc x // E
r
, do trc y // H
r
, ta c

m xm ym xm m E i E i E j E i E

= = + =
r r r r r
v 0 Eym =


m ym ym xm m H j H j H j H i H

= = + =
r r r r r
v 0 Hxm =


(3.6)
T phng trnh Maxwell (1), iu kin (3.6) v cc nghim (3.3), (3.4) ta
c mi lin h gia m E

r
v m H

r
cho sng ti v sng phn x nh sau
x
y
m H

r
m E

r
ym H

xm E


O


64
mpx
P
ympx
P
0
ympx
P
xmpx mpx
mt
P
ymt
P
0
ymt
P
xmt mt
H Z H
z
H
i
1
E E
H Z H
z
H
i
1
E E

= =
=

= =

(3.7)
Trong :
( )
E E 0
0
P
0
P
itg 1
1
Z
itg 1
Z

=

=
(3.8)
T (3.7) dng ca m E

r
v m H

r
cho sng phng TEM c vit li
z ik
mpx
z ik
mt m
z ik
mpx
z ik
mt
P
m
P P
P P
e H e H H
e k H e k H Z E


+ =
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
r r r
r r r r r

(3.9)
Hoc
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) z k t i
mpx
z k t i
mt
t i
m
z k t i
mpx
z k t i
mt
P
t i
m
P P
P P
e H e H e H H
e k H e k H Z e E E
+


+ = =
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
= =
r r r r
r r r r r r

(3.10)


n gin trong nhng phn sau ta ch xt i vi sng ti lan truyn
trong mi trng rng v hn.



O
x
y
z
l


65
Dng ca m E

r
v m H

r
ca sng phng TEM lan truyn dc theo phng z
c biu din trong (3.9) hoc (3.10). Tng t theo phng l bt k hp vi
Ox, Oy v Oz to thnh cc gc , v . Ta c:
( ) l k t i
mt t
P
e H H


=
r r

(3.11)
mt H

r
nm trong mt phng vung gc vi phng l.
V
( ) l k t i
mt
P
t
P
e l H Z E


|
|

\
|
=
r r r

(3.12)
l
r
l vector n v ca phng truyn sng l.
S sng phc k
P
v tr sng phc Z
P
c th vit li

=
=
i
P P
P
e Z Z
i k

(3.13)
Trong
, v l cc s thc
l h s tn hao ca mi trng
l h s pha ca sng
argument ca tr sng phc
Khi , ,
P
Z v biu din qua , , v thi gian
E
nh sau
E
2
0 0
tg 1
2
1
2
1
+ + = (3.14)

E
2
0 0
tg 1
2
1
2
1
+ + = (3.15)

4
E
2
P
tg 1
Z
Z
+
=
(3.16)


66

E
2
E
2
tg 1 1
tg 1 1
arctg arctg
+ +
+ +
=

= (3.17)
Vn tc pha v
ph
ca sng phng chnh l vn tc dch chuyn mt ng pha
ca n. Khi theo (3.10) v (3.13), gi s mi trng khng tn hao = 0,
mt ng pha ca sng ti c dng
const z t = =
(3.18)
Suy ra
0 dz dt d = =
(3.19)
Cho nn vn tc pha v
ph
c xc nh bi
E
2
E
2
0 0
ph
tg 1
2
1
2
1
v
tg 1
2
1
2
1
1
.
1
dt
dz
v
+ +
=
+ +

=

= =
(3.20)
Trong
v l vn tc truyn sng phng trong mi trng rng v hn
Vector Poynting trung bnh ca sng ti hng theo phng truyn z c
tnh l
P
2
mt
2
mt P mt
*
mt tb
Z
E
2
1
k H Z
2
1
k H E re
2
1
re
r r r r r r
= =
|
|

\
|
= =

(3.21)
Lu : V

E
r
v

H
r
ng pha nn = 0 1 e
i
=


3.2 Sng phng ng nht trong cc mi trng ng nht v ng hng
3.2.1. Sng phng ng nht trong in mi l tng
Xt sng in t phng ng nht truyn dc theo trc z > 0 (sng ti)
trong in mi l tng ng nht, ng hng v rng v hn.


67
V mi trng truyn sng in t l in mi l tng nn = 0,
0
0
0 P
i 1 =
|
|

\
|

= , k
P
= k v Z
P
= Z. T cc biu thc (3.14)
(3.21) ta c
Z
E
2
1
H Z
2
1
v
1
v
Z Z
k
0 , 0
2
mt
2
mt tb
0 0
ph
0
0
P
0 0
= =
=

=

= =
= =
= =
r

(3.22)
m E

r
v m H

r
c dng l
z i
mt m
z i
mt m
e k H Z E
e H H




|
|

\
|
=
=
r r r
r r

(3.23)
Hoc
( )
( ) z t i
mt
t i
m
z t i
mt
t i
m
e k H Z e E E
e H e H H


|
|

\
|
= =
= =
r r r r
r r r

(3.24)
Nhn xt:
E
r
v H
r
vung gc vi nhau v cng vung gc vi phng truyn sng
E
r
v H
r
lun ng pha v c bin khng i dc theo phng truyn
sng
Vn tc pha v
ph
l hng s bng vn tc truyn sng trong mi trng
Mi trng khng tn hao nng lng, khng tn sc sng in t, tr
sng Z l mt s thc


68

3.2.2. Sng phng ng nht trong mi trng dn in
Trong mi trng dn in 0, s sng v tr sng l cc i lng
phc,
=
|
|

\
|

= = i i 1 k
0
0
0 0 P P

=
|
|

\
|

=
i
P
0
0
0
P
0
P
e Z
i 1
Z
Nh ni trn ch xt i vi sng ti, do theo (3.10) v (3.13)

E
r
v

H
r
c dng
( ) ( ) ( ) z z t i
mt
z i z t i
mt
z k t i
mt e e H e H e H H
P



= = =
r r r r
.......
( ) ( )
( ) z z t i
mt
P
z i z t i
mt
i
P
z k t i
mt
P
e e k H Z
e k H e Z e k H Z E
P
+



|
|

\
|
=
=
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
r r
r r r r r

(3.25)

H
r

E
r



69

Nu mi trng c in dn sut rt ln, chng hn nh kim loi, mt
cch gn ng xem , do thi gian
E
>> 1 nn theo cc biu thc
(3.14) (3.21) ta c
0
E E
2
tg tg 1

= +
2
tg 1
2
1
2
1
0
E
2
0 0

+ + =
2
tg 1
2
1
2
1
0
E
2
0 0

+ + =

=
0
P
Z Z
0
E
2
0 0
ph
2
tg 1
2
1
2
1
v

+ +

=
( )
4
1 arctg
tg 1 1
tg 1 1
arctg arctg
E
2
E
2

=
+ +
+ +
=

=
(3.26)
gc tn hao 0 nn sng in t b tn hao nng lng, bin ca

E
r

v

H
r
suy gim theo quy lut hm m e
-z
dc theo phng truyn sng z.

