3

Chng 1: KHI NIM V BO V RLE

I. Khi nim chung:
I.1. Nhim v ca bo v rle:
Khi thit k v vn hnh bt k mt h thng in no cn phi k n kh nng pht sinh h hng v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng trong h thng in y. Ngn mch l loi s c c th xy ra v nguy him nht trong h thng in . Hu qu ca ngn mch l: a) Trt thp in p mt phn ln ca h thng in b) Ph hy cc phn t b s c bng tia la in c) Ph hy cc phn t c dng ngn mch chy qua do tc ng nhit v c. d) Ph hy n nh ca h thng in Ngoi cc loi h hng, trong h thng in cn c cc tnh trng vic khng bnh thng. Mt trong nhng tnh trng vic khng bnh thng l qu ti. Dng in qu ti lm tng nhit cc phn dn in qu gii hn cho php lm cch in ca chng b gi ci hoc i khi b ph hy. ngn nga s pht sinh s c v s pht trin ca chng c th thc hin cc bin php ct nhanh phn t b h hng ra khi mng in, loi tr nhng tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng c kh nng gy nguy him cho thit b v h dng in. m bo s lm vic lin tc ca cc phn khng h hng trong h thng in cn c nhng thit b ghi nhn s pht sinh ca h hng vi thi gian b nht, pht hin ra phn t b h hng v ct phn t b h hng ra khi h thng in. Thit b ny c thc hin nh nhng kh c t ng c tn gi l rle. Thit b bo v c thc hin nh nhng rle c gi l thit b bo v rle (BVRL). Nh vy nhim v chnh ca thit b BVRL l t ng ct phn t h hng ra khi h thng in. Ngoi ra thit b BVRL cn ghi nhn v pht hin nhng tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t trong h thng in, ty mc m BVRL c th tc ng i bo tn hiu hoc i ct my ct. Nhng thit b BVRL phn ng vi tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng thng thc hin tc ng sau mt thi gian duy tr nht nh (khng cn phi c tnh tc ng nhanh nh cc thit b BVRL chng h hng).

I.2. Yu cu c bn ca mch bo v:
I.2.1. Tnh chn lc:
Tc ng ca bo v m bo ch ct phn t b h hng ra khi h thng in c gi l tc ng chn lc. Khi c ngun cung cp d tr cho h tiu th, tc ng nh vy to kh nng cho h tiu th tip tc c cung cp in.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

Hnh 1.1 : Ct chn lc trong mng c mt ngun cung cp Yu cu tc ng chn lc cng khng loi tr kh nng bo v tc ng nh l bo v d tr trong trng hp hng hc bo v hoc my ct ca cc phn t ln cn. Cn phn bit 2 khi nim chn lc: Chn lc tng i: theo nguyn tc tc ng ca mnh, bo v c th lm vic nh l bo v d tr khi ngn mch phn t ln cn. Chn lc tuyt i: bo v ch lm vic trong trng hp ngn mch chnh phn t c bo v.

I.2.2. Tc ng nhanh:
Cng ct nhanh phn t b ngn mch s cng hn ch c mc ph hoi phn t , cng gim c thi gian trt thp in p cc h tiu th v cng c kh nng gi c n nh ca h thng in. gim thi gian ct ngn mch cn phi gim thi gian tc ng ca thit b bo v r le. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp thc hin yu cu tc ng nhanh th khng th tha mn yu cu chn lc. Hai yu cu ny i khi mu thun nhau, v vy ty iu kin c th cn xem xt k cng hn v 2 yu cu ny.

I.2.3. nhy:
Bo v rle cn phi nhy i vi nhng h hng v tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng c th xut hin nhng phn t c bo v trong h thng in. Thng nhy c c trng bng h s nhy Kn. i vi cc bo v lm vic theo cc i lng tng khi ngn mch (v d, theo dng), h s nhy c xc nh bng t s gia i lng tc ng ti thiu (tc dng ngn mch b nht) khi ngn mch trc tip cui vng bo v v i lng t (tc dng khi ng). i lng tc ng ti thiu Kn = -------------------------------------------------------------i lng t Thng yu cu Kn = 1,5 2.

I.2.4. Tnh bo m:
Bo v phi lun lun sn sng khi ng v tc ng mt cch chc chn trong tt c cc trng hp ngn mch trong vng bo v v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng nh trc. Mc khc bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi. Nu bo v c nhim v d tr cho cc bo v sau n th khi ngn mch trong vng d tr bo v ny phi khi ng nhng khng c tc ng khi bo v chnh t gn ch ngn mch hn cha tc ng. tng tnh m bo ca bo v cn: Dng nhng rle cht lng cao. Chn s bo v n gin nht (s lng rle, tip im t) Cc b phn ph (cc ni, dy dn) dng trong s phi chc chn, m bo. Soure: BKEPS.COM

Thng xuyn kim tra s bo v.

II. S ni cc my bin dng v rle:

II.1. S cc BI v rle ni theo hnh Y hon ton:
Dng vo mi rle bng dng pha (hnh 1.2). Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch 3 pha th :
. . . .

Ia + I b + Ic = 3Io = 0 trong dy trung tnh (dy tr v) khng c dng. Nhng dy trung tnh vn cn thit m bo s lm vic ng n ca s khi ngn mch chm t. S c th lm vic i vi tt c cc dng ngn mch . Tuy nhin chng ngn mch mt pha N(1) thng dng nhng s hon ho hn c b lc dng th t khng LI0.

II.2. S cc BI v rle ni theo hnh sao khuyt:

Dng vo mi rle bng dng pha. Dng trong dy tr v bng:
I v = (I a + I c ) hay I v = I b (khi khng c Io) Dy tr v (hnh 1.3) cn thit ngay trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng m bo cho BI lm vic bnh thng .Trong mt s trng hp ngn mch gia cc pha (c Ib 0) cng nh khi ngn mch nhiu pha chm t, dy tr v cn thit m bo cho bo v tc ng ng. Khi ngn mch 1 pha pha khng t BI s khng lm vic do vy s ch dng chng ngn mch nhiu pha.
. . . . .

Hnh 1.2 : S sao hon ton

Hinh 1.3 : S sao khuyt

II.3. S 1 rle ni vo hiu dng 2 pha (s8):

Dng vo rle l hiu dng 2 pha (hnh 1.4) :
. . .

I R = Ia Ic Trong tnh trng i xng th IR = 3 Ia . Ging nh s sao

Soure: BKEPS.COM

khuyt, s s 8 khng lm vic khi ngn mch mt pha N(1) ng vo pha khng t my bin dng. Tt c cc s ni trn u phn ng vi N(3) v ngn mch gia 2 pha bt k (AB, BC, CA). V vy so snh tng i

Hnh 1.4 : S s 8 gia chng ngi ta phi xt n kh nng lm vic ca bo v trong mt s trng hp h hng c bit, h s nhy, s lng thit b cn thit v mc phc tp khi thc hin s .

II.4. Kh nng lm vic ca cc s :

II.4.1. Khi chm t:
Khi chm t 2 pha ti 2 im trong cc mng in h c dng chm t b, v d im chm t th nht NB trn pha B v im chm t th hai NC trn pha C (hnh 1.5), nu bo v ca cc ng dy ni theo s sao hon ton v c thi gian lm vic nh nhau th chng s tc ng, c 2 ng dy u b ct ra. Nu cc bo v ni theo s Y khuyt hay s 8 (BI t 2 pha A & C) th ch c mt ng dy b ct. bo v c th tc ng mt cch hp l, BI phi t cc pha cng tn nhau (v d A, C). Khi xut hin h hng trn hai on k nhau ca ng dy hnh tia (hnh 1.6), nu cc bo v ni Y hon ton th on xa ngun hn s b ct v c thi gian b hn. Nu ni Y khuyt hay s 8 th on gn ngun hn b ct ra , iu khng hp l.

Hnh 1.5 : Chm t kp trn cc ng dy khc nhau

Hnh 1.6 : Chm t kp trn hai on ni tip nhau ca ng dy

II.4.2. Khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni Y/ hoc /Y v ngn mch 1 pha sau my bin p ni Y/Y0 :
Khi ngn mch 2 pha sau my bin p ni Y/-11, s phn b dng h hng trong cc pha nh trn hnh 1.7 (gi thit my bin p c t s bin i nB = 1). Dng ca 1 pha

Soure: BKEPS.COM

(pha B, khi ngn mch 2 pha pha A,B) bng pha nhau v bng
1 3

2 (2) I N , dng hai pha kia (A v C) trng 3

I ( 2 ) . i vi my bin p ni /Y, phn b dng cc pha cng N

tng t nh vy. Phn tch s lm vic ca cc bo v trong trng hp h hng ni trn ta thy: Bo v ni theo s sao hon ton lun lun lm vic v c dng ngn mch ln qua mt trong cc rle ca bo v. 1 ( 2) Bo v ni theo s hnh sao khuyt vi BI t cc pha c dng bng IN 3 th c nhy gim i 2 ln so vi s sao hon ton. Bo v dng 1 rle ni vo hiu dng 2 pha trong trng hp ny s khng lm vic, bi v dng trong n IR = Ia - Ic = 0. Tt nhin iu ny xy ra 1 trong 3 trng hp N(2) c th c sau my bin p ang xt. Khi ngn mch 1 pha sau my bin p ni Y/Y0 ta cng c quan h tng t.

