Chng 1: S in Li I. S in Li: S in li: l qu trnh phn li ca cc cht trong nc ra ion. Cht in li: l cht tan trong nc phn li ra ion.

n. Phn loi cht in li: Cht in li mnh: l cht phn li hon ton ra ion NaCl Na+ + ClCht in li yu: l cht ch phn li 1 phn ra ion (l qu trnh thun nghch) CH3COOH > H+ - CH3COO in li: = n / n0 : in li (0< <=1) n: s phn t phn li ra ion n0: tng s phn t ha tan II. Axt & Bazo: Axit: tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+ ( l cht nhng proton H+) VD: HCl, H2SO4, HCOOH..... Bazo:tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH- ( l cht nhn proton H+) VD: NaOH, Ca(OH)2...... Hidroxit lng tnh: tan trong nc va phn li nh Axit v Bazo ( l cht va nhng proton & va nhn proton) Zn2+ + 2OHVD: Zn(OH)2
Zn(OH)2 ZnO2 2- + 2H+

Phn ng trung ha: l phn ng gia Axit v Bazo to ra mui & nc. III.Mui & phn ng thy phn ca mui: 1. Mui: Mui: l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra Cation (kim loi hoc NH4 ) v Anion gc axit. VD: Na2SO4, NaHSO4, NaHCO3, Na2CO3,..... Mui trung ha: l mui m Anion gc axit khng cn kh nng phn li ra ion H+. VD: Na2SO4, Na2CO3..... Mui Axit: l mui m Anion gc axit cn kh nng phn li ra ion H+. VD: NaHCO3, NaHSO4....... 2. Phn ng thy phn ca mui: Phn ng thy phn ca mui: l phn ng trao i Ion gia mui ha tan v nc. Mui Trung Ha t: Bazo mnh + Axit mnh khng b thy phn (PH = 7). VD: NaCl, KNO3...... Mui Trung Ha t: Bazo mnh + Axit yu gc axit b thy phn (PH > 7). VD: Na2CO3, CH3COOK..... Mui Trung Ha t: Bazo yu + Axit mnh gc bazo b thy phn (PH < 7). VD: NH4Cl, AlCl3, Fe(NO3)3..... Mui Trung Ha t: Bazo yu + Axit yu gc bazo & axit b thy phn (PH ty thuc vo thy phn ca 2 ion). VD: (NH4)2CO3, CH3COO NH4.............. IV. Tch S Ion ca Nc:

V. pH v mi trng: PH dng nh gi axit v kim ca dung dch. [H+] = 10-pH M Hay pH = -lg [H+] ( 1<= pH <=14) Mi trng axit: pH < 7 Mi trng Bazo: pH > 7 Mi trng trung tnh: pH=7 VI. Phn ng trao i Ion trong dung dch cc cht in li: iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i trong dd cc cht in li : Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta : VD: Na2SO4 + BaCl2 NaCl + BaSO4 Phng trnh to thnh cht in li yu: VD: CH3COONa + HCl NaCl + CH3COOH Phn ng to thnh cht kh: VD: HCl + Na2CO3 > NaCl + H2O + CO2 Ch : Trong dd in tch lun bo ton n.in tch dng n.in tch m = 0 (n l tng s mol) khi lng mui trong dd = tng khi lng cc ion to nn mui.

Chng 2: Nito & Photpho I. Nito: 1. T/d vi Hidro: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (t0, xt) 2. T/d vi Oxi: N2 + O2 2NO 3. iu ch: NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O (t0)

(30000)

II. Amoniac: 1. Kh Amoniac: Tnh Bazo yu: NH3 + HCl NH4Cl Tnh Kh mnh: vi Oxi: 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O (8500, Pt) vi Cl: 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl (8500, Pt) mt s oxit kim loai: 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O (t0) 2. DD Animoac: T/d vi nc: NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OHT/d vi Axit: NH3 + H+ NH4+ T/d vi dd mui (c hidroxit khng tan): 3NH3 + AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl iu ch: 2NH4Cl + CaO 2NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O (Phng TN) N2 (k) + H2 (k) 2NH3 (k) (Fe, 200-300atm, 450-5000) (cng nghip) III. Mui Amoni: P/ trao i ion: NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + H2O + NaCl NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O P/ phn hy: vi mui Amoni to bi axit khng c tnh oxi ha: NH4Cl ( r ) NH3 (k) + Hcl (k) (t0) vi mui Amoni to bi axit c tnh oxi ha: NH4NO2 N2 + H2O (t0) NH4NO3 N2O + H2O (t0) IV. Axit Nitric: 1. Tnh axit mnh: Vi bazo: HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O Vi oxit bazo: 6HNO3 + Fe2O3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O Vi mui: 2HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 2. Tnh oxi ha Vi KL (tr Ag, Pt v Al, Fe khng tc dng vi HNO3 t ngui): KL c tnh kh yu: Cu + 4HNO3 () Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2 +2H2O 3Cu + 8HNO3 (L) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O KL c tnh kh mnh hn: Fe + 6HNO3 () Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O (t0) 8Al + 30HNO3 (L) 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O