E
r
v

H
r
lch pha nhau mt gc = argZ
P

0 m
E
z
0 m m
e E E

=
z
x
y


70
v
ph
l hm s ph thuc tn s , c ngha l thay i trong qu trnh
lan truyn sng in t sng phng trong mi trng dn in b tn
sc. Do mi trng dn in l mi trng tn sc.
3.3. Hiu ng b mt trong vt dn
Nhn xt:
Theo cng thc
2
0

nhn thy rng
Trong vt dn in tt rt ln v nu tn s sng in t cng cao th
cng ln. Do bin ca E
r
v H
r
suy gim rt nhanh khi truyn vo
bn trong vt dn, c ngha l sng in t ch tn ti mt lp rt mng
st b mt ca vt dn in tt.
Dng in cao tn chy trong vt dn cng ch chy lp mt ngoi.
Chng hn f = 1 kHz th d = 2 mm v f = 100 kHz th d = 0,2mm.
d: lng kim thp Cu lm dy dn dng in cao tn

Hin tng sng in t hoc dng in cao tn khi truyn trong vt dn
in tt ch tp trung mt lp mng b mt gi l hiu ng b mt hay
hiu ng skin
i lng c trng cho hiu ng b mt l thm su ca trng hay
dy lp skin , l khong cch sng in t i t b mt vo su




B
r
B
r

c
B
r

c
B
r

Thp
Cu


71
bn trong vt dn m ti bin ca E
r
v H
r
gim i e = 2,718... ln
so vi gi tr ti b mt.
Theo (3.25) v (3.26) ta c
z
0 m m
z
0 m m
e H H
e E E


=
=

(3.27)
Trong :
E
m0
v H
m0
l bin ca E
r
v H
r
ti b mt vt dn (z = 0). Theo nh
ngha thm su ca trng ta c
e e
E
E
m
0 m
= =


(3.28)
Suy ra

=

=

=
0 0
2
2
1 1

(3.29)
Nhn xt:
Trong cng thc (3.29), v l cc tham s in ca vt dn in.
thm su ca trng t l nghch vi cn bc hai ca tn s v in
dn sut ca vt dn. Chng hn Ag, Cu, Al ... c thm su ca
trng rt b c = 0,5 m di sng v tuyn f = 10
6
Hz. Do cc
kim loi ny dng lm mn chn sng in t rt tt.
Do c h/ bm nn dng in cao tn c cng phn b khng u
trong cng mt tit din ngang ca dy dn, do tr khng cng khng
u nhau tng ng. tin tnh ton ngi ta a ra khi nim tr
khng mt ring ca vt dn
Tr khng mt ring ca vt dn, k hiu Z
S
, l t s in p ca trng ri
trn mt n v chiu di theo chiu dng in v gi tr dng in chy
qua mt n v chiu rng t vung gc vi n


72
Xt vt dn phng, rng v hn v b dy ln. Chn h to Decac c
trc z trng vi phng truyn sng, mt phng vt dn trng vi mt phng
xOy.

Gi s E
r
Ox. Theo nh lut Ohm ta c:
( )
+

= = = =
+


i
E
dz e E dz J S d J I
0 m z i
0
0 m
0
x
S
r r

(3.30)
Lu : Tch phn (3.30) c ly t 0 , mt d b dy vt dn l hu
hn nhng dng in cao tn ch chy trn lp b mt rt mng nn b dy vt
dn c th xem l v hn.
Cng in trng E
r
ti b mt vt dn bng in p ri trn mt n
v chiu di dc theo chiu dng in nn ta c
( ) ( )
S S
0
0 m
0 m
S
i R i 1
2
i 1
i 1
E
E
I
U
Z + = +

= +

=
|

\
|

= =
do =
(3.31)
Trong :

=
2
R
0
S
l in trng mt ring ca vt dn. (3.32)
x
y
z
E
r
J
r

O

r


73
R
S
chnh l nguyn nhn lm tn hao sng in t trong vt dn. Nng
lng sng in t bin thnh nhit nng t nng vt dn.

S
l phn khng ca tr khng mt ring ca vt dn Z
S
.
Nhn xt: Biu thc (3.32) cho thy rng mun gim tn hao nng lng
sng in t truyn dc vt dn cn phi s dng cc kim loi dn in tt nh
Au, Ag, Cu ...
3.4. S phn cc ca sng phng
Sng in t c cc vector E
r
v H
r
dao ng theo phng xc nh gi l
sng phn cc. Ngc li nu cc vector E
r
v H
r
dao ng theo mi phng
ngu nhin gi l sng khng phn cc.
Sng in t phng c nhiu dng phn cc nh: phn cc elip, phn cc
trn v phn cc thng.
3.4.1. Phn cc elip
Trong qu trnh truyn sng nu ngn ca vector E
r
vch mt hnh elip
trong khng gian gi l sng phn cc elip. Sng phn cc elip chnh l tng
hp ca 2 sng thnh phn cng tn s, cng phng truyn, nhng phng ca
E
r
vung gc nhau.
Gi s c 2 sng phng nh sau:
( )
( ) + =
=
z t cos E j E
z t cos E i E
my 2
mx 1
r r
r r

(3.33)
Sng tng hp c dng
=
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
2
my mx
2 1
2
my
2
2
mx
1
sin
E E
E E
cos 2
E
E
E
E
(3.34)
y l phng trnh m t ng elip trong mt phng to (E
1
, E
2
). Trc
ln ca elip hp vi trc Ox mt gc c tnh theo:

= cos
E E
E E 2
2 tg
2
my
2
mx
my mx

(3.35)


74
Trong : E
mx
> E
my

Trong qu trnh truyn sng theo trc z, ngn ca vector E
r
tng hp vch
nn mt ng elip xon trong khng gian
3.4.2. Phn cc trn
Nu 2 sng thnh phn c bin bng nhau: E
mx
= E
my
= E
m
v lch pha
nhau mt gc
2

= . Suy ra 1 sin
2
= , 0 cos = v phng trnh (3.34) tr
thnh
2
m
2
2
2
1
E E E = + (3.36)
y l phng trnh m t ng trn trong mt phng to (E
1
, E
2
).
Trong qu trnh truyn sng theo trc z, ngn ca vector E
r
tng hp vch nn
mt ng trn xon trong khng gian, gi l sng phn cc trn.
Nu nhn theo chiu truyn sng vector E
r
tng hp quay thun chiu kim
ng h, ta c sng phn cc trn quay phi. Nu nhn theo chiu truyn sng
vector E
r
tng hp quay ngc chiu kim ng h, ta c sng phn cc trn
quay tri. Chiu quay ca vector E
r
tng hp ph thuc vo du ca gc lch
pha
2


3.4.3. Phn cc thng (tuyn tnh)
Trong qu trnh truyn sng theo trc z, vector E
r
lun hng song song
theo mt ng thng gi l sng phn cc thng hay sng phn cc tuyn tnh.
trng hp ny gc lch pha ca 2 sng thnh phn c gi tr = 0, , 2, ...
Suy ra sin = 0, cos = 1 v phng trnh (3.34) tr thnh
0
E
E
E
E
2
my
2
mx
1
=
|
|

\
|
+ (3.37)
Hay


75
1
mx
my
2
E
E
E
E =
(3.38)
y l phng trnh m t ng thng i qua gc to hp vi trc Ox
mt gc c tnh theo
mx
my
E
E
tg =
(3.39)
Nhn xt: Tu thuc vo hng ca vector E
r
ngi ta cn phn thnh 2
trng hp phn cc ngang v phn cc ng.