Hnh 1.7: Ngn mch gia 2 pha sau my bin p c t ni dy Y/-11

III. Cc phn t chnh ca bo v:

Trng hp chung thit b bo v rle bao gm cc phn t c bn sau : cc c cu chnh v phn logic. Cc c cu chnh kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca i tng c bo v, thng phn ng vi cc i lng in. Chng thng khi ng khng chm tr khi tnh trng lm vic b ph hy. Nh vy cc c cu chnh c th trong hai trng thi: khi ng v khng khi ng. Hai trng thi ca cc c cu chnh tng ng vi nhng tr s nht nh ca xung tc ng ln phn logic ca bo v. Khi bo v lm vic phn logic nhn xung t cc c cu chnh, tc ng theo t hp v th t ca cc xung. Kt qu ca tc ng ny hoc l lm cho bo v khi ng km theo vic pht xung i ct my ct v bo tn hiu hoc l lm cho bo v khng khi ng.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

Chng 2: BO V DNG IN CC I
I. Nguyn tc tc ng:
Bo v dng in cc i l loi bo v phn ng vi dng trong phn t c bo v. Bo v s tc ng khi dng in qua ch t thit b bo v tng qu mt gi tr nh trc no . V d kho st tc ng ca cc bo v dng in cc i t trong mng hnh tia c 1 ngun cung cp (hnh 2.1), cc thit b bo v c b tr v pha ngun cung cp ca tt c cc ng dy. Mi ng dy c 1 bo v ring ct h hng trn chnh n v trn thanh gp ca trm cui ng dy.

Hnh 2.1: B tr cc bo v dng cc i trong mng hnh tia c 1 ngun cung cp Dng khi ng ca bo v IK, tc l dng nh nht i qua phn t c bo v m c th lm cho bo v khi ng, cn phi ln hn dng ph ti cc i ca phn t c bo v ngn nga vic ct phn t khi khng c h hng. C th m bo kh nng tc ng chn lc ca cc bo v bng 2 phng php khc nhau v nguyn tc: Phng php th nht - bo v c thc hin c thi gian lm vic cng ln khi bo v cng t gn v pha ngun cung cp. Bo v c thc hin nh vy c gi l BV dng in cc i lm vic c thi gian. Phng php th hai - da vo tnh cht: dng ngn mch i qua ch ni bo v s gim xung khi h hng cng cch xa ngun cung cp. Dng khi ng ca bo v IK c chn ln hn tr s ln nht ca dng trn on c bo v khi xy ra ngn mch on k (cch xa ngun hn). Nh vy bo v c th tc ng chn lc khng thi gian. Chng c gi l bo v dng in ct nhanh. Cc bo v dng in cc i lm vic c thi gian chia lm hai loi tng ng vi c tnh thi gian c lp v c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn. Bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp l loi bo v c thi gian tc ng khng i, khng ph thuc vo tr s ca dng in qua bo v. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc gii hn, ph thuc vo dng in qua bo v khi bi s ca dng so vi dng IK tng i nh v t ph thuc hoc khng ph thuc khi bi s ny ln. ** Cc b phn chnh ca BV dng cc i: Bo v dng cc i c hai b phn chnh : B phn khi ng (v d, s bo v nh hnh 2.2, b phn khi ng l cc rle dng 3RI v 4RI) v b phn to thi gian lm vic (rle thi gian 5RT). B phn khi ng phn ng vi cc h hng v tc ng n Soure: BKEPS.COM

b phn to thi gian. B phn to thi gian lm nhim v to thi gian lm vic m bo cho bo v tc ng mt cch c chn lc. Cc rle dng in c ni vo pha th cp ca BI theo s thch hp (xem mc II - chng 1).

Hinh 2.2 : S nguyn l ca bo v dng cc i

II. Bo v dng cc i lm vic c thi gian:

II.1. Dng khi ng ca BV:
Theo nguyn tc tc ng, dng khi ng IK ca bo v phi ln hn dng in ph ti cc i qua ch t bo v, tuy nhin trong thc t vic chn IK cn ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin khc. xc nh dng khi ng ta xt s mng in trn hnh 2.1, gi s chn IK cho bo v 3 t u on ng dy AB, trc ht ta kho st trng thi ca n khi h hng im N trn on BC k pha sau n (tnh t ngun cung cp). Khi cc bo v lm vic ng th trong trng hp ny my ct ca on h hng BC s b ct ra. Bo v 3 ca on khng h hng AB c thi gian ln hn s khng kp tc ng v cn phi tr v v tr ban u ca mnh. Nhng iu ny s xy ra nu dng tr v ca bo v Itv ln hn tr s tnh ton ca dng m my Imm (hnh 2.3) i qua on AB n cc h tiu th ca trm B. Dng Itv l dng s cp ln nht m bo v tr v v tr ban u. an ton, ly tr s tnh ton ca dng m my Immtt = Immmax , nh vy iu kin m bo chn lc l : Itv > Immmax. Khi xc nh dng Immmax cn phi ch l ng dy BC b ct ra, cn cc ng c ni trm B b hm li do in p gim thp khi ngn mch v khi in p c khi phc dng m my ca chng tng ln rt cao. V vy dng Immmax thng ln hn nhiu so vi dng ph ti cc i Ilvmax. a vo h s m my kmm tnh n dng m my ca cc ng c trm B v vic ct ph ti ca trm C. Ta c Immmax = kmm.Ilvmax.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hinh 2.3 : th c trng trng thi ca bo v khi ngn mch ngoi

Sai s ca dng tr v ca bo v v cc tnh ton khng chnh xc... c k n bi h s an ton kat > 1 (vo khong 1,1 1,2). T iu kin m bo s tr v ca bo v on AB, c th vit : Itv = kat.kmm.Ilvmax (2.1) T s gia dng tr v ca rle (hoc ca bo v) i vi dng khi ng ca rle (hoc ca bo v) gi l h s tr v ktv. I (2.2) k tv = tv I K k .k Nh vy: I K = at mm I lv max (2.3) k tv Cc rle l tng c h s tr v ktv = 1; thc t lun lun c ktv < 1. Dng khi ng IKR ca rle khc vi dng khi ng IK ca bo v do h s bin i nI ca BI v s ni dy gia cc rle dng v BI. Trong mt s s ni rle, dng i vo rle khng bng dng th cp ca cc BI. V d nh khi ni rle vo hiu dng 2 pha, dng vo rle IR(3) trong tnh trng i xng bng 3 ln dng th cp IT(3) ca BI. S khc bit ca dng trong rle trong tnh trng i xng v dng th cp BI c c trng bng h s s :

k ( 3) = s

I ( 3) R I ( 3) T
(3 I KR = k s)

(2.4)

K n h s , c th vit : Do vy :

I K nI

(2.5) (2.6)

I KR

k at k mm k ( 3) s I lv max = k tv n I

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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II.2. Thi gian lm vic:

II.2.1. Bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp:
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp (hnh 2.4) c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang (tng cp) , lm th no cho bo v on sau gn ngun hn c thi gian lm vic ln hn thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v on trc mt bc chn lc v thi gian t. Xt s mng nh hnh 2.5, vic chn thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v c bt u t bo v ca on ng dy xa ngun cung cp nht, tc l t cc bo v 1 v 1 trm C. Gi thit thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v ny bit, tng ng l t1 v t1.

Hinh 2.4 : Cc dng c tnh thi gian ca bo v dng cc i 1- c lp; 2- ph thuc

Hinh 2.5 : Phi hp c tnh thi gian c lp ca cc bo v dng cc i Thi gian lm vic t2 ca bo v 2 ti trm B c chn ln hn thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v ti trm C mt bc t. Nu t1 > t1 th t2 = t1+ t. Thi gian lm vic t3 ca bo v 3 trm A cng tnh ton tng t, v d nu c t2 > t2 th t3 = t2 + t. Trng hp tng qut, i vi bo v ca on th n th: (2.7) tn = t(n-1)max + t trong : t(n-1)max - thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v on th n-1 (xa ngun hn on th n).

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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II.2.2. Bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn:

Khi chn thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn (hnh 2.4) c th c 2 yu cu khc nhau do gi tr ca bi s dng ngn mch cui on c bo v so vi dng khi ng : 1. Khi bi s dng ln, bo v lm vic phn c lp ca c tnh thi gian: lc y thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v c chn ging nh i vi bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp. 2. Khi bi s dng nh, bo v lm vic phn ph thuc ca c tnh thi gian: trong trng hp ny, sau khi phi hp thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v k nhau c th gim c thi gian ct ngn mch.

Hnh 2.6 : Phi hp cc c tnh ca bo v dng cc i c c tnh thi gian ph thuc gii hn. N : im ngn mch tnh ton Xt s mng hnh 2.6, c tnh thi gian ca bo v th n trn on AB c la chn th no n c thi gian lm vic l tn ln hn thi gian t(n-1)max ca bo v th (n1) trn on BC mt bc t khi ngn mch im tnh ton - u on k BC - gy nn dng ngn mch ngoi ln nht c th c IN max. T thi gian lm vic tm c khi ngn mch im tnh ton c th tin hnh chnh nh bo v v tnh c thi gian lm vic i vi nhng v tr v dng ngn mch khc. Ngn mch cng gn ngun dng ngn mch cng tng, v vy khi ngn mch gn thanh gp trm A thi gian lm vic ca bo v ng dy AB gim xung v trong mt s trng hp c th nh hn so vi thi gian lm vic ca bo v ng dy BC. Khi la chn cc c tnh thi gian ph thuc thng ngi ta tin hnh v chng trong h ta vung gc (hnh 2.7), trc honh biu din dng trn ng dy tnh i v cng mt cp in p ca h thng c bo v, cn trc tung l thi gian.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hnh 2.7 : Phi hp c tnh thi gian lm vic ph thuc c gii hn ca cc bo v dng cc i trong h ta dng - thi gian.