5Mg + 12HNO3 (L) 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2 + 6H2O 4Zn + 10HNO3 (rt long) Zn(NO3)2 + NH4 NO3 + 3H2O Vi PK: C + 4HNO3 () CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O S + 6HNO3() H2SO4 + 6NO2 +2H2O Vi HC c tnh cht kh: 3FeO +10HNO3(l) 3Fe(NO3)3+ NO + 5H2O 3H2S + 2HNO3(l) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O iu ch: NaNO3 (r ) + H2SO4() HNO3+NaHSO4 (TN) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 4NO2 +2H2O +O2 4HNO3 (CN) V. Mui Nitrat: Mui Nitrat ca KL hot ng mnh (trc Mg): M(NO3)n M(NO2)n + O2 2KNO3 2KNO3 +O2 Mui Nitrat ca KL hot ng trung bnh (Mg ->Cu ):M(NO3)n M2On + 2nNO2 +n/2O2 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 Mui Nitrat ca KL hot ng km (ng sau Cu): M(NO3)n M + nNO2+ n/2O2 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2+ O2 VI. Photpho: Tnh Oxi ha: P + Na Na3P (t0) Tnh Kh: Vi Oxi:

4P + 3O2 (thiu) 2P2O3 4P + 5O2 (d) 2P2O5

Vi Clo:

2P +3Cl2 (thiu) 2 PCl3 2P +5Cl2 (d) 2PCl5

Vi hp cht:

6P+5KClO3 3P2O5 +5KCl

iu ch:

Ca3(PO4)2 +3SiO2 +5C 3CaSiO3 +2P +5CO

VII. Axitphotphoric: Tnh Axit: (Tu theo t l cht phn ng m sn phm thu c l mui trung ho, mui axit hoc hn hp cc mui)

H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4 +2NaOH Na2HPO4 + H2O H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + H2O T/d bi nhit: H3PO4 H4P207 HPO3 (t0) iu ch: P + 5HNO3c H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O (PTN) Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 c 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 (CN)

P P2O5 H3PO4 (CN)

VIII. Mui photphat: P/ thy phn: PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OH-

VD: Na3PO4 + H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH IX.Phn Bn 1. Phn m amoni (NH4+): NH3 + HCl NH4Cl NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 TQ: NH3 + acid tng ng m amoni 2. Phn m nitrat (NO3-): CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O 3. Phn ure: (NH2)2CO: Phn ur cha lng %N cao (46,7%) 2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)3CO + H2O Phn ure rt ho nc (NH2)2CO + H2O (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 2NH4+ +CO324. Phn ln (P): Supephotphat: (Ca(H2PO4)2): Supephotphat n: Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4 Supephotphat kp:Qu trnh sn xut supephotphat kp gm 2 giai on: G1: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 3H3PO4 + CaSO4 G2: Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2

Chng 3: Nhm Cacbon Cacbon: Tnh kh: C + O2 CO2 C + CO2 2CO 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO 2C + SiO2 Si + 2CO Tnh Oxi ha: C + 2H2 CH4 3C + 4Al Al4C3 C + Ca CaC2 Hp cht Cacbon: 1. Monooxit: Tnh kh mnh 2CO (k) + O2 (k) 2CO2 (k) CO + Cl2 COCl2 CO + CuO Cu + CO2 iu ch: HCOOH CO + H2O (H2SO4 nng) C +H2O CO + H2 (10500) (CN) C + O2 CO (CN) C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2CO (CN) 2. Cacbondioxit: Tnh Oxi ha: CO2 + Mg MgO + C CO2 l oxit axit: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H CO H+ +HCO - K = 4,5. 10-7
2 3 3 1

(PTN)