3.5. S phn x v khc x ca sng phng
Mc tiu phn ny nghin cu qui lut ca sng phn x v khc x ti mt
phng phn cch rng v hn gia 2 mi trng c tham s in khc nhau.
n gin ta ch xt i vi sng phng ti phn cc thng ngang v ng.
3.5.1. Sng ti phn cc ngang
Nu vector E
r
ca sng ti vung gc vi mt phng ti, gi l sng phn
cc ngang. Trong trng hp ny vector E
r
ca sng ti s song song vi mt
phng phn cch 2 mi trng. Tm qui lut ca sng phn x v khc x ?
Chn h to Decac c mt xOy mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng,
trc z trng vi php tuyn ca mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng. Hai mi
trng l in mi c cc tham s in
1
,
1
,
2
,
2
tng ng.
V sng ti l sng phng truyn theo phng z
t
, lp vi php tuyn z mt
gc
t
nn c th quay trc to quanh trc z cho trc x ca n ch phng
ca vector E
r
ca sng ti. Ti mt phng phn cch s c sng phn x li mi
x
y

E
r

E
mx

E
my
O


76
trng 1 vi gc phn x
phn x
truyn theo hng z
px
, cn sng khc x ti mt
phng phn cch vi gc khc x i vo mi trng 2 theo phng z
kx
. Theo
h.v nhn thy rng E
r
ca sng ti, sng phn x v sng khc x ch c 1
thnh phn theo trc x, cn H
r
ca cc sng trn c 2 thnh phn theo trc y v
z. p dng cc biu thc (3.4) v (3.5) ta c:
Sng ti
t 1
t 1
z ik
mz 1 my 1 1
z ik
mx 1 1
e H k H j H
e E i E

\
|
+ =
=
r r r
r r

(3.40)
Sng phn x
px 1
px 1
z ik
mz 1 my 1 1
z ik
mx 1 1
e H k H j H
e E i E

\
|
+ =
=
r r r
r r

(3.41)
Sng khc x
kx 2
kx 2
z ik
mz 2 my 2 2
z ik
mx 2 2
e H k H j H
e E i E

\
|
+ =
=
r r r
r r

(3.42)
Trong :
0 1 0 1 1
k = v
0 2 0 2 2
k = l s sng ca mi trng 1 v 2 tng
ng. Cc phng truyn sng z
t
, z
px
v z
kx
biu din qua x, y, z nh sau:
+ =
=
+ =
cos z sin y z
cos z sin y z
cos z sin y z
kx
px px px
t t t

(3.43)


77

V cc mi trng u l in mi nn p dng iu kin bin cho E
r
v H
r

ti mt phng phn cch xOy (z = 0) ta c:
my 2 2 my 1 my 1 1
mx 2 2 mx 1 mx 1 1
H H H H H
E E E E E

= = + =
= = + =

(3.44)
Thay cc biu thc (3.40) - (3.43) vo (3.44) v cho z = 0 ta c:

=
= +
sin y ik
my 2
sin y ik
my 1
sin y ik
my 1
sin y ik
mx 2
sin y ik
mx 1
sin y ik
mx 1
2
px 1 t 1
2
px 1
t 1
e H e H e H
e E e E e E

(3.45)
(3.45) lun tho mn y ta li c:




= =
=
= +
sin y ik
sin y ik sin y ik
my 2 my 1 my 1
mx 2 mx 1 mx 1
2
px 1
t 1
e e e
H H H
E E E

(3.46)
T biu thc cui ca (3.46) suy ra:
px t
=
(3.47)
= sin k sin k
2 t 1
(3.48)
Nhn xt:
(3.47) m t nh lut phn x sng in t ti mt phng phn cch.
(3.48) m t nh lut khc x sng in t.
t

px

t


1
E
r

1
E
r

1
H
r
1
H
r
z
px

z
t

z
k

y
z
2
E
r
2
H
r

O


78
0 1 1
n = v
0 2 2
n =
(3.49)
ln lt l chit sut ca mi trng 1 v 2. Gi s
1
=
2
= th nh lut khc
x ca sng in t phng c dng ging nh trong quang hc
= sin n sin n
2 t 1
(3.50)
m t gia cc bin phc ca sng ti, sng phn x v sng khc x
ngi ta a ra khi nim h s phn x v h s khc x.
H s phn x (reflective modulus) l t s gia bin phc ca sng
phn x v sng ti tnh cho E
r
, k hiu R. H s khc x (refractive modulus)
l t s gia bin phc ca sng khc x v sng ti tnh cho E
r
, k hiu T.
i vi sng phn cc ngang ta c:
m 1
m 1
ng
E
E
R

= v
m 1
m 2
ng
E
E
T

= (3.51)
Theo hv i vi sng phn cc ngang ta c:
= =
= =
= =



cos H H , cos H H
cos H H , E E
E E , E E
m 2 my 2
t
m 1 my 1
t
m 1 my 1 mx 2 m 2
mx 1 m 1 mx 1 m 1

(3.52)
v
2
m 2
m 2
1
m 1
m 1
1
m 1
m 1
Z
E
H
Z
E
H
Z
E
H

=
=

(3.53)


79
Trong :
0 1
0 1
1
Z


= v
0 2
0 2
2
Z


= l tr sng ca mi trng 1 v 2
tng ng. Thay cc biu thc (3.52) v (3.53) vo (3.46) ri chia c 2 v ca
chng cho m 1 E

ta c
( )
2
ng
1
t
ng
ng ng
Z
cos
T
Z
cos
R 1
T R 1

= +

(3.54)
Suy ra:
+

=
+

=
cos Z cos Z
cos Z 2
T
cos Z cos Z
cos Z cos Z
R
1 t 2
t 2
ng
1 t 2
1 t 2
ng

(3.55)
(3.55) gi l cng thc Fresnel
Gc khc x c th tnh c qua gc ti
t
theo nh lut khc x (3.48)
nh sau:
t
2
2
1
2
t
2
1
sin 1 sin
k
k
1 cos


|
|

\
|
= (3.56)
Nu 2 mi trng l in mi c
1
=
2
= th (3.55) c vit li
t
2
2
1
2 t 1
t 1
ng
t
2
2
1
2 t 1
t
2
2
1
2 t 1
ng
sin 1 cos
cos 2
T
sin 1 cos
sin 1 cos
R

+

=


=

(3.57)
3.5.2. Sng ti phn cc ng
Nu vector E
r
ca sng ti nm trong mt phng ti, gi l sng phn cc
ng. Trong trng hp ny vector H
r
ca sng ti s song song vi mt phng
phn cch 2 mi trng. Tm qui lut ca sng phn x v khc x ?


80
Chn h to Decac c mt xOy mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng,
trc z trng vi php tuyn ca mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng v trc x ch
phng ca vector H
r
ca sng ti.

