Bo co thc tp Trong thi k cng nghip ha ngy cng pht trin ca t nc v nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng c ci thin

v nng cao khi vic p dng nn cng nghip ha,hin i ha l mt iu ht sc cn thit v l c mt vn chng ta quan tm . Phi ni rn nn cng nghip ha hin i ha lm cho con ngi vt v to iu kiu chng nc ta thc y qu trnh hi nhp nn kinh t th gii. Trong nn cng nghip ha hin i ha th lnh vc t ng ha x nghip cng nghip cng ng gp mt phn khng nh .V d nh cc bng truyn,bng ti v thang myu p dng t ng ha x nghip ci tin v n gip con ngi tit kim c sc lao ng v c th thay th c nhiu cng nhn v thun tin hn cho ngi s dng .Cc cng ngh u c iu khin t ng ha bng nhiu phn mm khc nhau vi mc ch l gip con ngi thn tin khi lm vic. Trong t thc tp ny sinh vin chng ti tip xc c vo cc cng ngh tin tin t cc linh kin in t n gin nh:t in ,IC,it n cc thit b t ng c tnh nng cao nhv cc linh kin cn thit cho vic lp rp cc mch in tt thy c rng ngoi vic hc l thuyt trn lp th vic c thc tp tip cn vi cc thit b cng l rt quan trng khi n gip cho sinh vin c thm nhn bit mt cch trc quan v thc t hn rt nhiu. Thi gian thc tp tuy ngn nhng thc s chng ti c c nhng kinh nghim rt qu bu lm hnh trang cho cng vic sau ny. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca c V Anh o v cc anh ch ti n v thc tp ginh cho ti bi hc qu bu. A .Gii thiu cc loi linh kin in t. I. in tr Chc nng: Hn ch dng in i qua cc phn t trong mch. Cc loi in tr:

 cch ghi ch s in tr: Ghi ch s trc tip: Cc ch s gi tr in tr c ghi trc tip trn thn ca in tr.

Ghi ch s bng vch mu: cc ch s gi tr in tr dc th hin bng cc vch m. c hai loi : loi 4 vch loi 5 vch ngha cc vch theo th t trn thn in tr: Vch Th 1 Th 2 Th 3 Th 4 Loi 4 vch S th nht S th hai Ch s 0 tip theo Sai s Loi 5 vch S th nht S th hai S th ba Ch s 0 tip theo

Th 5 V d :Mu trn thn in tr theeo th t l:

Sai s

Nu en cam nh vng khi gi tr ca in tr l 10 000 + 5% ngha ca cc mu en Nu Cam Vng II. T in. Chc nng: lm nhim v lc cc sng a hi ghp trong cc mch dao ng. C hai loi t in K hiu: T phn cc dng trong mch xoay chiu v mt chiu 0 1 2 3 4 Lc Lam Tm Xm Trng 5 6 7 8 9 Nh vng Nh bc Khng mu 5% 10% 20%

T khng phn cc dung trong mch mt chiu n v : F ,MF ,PF ,NF.

Cch cgi tr ca t : T giy : c trc tip tr s ghi trn v t T gm : c theo ch s ghi trn v t VD: 103 tng ng l 10.103 pF

Cch kim tra t : thang o ca ng h thang o in tr sau t hai que ng h vo hai chn ca t nu thy kim ng h tr v 0 ri tng dn th tc l t cn tt . III. Cun khng . Chc nng: Hn ch dng ngn mch v s tng trng ca dng in C 3 loi cun khng 1.Cun khng li khng kh 2.Cun khng li t h 3.Cun khng li t kn. K hiu chung: IV. i t Chc nng: l van dn in mt chiu Cc loai i t. 1. i t n p (zener) dng trong mch n p

2.i

quang

(led)

dng

lm

hin

th

Cch xc nh chn diot : t thang o ca ng h thang in tr ri t 2 que ng h vo 2 chn ca it nu kim ng h tr v gn gi tr 0 th que en l chn A chn cn li l chn K v t que ca ng h ngc li nu thy kim ng h khng dch chuyn th i t cn tt v nu kim ng h tr v gn gi tr 0 thi i t b hng . iu kin m ca i t l UAK >0. Ngc li th i t s kho . V. Thyzitor. Chc nng : L van dn mt chiu c iu khin v thng dng trong mch chnh lu v nghch lu c iu khin .