Dng bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c th gim thp dng khi ng so vi bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp vi h s m my kmm c th gim nh hn. iu ny gii thch nh sau: sau khi ct ngn mch, dng Imm i qua cc ng dy khng h hng s gim xung rt nhanh v bo v s khng kp tc ng v thi gian lm vic tng ng vi tr s ca dng Imm (thng gn bng IK ca bo v) l tng i ln.

Nhc im ca bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc l : Thi gian ct ngn mch tng ln khi dng ngn mch gn bng dng khi ng (v d, khi ngn mch qua in tr qu ln hoc ngn mch trong tnh trng lm vic cc tiu h thng). i khi s phi hp cc c tnh thi gian tng i phc tp.

II.2.3. Bc chn lc v thi gian:

Bc chn lc v thi gian t trong biu thc (2.7) xc nh hiu thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v 2 on k nhau t = tn - t(n-1)max. Khi chn t cn xt n nhng yu cu sau : t cn phi b nht gim thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v gn ngun. t cn phi th no h hng on th (n-1) c ct ra trc khi bo v ca on th n (gn ngun hn) tc ng. t ca bo v on th n cn phi bao gm nhng thnh phn sau : * Thi gian ct tMC(n - 1) ca my ct on th (n-1). * Tng gi tr tuyt i ca sai s dng max tss(n-1) ca bo v on th n v ca sai s m max tssn ca bo v an th n (c th bo v th n tc ng sm) * Thi gian sai s do qun tnh tqtn ca bo v on th n. * Thi gian d tr tdt. (2.8) Tm li: t = tMC(n - 1) + tss(n - 1) + tssn + tqtn + tdt Thng t vo khong 0,25 - 0,6sec.

II.3. nhy ca bo v:
nhy ca bo v dng max c trng bng h s nhy Kn. Tr s ca n c xc nh bng t s gia dng qua rle IR khi ngn mch trc tip cui vng bo v v dng khi ng rle IKR. I (2.9) Kn = R I KR Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Dng ngn mch tnh ton l dng ngn mch gy nn tr s Kn nh nht. m bo cho bo v tc ng khi ngn mch qua in tr qu , da vo kinh nghim vn hnh ngi ta coi rng tr s nh nht cho php l Knmin1,5. Khi Kn nh hn tr s nu trn th nn tm cch dng mt s ni rle khc m bo nhy ca bo v ln hn. Nu bin php ny khng em li kt qu kh quan hn th cn phi p dng cc bo v khc nhy hn. Trng hp tng qut, yu cu i vi bo v t trong mng l phi tc ng khng nhng khi h hng trn chnh on c n bo v, m cn phi tc ng c khi h hng on k nu bo v hoc my ct ca on k b hng hc (yu cu d tr cho bo v ca on k). Trong trng hp ny khi ngn mch trc tip cui on k, h s nhy khng c nh hn 1,2. so snh nhy ca mt s bo v nhng dng ngn mch khc nhau ngi ta cn dng h s nhy tng i Knt , o l t s gia Kn dng ngn mch ang kho st vi K n khi ngn mch 3 pha vi iu kin l dng ngn mch c gi tr nh nhau: K I (2.10) K nt = (n) = (R) 3 K n3 IR Trong IR v IR (3) l dng qua rle dng ngn mch kho st v N(3) khi dng ngn mch s cp c gi tr nh nhau.
( 3)

III. nh gi bo v dng cc i lm vic c thi gian:

III.1. Tnh chn lc:
Bo v dng cc i ch m bo c tnh chn lc trong cc mng hnh tia c mt ngun cung cp bng cch chn thi gian lm vic theo nguyn tc bc thang tng dn theo hng t xa n gn ngun. Khi c 2 ngun cung cp, yu cu chn lc khng c tha mn cho d my ct v bo v c t c 2 pha ca ng dy.

III.2. Tc ng nhanh:
Cng gn ngun thi gian lm vic ca bo v cng ln. cc on gn ngun cn phi ct nhanh ngn mch m bo s lm vic lin tc ca phn cn li ca h thng in, trong khi thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v cc on ny li ln nht. Thi gian tc ng chn theo nguyn tc bc thang c th vt qu gii hn cho php.

III.3. nhy:
nhy ca bo v b hn ch do phi chn dng khi ng ln hn dng lm vic cc i Ilv max c k n h s m my kmm ca cc ng c. Khi ngn mch trc tip cui ng dy c bo v, nhy yu cu l 1,5 (khi lm nhim v bo v chnh). nhy nh vy trong nhiu trng hp c m bo. Tuy nhin khi cng sut ngun thay i nhiu, cng nh khi bo v lm nhim v d tr trong trng hp ngn mch on k , nhy c th khng t yu cu. nhy yu cu ca bo v khi lm nhim v d tr l 1,2

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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III.4. Tnh m bo:

Theo nguyn tc tc ng, cch thc hin s , s lng tip im trong mch thao tc v loi rle s dng , bo v dng cc i c xem l loi bo v n gin nht v lm vic kh m bo . Do nhng phn tch trn, bo v dng cc i c p dng rng ri trong cc mng phn phi hnh tia in p t 35KV tr xung c mt ngun cung cp nu thi gian lm vic ca n nm trong gii hn cho php. i vi cc ng dy c t khng in u ng dy, c th p dng bo v dng cc i c v khi ngn mch dng khng ln lm, in p d trn thanh gp cn kh cao nn bo v c th lm vic vi mt thi gian tng i ln vn khng nh hng nhiu n tnh trng lm vic chung ca h thng in .

IV. Bo v dng ct nhanh:

IV.1. Nguyn tc lm vic:
Bo v dng ct nhanh (BVCN) l loi bo v m bo tnh chn lc bng cch chn dng khi ng ln hn dng ngn mch ln nht qua ch t bo v khi h hng ngoi phn t c bo v, BVCN thng lm vic khng thi gian hoc c thi gian rt b nng cao nhy v m rng vng BV.

Hnh 2.15 : th tnh ton bo v dng ct nhanh khng thi gian i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp mt pha Xt s mng trn hnh 2.15, BVCN t ti u ng dy AB v pha trm A. bo v khng khi ng khi ngn mch ngoi (trn cc phn t ni vo thanh gp trm B), dng in khi ng IK ca bo v cn chn ln hn dng in ln nht i qua on AB khi ngn mch ngoi. im ngn mch tnh ton l N nm gn thanh gp trm B pha sau my ct. IK = kat. INngmax (2.13) Trong : Soure: BKEPS.COM

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INngmax: L dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (thng l dng N(3) ) kat: h s an ton; xt ti nh hng ca thnh phn khng chu k, vic tnh ton khng chnh xc dng ngn mch v sai s ca rle. Thng kat= 1,2 1,3. Khng k n ktv v khi ngn mch ngoi bo v khng khi ng.

IV.2. Vng tc ng ca BV:

Khi h hng cng gn thanh gp trm A th dng in ngn mch s cng tng theo ng cong 1 (hnh 2.15). Vng bo v ct nhanh lCN c xc nh bng honh ca giao im gia ng cong 1 v ng thng 2 (ng thng 2 biu din dng in khi ng IK). Vng l(3)CN ch chim mt phn chiu di ca ng dy c bo v. Dng ngn mch khng i xng thng nh hn dng khi ngn mch 3 pha. V vy, ng cong IN (ng cong 3) i vi cc dng ngn mch khng i xng trong tnh trng cc tiu ca h thng c th nm rt thp so vi ng cong 1; vng bo v lCN < l(3)CN, trong mt s trng hp lCN c th gim n 0.

IV.3. BVCN cho ng dy c 2 ngun cung cp:

Bo v ct nhanh cn c th dng bo v cc ng dy c hai ngun cung cp. Trn hnh 2.16, gi thit BVCN c t c 2 pha ca ng dy AB. Khi ngn mch ngoi ti im NA th dng ngn mch ln nht chy qua cc BVCN l INngmaxB theo hng t thanh gp B vo ng dy. Khi ngn mch ngoi ti im NB th dng ngn mch ln nht chy qua cc BVCN l INngmaxA theo hng t thanh gp A vo ng dy. bo v ct nhanh khng tc ng nhm khi ngn mch ngoi, cn phi chn IK > INngmax . Trong trng hp ang xt (hnh 2.16), INngmaxA > INngmaxB , v vy dng tnh ton INngmax = INngmaxA . Dng in khi ng ca bo v chn ging nhau cho c hai pha:

IK = kat.INngmaxA
Vng bo v lCNA v lCNB c xc nh bng honh giao im ca cc ng cong 1 (INA = f(l)) v 3 (INB = f(l)) vi ng thng 2 (Ik), gm 3 on: * Ngn mch trong on lCNA ch c BVCN pha A tc ng * Ngn mch trong on lCNB ch c BVCN pha B tc ng * Khi ngn mch trong on gia th khng c BVCN no tc ng. Tuy nhin nu (lCNA + lCNB) > l th khi ngn mch on gia c hai BVCN s cng tc ng. ** Hin tng khi ng khng ng thi: Nu gia cc trm A,B ngoi ng dy c bo v ra cn c cc mch lin lc vng ph khc th c th xy ra hin tng khi ng khng .thi gia cc bo v t 2 u A,B ca ng dy v chiu di vng bo v c th tng ln. Hin tng m mt bo v ch bt u khi ng sau khi mt bo v khc khi ng v ct my ct c gi l hin tng khi ng khng ng thi. Khi k n tc ng khng ng thi, BVCN thm ch c th bo v c ton b ng dy c ngun cung cp 2 pha.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hinh 2.16 : th tnh ton bo v dng ct nhanh i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha

V. Bo v dng c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp:

Bo v dng c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp (hay cn gi l c tnh thi gian ph thuc nhiu cp) l s kt hp ca cc bo v dng ct nhanh khng thi gian, bo v dng ct nhanh c thi gian v bo v dng cc i. S nguyn l mt pha ca bo v nh trn hnh 2.18, c tnh thi gian trn hnh 2.19.