Theo h.v nhn thy rng H
r
ca sng ti, sng phn x v sng khc x
ch c 1 thnh phn theo trc x, cn E
r
ca cc sng trn c 2 thnh phn theo
trc y v z. Tin hnh tng t nh i vi sng phn cc ngang ta c:
+

=
+

=
cos Z cos Z
cos Z 2
T
cos Z cos Z
cos Z cos Z
R
2 t 1
t 2

2 t 1
2 t 1


(3.58)
T

v R

lin h vi nhau theo cng thc:


2
1

Z
Z
T R 1 = +
(3.59)
Nu 2 mi trng l in mi c
1
=
2
= th (3.58) c vit li
t
2
2
1
1 t 2
t 1

t
2
2
1
1 t 2
t
2
2
1
1 t 2

sin 1 cos
cos 2
T
sin 1 cos
sin 1 cos
R

+

=


=

(3.60)

px

t


1
E
r

1
E
r

1
H
r
1
H
r

z
px

z
t

z
k

y
z
2
E
r

2
H
r

O


81
3.5.3. Sng ti vung gc vi mt phng phn cch
Khi sng ti vung gc vi mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng, tc l
t
=
0, theo nh lut khc x ta c cos = 1 v do gc khc x = 0. H s khc
x v h s phn x trong cc biu thc ca (3.55) v (3.58) c dng n gin
nh sau:
2 1
2

2 1
2 1

1 2
2
ng
1 2
1 2
ng
Z Z
Z 2
T ,
Z Z
Z Z
R
Z Z
Z 2
T ,
Z Z
Z Z
R
+
=
+

=
+
=
+

=

(3.61)
3.5.4. S phn x ton phn
Nu mi trng 1 c chit sut ln hn mi trng 2 n
1
> n
2
, theo (3.50) ta
c:
t
2
1
sin
n
n
sin =
(3.62)
c ngha l >
t
. Khi ta s c gc ti gii hn 0 <
0
<
2

t c iu
kin:
1 sin
n
n
sin
0
2
1
= =
(3.63)
v =
2

. Khi sng khc x s truyn st mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng.


Nu tip tc tng
t
>
0
th sng khc x khng i vo mi trng 2 m quay
tr li mi trng 1 (ng vi >
2

), gi l hin tng phn x ton phn. Gc

0
gi l gc gii hn c xc nh theo cng thc:
1
2
0
n
n
arcsin =
(3.64)
Hin tng phn x ton phn c ng dng truyn nh sng trong si
quang.


82
3.5.5. S khc x ton phn
Nu sng ti truyn n mt phng phn cch vo mi trng 2 m khng
phn x tr li mi trng 1 gi l s khc x ton phn. Trong trng hp ny
h s phn x bng 0. Gc ti ng vi hin tng khc x ton phn gi l gc
Brewster, k hiu l
b
. T (3.55) v (3.58) ta c gc Brewster i vi 2 trng
hp phn cc ngang v ng ca sng ti nh sau:
0 sin 1 Z cos Z 0 R
0 sin 1 Z cos Z 0 R
b
2
2
1
2 b 1
b
2
2
1
1 b 2 ng
=

=
=

=

(3.65)
Nhn xt:
- 2 phng trnh trong (3.65) khng th c nghim ng thi, tc l ch c
1 trong 2 trng hp xy ra hin tng khc x ton phn. LT v TN ch ra
rng ch c sng phn cc ng mi c hin tng khc x ton phn v gc
Brewster
b
c xc nh nh sau:
2
1
b
tg

=
(3.66)
- Cc kt qu nhn c i vi sng phn x v khc x ti mt phng
phn cch 2 mi trng l in mi cng ng i vi cc mi trng bt k c
in dn sut 0. Khi cc cng thc Fresnel trong (3.55) v (3.58) ch cn
thay =
P
v Z = Z
P
.
3.6. iu kin bin gn ng Leontovic
Xt sng phng khc x ti mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng t in mi
(mi trng 1) vo mi trng c in dn sut ln
2
(mi trng 2), ta c:
2 E 2 1 2 P 1
tg hay k k << <<
(3.67)
Theo nh lut khc x (3.48) ta c:


83
t
2 E 2
1
sin
tg
sin


(3.68)
Nh vy: vi mi gc ti
t
khi tho mn iu kin (3.67) th gc khc x
0, c ngha l sng khc x truyn vo mi trng c in dn sut ln theo
phng php tuyn vi mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng khng ph thuc vo
gc ti
t
.
Nu chn trc z trng vi phng php tuyn ca mt phng phn cch th
E
r
v H
r
ca sng khc x trong mi trng 2 c dng:
( ) ( )

= =
=
2 0 2 2 P 0 2
2 0 2
E k H Z k E
H H
r
r
r
r
r
r
r

(3.69)
Trong :
-
0

r
l vector n v tip tuyn vi mt phng phn cch 2 mi trng
- H
2
, E
2
l cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca H
r
v E
r
ca sng khc x st
mt phng phn cch
Theo iu kin bin tng qut ti mt phng phn cch ta c:


=
=
2 1
2 1
H H
E E

(3.70)
Suy ra:

=
1 2 P 1
H Z E
(3.71)
(3.71) m t quan h gia cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca H
r
v E
r
ca sng in
t phng truyn t mi trng in mi qua mi trng dn in c in dn
sut ln, gi l iu kin bin gn ng Leontovic. Trong thc t iu kin
bin gn ng Leontovic c ng dng tnh tn hao ca sng in t truyn
dc b mt cc kim loi dn in tt.
3.7. Sng phng trong mi trng khng ng hng
3.7.1. Mi trng khng ng hng


84
Mi trng ng hng c cc tham s in t , , l cc hng s;
E
r
// D
r
; B
r
// H
r
theo cc phng trnh vt cht:
E D
0
r r
= , H B
0
r r
= (3.72)
Trong tn ngoi cc mi trng ng hng cn c cc mi trng khng
ng hng, theo cc hng khc nhau cc tham s in t , c gi tr
khc nhau. , c biu din di dng tensor t thm
t
v tensor in
thm
t
nh sau:
|
|
|

\
|



=
|
|
|

\
|



=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
,
t t

(3.73)
Cc phng trnh vt cht trong mi trng khng ng hng s l:
E D
r
t
r
= , H B
r
t
r
= (3.74)
Hay:
z zz y zy x zx z
z yz y yy x yx y
z xz y xy x xx x
z zz y zy x zx z
z yz y yy x yx y
z xz y xy x xx x
H H H B
H H H B
H H H B
E E E D
E E E D
E E E D
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

(3.75)
Nhn xt:
- (3.75) cho thy rng E
r
#D
r
; B
r
#H
r

- Trong thc t khng tn ti cc mi trng m c , u l tensor, ch
c cc mi trng khng ng hng nh sau:
Mi trng c , l hng s v t thm l tensor
t
, gi l mi trng
khng ng hng t quay. Th d: ferrite b t ho bi t trng khng i l
mi trng t quay i vi sng in t, c ng dng trong k thut siu cao
tn lm cc tb iu khin s truyn sng.