HCO3- H++CO32- K2= 4,8 . 10-11 iu ch: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) (CN) CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (PTN) 3. Mui Cacbonat: T/d vi Axit: NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl +CO2 + H2O Na2CO3+ 2HCl 2NaCl +CO2 +H2O T/d vi dd Kim: NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O P/ nhit phn: MgCO3 MgO + CO2 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Silic: Tnh kh:

Si + 2F2 SiF4 Si + O2 SiO2 Si + 2NaOH + H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2 Tnh Oxi ha: Mg + Si Mg2Si (t0 cao) iu ch: SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO (PTN) SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO (t0) Hp cht ca Silic: Silic Dioxoit (SiO2): l oxit axit SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + H2O SiO2 + 4HF SiF4+ 2H2O Axit silixit Na2SiO3+CO2+H2O H2SiO3+Na2CO3

Chng 4: i Cng V Hu C

HP CHT HU C HidroCacbon (ch c C,H) Dn Xut HidroCacbon (C,H,O,N...)

HidroCacbon NO (Ch c lin kt n)

HidroCacbon HidroCacbon Khng Thm NO (cha (c cha vng Benzen) lin kt bi)

Dn xut Halogen

Ancol, Phenol, ete Hp cht Polime Amin, Nitro

Andehit, Xeton Axit, Este

Cng thc c bn nht: CxHyOzNt %C % H %O %n mC mH mO mN : : : : : : x:y:z:t = = 12 1 16 14 12 1 16 14 Nu: CxHyOzNt =(CqHPOrNs)n (n = 1,2,3 . . .) : y : z : t = p: q : r : s x CTPT: C2H6O Cng Thc Hp cht hu c CTCT: H H HCCOH H H

Hoc CH3CH2OH

ng ng ng phn: Hn km nhau 1 hoc nhiu nhm CH2

Cc cht c gi l ng ng khi

C tnh cht ha hc tng t nhau VD: CH4, C2H6, C3H8,... CnH2n+2

Cng CTPT Cc cht c gi l ng Phn khi C tnh cht ha hc Khc nhau VD: CTPT: C2H6O CTCT: CH3-CH2-OH v CH3-O-CH3 Lin kt trong phn t hp cht hu c: Lin kt (Xichma): l lin kt bn. Lin kt (Pi): l lin kt km bn. Lin kt n: do 1 cp electron dng chung VD: CH3 CH3......

Lin kt

Lin kt i: do 2 cp electron dng chung VD: CH2 = CH2...... Lin kt bi Lin kt 3: do 3 cp electron dng chung VD: CH CH.......

Phn ng th VD: CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

Phn ng hu c

Phn ng cng CH2 = CH2 + Br CH2Br CH2Br Phn ng tch CH3 CH3 CH2 = CH2 + H2

Chng 5: HidroCacbon NO

HidroCacbon NO

AnKan XicloAnkan

I. AnKan: AnKan: l nhng HidroCacbon mch h, ch c lin kt n,CTPT chung CnH2n+2 (n>=1) Ankan ch ng phn mch cacbon (phn nhnh v khng phn nhnh)..... Danh php: CH4 ------------------Metan CH3 Metyl C2H6 --------------------Etan C2H5 Etyl C3H8 -----------------Propan C3H7 Propyl C4H10 -------------------Butan C4H9 Butyl C5H12 ------------------Pentan C5H11 Pentyl C6H14 ------------------Hexan C6H13 Hexyl C7H16 -----------------Heptan C7H15 Heptyl C8H18 -------------------Octan C8H17 Octyl C9H20 ------------------Nonan C9H19 Nonyl C10H22 -----------------Decan C10H21 Decyl Quy tc gi tn Ankan c mch nhnh: 1. Chn mch C di nht v c nhiu nhnh nht lm mch chnh. 2. nh s th t cc nguyn t C trn mch chnh bt u t pha gn nhnh nht. 3. Gi tn theo cng thc: Tn = Ch s tn nhnh + tn mch chnh

CH3 CH CH2 CH3 | CH3 CH3 | CH3 C CH CH2 CH3 | | CH3 C2H5 Tnh cht ha hc: P/ Th bi Halogen:
CH4 + Cl2 a s CH3Cl + Cl2 a s CH2Cl2 + Cl2 a s CHCl3 + Cl2 a s CH3Cl + HCl CH2Cl2 + HCl CHCl3 + Hcl CHCl4 + Hcl