 Cu to gm 4 lp PNPN ghp ni tip vi nhau v c 3 chn A , K , G .Vi A l chn vo , K l chn ra . G l chn iu khin.

Cch xc nh chn ca Thyzitor : t thang o ca ng h thang o in tr ri dng 2 que ca ng h t vo 2 chn bt k ca Thyzitor nu thy 2 chn c in tr nh th que l chn K cn que en la chn A chn cn li l chn G. Khi t 2 que vao 2 chn A v G nu thy in tr nh th Thyzitor b hng , hoc t que en vo chn A que vo chn K ri kch xung vo chn G nu Thyzitor m th Thyzitor vn cn tt v ngc li th Thyzitor b hng . iu kin m Thyzitor l: UAK > 0 v IG > 0 Sau khi Thyzitor m th vic tn ti ca IG khng cn c gi tr , mun kho Thyzitor th phi ngt UAK , tc l UAK 0. VI . Tranzitor. - C nhiu loi Tranzito, ph bin l Tranzito thun ( k hiu ch A) v Tranzito ngc ( k hiu ch C). - C 3 chn l: B, C v E. - Cch xc nh chn ca Tranzito: in hnh C828 v A564.

Cch xc nh tranzito : t ng h thang o in tr, tin hnh o in tr cc chn, chn chung o c in tr nh l chn B. Nu chn chung l que ca ng h th l loi ngc C828. Nu chn chung l que en ca ng h th l loi thun A564.

t que o vo hai chn cn li v th tc ng nhiu vo chn B, khi c c nhiu tc ng ln nht, vi loi ngc que dng l C, que m l E , . Vi loi thun que dng la E, que m l C. VII . IC tuyn tnh . Chc nng : duy tr in p mt chiu n nh u ra. C hai ho IC n o thng gp l: 1.H n p ngun dng 78xx. 2.H n p ngun m 79xx. vi : xx l in p mt chiu u ra.

 Cu trc chn : H 78: chn 1 (u vo), chn 2 (ni t), chn 3 (u ra).

H 79: chn 1 (ni t) , chn 2 (u vo) , chn 3 ( u ra).

i vi IC h 78 v 79 th chn 1,2,3 theo th t t tri sang phi i vi IC nhiu chn th th t chn m ngc chiu kim ng h, chn s 1c nh du.

VIII . Triac . Triac l mt linh kin in t thng dng trong mch iu p.

B . Mt s mch in ng dng . I .Mch n p 1 chiu Khi nim: L 1 mch to ra c in p u ra lun khng i hoc thay i trong gii hn cho php khi in p u vo thay i hoc ti thay i. Phn loi: c hai loi : - Mch n p mt chiu kiu tham s - Mch n p kiu b:c hai loi: + n p b tuyn tnh + n p b kiu xung. 1.Mch n p mt chiu kiu tham s.

Nguyn l hot ng: Khi U1 c gi tr vt qu in p nh thng ca diot U1>UD ngc dng I0 s i qua i t v ch v ngun diot c thng ngc, in p U2 lun mt gi tr xc nh khng vt qu gi tr in p nh thng ca diot zener . Khi U1 thay i dng in I qua in tr R cng thay i tng ng. Do in p u ra U2 s gi khng i. Khi dng ti It tng th dng qua i t gim dng I1 lun lun khng i , nu U1 khng i th U2 cng khng i. u im ca mch n p loi ny l:s mch n gin, d lp t v

gi thnh r. Nhc im: cht lng in khng tt, tin cy khng cao. 2.Mch n p kiu b. a.B tuyn tnh song song.

Nguyn l hot ng: in p u ra U2 c so snh vi sut in ng chun Ech. . sai lch c a vo khi so snh Y v c khi ny khuych i sai lch . U2 Ech = U ( U c a vo khi Y khuych i ) Tn hiu sai lch c a vo khi iu chnh D thay i dng Id ,trong D l khi iu chnh, Ech l khi to sut in ng chun ,Y l khi so snh . b.B tuyn tnh ni tip.