Hnh 2.18 : S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v dng c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp Nguyn tc lm vic ca bo v c kho st thng qua s mng hnh tia c ngun cung cp 1 pha nh hnh 2.20. Cc bo v A v B t u ng dy AB v BC. S thay i gi tr ca dng ngn mch theo khong cch t thanh gp trm A n im h hng c c trng bng ng cong IN = f(l). * Cp Th Nht ca cc bo v A v B (rle 3RI, 4RGT v 5Th trn hnh 2.18) l cp ct nhanh khng thi gian (tI 0,1 giy). m bo chn lc, dng khi ng IIKA v IIKB c chn ln hn dng ngn mch ngoi cc i. Phn lIA Soure: BKEPS.COM

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v lIB ca ng dy (xc nh bng th trn hnh 2.20) l vng th nht ca bo v A v B, chng ch chim mt phn chiu di ca ng dy AB v BC. * Cp Th Hai (rle 6RI, 7RT v 8Th) l cp ct nhanh c thi gian, m bo chn lc c chn vi thi gian tII ln hn thi gian tc ng tI ca cp th nht v ca bo v khng thi gian t cc my bin p trm B v C mt bc t. Khi chn thi gian tII nh vy, dng khi ng IIIKA v IIIKB ca cp th hai c chn ln hn dng ngn mch cc i khi h hng ngoi vng tc ng ca bo v khng thi gian t cc phn t k trc (v d, IIIKA c chn ln hn dng ngn mch cc i khi h hng cui vng lIB ca cp th nht bo v B hoc h hng trn Hnh 2.19 : c tnh thi gian thanh gp in p thp ca trm B). ca bo v trn hnh 2.18 i vi bo v A, nu trng hp tnh ton l chnh nh khi dng ngn mch cui vng lIB ca cp th nht bo v B (dng ngn mch lc bng dng khi ng IIKB) th ta c : IIIKA = kat.IIKB

Hnh 2.20 : th tnh ton bo v dng c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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H s an ton Kat tnh n sai s ca rle v my bin dng, ly bng 1,11,15.Vng bo v ca cp th hai bao gm phn cui ng dy, thanh gp ca trm v mt phn cc phn t k ni vo thanh gp ny. Vng th hai lIIA ca bo v A c xc nh bng th trn (hnh 2.20), trong trng hp ang xt lIIA cha phn cui ng dy AB, thanh gp B v phn u ng dy BC. nhy cp th hai ca bo v A v B c kim tra theo ngn mch trc tip cui ng dy c bo v AB v BC tng ng. Yu cu h s KIIn khng c nh hn 1,3 1,5. * Cp Th Ba ca bo v A v B (rle 9RI, 10RT, 11Th) l bo v dng cc i, c dng khi ng IIIIKA v IIIIKB ln hn dng in lm vic cc i. Tc ng chn lc ca chng c m bo nh chn thi gian tIIIA v tIIIB theo nguyn tc bc thang. Vng bo v ca cp th ba lIIIA v lIIIB bt u t cui vng hai tr i. Nhim v ca cp th ba l d tr cho hng hc my ct hoc bo v ca cc phn t k, cng nh ct ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v khi 2 cp u khng tc ng, v d khi ngn mch qua in tr qu ln. nhy ca cp th ba c kim tra vi ngn mch cui phn t k. Yu cu h s KnIII khng c nh hn 1,2. u im c bn ca bo v dng in c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp l bo m ct kh nhanh ngn mch tt c cc phn ca mng in. Nhc im chnh l nhy thp, chiu di vng bo v ph thuc vo tnh trng lm vic ca h thng v dng ngn mch, ch m bo tnh chn lc trong mng h c mt ngun cung cp.

VI. Bo v dng c kim tra p:

phn bit gia ngn mch v qu ti, ng thi nng cao nhy v dng ca bo v dng cc i, ngi ta dng s bo v dng c kim tra p (hnh 2.21). Khi ngn mch th dng in tng v in p gim xung do vy c rle dng RI v rle p RU u khi ng dn n ct my ct. Trong trng hp ny, dng khi ng ca bo v Hinh 2.21 : S nguyn l 1 pha ca c tnh theo biu thc: bo v dng c kim tra p k I K = at I lvmax k tv Trong biu thc trn khng cn k n kmm v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi cc ng c t khi ng nhng khng lm in p gim nhiu, cc rle RU khng khi ng v bo v khng th tc ng c. R rng l khi khng k n h s kmm th dng khi ng ca bo v dng c kim tra p s nh hn nhiu so vi dng khi ng ca bo v dng cc i v tng ng nhy c nng cao ng k.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng3: BO V DNG C HNG

I. Nguyn tc tc ng:

Hnh 3.1 : Mng h c ngun cung cp 2 pha. m bo ct chn lc h hng trong mng h c mt vi ngun cung cp, cng nh trong mng vng c mt ngun cung cp t khong nm 1910 ngi ta bt u dng bo v dng c hng. Bo v dng in c hng l loi bo v phn ng theo gi tr dng in ti ch ni bo v v gc pha gia dng in vi in p trn thanh gp ca trm c t bo v. Bo v s tc ng nu dng in vt qu gi tr nh trc (dng khi ng IK) v gc pha ph hp vi trng hp ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v. Hnh 3.2 : Mng vng c 1 ngun cung cp

II. S BV dng c hng:

Trng hp tng qut, bo v dng in c hng gm 3 b phn chnh: khi ng, nh hng cng sut v to thi gian (hnh 3.3). B phn nh hng cng sut ca bo v c cung cp t my bin dng (BI) v my bin in p (BU). bo v tc ng i ct, tt c cc b phn ca bo v cn phi tc ng. Bng vic kho st s lm vic ca rle nh hng cng sut khi h hng trong v ngoi vng bo v ta s rt ra c nhng tnh cht mi ca bo v dng c thm rle nh hng cng sut. Khi ngn mch trn on AB (ti im N gn thanh gp B, hnh 3.2) trong vng tc ng ca bo v 2, th vct cc dng in IN , IN v IN = IN +IN nh trn hnh 3.4a. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Cc dng in ny chm sau sc in ng Ep ca ngun cung cp mt gc HT v chng to nn mt gc D so vi p d UpB trn thanh gp trm B. Khi ngn mch trn on BC gn thanh gp B (im N, hnh 3.2), th vct cc dng in thc t vn ging nh i vi im N (hnh 3.4b). Ap d UpB khng thay i v gc pha. Nu chn dng IR2 ca bo v 2 c hng t thanh gp B vo ng dy AB (hnh 3.2) v ly UR2 = UPB th c th xc nh c quan h gc pha gia IR2 v UR2 khi ngn mch im N v N.

Hnh 3.3 : S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v dng c hng. Ly vct in p UR2 lm gc xc nh gc pha ca IR2. Gc lch pha c coi l dng khi dng chm sau p v m khi vt trc. Khi ngn mch N, cng sut ngn mch hng t thanh gp B vo ng dy AB, lc y IR2 = IN v R2 = gc (UR2,IR2) = D. Khi ngn mch N cng sut ngn mch hng t ng dy AB n thanh gp B, IR2 = - IN v R2 = D- 1800. Nh vy khi dch chuyn im h hng t vng c bo v ra vng khng c bo v, gc pha ca IR2 t vo rle ca bo v 2 so vi UR2 thay i 1800 (ging nh s i hng ca cng sut ngn mch). Ni rle nh hng cng sut th no n khi ng khi nhn c gc R2 (cng sut ngn mch hng t thanh gp vo ng dy) v khng khi ng khi nhn c gc R2 khc vi R2 mt gc 1800 (cng sut ngn mch hng t ng dy vo thanh gp) v nh vy ta c th thc hin c bo v c hng.

Hnh 3.4 : th vect p v dng khi hng cng sut NM i t thanh gp vo ng dy (a) v t ng dy vo thanh gp (b) Soure: BKEPS.COM

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III. Thi gian lm vic:

Bo v dng c hng thng c thc hin vi c tnh thi gian c lp, thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v c xc nh theo nguyn tc bc thang ngc chiu nhau. Tt c cc bo v ca mng c chia thnh 2 nhm theo hng tc ng ca b phn nh hng cng sut. Thi gian lm vic ca mi nhm c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang nh xt i vi bo v dng cc i. Xt v d v nguyn tc chn thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v trong mng h c ngun cung cp 2 pha (hnh 3.5a).

Hnh 3.5 : c tnh thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v dng c hng B phn nh hng cng sut ch lm vic khi hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy c bo v (quy c v bng mi tn bo v). Cc bo v c chia thnh 2 nhm : 2, 4, 6, v 5, 3, 1. Mi nhm bo v c th chn thi gian lm vic theo nguyn tc bc thang khng ph thuc vo thi gian lm vic ca nhm kia. Trn hnh 3.5b l c tnh thi gian ca cc bo v c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ngc chiu nhau. Tng t cng c th chn thi gian lm vic ca bo v dng cc i c hng cho mng vng c mt ngun cung cp (hnh 3.2). im khc bit l thi gian lm vic ca bo v 2 v 5 c th chn 0.