2-metylbutan

2,2-dimetyl, 3-etyl, pentan

P/ Tch: CH3 CH2 CH3 a s CH2=CH2 + H2

cracking CH3 CH2 CH3

CH2 = CH2 + CH4

P/ Oxi ha: Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n+2+(3n+1)/2O2 t nCO2 + (n+1)H2O VD: CH4 +2O2 t CO2 + 2H2O Nu: nH2O > nCO2 nAnkan = nH2O - nCO2 iu ch: PTN: t CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
0

Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4+ 4Al(OH)3 XicloAnkan: XicloAnkan: l nhng hidroCacbon NO c mch vng, cng thc chung ca XicloAnkan n vng l: CnH2n (n>=3). ng phn: XicloAnkan c ng phn mch Cacbon v ng phn v tr. Danh php: 1. Chn mch vng l mch chnh. 2. nh s th t mch Cacbon sao cho v tr nhnh l nh nht. 3. CT: tn = vi tr nhnh tn nhnh + Xiclo + tn mch chnh.

VD:

Tnh cht ha hc: P/ Th: + Cl2 + Br P/ Tch:

t, x t
0

s a

+ Hcl cloxiclopentan + HBr Bromxiclohexan + 3H2

P/ Oxi ha: CnH2n + 3n o

2 2

nCO2 + nH2O

H< 0 => nCO2 = nH2O

C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O P/ cng m vng: + H2

C Ni,80
0

H = -3947,5kj

CH3-CH2- CH3 Propan

+ Br2 BrCH2 CH2 CH2Br (1,3 dibrompropan ) + HBr CH3 CH2 CH2Br (1Brompropan ) Xiclobutan ch cng vi hydro : + H2 u ch: CH3[CH2]4CH3
t, x t
0

Ni ,120 C

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 butan + H2

Chng 6: HydroCacbon Khng NO I. Anken: 1. Anken l nhng HidroCacbon mch h c 1 lin kt i trong phn t.CTPT CnH2n (n>=2) 2. ng phn: Anken c ng phn cu to v ng phn hnh hc 3. Danh php: Chn mch c lin kt i di nht v c nhiu nhnh nht lm mch chnh. nh s th t trn mch chnh gn lin kt i nht. Tn = ch s tn nhnh + tn mch chnh ch s lin kt i en VD: CH3 CH = CH CH3 but 2 en H H \ / C=C Cis but 2 en / \ CH3 CH3 H CH3 \ / C = C Tran but 2 en / \ CH3 H

T/C ha hc: P/ Cng:

CH3 CH = CH2 + H2

t, x t

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CH = CH2 + Cl2 CH3 ClCH CH2Cl 1,2-icloprotan CH3 CH = CH2 + Br2 CH3 BrCH CH2Br 1,2-dibromproban CH2 = CH2 + HCl (kh) CH3CH2Cl (etyl clorua)
C=C + H A
H ,t
+ o

C H

C A

CH2 = CH2 + H - OH P/ Trng hp: nCH2 = CH2

nCH2 = CH CH3

HCH2 - CH2OH

etanol

Peoxit, 100-300oC 100atm

( CH2 - CH2 )n
( CH2 - CH )n CH3

(polietilen) nha P.E

(polipropilen) nha P.P

P/ Oxi ha

a. Oxi ho hon ton:

CnH2n + 3n O2 2 nCO2 + nH2O

Lu : hp cht hirocacbon nu nCO2 = nH2O => anken b. Oxi ho khng hon ton

3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2-CH2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH (etylen glicol) Ankan

crckinh

iu ch: Trong CN:

tch hiro

Anken

Trong PTN:
CH3CH2OH
H2SO4, 170oC

CH2 = CH2 + H2O

ng Dng: a. Tng hp polim:

CH2 = CH2
Cl2

CH2 - CH2 Cl Cl

500oC - HCl

CH2 = CH Cl

nCH2 = CH Cl

xt,to,p

CH2 - CH Cl n

poli(vinyl clorua)(PVC)

II. Ankadien: 1. Ankadien l nhng HidroCacbon mch h c 2 lin kt i trong phn t.CTPT CnH2n-2 (n>=3) 2. ng phn: 3 loi

Ankaien c 2 lin kt i cnh nhau. Ankaien c 2 lin kt i cch nhau 1 lin kt n. Ankaien c 2 lin kt i cch nhau t 2 lin kt n tr ln. CH2 = C = CH2 : propaien CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 : butaien (but-1,3-ien)
CH2 = C - CH = CH2