85
Mi trng c , l hng s v in thm l tensor
t
, gi l mi
trng khng ng hng in quay. Th d: cht kh b ion ho (plasma) di
tc dng ca t trng khng i l mi trng in quay i vi sng in t.
Tng ion ca kh quyn tri t cng l mi trng in quay i vi sng in
t, khi truyn sng v tuyn trong tng ion cn xt n tnh khng ng hng
ca n.
3.7.2. Tensor t thm v tensor in thm
Ferrite chnh l hp cht Fe
3
O
4
v mt s oxide kim loi khc nh MnO,
MgO, NiO ... va c tnh cht in mi va c tnh cht st t, = 5 20, =
10
-4
10
-6
(m)
-1
. Khi khng c t trng khng i ,
0
H
r
= 0, ferrite biu hin
nh mt mi trng ng hng i vi s truyn sng in t. Khi c t
trng khng i,
0
H
r
0, ferrite biu hin tnh cht ca mi trng khng ng
hng t quay i vi s truyn sng in t. Tensor t thm c dng nh
sau:
|
|
|

\
|


=
0
x
x
0 0
0 ia
0 ia
t

(3.76)
Trong :
M
m
e
H
m
e
a
ia
1
0
0
0 0
0
M
2
M
2
0
0
yx xy
2
M
2
0 M
0 yy xx x
=
=

=
= =
|
|

\
|


= = =

(3.77)
Vi:
- e l in tch ca electron


86
- m
0
l khi lng ca electron
- M l ln ca vector t ho ca ferrite
- l tn s ca sng in t
-
M
l tn s cng hng t quay
-
0
l hng s t
Kh b ion ho c mt s lng ln cc /tch t do gm electron v ion,
gi l mi trng plasma, c rt ln. Khi khng c t trng khng i ,
0
H
r
=
0, plasma biu hin nh mt mi trng ng hng i vi s truyn sng in
t. Khi c t trng khng i,
0
H
r
0, plasma biu hin tnh cht ca mi
trng khng ng hng in quay i vi s truyn sng in t. Tensor
in thm c dng nh sau:
|
|
|

\
|


=
z
x
x
0 0
0 ib
0 ib
t

(3.78)
Trong :
0 0
2
2
0
0 0
0
M
2
2
0
0 zz z
2
M
2
0 M
0
yx xy
2
M
2
2
0
0 yy xx x
m
Ne
H
m
e
1
b
ib
1

=
=
|
|

\
|

= =


=
= =
|
|

\
|

= = =

(3.79)
Vi:
-
M
l tn s cng hng t quay
- e l in tch ca electron


87
- m
0
l khi lng ca electron
- N l s electron trong 1 n v th tch
-
0
l hng s in
-
0
l hng s t
- l tn s ca sng in t
3.7.3. Sng phng trong ferrite b t ho
Xt sng phng iu ho truyn dc theo phng ca vector t trng
khng i t ho vt liu ferrite rng v hn. Chn trc z trng vi phng
truyn sng v vector
0
H
r
, s dng tensor t thm (3.76) v iu kin ngang
ca sng phng TEM (3.1) cho cc phng trnh Maxwell ta c:
0 E
H ia H i
z
E
H ia H i
z
E
0 H
E i
z
H
E i
z
H
z
x y
x
x
y x
x
y
z
y
x
x
y
=
|

\
|
+ =

\
|
=

=
=


(3.80)
Nghim ca (3.80) c dng:
ikz
my mx
ikz
my mx
e H j H i H
e E j E i E

\
|
+ =
|

\
|
+ =
r r r
r r r

(3.81)
Thay (3.81) vo (3.80) ta c:
a k
2
x
2 2
= (3.82)
Suy ra:


88
( )
( ) a k
a k
x
x
=
+ =

+

(3.83)
Khi vn tc pha v tr sng c tnh theo cng thc:
( )
( )

+
=

=

=
+
=

+
+
a
Z
a
Z
a
1
k
v
a
1
k
v
x
P
x
P
x
ph
x
ph

(3.84)
Cc thnh phn ca H
r
v E
r
ca sng phng trong ferrite b t ho:
+

+
+

+
+

=
=
=
x
P
y
y
P
x
x y
H Z E
H Z E
H i H

(3.85)
V

=
=
=
x
P
y
y
P
x
x y
H Z E
H Z E
H i H

(3.86)
Hay di dng vector:
( )
( )
+

+
+

=
|
|

\
|
=
+ =
+
mx m
P
z k t i
m
H H
k H Z E
e j i i H H
r r r
r r r
(3.87)
V


89
( )
( )

=
|
|

\
|
=
=

mx m
P
z k t i
m
H H
k H Z E
e j i i H H
r r r
r r r
(3.88)
Nhn xt:
- (3.85) v (3.87) m t sng phn cc trn quay phi
- (3.86) v (3.88) m t sng phn cc trn quay tri
Nh vy: khi sng phng truyn trong mi trng ferrite b t ho bi t
trng khng i, mi trng ny th hin cc tham s in t khc nhau i
vi sng phn cc trn quay phi v quay tri ng vi cc s sng k
+
v k
-
; vn
tc pha v
ph
+
, v
ph
-
v tr sng Z
P
+
, Z
P
-
khc nhau. Do t thm ca mi
trng ferrite b t ho c gi tr khc nhau i vi sng phn cc trn quay
phi v quay tri nh sau:
a
a
x
x
=
+ =

+

(3.89)
Nhn xt: khi sng phn cc thng truyn trong mi trng ferrite b t ho
dc theo t trng khng i
0
H
r
hng theo trc z th vector H
r
ca sng in
t s quay i mt gc . Hin tng quay mt phng phn cc ca sng phn
cc thng truyn trong mi trng ferrite b t ho gi l h/ng Faraday. Gc
quay mt phng phn cc ca H
r
trong 1 n v chiu di trong ferrite gi l
hng s Faraday, k hiu l v c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) a a
2 2
k k
x x
+

=

=
+
(3.90)






90
Chng 4
NHIU X SNG IN T

4.1. Khi nim
Nu trong mi trng ng nht v ng hng c mt hay mt nhm vt
th m cc kch thc ca chng c bc sng ca sng in t th ti
c th xy ra hin tng sng phn x li mi trng, sng khc x truyn
vo cc vt th v s i vng ca sng ti qua cc vt th lm cho cu
trc ca trng sng ti thay i. Hin tng trn gi l s nhiu x sng
in t ti cc v tr bt ng nht ca mi trng. Cc vt th ny gi l
vt chng ngi, sng ti gi l sng s cp, sng phn x gi l sng th
cp. Trng in t nhiu x ton phn l trng tng hp ca cc sng
s cp, sng th cp v sng khc x
Mc tiu: xc nh trng th cp hoc trng ton phn ti mt im bt
k trong khng gian mi trng ng nht v ng hng ti thi im t
bt k khi bit cc tham s in v dng hnh hc ca vt chng ngi,
v cu trc ca trng sng s cp.
V vt chng ngi c dng hhc rt phc tp v nhng v tr khc nhau
so vi ngun s cp, do bi ton nhiu x sng in t ch c th gii
gn ng. Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc i lng vt l nh tit
din phn x tng ng, tit din hp th ton phn ... c trng cho s
nhiu x sng in t.
Vic gii chnh xc bi ton nhiu x sng in t ch c th thc hin i
vi vt chng ngi c dng hhc n gin nh htr trn nh di v hn,
hcu t rt xa ngun sng s cp, c ngha l cu trc ca ngun v
trng sng s cp khng ph thuc vo vt chng ngi.
4.2. Nhiu x ca sng phng trn vt dn tr trn di v hn
4.2.1. Bi ton


91
- Gi s c mt vt dn in tt dng tr trn bn knh a di v hn t
trong kk v c sng phng iu ho truyn ti vung gc vi trc ca vt dn.
Xc nh trng th cp phn x t vt dn.
- Chn h to tr c trc z trng vi trc ca vt dn v sng phng iu
ho truyn dc theo trc Ox v vung gc vi trc ca vt dn. Khi s phn
cc ca sng ti c th xy ra 2 trng hp:
t
E
r
// Oz v
t
E
r
Oz. Nu sng ti l
sng phn cc thng bt k ca
t
E
r
th n c xem nh l tng hp ca 2 trng
hp trn. Do vic gii bi ton nhiu x sng in t phng ch cn xt i
vi dng sng phng phn cc nu.