IV. Hin tng khi ng khng ng thi:

Khi ngn mch, v d on AB rt gn thanh gp trm A (im N - hnh 3.2), hu nh ton b dng ngn mch u hng n im ngn mch qua my ct 1, cn phn dng chy theo mch vng ngang qua my ct 6 rt b (gn bng 0). Kt qu l bo v 2 s khng tc ng c vo thi im u ca ngn mch (d rng n c thi gian lm vic b nht). Bo v 1 ca ng dy AB s tc ng trc ct my ct 1, lc y bo v 2 mi c th lm vic. Hin tng 1 trong 2 bo v hai pha ca mt ng dy ch c th bt u lm vic sau khi bo v kia tc ng v ct my ct ca mnh c gi l hin tng khi ng khng ng thi ca cc bo v. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Phn chiu di ca ng dy c bo v m khi ngn mch trong s xy ra hin tng khi ng khng ng thi c gi l vng khi ng khng ng thi. Khi ng khng ng thi cc bo v l hin tng khng tt v lm tng thi gian loi tr h hng cc mng vng.

V. Dng khi ng ca bo v:
V.1. Chnh nh khi dng qu sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi:
k at . k mm I lv max k tv Trong : Ilvmax l dng lm vic cc i i qua bo v theo hng ph hp vi hng tc ng ca b phn nh hng cng sut. Mt s bo v dng c hng c th khng c b phn nh hng cng sut (s xt n mc VI). Khi chn dng khi ng ca cc bo v phi ly Ilvmax khng k n du ca cng sut ph ti i ngang qua bo v. Chnh v vy trong mt s trng hp nng cao nhy ca cc bo v, ngi ta vn t b phn nh hng cng sut mc d v mt thi gian m bo chn lc bo v khng cn phi c b phn ny.

IK

V.2. Chnh nh khi dng ph ti:

Mch in p ca bo v c cung cp t cc BU c kh nng b h hng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Tr s v gc pha ca in p UR t vo rle khi thay i v rle nh hng cng sut c th xc nh hng khng ng. bo v khng tc ng nhm, dng khi ng ca bo v cn chn ln hn dng ph ti Ilv ca ng dy c bo v khng ph thuc vo chiu ca n : k IK at I lv k tv Trong mt s trng hp dng khi ng chn theo iu kin ny c th ln hn theo iu kin (a). Chng hn nh i vi bo v 2 ca on gn ngun trong mng vng (hnh 3.2), cng sut ph ti lun lun hng t ng dy vo thanh gp, nu khng quan tm n h hng trong mch in p c th chn IK < Ilv. tng nhy ca bo v trong nhng trng hp nh vy i khi cho php chn IK theo dng ph ti bnh thng ch khng phi theo dng lm vic cc i vi gi thit l khng h hng mch in p vo lc ph ti cc i.

V.3. Chnh nh khi dng cc pha khng h hng:

i vi mt s dng h hng, v d N(1) trong mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip, dng cc pha khng h hng bao gm dng ph ti v dng h hng. Dng ny c th rt ln, rle nh hng cng sut ni vo dng pha khng h hng c th xc nh khng ng du cng sut ngn mch. V vy dng khi ng bo v cn chn ln hn gi tr cc i ca dng cc pha khng h hng. trnh tc ng nhm ngi ta cng c th thc hin s t ng kha bo v khi trong mng xut hin dng th t khng. chng ngn mch chm t ngi ta dng bo v c hng th t khng c bit.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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V.4. Phi hp nhy ca bo v cc on k nhau:

phi hp v nhy gia cc bo v cn chn dng khi ng ca bo v sau (th n - gn ngun hn) ln hn dng cc i i qua n khi ngn mch trong vng tc ng ca bo v trc (th n-1) km theo dng ngn mch IN = IKn-1, vi IKn-1 l dng khi ng ca bo v th n-1. Vic phi hp c thc hin i vi cc bo v tc ng theo cng mt hng. i vi mng vng (hnh 3.2) khng thc hin iu kin ny c th lm cho bo v tc ng khng ng khi ct h hng khng ng thi. Trong mng vng c mt ngun cung cp vic phi hp v nhy thc t dn n iu kin chn: IKn kat.IKn-1 H s an ton kat k n sai s ca BI v rle dng cng nh k n nh hng ca dng ph ti cc trm trung gian.

VI. Ch cn t bo v c b phn nh hng cng sut:

Khi chn thi gian lm vic ca bo v dng c hng, chng ta gi thit tt c cc bo v u c b phn nh hng cng sut. Tuy nhin trong thc t chng ch cn thit khi tnh chn lc khng th m bo c bng cch chn thi gian lm vic. Hay ni cch khc, bo v s khng cn phi c b phn nh hng cng sut nu thi gian lm vic ca n ln hn thi gian lm vic ca bo v tt c cc phn t khc trong trm. V d nh kho st tc ng ca cc bo v trn hnh 3.5 ta thy rng bo v 6 c th khng cn b phn nh hng cng sut, v tnh chn lc tc ng ca n khi ngn mch cc phn t khc ca trm D c m bo bng thi gian lm vic t6 > tD. Cng c th thy rng bo v 5 t u kia ca ng dy CD c thi gian t5 < t6 v cn phi c b phn nh hng cng sut. Nh vy mi mt ng dy ca mng ch cn t b phn nh hng cng sut cho bo v u c thi gian lm vic b hn. Khi thi gian lm vic ca c 2 bo v ca mt ng dy bng nhau th c 2 khng cn t b phn nh hng cng sut. Do vy trong mt s trng hp, bng cch tng thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v so vi tr s tnh ton, c th khng cn t b phn nh hng cng sut phn ln cc bo v ca mng.

VII. nhy ca bo v :
nhy ca bo v dng cc i c hng c quyt nh bi hai b phn: khi ng dng v nh hng cng sut. nhy v dng ca bo v c tnh ton ging nh i vi bo v dng cc i. iu cn quan tm i vi bo v dng c hng l nhy ca b phn nh hng cng sut. Khi xy ra N(3) u ng dy c bo v gn ch ni bo v, in p t cc BU a vo bo v c gi tr gn bng khng. Trong trng hp ny, bo v v rle nh hng cng sut s khng khi ng. V vy nhy ca b phn nh hng cng sut c c trng bng vng cht. Vng cht l phn chiu di ng dy c bo v m khi ngn mch trc tip trong bo v s khng khi ng do p a vo rle nh hng cng sut b hn p khi ng ti thiu UKRmin ca n. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Kinh nghim vn hnh cho thy mng in trn khng vng cht t xut hin hn so vi mng cp, v trong cc mng cp thng xy ra N(3) hn. Xt s hnh 3.6, gi chiu di vng cht l lx , p d ti ch t bo v khi ngn mch 3 pha ti im N (im gii hn ca vng cht) l: trong Z1 U d = 3 .I(3).Z1.lx : tng tr th t thun ca 1Km ng dy.
( 3)

Hnh 3.6 : Ngn mch 3 pha trc tip bin gii ca vng cht Trng hp b phn nh hng dng rle in c, rle c th khi ng gii hn ca vng cht cn c : UR.cos( R + ) = UKRmin Mt khc ta c:
UR = U ( 3) 3 ( 3) d = I . Z1 . l x nU nU

Vi R : gc gia UR v IR : gc ph ca rle, ty thuc cu trc ca rle nU : t s bin i ca BU n U l x = U . ( 3) KR min Nh vy : 3Z1 I .cos R .

VIII. c tnh ca rle nh hng cng sut:

Trong tr.hp l tng, s lm vic ca rle nh hng cng sut thc hin theo nguyn tc in c (v d, rle cm ng) cng nh theo cc nguyn tc khc (v d, rle so snh tr tuyt i cc i lng in) c xc nh bng biu thc: cos(R + ) 0 Nh vy phm vi gc R m rle c th khi ng c l: 90o (R+) -900 hay (90o - ) R -(900 + ) (3.1)

(3.2)

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hnh 3.7 : c tnh gc ca rle nh hng cng sut trong mt phng phc tng tr

Hnh 3.8 : c tnh gc ca rle nh hng cng sut trong mt phng phc tng tr khi c nh vect p UR

c tnh ca rle theo biu thc (3.2) c gi l c tnh gc, c th biu din trn mt phng phc tng tr ZR = U R/ I R (hnh 3.7) Gc R c tnh t trc thc (+) theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h. Vect dng IR c gi thit l c nh trn trc (+), cn vect UR v ZR quay i mt gc R so vi vect IR. Trong mt phng phc, c tnh gc theo biu thc (3.2) c biu din bng ng thng i qua gc ta nghing mt gc (90o - ) so vi trc (+). ng thng ny chia mt phng phc thnh 2 phn, phn c gch cho (hnh 3.7) tng ng vi cc gc R m lc rle nh hng cng sut c th khi ng c. Biu din c tnh gc trn mt phng phc tng tr rt tin li kho st s lm vic ca rle nh hng cng sut i vi cc dng ngn mch khc nhau trong mng in. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta c nh hng vect p UR (hnh 3.8). Phm vi tc ng c gii hn bi mt ng thng cn gi l ng nhy bng 0 (v cos(R + ) = 0). ng thng ny lch so vi UR mt gc (90o -) theo chiu kim ng h. ng nhy cc i (tng ng vi cos(R + ) = 1) thng gc vi ng nhy bng 0 v lch so vi UR mt gc ngc chiu kim ng h, gc tng ng vi n R = Rn max = c gi l gc nhy cc i.
.

IX. NI RLE NH HNG CNG SUT VO

DNG PHA V P DY THEO S 90O:

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Bng 3.1: STT ca rle 1 2 3 IR Ia Ib Ic UR Ubc Uca Uab

Hnh 3.9 : th vct p v dng khi ni rle nh hng cng sut theo s 900

Hnh 3.10 : Ngn mch trn ng dy

Trong s ny (bng 3.1 v hnh 3.9), a n cc u cc rle l dng mt pha (v d i vi rle s 1, dng IR= Ia) v p gia hai pha khc (tng ng UR = Ubc ) chm sau dng pha mt gc 900 vi gi thit l dng (Ia) trng pha vi p pha cng tn (Ua). Qua kho st cho thy rng, s lm vic ng n cn c gc lch ca rle 300 450, do rle s phn ng vi cos[R+ (30450)]. Vic kim tra hot ng ca s i vi cc dng ngn mch khc nhau c th thc hin bng cch cho v tr ca vct UR c nh v vct dng IR xoay quanh n. ng nhy bng 0 lc lch so vi vct in p UR mt gc 900- (v pha chm sau), cn ng nhy cc i vt trc UR mt gc .