: 2-metylbutaien (isopropen) CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH = CH2 : pent-1,4-ien

3. Tnh cht ha hc: Phn ng Cng:
CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 + 2H2 Ni to Ni to CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH3

CH2 = C - CH = CH2 + 2H2 CH3

CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3

(-800) (400) Phn ng Trng hp:

nCH2=CH-CH=CH2

p,to,xt

( CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 )n

polibutaien

nCH2 = C - CH = CH2 CH3

p,t ,xt

( CH2 - C = CH - CH2 )n CH3

poliisopren

Phn ng Oxi ha: CnH2n-2 + (3n-1)/2O2 nCO2 + (n-1)H2O => nH2O < nCO2 nCnH2n-2 = nCO2 - nH2O iu ch: Butadien: to,xt CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 + 2H2
2CH3 - CH2 - OH
ZnO; MgO 450oC

CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 + H2 + 2H2O

Isopren: to,xt CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3

CH2 = C - CH = CH2 + 2H2

CH3 CH3 III. Ankin: 1. Ankin l nhng HidroCacbon mch h c 1 lin kt 3 trong phn t. CTPT: CnH2n-2 (n>=2) 2. ng phn: c ng phn mch cacbon v ng phn v tr. 3. Danh php Chn mch Cacbon c lin kt 3, di nht v c nhiu nhnh nht. nh s th t mch Cacbon bt u C gn lin kt 3 nht. Tn = ch s - tn nhnh + tn mch chnh ch s lin kt 3 + in 4. Tnh cht ha hc: Phn ng Cng: Ni ,t o HC CH + 2H2 CH3 CH3 Pd / PbCO3 HC CH +H2 CH2 = CH2
t ,H HC CH + HCl CH2 = CHBr
o +

HgCl2 CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHCl 150o 200o C

4 2 4 HC CH + H OH CH3 CH = O 80o

HgSO , H SO

ime ha: 2CH CH CH2 = CH C CH (NH4Cl, CuCl, t0) vinyl axetilen Trime ha: 3CH CH C6H6 (C, 6000) Benzen Phn ng Th: HC CH + AgNO3 + NH3 Ag C C Ag + NH4NO3 Phn ng Oxi ha: CnH2n-2 +
3n 1 O2 nCO2 + (n-1) H2O H<0 2

5. iu ch:

1500 2CH4 CH CH + 3H2

o

CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

Chng 7: HidroCacbon Thm (Aren) I. Benzen: 1. Benzen: HidroCacbon thm l nhng HidroCacbon m trong phn t c 1 hay nhiu vng Benzen. CTPT: CnH2n-6 (n>=6) 2. ng phn: Aren c ng phn mch C v ng phn vi tr. 3. Danh php: Tn = tn gc Ankyl + Benzen
CH3 (o)6 (m)5 1 2(o) 3(m) 4(p) CH3 CH3

CH 2CH 3

VD:
CH 3

etylbenzen
CH3

1,2-imetylbenzen

CH 3

CH3

1,4 imetyl benzen hoc p- imetylbenzen 4. Tnh cht ha hc: P/ Th:

H
Br

1,3 imetylbenzen hoc m imetylbenzen

+ Br2 Brombenzen
CH 2 -H

Fe

+ HBr
CH 2 -Br

+ Br2 Benzyl bromua

H

as

+ Hbr
NO 2

+ HO-NO2 Qui tc th:

H 2SO 4
Nitrobenzen

H2O

 Khi trong vng Benzen c sn nhm th NO (nhm ankyl, X, -OH; -NH2-; -OCH3) th phn ng d dng hn so vi benzen v u tin v tr ortho v para
NO2

CH 3

VD: o nitrotoluen

+ p-nitrotoluen Khi trong vng Benzen c sn nhm th KHNG NO (-NO2, -COOH, -CHO, -CH=CH2....) phn ng kh xy ra hn Benzen v u tin v tr meta.
NO 2

HNO3,H2SO4 -H2O

CH3

C H3

N O2

NO 2

VD:

+ HONO2 P/ Cng: C6H6 + Cl2 C6H6Cl6 (askl) C6H6 +3H2 C6H12 (Ni, t0) P/ Oxi ha:
CH 3