- V sng ti vung gc vi z nn i vi trng sng phn x ta c:
( ) 0 H , E
z
=

v cc phng trnh Maxwell c dng:


mz
0
mr
m
m
0
mz
mr
0
mz
E i
H
H r
r r
1
H i
r
E
H r i
E

=
|
|

\
|

\
|


(4.1)
t
E
r
t
H
r
t
E
r
t

r

t

r

t
H
r
Oz // E
t
r
Oz E
t

r
z
x
a 2



92
v:
mz
0 0
mr
m
m
0
mz
mr
0
mz
H i
E
E r
r r
1
E i
r
H
E r i
H

=
|
|

\
|

\
|


(4.2)
Nhn xt:
- H phng trnh (4.1) ch gm cc thnh phn mz E

, mr H

m H v mr E

= 0
(phng truyn sng th cp). y gi l trng th cp in ngang hay t dc,
k hiu l TE hoc H, ng vi trng hp sng ti phn cc mt E

// Oz.
- H phng trnh (4.2) ch gm cc thnh phn mz H

, mr E

m E v mr H

= 0
(phng truyn sng th cp). y gi l trng th cp t ngang hay in dc,
k hiu l TH hoc E, ng vi trng hp sng ti phn cc mt E

Oz.
- Hai h phng trnh (4.1) v (4.2) c dng tng t nhau nn ch cn xt
mt trong 2 h phng trnh trn l c, c th l h phng trnh (4.1). V vt
dn in tt c rt ln nn trng sng khc x hu nh khng tn ti trong
vt dn. n gin, xem vt dn c . i vi sng ti phn cc c mt E

//
Oz th iu kin bin ca phng trnh (4.1) nh sau:
0 E E z zt = +


(4.3)
ti:
r = a ; 0 2 ; - < z <
- Sng phn x t b mt vt dn truyn ra xa v hn theo phng r phi c
c trng sng ti v cng, c ngha l phi tho mn iu kin bc x ti v
cng:


93
0 H ik
r
H
lim
0 E ik
r
E
lim
r
r
=
|
|

\
|
+

=
|
|

\
|
+



r
r
r
r

(4.4)
Vy: bi ton nhiu x sng phng trn vt dn tr trn di v hn qui v
vic xc nh nghim ca phng trnh (4.1) v cc iu kin (4.3) v (4.4).
4.2.2. Trng th cp
tm nghim ca phng trnh (4.1) vi cc iu kin (4.3) v (4.4), ta
chuyn (4.1) sang dng phng trnh sng. t cc gi tr ca mr H

m H t 2
phng trnh u vo phng trnh cui ca h (4.1) ta c:
0 E k
E
r
1
r
E
r
1
r
E
mz
2
2
mz
2
2
mz
2
mz
2
= +




(4.5)
Nghim ca (4.5) c dng:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )


=
=
m
im
2
m
2
m
m
m
0
mzt
m
m
im 2
m 2
m
m
m
0
mzt
mr
m
im 2
m 2
m
m
m
mzt mz
e
r
kr H
ka H
ka J
i
r
E
H
e kr H
ka H
ka mJ
i
r
E
H
e kr H
ka H
ka J
i E E

(4.6)
Trong :
J
m
(kr) l hm Bessel cp m
( )
( ) kr H
2
m
l hm Hanken cp m loi 2
4.2.3. Gin hng
Trng th cp phn x t vt dn tr trn di v hn c th biu din trc
quan bng gin hng nh sau:


94
- Tm cng trng th cp vng xa tho mn kr >> 1. p dng dng
tim cn ca hm Hanken cp m loi 2 khi kr v b qua s hng nh bc
cao
2 / 3
r
1
so vi
2 / 1
r
1
ca (4.6) ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 H
e
ka H
ka J
e
kr
2 E
H
e
ka H
ka J
e
kr
2
E E
mr
m
im
2
m
m 4
kr i
0
0
mzt
m
m
im
2
m
m 4
kr i
mzt mz

\
|

\
|

(4.7)
Nhn xt:
- Trng th cp phn x t vt dn tr trn di v hn ch c 2 thnh phn
mz E

m H vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng r.


- Theo (4.7) gin hng ca trng th cp phn x t vt dn tr trn
di v hn nh hv (xem ti liu KKL, trang 97, hnh 4.2) vi cc tham s ka
khc nhau.
- T gin hng nhn thy rng khi ka 1, a << th trng th cp c
cng gn u theo mi phng, do n lm mo u trng s cp theo
mi phng. Khi ka >> 1, a >> th trng th cp bt u xh cc cc i
pha i din vi ngun sng ti v lm mo trng sng ti pha ny mnh
hn. Khi ka , a th trng th cp c cc i quay v pha sng ti v
c mt vng ti pha i din, cng trng vng ny bng 0.
nh gi tnh cht ca trng bc x th cp khi trng s cp truyn
qua vt chng ngi, ngi ta a ra i lng din tch phn x tng ng.
i vi vt dn tr trn di v hn th din tch phn x tng ng tnh theo 1
n v chiu di ca htr l
0
c xc nh theo cng thc:
tbt 0 bx
P =
(4.8)
Trong :


95
P
bx
l cng sut bc x ca trng th cp tnh theo 1 n v chiu di

tbt
l mt cng sut bc x trung bnh ca sng ti
2
mzt
0
0
tbt
E
2
1

=
(4.9)


= =
2
0
tb
S
tb bx
rd dS P
(4.10)
2
mz
0
0
2
m
0
0
m mz
tb
E
1
2
1
H
2
1
H . E re
2
1

= |

\
|
=
(4.11)
T cc biu thc (4.7) (4.11), din tch phn x tng ng
0
c tnh
theo:
( )
( )
( )
2
m
2
m
m
0
ka H
ka J
ka 4
a 4

=
= (4.12)
4.3. Nguyn l Huyghens-Kirchhoff
Tm nghim ca phng trnh sng thun nht i vi hm v hng sau
y:
0 k
2 2
= (4.13)
ti im P bt k trong th tch V c gii hn bi mt kn S. Gi thit rng
hm , o hm bc 1 v bc 2 ca n lin tc trong V v trn S.
p dng nh l Green ta c:
( )

|

\
|


=
S V
2 2
dS
n n
dV
(4.14)
Trong hm , o hm bc 1 v bc 2 ca n cng lin tc trong V v
trn S. Chn hm c dng:
r
e
ikr
= (4.15)
Trong : r l khong cch t im P n mt im bt k trong th tch V.