IX.1. Ngn mch 3 pha i xng:

Tt c cc rle ca s u lm vic trong nhng iu kin ging nhau. V vy ta ch kho st s lm vic ca mt rle (rle s 1) c I1R = Ia(3) v U1R = Ubc(3). th vct p Ubc(3) ch ni rle v vct dng Ia(3) nh trn hnh 3.11a. ng nhy bng 0 lch vi in p Ubc(3) mt gc 900 - 450 = 450 (gi thit rle c gc = 45o). Gc N(3) gia Ia(3) v Ua(3) c xc nh bng tng tr th t thun mt pha ca phn ng dy trc im ngn mch N v in tr qu rq ch h hng (hnh 3.10). Gi tr N(3) nm trong phm vi 0 N(3) 900. T th hnh 3.11a ta thy cc gi tr N(3) bt k trong phm vi trn, rle s lm vic ng nu Ubc(3) c gi tr rle lm vic. Khi gc N(3) = 450 hng vct dng in trng vi ng nhy cc i v do s s lm vic iu kin thun li nht. Khi chn = 0 s c th khng tc ng khi ngn mch u ng dy qua in tr qu rq.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

29

Hnh 3.11 : th vct p v dng ch ni rle i vi cc dng ngn mch khc nhau a) Ngn mch 3 pha b) Ngn mch 2 pha B,C c)Ngn mch pha A chm t

IX.2. Ngn mch gia 2 pha:

iu kin lm vic ca cc rle ni vo dng cc pha h hng l khng ging nhau. V vy, chng hn nh khi ngn mch gia hai pha B, C cn xt n s lm vic ca rle s 2 c I2R = Ib(2) v U2R = Uca(2) cng nh ca rle s 3 c I3R = Ic(2) v U3R = Uab(2) . Vn cng tr nn phc tp hn so vi N(3) do gc pha gia UR v IR thay i khi dch chuyn im ngn mch N dc theo ng dy. Trn hnh 3.11b l th vct p v dng i vi trng hp im ngn mch N nm khong gia ng dy (hnh 3.10). Cc ng nhy bng 0 lch vi cc p Uca(2) ,Uab(2) mt gc 450. V tr vct dng Ib(2) lch vi sc in ng Ebc mt gc N(2). Gc N(2) c xc nh bng tng tr t ngun sc in ng n ch ngn mch k c rq ; tr s ca n c th thay i trong phm vi 0 N(2) 900 . T th ta thy, tr s ca in p U2R v U3R lun lun ln v c hai rle (s 2 v 3) u lm vic ng n gi tr N(2) bt k.

IX.3. Ngn mch mt pha trong mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip:
Ta kho st s lm vic ca rle ni vo dng pha h hng (rle s 1 khi ngn mch pha A). ng nhy bng 0 lch 450 so vi vct p gia 2 pha khng h hng Ubc(1) (hnh 3.11c). Gc N(1) gia sc in ng Ea v dng Ia(1) c th thay i trong phm vi 0N(1) 900. Qua th ta thy, rle ni vo dng pha h hng lun lun lm vic ng. T nhng phn tch trn c th rt ra kt lun nh sau i vi s 900: 1) S c th xc nh ng hng cng sut ngn mch trong cc pha b h hng i vi tt c cc dng h hng c bn. c nh vy rle nh hng cng sut cn phi c gc lch 450. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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2) Vng cht ch c th xy ra khi ngn mch 3 pha gn ch ni bo v (UR gn bng khng). 3) Khi N(2) v N(1), cc rle ni vo dng pha khng h hng c th lm vic khng ng do tc dng ca dng ph ti v dng h hng trong cc pha ny. V vy cn phi lm th no s vn lm vic ng d cho c mt vi rle tc ng nhm do dng cc pha khng h hng. Cng c mt s s khc ni r le nh hng cng sut nh s 300 (v d, IR= Ia v UR = Uab), hoc s 600 (v d, IR= Ia v UR = -Ub). Tuy nhin cc s ny c mt s nhc im so vi s 900, do vy s 900c s dng rng ri hn.

X. Bo v dng ct nhanh c hng:

Bo v dng ct nhanh c hng l bo v c hng khng thi gian m tnh chn lc tc ng t c bng cch chn dng khi ng IK ln hn gi tr cc i ca dng ngn mch ngoi INngmax i theo hng tc ng ca b phn nh hng cng sut nu nh iu kin chnh nh theo dng in khi dao ng (i vi bo v ct nhanh ni vo dng pha ton phn) khng phi l iu kin tnh ton . Hnh 3.21 : th tnh ton bo v dng ct nhanh c hng Trn hnh 3.21 l th biu din s thay i ca gi tr dng in trn ng dy AB c 2 ngun cung cp khi dch chuyn im ngn mch dc theo ng dy. Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh khng c hng i vi ng dy ny c chn ln hn gi tr ln nht ca cc dng ngn mch ngoi, i vi trng hp nh trn hnh 3.21 th IK=kat.INngmaxA. Nh vy ni bo v ct nhanh v pha trm B l khng c ngha v IK lun lun ln hn dng ngn mch i qua bo v t pha trm B. Nu ta a thm b phn nh hng cng sut vo bo v ct nhanh trm B, th c th chn dng khi ng ca n khng k n dng INngmaxA. Dng khi ng ca bo v B s nh hn so vi trng hp dng bo v ct nhanh khng hng nu trn v bng IK B = kat.INngmaxB. Trong trng hp ny bo v ct nhanh v pha trm B s c th bo v c phn ln ng dy AB.

XI. nh gi v phm vi ng dng ca Bo v dng c hng:

XI.1. Tnh chn lc:
Tnh chn lc tc ng ca bo v t c nh chn thi gian lm vic theo nguyn tc bc thang ngc chiu nhau v dng cc b phn nh hng cng sut. Tnh chn lc c m bo trong cc mng vng c mt ngun cung cp khi khng c nhng ng cho khng qua ngun (hnh 3.22a,b) v trong cc mng hnh tia c s ngun cung cp ty (hnh 3.22c). Soure: BKEPS.COM

31

Hnh 3.22 : Cc s mng m Bo v dng c hng m bo ct chn lc khi ngn mch

Trong cc mng vng c s ngun cung cp ln hn mt (hnh 3.23a), tnh chn lc khng th m bo v khng th chn thi gian lm vic theo nguyn tc bc thang. Bo v cng khng m bo chn lc trong cc mng vng c mt ngun cung cp c ng cho khng i qua ngun (hnh 3.23b), trng hp ny phn mng gii hn bi ng cho c th xem nh c hai ngun cung cp.

XI.2. Tc ng nhanh:
Ging nh bo v dng cc i (chng 2), trong a s trng hp bo v c thi gian lm vic ln.

Hnh 3.23 : Cc s mng m Bo v dng c hng khng m bo ct chn lc khi ngn mch

XI.3. nhy:
nhy ca bo v b gii hn bi dng khi ng ca b phn khi ng. Trong cc mng h c 2 hay nhiu ngun cung cp, mt s ch v d nh sau khi ct mt Soure: BKEPS.COM

32

trong cc ngun cung cp c cng sut ln v cng bc kch t my pht ca cc ngun cn li th dng ph ti cc i c th t ti gi tr ln. Dng khi ng c chnh nh khi dng ph ti ny thng lm cho bo v hon ton khng nhy. tng nhy i khi ngi ta dng nhng b phn khi ng lin hp dng v p. T nhng nhn xt trn ta thy rng bo v dng c hng c th s dng lm bo v chnh trong cc mng phn phi in p di 35kV khi n m bo c tnh chn lc v tc ng nhanh. Bo v dng c hng cng c s dng rng ri lm bc d tr trong cc bo v c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng 4: BO V CHNG CHM T

I. Bo v dng th t khng Trong mng c dng chm t ln:
Bo v dng th t khng c thc hin nh mt rle RI ni vo b lc dng th t khng LIo .

Hnh 4.1 : S ni rle vo b lc dng th t khng gm 3BI

Hnh 4.2 : Kt hp s b lc - rle dng th t khng vi s sao khuyt

I.1. Dng qua rle:

Khi chiu ca cc dng in chp nhn nh trong s hnh 4.1 v 4.2, dng in qua rle RI bng:
IR = Ia+ Ib+ Ic Dng th ca BI tng ng vi s thay th (hnh 2.13) l: . . . . . I T = I 'S I ' = S (I S I ) T . . . V d: I a = S (I A I A ) T . . . . . . . V vy: I R = S (I A + I B + I C ) S ( I A + I B + I C ) T T Tng dng t ha ca 3 my bin dng quy i v pha th cp ca chng c gi l dng khng cn bng th cp ca b lc: . . . . (4.1) I KCBT = S (I A + I B + I C ) T . . . . T Tng: I A + I B + I C = 3I 0 ; = nI S
.
. . . .

3I 0 . Vy: IR = I KCBT (4.2) nI Nh vy bo v ch tc ng i vi cc dng ngn mch c to nn dng Io (ngn mch chm t). Soure: BKEPS.COM

33

i vi cc b lc dng BI l tng c I = 0 th IKCBT = 0. Tuy nhin thc t cc BI lun lun c dng t ha v dng t ha cc pha l khc nhau mc d dng s ca cc pha c tr s bng nhau, v vy IKCBT 0.