H2SO 4,t0 -H2O

NO 2

+ KMnO4 C6H5COOK + MnO2 + KOH + H2O (t0) CnH2n-6 + (3n-3)/2O2 nCO2 + (n-3)H2O nu: nH2O < nCO2 naren = (nCO2 - nH2O)/3 5. iu ch: xt ,t o CH3[CH2]4CH3 C6H6 + 4H2 3CH CH C6H6 (C, 6000) Benzen xt ,t o CH3[CH2]5CH3 C6H2CH3 + 4H2 II. Stiren: 1. CTPT: C8H8
CH=CH 2

2. CTCT: 3. Tnh cht ha hc: P/ Cng: C6H5-CH=CH2 + Br2 C6H5-CHBr CH2Br C6H5-CH=CH2 + HCl C6H5-CHCl CH3 P/ Oxi ha:

III. Naphtalen:

1. CTPT: C10H8
8( ) 7( ) 6( )
9

1( )
2( ) 3( ) 4( )

2. CTCT:

5( )

10

3. Tnh cht ha hc: P/ Th:

Br

+ Br2

C H 3C O O H (d m )
NO 2

+ HBr

+ HNO3 P/ Cng:
2H2 o Ni ,150 C

H2SO4

+ H2O
3H2 Ni ,200o C ,35 atm

C10H8 Naphtalen P/ Oxi ha:

C10H12,tetralin
O C

O2 (kk) V2O5,350-4500C

C O

Chng 8: Dn xut Halogen, Ancol v Phenol I. Dn xut Halogen: 1. Khi nim: khi thay th nguyn t H ca phn t HidroCacbon bng nguyn t halogen ta c dn xut halogen ca HidroCacbon. 2. Phn loi: Theo gc hidrocacbon Theo halogen Bc ca dn xut halogen bng bc ca nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t halogen. 3. Tnh cht ha hc: P th nguyn t halogen bng -OH: to RX + OH ROH + X VD: to CH 3CH 2CH 2 Cl + OH - CH3 CH2 CH2 OH + Cl * Dn xut anlyl halogenua to RCH=CHCH 2 -X + H 2 O RCH=CHCH2 -OH + HX * Phenyl halogenua: phn ng vi NaOH nhit cao, p sut cao VD:
Cl + 2NaOH 300oC / 200 atm ONa + NaCl + H2O

P tch HidroHalogenua ancol ,t o HCH2-CH2Br + KOH CH2=CH2 + KBr + H2O Quy tc: Khi tch HX ra khi dn xut halogen, nguyn t halogen X u tin tch ra nguyn t C bc cao hn bn cnh.
o I II KOH, ancol, t CH2-CH-CH-CH3

cng H

CH3-CH=CH-CH3 sa pha chnh n m CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 sa pha phu n m

+HBr

Br H

II. Ancol: 1. nh ngha: ancol l nhng hp cht m trong phn t c nhm -OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C NO. 2. phn loi: Ancol NO, n chc, mch h. Ancol khng NO, n chc, mch h. Ancol thm, n chc. Ancol vong NO n chc. Ancol a chc. Ancol bc I, II, III 3. ng phn: cc Ancol NO, n chc, mch h c ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr nhm OH. 4. Danh php: Chn mch C di nht. nh s mch C bt u gn nhm -OH nht tn = hidroCacbon tng ng + ch s v tr nhm OH

5. Tnh cht ha hc: P th H ca nhm OH: Chung: R-OH + Na R-ONa + 1/2 H2

VD: C2H5OH + Na C2H5ONa + 1/2H2 C2H5ONa + H2O C2H5OH+NaOH

P c trng ca glixerol:

P th nhm OH: R-OH + HX R-X + H2O

VD: C2H5-OH + HBr C2H5-Br + H2O

P tch nc:

P vi Ancol:

C2H5OH + C2H5OH C2H5O C2H5 + H2O

P oxi ha: oxi ha khng hon ton:

oxi ha hon ton:

CnH2n+1OH + 3n/2O2 nCO2 + (n+1)H2O

6. iu ch: Metanol trong cng nghip:

2CH4+O2 2CH3OH
Etanol: trong cng nghip:

CnH2n + H2O CnH2n+1OH CH3Cl + NaOH CH3OH + NaCl PP Ha sinh: (C6H6O5)n+ H2O
Glyxerol:

CH2=CHCH3 + Cl2 CH2=CHCH2Cl+ Cl2 ClCH2C-CHOH-CH2Cl + NaOH

III. Phenol: 1. nh ngha: 2. phn loi: 3. Tnh cht ha hc: Tnh axit yu: Phn ng vi kim loi kim (Na,K) C6H5OH +Na C6H5ONa + 1/2H2 C6H5OH +NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O Tnh axit: ancol<phenol<H2CO3 C6H5ONa +CO2 +H2O C6H5OH + NaHCO3
P th nguyn t H trong vong Benzen:

OH

HO
Br Br

+ 3Br2 (dd)
Br

+ 3HBr

4. iu ch:
CH(CH3)2

HO

CH(CH3)2

HO

H C3 6

O2 ( KK )

Chng 9: Andehit Xenton Axit Cacboxylic I. Andehit: 1. nh ngha: L hp cht hu cm phn t c cha nhm CH=O lin kt trc tip vi gc hidrocacbon hay nguyn t H. 2. phn loi: Phn loi CTPT n NO n khng NO Thm n CnH2n+1CHO CmH2mO CnH2n-1CHO CnH2n-7CHO

3. Danh php: chn mch C di nht CHO. nh s th t bt u t CHO. Tn = tn gc cha HidroCacbon + al 4. Tnh cht ha hc: P Cng: o CH3 CH=O+H2 Ni,t CH3 CH2 OH R CH=O + H2 O R CH(OH)2

CH3

CH = O HCN

CH3 CH OH

CN

P Oxi ha: Khng hon ton:

R CH = O + Br2 + H2O R COOH + 2 Hbr RCH=O+KMnO4 RCOOK+ MnO2 + KOH R CH = O + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH t R COONH4 + 2 Ag + 3 NH3+ H2O VD: CH3CH=O + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH t CH3 COONH4 + 2 Ag + 3 NH3+ H2O HCH=O + 4[Ag(NH3)2]OH t (NH4)2CO3 + 4 Ag + 6 NH3+ 2H2O
o o o

 Hon ton: CnH2n+2-2a-m + (3n+m+1-a)/2O2 (n+m)CO2 + (n+1-a)H2O nu andehit no, n chc (a=0, m=1) <=> nH2O = nCO2 P Th: CH3-CH=O + Br2 CH 3COOH CH2Br-CH=O+ HBr

5. iu ch: t ancol: o R CH2OH + CuO t R CHO + Cu + H2O o CH3CH2OH+CuO t CH3CHO+Cu+H2O 2 CH3OH + O2 Ag , 600 HCH=O + 2 H2O t hidroCacbon: xt ,t CH4 + O2 H-CH=O + H2O
xt ,t 2 CH2 = CH2 + O2 2 CH3 CH=O
O

II. Xeton: 1. nh ngha: L hp cht hu c c cha nhm >C=O lin kt trc tip vi 2 gc hidro cacbon. CTPT: CnH2nO (n>2) 2. Danh php: Tn = tn gc cha HidroCacbon + ON 3. Tnh cht ha hc: P Cng: o CH3COCH3+H2 Ni,t CH3CH(OH) CH3 CN R C R + HCN R C R O OH

4. iu ch: t ancol: o R COH R + CuO t R CO R+ Cu + H2O o VD: CH3COCH3 + CuO t CH3CHOHCH3+ Cu+ H2O T HidroCacbon: OXI H 2SO 4 (CH3)2CHC6H5 trung gian CH3COCH3 +C6H5-OH III. Axit Cacboxylic: 1. Danh php:

 Tn = Axit + tn gc cha HidroCacbon vi mch chnh + oic 2. Tnh cht ha hc: Tnh Axit: vi bazo, oxit bazo, mui nc: RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O 2RCOOH + CuO (RCOO)2Cu + H2O RCOOH + CaCO3 (RCOO)2Ca + H2O +CO2 P nhm Th OH: RCOOH + R/OH RCOOR/ + H2O (H2SO4 c, t0) CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (H2SO4 c, t0)

CH3COOH + C2H5OH

3. iu ch: ln men gim: C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O (enzym, 300) Oxi ha Andehitaxetic: CH3CHO + 1/2O2 CH3COOH ((t0,xt)) Oxi ha ankan: 2R-CH2-CH2-R' + 5O2 2R-COOH + 2R'COOH + 2H2O (t0,xt) VD: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 5O2 4CH3COOH + H2O t metanol: CH3OH + CO CH3COOH (t0,xt)