ANKAN (PARAFIN, NG NG METAN,HIROCACBON NO MCH H) ng ng l hin tng cc hp cht hu c c tnh cht ha hc c bn ging nhau v CTPT gia chng hn km nhau

mt hay nhiu nhm metylen (-CH2-). Tp hp cc cht ng ng to thnh mt dy ng ng. Hai cht k tip nhau trong cng mt dy ng ng hn km nhau mt nhm metylen. Th d: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12,... l cc cht thuc dy ng ng metan (ankan) CH3OH ; C2H5OH ; C3H7OH ; C4H9OH ;... l cc cht thuc dy ng ng ru n chc no mch h (ankanol) I.1. nh ngha Ankan l mt loi hirocacbon m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n mch h. I.2. Cng thc tng qut CnH2n + 2 (n 1)

BI TP VIT PHNG TRNH PHN NG GIA CC CHT

Nhng ch khi lm loi bi tp ny :
-Phi nm vng cc phn ng ha hc ca cc hidrocacbon. -Nh cc im c bit trong cc phn ng, v d :

Ankan :

-Phn ng th : T C3 tr ln nu th vi Cl2 (askt, 1:1) s thu c hn hp sn phm l ng phn ca nhau. -Phn ng cracking : Ch c ankan t C3 tr ln. -Phn ng hidro ha i khi cng c gi l phn ng cracking nhng xc tc l Ni, to. -Lu : Phn ng cng H2 v H2 u c xc tc l Ni, to.

Xicloankan :

-Vng C3, C4 ch c phn ng cng m vng khng c phn ng th. Vng C5 tr ln khng c phn ng cng ch c phn ng th.

Aken, ankadien, ankin :

-Phn ng cng : Nu tc nhn bt i cng vi anken bt i th sn phm chnh c xc nh theo quy tc Macopnhicop. Ch n sn phm. -i vi ankin th cn ch n xc tc bit 1 hoc 2 lin kt s b t. -Phn ng trng hp : Cn ch cc phn ng trng hp 1,4 thng to thnh cao su. v Bi tp ng dng :

Bi 1 :a)Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho propen, propin, divinyl tc dng vi Br2theo t l mol 1 : 1.b)Hi khi cho 3 cht trn tc dng vi HCl (c xt) theo t l 1 : 1 th thu c nhng sn phm g? Gi tn chng. c)Hy cho bit CTCT v tn gi ca sn phm khi cho isopren v penta-1,4-dien tc dng vi dd Br2, HCl theo t l mol 1 : 1. Vit CTCT ca polime thu c khi trng hp 2 ankadien cho trn.
GII : a)Phn ng cng gia hydrocacbon khng no vi tc nhn i xng th tng i n gin. Ty vo t l s mol m 1 hoc 2 lin kt s b t.

Ptp : Xem phn tm tt ha tnh b)Tc dng vi HCl (1 : 1) p dng quy tc Macopnhicop *Propen cng HCl cho 2 sn phm. v Bi tp tng t : 1) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca but-1-in, buta-1,3-dien vi H2, Br2, HCl, H2O. Gi tn sn phm. 2) Khi trng hp buta-1,3-dien vi xc tc Na ta thu c cao su Buna c ln 2 sn phm ph A v B. A l mt cht do khng c tnh n hi, mi mc xch c mt mch nhnh l nhm vinyl. B l hp cht vng c tn l 1vinylxiclohexan c phn t bng 108. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra di dng CTCT. 3) Phn ng cracking l g? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng tng qut khi cracking mt ankan. -Khi cracking butan thu c mt hn hp gm 7 cht, trong c H2 v C4H8. Hi CTCT ca butan l n hay iso? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra? 4) Olefin l g? Vi CTPT CnH2n c th c cc cht thuc dy ng ng no? Nu tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho propylen tc dng vi O2, dd Br2, HCl, dd KMnO4, phn ng trng hp. Hp cht C6H12 khi cng hp HBr ch thu c mt sn phm duy nht, nh CTCT c th c ca olefin ny v vit phng trnh phn ng. 5) Vit phng trnh phn ng (nu c) ca cc hp cht sau vi dd AgNO3/NH3 a) Axetylen b) But-1-in c) But-2-in 6) Mun iu ch n-pentan, ta c th hidro ha nhng anken no? Vit CTCT ca chng. 7) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch cc hp cht sau y t nhng anken thch hp : a)CH3CHBr CHBrCH3 b) CH3CHBr CBr(CH3)2 c) CH3CHBr CH(CH3)2