I.2. Dng khi ng ca bo v:

Trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch gia cc pha (khng chm t) th dng th t khng I0 = 0. Do vy bo v khng tc ng khi ngn mch gia cc pha ngoi vng bo v cn chn: IK = kat . IKCBStt (4.4) Dng IKCBStt c tnh ton i vi trng hp ngn mch ngoi khng chm t v cho dng ln nht. ng thi phi hp nhy gia cc bo v th t khng th dng khi ng ca bo v on sau (gn ngun hn) phi chn ln hn bo v on trc mt t. Dng khi ng ca bo v th t khng thng b hn nhiu so vi dng lm vic cc i ca ng dy nn nhy kh cao.

I.3. Thi gian lm vic:

Bo v dng th t khng c c tnh thi gian c lp, c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang. Xt v d i vi mng h c mt ngun cung cp v c trung tnh c ni t ch mt im u ngun (hnh 4.3). Bo v 2a cc trm B, C c th c chnh nh khng thi gian (thc t t2a 0,1 giy) v thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v ng dy l: t3a = t2a + t ; t4a = t3a + t Trn th hnh 4.3 cng v c tnh thi gian ca cc bo v 1 4 lm nhim v chng ngn mch nhiu pha trong mng. T hnh 4.3 v nhng iu trnh by trn y ta c th thy c u im chnh ca bo v dng th t khng so vi bo v ni vo dng pha ton phn l thi gian lm vic b v nhy cao.

Hnh 4.3 : c tnh thi gian ca bo v dng TTK v ca bo v Soure: BKEPS.COM

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ni vo dng pha trong mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip

II. Bo v dng th t khng Trong mng c dng chm t b:

Trong cc mng c dng in chm t b (trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang) gi tr dng in chm t mt pha thng khng qu vi chc Ampere. V d nh mng cp, chm t mt pha khng chuyn thnh ngn mch nhiu pha th chm t ln nht cho php vo khong 2030A. Nhng bo v dng rle ni vo dng in pha ton phn khng th lm vic vi dng in s cp b nh vy, v th ngi ta dng cc bo v ni qua b lc dng in th t khng. Bo v c t u ng dy AB v pha trm A trong mng c trung tnh cch t (hnh 4.15).

II.1. Dng khi ng:

Dng khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo iu kin chn lc: Bo v khng c tc ng khi chm t ngoi hng c bo v.

Hnh 4.15 : Chm t 1 pha trong mng c trung tnh cch t V d khi pha C ca ng dy AC b chm t ti im N (hnh 4.14), qua bo v t trn ng dy AB c dng 3I0CD do in dung COD gia pha ca ng dy c bo v i vi t. th dng in dung trong cc pha ca ng dy AB v thnh phn th t khng ca chng nh trn hnh 4.16. bo v khng tc ng cn chn: IK kat . 3IoCD (4.7) kat: h s an ton, c k n nh hng ca dng dung qu vo thi im u chm t (c th ln hn gi tr n nh rt nhiu). i vi bo v tc ng khng thi gian cn phi chn kat = 4 5, bo v tc ng c thi gian c th chn kat b hn. Tuy nhin chm t thng lp i lp li v rle phi chu tc ng ca nhng xung dng in lin tip, cho nn d bo v tc ng c thi gian cng khng th chn kat thp hn 2 2,5.

II.2. Thi gian lm vic:

Khi bo v tc ng bo tn hiu th khng cn chn thi gian lm vic theo iu kin chn lc, bo v thng lm vic khng thi gian. C mt s bo v theo iu kin an ton cn phi tc ng khng c thi gian i ct chm t, cn li ni chung bo v tc ng i ct vi thi gian c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang. Soure: BKEPS.COM

35

II.3. nhy:
Khi chm t trong vng bo v, v d ti im N trn pha C ca ng dy AB (hnh 4.15), bo v c th tc ng cn phi thc hin iu kin: IBV IK Trong : IBV - l dng in i qua bo v. Dng qua bo v IBV sinh ra l do in dung cc pha ca phn khng h hng trong h thng ( chnh l in dung ng tr C0t): IBV = 3I0Ct = 3 C0t.Up in dung tng Co ca cc pha trong ton h thng i vi t l: Co = C0t + C0D do vy: IBV = 3(Co - C0D).Up (4.8) V tr im chm t N trn ng dy c bo v khng nh hng n tr s dng IBV, v tr khng v cm khng ca ng dy rt nh so vi dung khng. nhy ca bo v c c trng bng h s nhy: 3(C0 C0D ) U p I K n = BV = I K I K Khi chm t qua in tr trung gian cn phi c Kn 1,25 1.5.

Hnh 4.19 : B tr cc bo v chng chm t nhanh chng pht hin phn t b chm t nn t bo v bo tn hiu tt c cc u ng dy (hnh 4.19). Khi xut hin chm t (v d im N) bng cch kim tra dn tn hiu ca cc bo v t u ngun A n trm C c th xc nh c on ng dy b chm t.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng 5:

BO V DNG SO LCH

I. Nguyn tc lm vic:
Bo v dng so lch l loi bo v da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip dng in hai u phn t c bo v. Cc my bin dng BI c t hai u phn t c bo v v c t s bin i nI nh nhau (hnh 5.1). Quy c hng dng ca tt c cc dng in theo chiu mi tn nh trn s hnh 4.1, ta c :
I R = I IT I IIT (5.1) Dng vo rle bng hiu hnh hc dng in ca hai BI, chnh v vy bo v c tn gi l bo v dng so lch.
. . .

Hnh 5.1 : S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v dng so lch a) Trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi ( im N): Trng hp l tng (cc BI khng c sai s, b qua dng dung v dng r ca ng dy c bo v) th:
I IS = I IIS I IT = I IIT I R = I IT I IIT = 0 v bo v s khng tc ng. b) Khi ngn mch trong ( im N): dng IIS v IIIS khc nhau c tr s v gc pha. Khi hng dng quy c nh trn th dng ch h hng l:
.
. . . . . . .

IN I N = I IS I IIS I R = I IT I IIT = nI Nu dng IR vo rle ln hn dng khi ng IKR ca rle, th rle khi ng v ct phn t b h hng. Khi ngun cung cp l t mt pha (IIIS = 0), lc ch c dng IIT, dng IR = IIT v bo v cng s khi ng nu IR > IKR. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Nh vy theo nguyn tc tc ng th bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i v m bo tnh chn lc khng cn phi hp v thi gian. Vng tc ng ca bo v c gii hn gia hai BI t 2 u phn t c bo v.

II. Dng khng cn bng:

Khi kho st nguyn tc tc ng ca bo v dng so lch ta gi thit trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi, l tng ta c IIT = IIIT. Tuy nhin trong thc t : I IT = I 'IS I 'I ; I IIT = I 'IIS I 'II Nh vy, dng trong rle (khi khng c ngn mch trong vng bo v, dng trong rle c gi l dng khng cn bng IKCB) bng: (5.2) I R = I KCB = I IT I IIT = I 'II I 'I Ngay c khi kt cu ca hai BI ging nhau, dng t ha III v II ca chng thc t l khng bng nhau. V vy dng khng cn bng c mt gi tr nht nh no . Vn cha c nhng phng php ph hp vi thc t v chnh xc tnh ton dng khng cn bng qu . V vy nh gi i khi ngi ta phi s dng nhng s liu theo kinh nghim. Trn hnh 5.3b l quan h iKCB = f(t), kho st th v nhng s liu khc ngi ta nhn thy rng : iKCB qu c th ln hn nhiu ln tr s xc lp ca n v t n tr s thm ch ln hn c dng lm vic cc i. iKCB t n tr s cc i khng phi vo thi im u ca ngn mch m Hnh 5.3 : th biu din quan h hi chm hn mt t. theo thi gian ca tr s tc thi tr s iKCB xc lp sau ngn mch ca dng ngn mch ngoi (a) v c th ln hn rt nhiu so vi trc ngn dng khng cn bng trong mch mch do nh hng ca t d trong li rle ca bo v so lch (b) thp.thi gian tn ti tr s iKCB ln khng qu vi phn mi giy.
. . . . . . . . . . . .

III. Dng khi ng v nhy:

III.1. Dng in khi ng:
m bo cho bo v so lch lm vic ng khi ngn mch ngoi, dng khi ng ca rle cn phi chnh nh trnh khi tr s tnh ton ca dng khng cn bng: IKR kat.IKCBmaxtt (5.3) IKCBmaxtt : tr hiu dng ca dng khng cn bng cc i tnh ton tng ng vi dng ngn mch ngoi cc i. Tng ng dng khi ng ca bo v l: IK kat.IKCBSmaxtt (5.4) trong IKCBSmaxtt l dng khng cn bng pha s cp ca BI tng ng vi IKCBmaxtt v c tnh ton nh sau: Soure: = fimax.kn.kkck (5.5) IKCBSmaxttBKEPS.COM. IN ngmax

38

vi: fimax - sai s cc i cho php ca BI, fimax = 10%. kn - h s ng nht ca cc BI, (kn = 0 1), kn = 0 khi cc BI hon ton ging nhau v dng in qua cun s cp ca chng bng nhau, kn = 1 khi cc BI khc nhau nhiu nht, mt BI lm vic khng c sai s (hoc sai s rt b) cn BI kia c sai s cc i. kkck - h s k n thnh phn khng chu k trong dng in ngn mch. IN ngmax - thnh phn chu k ca dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht.