Trong D l khi iu chnh, Ech l khi to sut in ng chun ,Y l khi so snh . Nguyn l hot ng: Da trn s bin i in tr trong cha khi iu chnh D theo sai lch gia U2 v Ech. V mt l do no U1 thay i ko theo U2 thay i, qua mch so snh v qua b khuych i Y tn hiu sai lch s tc ng vo khi iu chnh D lm cho in tr trong ca khi iu chnh thay i theo hng in p iu chnh UDC trn khi s b li s thay i ca U1 lm in p u ra U2 tr li n nh. Mch n p mt chiu kiu b cho in p ra c cht lng cao hn, c th thay i in p u ra bng cch thay i Ech. Tuy nhin mch in n

p kiu b li c mt nhc im ln l phi c bo v qu ti v ngn mch khi iu chnh D. 3.Bi tp ng dng. a.Mch dao ng a hi ( to ra in p 12V)

Thng s ca cc phn t trong mch: Bin p 220/24 V. C1 =1000 F/50V (t mt chiu) C2=C3= 10nF( t xoay chiu) Cu chnh lu loi 5A R=1K IC n p: 7812 v 7912 LED mu: xanh v Nguyn l hot ng: Ban u khi cp ngun cho mch th c hai chn Tranzito T1, T2 u thng nhng do cu to ca cc n bn dn c cu to khng ging nhau, do s c 1 tranzito thng hn tranzito kia. Gi s ban u Tranzito T1 thng hn T2 th IC(T1)> IC(T2) v UCE(T1)<UCE(T2) UCE(T1) s gim dn thng qua t C1 , t vo cc bazo ca T2 lm cho in p ca UBE(T2) gim. Do dng IC(T2) gim, in th UC ca T2 tng ln thng qua C2 t vo cc bazo ca T1 lm cho UBE ca T1 tng dn n Ic ca T1 cng tng. Sau UC(T1) s gim, thng qua t C1 t vo cc baz ca T2 lm cho UBE ca T2 gim, UC ca T2 tng thng qua C2 t vo cc baz ca T1 lm cho UBE ca T1 cng tng ln . Qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh nht v tin ti ch xc lp v n nh. T1 thng v T2 kho. Khi T1 dn hon ton th C2 c np v C1 phng. T C2 np. Qu trnh np ca t C2 nh sau: t dng ngun qua RC2 n C2 n tip gip ca BE tr v m ngun. Qu trnh phng ca t C1 nh sau: t cc dng ngun ca T1 qua tip gip CE ca T1 tr v ngun ri qua RB2. i vi cc m ca t C1 to thnh

1 vng kn. Khi t C1 phng ht th UBE ca T2 bt u tng dn T2 thng , qu trnh np tng t. b.Mch to xung vung. Mch to xung vung dng Tranzito.

Thng s cc phn t trong mch: R=RC1=RC2=1K RB1=RB2=10K Tranzito C828 C1=C2=100 /50V Nguyn l hot ng: Gi thit khi ng ngun, c hai tranzito u thng nhng do cu to ca hai tranzito khng hon toan ging nhau nn c mt chic thng hn. - Sau mt qu trnh qu xy ra gia cc cc ca hai tranzito, T1 thng v T2 kho. Khi T1 thng, t C2 dc np, t C1 phng in. T C2 c np theo ng t dng ngun +12VRC2 tip gip BE ca T1 t. T C1 phng in theo ng t cc dng tip gip CE ca T1RI ca ngun RB2 v bn cc m. Khi t C1 phng ht, UBE(T2) tng dn v T2 dn. T1 kho. Qu trnh c lp i lp li nh trn. Thi gian phng np ca t: phng= RC1 .C1=10.103.100.10-6=1(s) np = RC2 .C2 =103.100.10-6= 0,1(s) Chu k xung T = 1,4 phng = 1,4.RB2.C =1,4(s) +, Mch to xung vung dung IC555.

Chn 1:GND Chn 5: iu khin. Chn 2 v 6: u vo so snh. Chn 7: Chn 3: u ra. Chn 8: ngun nui. Chn 4: reset. FF: Flip-Flop. Nguyn l hot ng: Gi s ban u chn 3 ca IC c mc logic l ''1'' th tranzito b kho. Khi t C c np in qua in tr RA ,RB, khi in p ca t t gi tr bng 2/3 in p ca ngun th u ra ca b so snh cao hn c mc logic l ''0''. Do u ra ca SFFC c mc logic l ''1'' u chn 3 c mc logic''0''. Dn n tranzito T ngn mch. t in C thng qua R, u ra ca IC 555 chuyn ln mc logic l ''1'' chuyn sang mc logic ''0''. Nu u vo b so snh lu hn, in p gim xung di mc 1/3 in p ngun th u ra ca n c mc logic l ''0''. trng thi ca khi SFFC lm cho u ra ca khi logic SFFC c mc logic ''0'' dn n tranzito T b kho u ra chn 3 IC 555 c mc logic ''1'' qu trnh c lp i lp li nh th to xung vung. t1 =0,685.( RA+ RB). C t = 0,685.RB.C Mch to ngun n p 12V c bo v. Thng s cc phn t trong mch: Cu chnh lu 1CL loi 5A Ti1= Ti2=2P4M 1 v 2 loi 1A T3= C828 C1 = 1000 /50V T2= A564 R 1= R2= R5= R6=1K hoc (2,2K) C3= 100 /50V R4= 1K C2= 4,7 /50v R0= 2 R3= 10K