96
Nhn xt:
- Hm dng (4.15) tho mn nh l Green ti mi v tr tr im P, v ti
im P: khi r 0. p dng nh l Green i vi im P, bao im P
bng mt cu nh S
0
bn knh R
0
. Khi min V c gii hn bi cc mt S
v S
0
. V hm dng (4.15) cng tho mn phng trnh sng (4.13) nn v tri
ca (4.14) bng 0 v ta c:

|

\
|


=
|

\
|

S S
dS
n n
dS
n n
0

(4.16)
- Cc o hm theo php tuyn
n

trn S v S
0
ly theo php tuyn
0
n
r

hng ra ngoi th tch V. Do trn mt cu S
0
ta c:
r n
;
r n

=


(4.17)
nn:
r
e
r
1
ik
r
e
r n
ikr ikr
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|



(4.18)
Suy ra:
2
0
tb 0
ikR
tb
0
ikR
0 S
0
R 4
r R
e
R
e

R
1
ik dS
n n
I
0 0
0

|
|

\
|
|

\
|


+
|
|

\
|
+ =
|

\
|


(4.19)
Trong :
tb
v
tb
r
|

\
|


l cc gt trngb ca hm v o hm ring ca n trn
mt cu S
0
c gi tr hu hn. Do xt trng hp gii hn cho mt cu S
0
thu
nh thnh 1 im ta c:
( )
( ) 0 R khi P 4 I
P
0 0
tb
=


(4.20)
Theo (4.16) suy ra:


97
( )

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

=

S
ikr ikr
dS
n r
e
r
e
n 4
1
P
(4.21)
Nhn xt:
- (4.21) l biu thc ca nguyn l Huyghens-Kirchhoff. T biu thc
(4.21) c th tm c hm ti mt im bt k trong th tch V. Nu cc gi
tr ca v
n

trn mt S c coi l phn b ca cc ngun nguyn t, th gi
tr ca ti mt im bt k trong th tch V l chng cht ca cc sng cu
nguyn t bc x trn mt S bao quanh th tch V.

- (4.21) cng p dng c i vi trng hp mt S l gii hn trong ca
min V bn ngoi, thc vy:
Min V c xem nh gii hn bi mt kn S v mt cu S c tm nm
trong V vi bn knh R

, khi :
0 dS
n n
I
S

\
|


(4.22)
V R

>> r, r l khong cch t tm hnh cu S n im P, nn c th


xem R

// r, r l khong cch t im P n im bt k ca mt cu S rng v


hn, ta c:
=

cos r R r ,
r
1
R
1

(4.23)
Nn:
P
R
0
S
0
S
S

R


r
r
V
S
P
V
V


98

=
cos r ik ikR
ikr
e e
R
1
r
e

(4.24)
Trong : l gc gia R

v r.
i vi mt cu S ta c:
r n


Do :

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|


+
|
|

\
|
+ =

S
cos r ik
ikR
dS e
R
e
R R
1
ik I
(4.25)
Trong trng hp gii hn, khi R

th I

0 nu tho mn iu kin sau:


0
R
1
ik
R
lim
R
=
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+ +


(4.26)
hay:

|
|

\
|
+ =


R R
R
1
ik
R

(4.27)
Nhn xt:
- iu kin (4.26) hoc (4.27) d dng c tho mn nu tho mn iu
kin bc x ti v cng, tc l hm ti v cng c dng:
( )

=
R
e
, f
ikR
R

(4.28)
V hm dng (4.15) tho mn phng trnh (4.13) nn cng ng i vi
min ngoi V.
- Phng trnh (4.13) c dng tng t nh dng ca phng trnh sng
thun nht cho E
r
v H
r
trong h to Decac. Do c th p dng nguyn l
Huyghens-Kirchhoff gii cc bi ton nhiu x.
- Nguyn l Huyghens-Kirchhoff i vi hm v hng c th xem nh l
trng hp ring ca nguyn l dng tng ng.
4.4. Nguyn l dng tng ng


99
Gi s c cc ngun q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
n
t trong min V trong mt kn S, xc
nh trng ti im P bt k trong khng gian V ngoi mt S. Theo nguyn l
H-K c th xc nh trng ti P trong V ca cc ngun cho qua cc ngun
bc x nguyn t phn b trn mt S c gi l cc ngun dng tng ng
(dng in mt v dng t mt). Trng do cc ngun dng tng ng to ra
ti im P bt k trong V trng vi trng do cc ngun cho trong V to ra
cng ti im P. Cn trng do ngun dng tng ng to ra trong min V
bng 0. Do iu kin bin cho trng ca ngun dng tng ng l
0 H E
S
in
S
in
= =


(4.29)

Theo nh l nghim duy nht, mun trng ca ngun cho v trng
ca ngun dng tng ng to ra im P bt k trong V trng nhau phi c
iu kin l:
0 H H
0 E E
S
out
S
out
S
out
S
out
=
=



(4.30)
Nhn xt: Theo (4.29) v (4.30) nhn thy rng cc thnh phn tip tuyn
ca E
r
v H
r
ca ngun dng tng ng bin i nhy vt t 0 sang khc 0
khi qua mt S. Theo iu kin bin tng qut, s bin i nhy vt ca cc thnh
phn tip tuyn

E ,

H ca trng trn mt S tng ng vi s tn ti ca


dng in mt I
S
v dng t mt I
SM
chy trn mt S. S ph thuc ca dng
in mt v dng t mt vo E
r
v H
r
nh sau:
q
1

0
n
r

V
V
q
2

q
n

P
H , E
r r
S


10
( )
( )
S
out 0 SM
S
out 0 S
E n I
H n I
r
r
r
r
r
r
=
=

(4.31)
Trong :
0
n
r
l vector n v php tuyn ngoi ca mt S.
p dng phng php th in ng ta xc nh c biu thc cho cc th
chm ca vector in v t do cc ngun dng tng ng
S
I
r
v
SM
I
r
trn S to
ra ti im P trong V theo (2.61), (2.62) v (4.31) ta c:
( )
( )


=
S
ikr
out 0
0
S
ikr
SM
0
M
S
ikr
out 0
0
S
S
0
E
dS
r
e
E n
4
dS
r
e
I
4
A
dS
r
e
H n
4
dS
r
I
4
A
r
r
r r
r
r
r
r

(4.32)
Nhn xt:
- Trong (4.32) cc tham s in t , v s sng k phi tnh i vi mi
trng ngoi min V.
- Cc biu thc (4.31) v (4.32) l biu thc ca nguyn l dng tng
ng ca trng in t. Nguyn l ny ng dng gii cc bi ton nhiu x
sng in t rt tin li.
- Trng nhiu x c tnh da trn cc biu thc ca nguyn l H-K v
nguyn l dng tng ng c chnh xc hay khng tu thuc vo gi tr ca
ngun th cp nguyn t hay ngun dng tng ng phn b trn b mt S.
Ni chung ch c th gii gn ng bi ton nhiu x sng in t.
4.5. Nhiu x ca sng phng qua l trn mn chn phng rng v hn
Gi s c sng phng truyn theo phng ca trc z i ti vung gc vi
mt l trn mt phng dn in l tng rng v hn, xc nh trng nhiu x
ca sng phng qua l ti vng bn kia ca mn chn trong mi trng ng
nht ng hng.