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Cch c tn (Danh php) CH4 Metan C12H26 Dodecan C2H6 Etan C13H28 Tridecan C3H8 Propan C14H30 Tetradecan C4H10 Butan C15H32 Pentadecan C5H12 Pentan C16H34 Hexadecan C6H14 Hexan C17H36 Heptadecan C7H16 Heptan C18H38 Octadecan C8H18 Octan C19H40 Nonadecan C9H20 Nonan C20H42 Eicosan C10H22 Decan C21H44 Heneicosan C11H24 Undecan C22H46 Docosan C23H48 Tricosan C42H86 Dotetracontan C24H50 Tetracosan C43H88 Tritetracontan C25H52 Pentacosan C50H102 Pentacontan C30H62 Triacontan C60H122 Hexacontan C31H64 Hentriacontan C70H142 Heptacontan C32H66 Dotriacontan C80H162 Octacontan C33H68 Tritriacontan C90H182 Nonacontan C34H70 Tetratriacontan C100H202 Hectan C35H72 Petatriacontan C124H250 Tetracosahectan C40H82 Tetracontan C132H266 Dotriacontahectan C41H84 Hentetracontan C155H312 Pentapentacontahectan Nn thuc tn ca 10 ankan u, t C1 n C10 c tn ca cc cht hu c thng gp (c mch cacbon t 1 nguyn t C n 10 nguyn t C). Nguyn tc chung c tn ankan v dn xut: Chn mch chnh l mch cacbon lin tc di nht. Cc nhm khc gn vo mch chnh coi l cc nhm th gn vo ankan c mch cacbon di nht ny. - Khi c th c tn ca cc nhm th trc, c s ch v tr ca cc nhm th t pha trc hoc pha sau, c nh s nh, ri mi n tn ca ankan mch chnh sau. - Nu ankan cha s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t 4 v khng phn nhnh

th thm tip u ng n- (normal- thng thng). - Nu 2 nhm th ging nhau th thm tip u ng iNu 3........................................................................triNu 4........................................................................tetraNu 5........................................................................pentaNu 6........................................................................hexa- ... Sau y l tn ca mt s nhm th thuc gc hirocacbon v mt s nhm th thng gp: CH3 (H3C ; Me ) Metyl CH3-CH2 (C2H5 ; Et ) Etyl CH3-CH2-CH2 n-propyl CH3-CH Isopropyl CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2 n- Butyl CH3-CH2-CH Sec-butyl CHC Etinyl CH3 CH3 CH3-CH-CH2 Isobutyl CH3-C Tert-butyl CH3 CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 n-Pentyl, n-Amyl CH3-CH-CH2-CH2 Isopentyl, Isoamyl CH3 CH3 CH3-C-CH2 Neopentyl, Neoamyl CH3 CH3 CH3-CH2-C Tert-pentyl, Tert-amyl CH3 CH2 Metylen C6H5 Phenyl CH2-CH2 Etylen F Flo (Fluoro) CH-CH2 Propylen Cl Clo (Cloro) CH3 Br Brom (Bromo) C6H5-CH2 Benzyl I Iot (Iodo) CH2=CH Vinyl O2N Nitro CH2=CH-CH2 Alyl H2N Amino CH2=C Isopropenyl CH3 HO Hiroxi Th d: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 nButan CH3-CH-CH3 2Metylbutan CH3 Isobutan CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 n-Pentan CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 2-Metylbutan CH3 Isopentan CH3 CH3-C-CH3 2,2-imetylpropan CH3 Neopentan CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 2,2-imetyl-4-etylhexan CH3 CH2-CH3 CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-C-CH3 2,2,4-Trimetylpentan CH3 CH3 Isooctan CH3 CH3 Br CH2 Cl CH2 CH3 - C- CH - C - C - CH3 2,3,6-Trimetyl-3-brom-5-clo-5-nitroCH3- CH NO2 CH2 - CH3 4,6-ietyloctan CH3 C th c tn nhm th theo th t t nhm nh n nhm ln (nhm nh c trc,

nhm ln c sau, nh nhm metyl (CH3, nh), c trc, nhm etyl (CH3-CH2, ln), c sau; hoc theo th t vn a, b, c (vn a c trc, vn b c sau, nh nhm etyl c trc, nhm metyl c sau). Tuy c nhm trc sau khc nhau nhng s vit ra cng mt CTCT nn chp nhn c.

t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon A thu c CO2 v H2O theo t l mol 9:4. Khi ha hi 11,6 gam A th th tch hi chim 2,24 lt (quy v iu kin tiu chun). Mt khc A c th tc dng vi dung dch brom theo t l mol 1:2. A cng to kt ta khi tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3. Khi oxi ha A bng dung dch KMnO4 trong H2SO4 to c axit thm cha 26,23% oxi v khi lng. a/ Hy xc nh cng thc cu to v gi tn A? b/ B l mt ng ng k tip ca A c hot tnh quang hc. Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn Nguyn Vn Ti c nguyenvantaiduc@gmail.com