 Nguyn l hot ng: Khi cp in cho my bin p th in p th cp ca bin p c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu qua b chnh lu. Khi dng in s i qua R1 qua D1 np cho t C3 dn n Ti1 c m, a in p vo IC7812 s l in p n nh v n led xanh s sng bo hiu c ngun. iu kin lm vic bnh thng led xanh sng, led khng sng dn n T3 v T2 khng hot ng. Khi gp s c ngn mch M c ng th dng in ti i qua 2 in tr snh R3, R4 dn n cc tranzito T2, T3 thng. Do s m Ti2 lc ny in p i t cu chnh lu qua R1 qua led qua T2 xung t. V vy, Ti1 b kho v thng qua dng in t ln IC7812. Khi Ti1 kho th led xanh tt ng thi led sng bo hiu l s c, n nt D mch li hot ng bnh thng. ng dng nhng mch trn lm mch in . Cc bc lm mch nh sau . Dng bt vit knh v mch ln trn tm fit ng sau ngm vo dung dch FeCl3 cho tm ng b n mn ch cn li dng mch v , sau ty sch vt mc v nh giy giap ri m thic ln ng mch o ,v khoan chn linh kin v cui cng l cm kinh kin vo ri hn li . Phn . III Vi x l A/ Gii thiu v h vi x l 8051 I.Cc c trng c bn ca h vi x l 8051 in hnh h vi x l 8051 l 89C51.

- Vi iu khin 8051 c tch hp 128byte Internal RAM c hai Time v Counter, 1 cng ni tip v 4 cn song song v 5 ngun ngt , ngoi ra 8051 cn c mt mng cc thanh ghi c bit dng iu khin cc tnh nng con chp v x l d liu. - Mt s vi iu khin trong h 8051 c tch hp ROM trong(4KB) lm b nh chng trnh II.Cu hnh chn

III.Cc cng vo ra - Vi mch 8051 chun c 4 cng vo ra song song(P0 ,P1 ,P2 ,P3) 8 bt.Mi cng c mt thanh ghi cht c m vo v m ra. +Cng P0 (chn s 32 ti chn s 39) Gi 8bt phn thp ca bus a ch v 8 bt gi liu. +Cng P1 (chn s 1 ti chn s 8 ) Ch n thun ng vai tr l cng vo ra +Cng P2 (chn s 21 ti chn s 28 ) Gi 8 bt phn cao ca bt a ch trng hp khng dng ht c 8 bt ca cng P2 th cc bt cn li vn c th dng nh cc cng vo ra hai chiu. +Cng P3 (t chn s 10 n chn s 17) :L cng a nng , mi bt ng vi mi chn ca cc cng, c mt mch lt D lm mch cht. Khi c cng hoc mc tn hiu ti cng c t ln Bus trong hoc tn hiu ti u ra ca mch lt c t trong Bus trong. Tu theo cc lnh CPU s to tn hiu c ti cht hoc l c ti chn - Cng 0 v 2 ngoi chc nng vo ra cn c chc nng th 2 l to thnh h thng Bus a ch v d liu truy cp b nh ngoi. - Cc cng 0 v 2 c chuyn t ch vo ra sang ch a ch d liu bng tn hiu iu khin bn trong khi vi diu khin truy cp b nh ngoi. Cc cng 1, 2, 3 c in tr treo trong ring cng 0 khng c in tr treo trong. - Khi s dng nhn tn hiu vo tt c cc cht phi c t mc logic 1 tt Transistor FET li u ra.Khi cc thit b bn ngoi s iu khin mc in p ti chn ngoi ca vi iu khin to tn hiu vo. - trng thi khi ng c 4 thanh ghi cht ca 4 cng song song u t ng lp mc logic 1. Nh vy c 4 cng c t sn ch cng vo. IV.B nh chng trnh trong/ngoi: - i vi cc vi iu khin 8051 c ROM trong chng trnh c th np vo ROM trong hoc hon ton s dng ROM ngoi. - Nu chn EA: External Access(truy cp ngoi) c ni vi ngun tc l mc cao th vng a ch t 0000H n OFFFH (4K) ca b nh chng trnh s thuc vng ROM trong phn cn li s nhn t ROM ngoi hay b nh ngoi. - Trng hp chn EA ni t tc l mc thp th b nh chng trnh hon ton s dng ROM ngoi . Nh vy trong trng hp dng 8051 c b