10

Chn h to Decac vi trc z trng vi phng truyn ca sng ti, mt
phng mn chn trng vi mt xOy v
t
E
r
ca sng ti hng theo trc x. Biu
thc ca cng trng sng ti c dng:
ikz
mt
mt
ikz
mt
c
mt
mt
e H j H
e H z i E i E


=
= =
r r
r r r

(4.33)
Chia mn chn phng ra lm 2 phn l phn l S
0
v phn mt kim loi S
1
.
p dng nguyn l dng tng ng tnh trng nhiu x qua l S
0
, tc l
phi xc nh cc dng in v dng t mt chy trn S
0
v S
1
. Mt cch gn
ng xem mn chn S trng vi mt sng ca sng ti. Khi trn l S
0
cng
cc vector E
r
v H
r
ca ngun dng tng ng c xem bng cng
trng ca sng ti cng ti mt l ny (z = 0) nn:
mt
S
out
mt
c
mt
S
out
H j H
H z i E i E
0
0

=
= =
r r
r r r

(4.34)
Cn trn phn S
1
ca mn chn dn in l tng ( ) v pha bn kia
ca sng ti thnh phn tip tuyn ca in trng v t trng ngun dng
tng ng bng 0.
t
H
r

t
E
r

t

r

S
S
0

O
y
x
z
S
1



10
0 H
0 E
1
1
S
out
S
out
=
=

r
r

(4.35)
Chn
0
n
r
Oz v p dng cc biu thc (4.32) ca nguyn l dng tng
ng ta c cc th chm ca trng nhiu x na khng gian z > 0 qua l
trn mn chn nh sau:

=
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

=
S
ikr
mt
c 0
S
ikr
mt
c
0
Mm
S
ikr
mt
0
S
ikr
mt
0
Em
dS
r
e
4
H z
j dS
r
e
H z i k
4
A
dS
r
e
H
4
i dS
r
e
H j k
4
A
0 0
r r r r
r r r r

(4.36)
Trong : ( ) ( )
2
2 2
z y y x x r + + = l khong cch t im tnh trng
P(x, y, z) ti mt im bt k trn l S
0
c to (x, y, 0).
Gi khong cch t tm O ca l S
0
n im tnh trng P l R, ta c:
( )
2 2 2
y x y y ' xx 2 R r + + + = vi
2 2 2 2
z y x R + + =
Trong trng hp xt trng nhiu x vng xa, tc l khong cch r, R
ln hn nhiu so vi bc sng v kch thc l S
0
tng ng vi iu kin
y , x R
R
>>
>>

(4.37)
v
( ) y y x x
R
1
R r
R
1
r
1
+


(4.38)
p dng (4.38) tch phn theo mt l S
0
trong cc biu thc ca th chm
(4.36) c dng:

+
= =
0 0
S
R
y y x x
ik
S
ikR ikr
dS e
R
e
dS
r
e

(4.39)
Nhn xt: nu tch phn (4.39) xc nh c th trng in t nhiu x
qua l S
0
s l


10
Mm Mm
0 0
Em
0
m
Mm
0
Em Em
0 0
m
A i A .
i
1
A
1
H
A
1
A i A .
i
1
E



|
|

\
|


+
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|


|
|

\
|


=
r r r r
r r r r

(4.40)
Xt trng hp l S
0
c dng ch nht kch thc a, b trn mn chn phng
rng v hn dn in l tng. i vi trng nhiu x vng xa trong trng
hp ny iu kin (4.37) vit li:
R >> a, b >> (4.41)
Tch phn (4.39) i vi l dng ch nht c dng l:
y
R 2
kb
y
R 2
kb
sin
x
R 2
ka
x
R 2
ka
sin
R
e
ab
e
iky
R
e
ikx
R
R
e
y d x d e
R
e
ikR
2 / b
2 / b
R
y ky
i
2 / a
2 / a
R
x kx
i
ikR 2 / a
2 / a
2 / b
2 / b
R
y y x x
ik
ikR
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
= = =



+


(4.42)
Cc th chm vector in v t c dng
M
mt
0
mt
0
Mm
E
mt
0
mt
0
Em
4
H Z
4
H Z
j A
H
4
H
4
i A

r r r
r r r

(4.43)
Trong :
= = j , i
M E
r r r r
(4.44)

Chuyn sang h to cu ta c:
+ =
+ =
=
=
cos sin cos sin sin r j
sin cos cos cos sin r i
sin sin r y
cos sin r x
0 0 0
0 0 0
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r

(4.45)
Khi :


10

|

\
|


|

\
|

=

sin sin
R 2
kb
sin sin
R 2
kb
sin
cos sin
R 2
ka
cos sin
R 2
ka
sin
R
e
ab
ikR
(4.46)


Nhn xt: v hm cha tha s dng
R
e
ikR
nn t cc biu thc (4.40),
(4.43), (4.44) v (4.46) cho thy trng nhiu x qua l ch nht vng xa c
dng sng cu. Khi b qua cc s hng nh bc cao so vi
r
1
v i vi trng
vng xa (r ) th cc biu thc (4.43), (4.44) v (4.46) biu din theo cc
ton t grad, div v rot trong h to cu ta c:
( )
( )

=
=
M , E 0 M , E 0 M , E
Mr , E
2
0 M , E
ik
k r .
r
r
r r r
r
r
r

(4.47)
Trong :
Mr , E

r
,

M , E
r
v

M , E
r
l cc thnh phn ca cc vector
E

r
v
M

r
theo phng bn knh, kinh tuyn v v tuyn trong h to cu.
Trng nhiu x qua l ch nht vng xa theo (4.40), (4.43), (4.44), (4.46) v
(4.47) nh sau:
( )( )
( )( ) +

=
+

cos sin cos 1


4
H
ik H
sin cos cos 1
4
H z
ik E
0 0
mt
m
0 0
mt c
m
r
r r
r
r r

(4.48)
T biu thc (4.48) chng ta thy rng trng nhiu x qua l ch nht c
tnh nh hng trong khng gian theo cc to v .
x
y
S
0
a

b

0

z
x
y


r M


10
Gin hng ca trng nhiu x: vng xa v kch thc l ln hn
nhiu so vi bc sng th hm bin i nhanh hn hm cos nn mt cch
gn ng gin hng ca trng c xc nh ch yu qua hm . Xc nh
hm c trng hng ca trng ti 2 mt phng c bit:
- Ti mt phng = 0 (mt phng E) gin hng c dng
( )

\
|

=
sin
2
ka
sin
2
ka
sin
F
E
(4.49)
- Ti mt phng =
2

(mt phng H) gin hng c dng


( )

\
|

=
sin
2
kb
sin
2
kb
sin
F
H
(4.50)
Nhn xt: V gin hng F
E
() v F
H
() c dng hon ton ging nhau
nn ch cn v th cho F
E
() hoc F
H
(). th ca gin hng dng F
H
()
c v trong h to Decac v h to cc nh hnh v

T gin hng trn cho thy rng trng nhiu x qua l ch nht c 1
bp sng chnh v nhiu bp ph nh khc. iu ny c th gii thch bng s
2*


0
F()
2
sin kb




10
giao thoa ca sng bc x t cc din tch nguyn t trn mt S
0
. rng ca
bp sng chnh l gc 2* c xc nh t iu kin:
0
2
sin kb
sin =
|
|

\
|


(4.51)

Nu ly khng im u tin ta c:
=

2
sin kb

(4.52)
Vi gc * nh th * sin* v rng ca bp sng chnh l
b
2
sin 2 2

=


(4.53)
Nu kch thc l b tng so vi bc sng hoc khi 0 th bp sng
chnh s hp li thnh mt tia ging nh trong quang hnh.









10
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Kiu Khc Lu, L THUYT TRNG IN T, NXB Gio Dc,
2006
2. Tn Tht Bo t, Dng Hin Thun, L THUYT TRNG IN
T V SIU CAO TN, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng,
2007
3. Ng Nht nh, Trng Trng Tun M, TRNG IN T, NXB i
hc Quc gia TPHCM, 1995
4. Nguyn Hong Phng, GIO TRNH L THUYT TRNG, NXB
Gio Dc, 1978
5. Bo Thid, ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY, Uppsala University
Press, 2000
6. Landau L.D., Lifshitz E.M., THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF FIELDS,
Pergamon Press, 1975
7. Low F.E., CLASSICAL FIELD THEORY, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1997

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