nh ROM trong v chng trnh ng dng c di nh hn dung lng ca ROM trong th ch cn dng phn ROM trong lm b nh chng trnh m khng cn s dng thm vi mch ROM ngoi. - Trng hp chng trnh ln hn dung lng ROM trong th c th dng c ROM trong ln ROM ngoi hoc hon ton dng ROM ngoi lm b nh chng trnh. V.Lp trnh cho ngt - Mun lp trnh cho ngt th trc tin phi tc ng thanh ghi IE (Interub Enable) thanh ghi iu khin mi hot ng v ngt ca 89C51. Thanh ghi ny c th truy nhp ti tng bt ring r.

Trong : EA Cho php ngt ET2 Ngt cho Timer 2 ES Ngt ni tip ET1 Ngt cho Timer 1 ET0 Ngt cho Timer 0 EX1 v EX0 Ngt ngoi 1 v 0 Hai bt EX0 v EX1 nhn gi tr t hai chn /INT0 v /INT1. Mun thc hin lp trnh iu khin ngt ngoi, gi s mun ngoi 0, phi cho EA=1 v EX0=1. Nu dng c hai ngt th phi cho c EX1=1. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp iu khin quan trng, khi dng hai ngt th phi xc nh mc u tin cho hai ngt . Mun vy, phi tc ng vo thanh ghi IP(Interub Priority). Thanh ghi ny cng c th truy cp theo bt.

- ngha cc bt tung t nh thanh ghi IE. Tuy nhin , quyn u tin c phn ra hai mc 1 l mc u tin cao, 0 l mc u tin thp. Gi s, cho ngt ngoi 0 c mc u tin cao hn ngt ngoi 1, phi cho PX0=1, PX1=0. Sau khi thit lp quyn u tin ca hai ngt, nu vi iu khin ang hot ng theo chng trnh bnh thng , khi c INT1 tc ng, vi

iu khin s dng chng trnh ang thc hin m s nhy vo thc hin chng trnh tng ng vi ngt ngoi 1 c lp trnh. - Khi ang c INT1 m li c INT0 th vi iu khin s thc hin chng trnh tng ng vi INT0 c lp trnh. Lc ny ngt ngoi 1 khng con tc dng. VI. Lp trnh cho Timer/Counter. - 89C51 c hai b timer/Counter 16 bt. Bnh thng, hai b ny s hot ng ch Timer.

- Tuy nhin, ngi s dng c th hon ton thay i ch hot ng ca hai b ny bt k khi no cn thit bng cch thit lp thanh ghi TMOD. - C/T l tn hiu iu khin ch ca b Timer/ Cuonter. Nu l 1 th s l Counter. Nu l 0 th s l Timer ly xung ca h thng a vo. - Hai u vo T0 v T1 dng a d liu vo Timer/ Counter. - Hai bt M1 v M0 dng xc nh ch hot ng ca Timer/ Counter.

- Nh vy, gi s mun dng b m 16 bit th gi tr ca thanh ghi s l: 01010101 hay 0x55.

- Ngoi ra, iu khin Timer/ Counter cn tc ng vo thanh ghi TCON.

- TR1 v TR0 khi c gi tr 1 th cho php Timer/ Counter tng ng hot ng, khi c gi tr 0 th dng Timer tng ng. - TF1 v TF0 lp c khi Timer/ Counter vt qua mt gi tr no do ngi lp trnh quy nh hoc qu 216 gi tr ca hai bit ny ch c th a v 0 bng phn mm. C th ngt bng phn mm hay phn cng. IE va IT iu khin ngt ngoi theo sn. B/ Mt s chng trnh v d. I. Thit b cn s dng: - Vi iu khin 89C51. - Tinh th thch anh f= 1,0592 MHz. - T in, in tr, dy dn. - n led mu.