III.2. nhy:
nhy ca bo v c nh gi thng qua h s nhy: I (5.6) K n = N min I K INmin : dng nh nht c th c ti ch ngn mch khi ngn mch trc tip trong vng bo v. Yu cu nhy ca bo v dng so lch Kn 2

IV. Cc bin php nng cao nhy:

Cho bo v lm vic vi thi gian khong 0,3 n 0,5 sec trnh khi nhng tr s qu ln ca dng khng cn bng. Ni ni tip vi cun dy rle mt in tr ph (hnh 5.4). Tng in tr mch so lch s lm gim thp dng khng cn bng cng nh dng ngn mch th cp (khi h hng trong vng bo v). Tuy nhinmc gim thp ny khng nh nhau do tnh cht khc nhau ca dng khng cn bng qu v ca dng ngn mch. Mc gim dng khng cn bng nhiu hn do trong n c cha thnh phn khng chu k nhiu hn. Do s rt n gin nn bin php ny c s dng thc hin bo v cho mt s phn t trong h thng in. Ni rle qua my bin dng bo ha trung gian (BIG). Dng rle c hm. Hnh 5.4 : Bo v dng so lch dng in tr ph trong mch rle

V. Bo v so lch dng rle ni qua BIG:

S nguyn l ca bo v c rle ni qua BIG trn hnh 5.5a. Hot ng ca s da trn c s l trong dng khng cn bng qu khi ngn mch ngoi (hnh 5.3) thng c cha thnh phn khng chu k ng k lm dch chuyn th biu din tr tc thi ca dng iKCB v 1 pha ca trc thi gian. Thng s ca BI bo ha c la chn th no n bin i rt km thnh phn khng chu k cha trong iKCB i qua cun s ca n. Dng s thay th ca BI phn tch, c th thy rng phn ln thnh phn khng chu k i qua nhnh t ha lm bo ha Soure: BKEPS.COM

39

mch t (gim Z). Trong iu kin thnh phn chu k ca iKCB ch yu khp mch qua nhnh t ha m khng i vo rle. iu kin lm vic ca BIG rt phc tp bi v quan h phi tuyn khi bin i qua BI chnh xp chng vi quan h phi tuyn khi bin i iKCB qua BIG. Phn tip theo ta s kho st th vng t tr ca BIG v s thay i tr tc thi ca dng theo thi gian (hnh 5.5).

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 5.5 : Bo v dng so lch dng rle ni qua BI bo ha trung gian a) s nguyn l ca bo v b) hot ng ca s khi ngn mch trong vng bo v c) hot ng ca s khi ngn mch ngoi

VI. Bo v dng rle so lch c hm:

Dng so lch th hay cn gi l dng lm vic bng hiu cc dng th ILV = ISLT = IIT - IIIT v dng hm bng 1/2 tng dng th IH = 0,5*(IIT + IIIT). Khi ngn mch ngoi, tr tuyt i ca hiu dng lun lun nh hn 1/2 tng dng th, tc l:
I IT I IIT < 0,5 I IT + I IIT
. . . .

hay :

ILV < IH (5.7) Khi ngn mch trong, tr tuyt i ca hiu c th xem l ln hn 1/2 tng:
I IT I IIT > 0,5 I IT + I IIT
. . . .

ILV > IH (5.8) Khi ngn mch trong v c ngun cung cp ch t mt pha th IIIT = 0 ; ILV = IIT ; IH = 0,5IIT. Biu thc (5.7) v (5.8) c th c coi l c s thc hin rle c hm. Cc rle ny da vo vic so snh 2 i lng:
I IT I IIT v 0,5 I IT + I IIT
. . . .

hay :

S ni BI vi rle nh hnh 5.7b qua BIG c t s bin i nI = 1, cun s ca BIG chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau, cun th c dng hm a vo b phn hm ca rle; Soure: BKEPS.COM

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dng so lch cung cp cho b phn lm vic ca rle c ly t im gia ca cun s BIG.

Hnh 5.7 : Bo v dng so lch c hm a) th vc t dng th trong mch bo v b) S nguyn l mt pha ca bo v

VII. nh gi bo v so lch dc:

VII.1. Tnh chn lc:
Theo nguyn tc tc ng, bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i. Khi trong h thng in c dao ng hoc xy ra tnh trng khng ng b, dng 2 u phn t c bo v lun bng nhau v khng lm cho bo v tc ng mt chn lc.

VII.2. Tc ng nhanh:
Do bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn khng yu cu phi phi hp v thi gian vi bo v cc phn t k. Bo v c th c thc hin tc ng khng thi gian.

VII.3. nhy:
Bo v c nhy tng i cao do dng khi ng c th chn nh hn dng lm vic ca ng dy.

VII.4. Tnh m bo:

S phn rle ca bo v khng phc tp lm v lm vic kh m bo. Nhc im ch yu ca bo v l c dy dn ph . Khi t dy dn ph c th lm ko di thi gian ngng hot ng ca bo v, hoc bo v c th tc ng khng ng (nu b phn kim tra t mch th khng lm vic). Gi thnh ca bo v c quyt nh bi gi thnh ca dy dn ph v chi ph lp t chng, do vy ng dy di gi thnh s rt cao. T nhng phn tch trn cho thy ch nn t bo v so lch dc cho nhng ng dy c chiu di khng ln ch yu l trong mng 110kV khi khng th p dng cc bo v khc n gin v tin cy hn. Lc y nn dng chung cp lm dy dn ph ca bo v, ng thi thc hin iu khin xa, o lng xa, thng tin lin lc... Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Bo v so lch dc c p dng rng ri bo v cho my pht, my bin p, thanh gp, ... do khng gp phi nhng kh khn v dy dn ph.

VIII. Bo v so lch ngang c hng:

Nguyn tc tc ng bo v so lch ngang da vo vic so snh dng trn 2 ng dy song song, trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi cc dng ny c tr s bng nhau v cng hng, cn khi pht sinh h hng trn mt ng dy th chng s khc nhau. Bo v c dng cho 2 ng dy song song ni vo thanh gp qua my ct ring. Khi h hng trn mt ng dy, bo v cn phi ct ch ng dy v gi nguyn ng dy khng h hng li lm vic. Mun vy bo v phi c t c 2 u ng dy v c thm b phn nh hng cng sut xc nh ng dy b h hng. S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v trn hnh 5.9. Cc my bin dng t trn 2 ng dy c t s bin i nI nh nhau, cun th ca chng ni vi nhau th no nhn c hiu cc dng pha cng tn. Rle dng 5RI lm nhim v ca b phn khi ng, rle 6RW tc ng 2 pha l b phn nh hng cng sut. Khi chiu dng in quy c nh trn hnh 5.9, ta c dng a vo cc rle ny l IR = IIT - IIIT . Ap a vo 6RW c ly t BU ni vo thanh gp trm. Rle 6RW s tc ng i ct ng dy c cng sut ngn mch hng t thanh gp vo ng dy v khi c 2 ng dy u c cng sut ngn mch hng t thanh gp vo ng dy th 6RW s tc ng v pha ng dy c cng sut ln hn. Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi, dng IIT , IIIT bng nhau v trng pha. Dng vo rle IR = IIT - IIIT gn bng 0 (IR = IKCB), nh hn dng khi ng IKR ca b phn khi ng 5RI v bo v s khng tc ng.

Hnh 5.9 : Bo v so lch ngang c hng dng cho 2 ng dy song song Khi ngn mch trn ng dy I im N (hnh 5.9), dng II > III . V pha trm A c IR = IIT - IIIT ; cn pha trm B c IR = 2IIIT. Rle 5RI c 2 pha u khi ng. Cng sut ngn mch trn ng dy I pha A ln hn trn ng dy II; do vy 6RW khi ng v pha ng dy I vSoure: BKEPS.COM bo v ct my ct 1MC. V pha trm B, cng sut ngn

42

mch trn ng dy I c du dng (hng t thanh gp vo ng dy), cn trn ng dy II - m. Do 6RW cng khi ng v pha ng dy I v ct my ct 1MC. Nh vy bo v m bo ct 2 pha ca ng dy h hng I. Khi ngn mch trn ng dy gn thanh gp (im N), dng vo rle pha trm B l IR 0 v lc u n khng khi ng. Tuy nhin bo v pha trm A tc ng do dng vo rle kh ln. Sau khi ct my ct 2MC, phn b dng trn ng dy c thay i v ch n lc ny bo v pha trm B mi tc ng ct 2MC. Hin tng khi ng khng ng thi va nu l khng mong mun v lm tng thi gian loi tr h hng ra khi mng in. Ngun thao tc c a vo bo v qua cc tip im ph ca 1MC v 2MC. Khi ct mt my ct th tip im ph ca n m v tch bo v ra. Cn thc hin nh vy v 2 l do sau: Sau khi ct 1 ng dy bo v tr thnh bo v dng cc i khng thi gian. Nu khng tch bo v ra, n c th ct khng ng ng dy cn li khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi. Bo v c th ct ng dy b h hng khng ng thi. Khi ngn mch ti im N, my ct 2MC ct trc, sau ton b dng h hng s i n ch ngn mch qua ng dy I. Nu khng tch bo v pha trm A ra, n c th ct khng ng 1MC ca ng dy I khng h hng.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng 6:

BO V KHONG CCH

I. Nguyn tc tc ng:
Bo v khong cch l loi bo v dng r le tng tr c thi gian lm vic ph thuc vo quan h gia in p UR v dng in IR a vo rle v gc R gia chng : U t = f ( R , R ) IR thi gian ny t ng tng ln khi khong cch t ch ni bo v n im h hng tng ln. Bo v t gn ch h hng nht c thi gian lm vic b nht Nu ni rle tng tr ca bo v khong cch (BVKC) vo hiu cc dng pha v in p dy tng ng (v du, 2 pha A,B) th khi ngn mch 2 pha A, B ta c: Dng vo rle: 1 IR = (I A I B ) nI Ap t vo rle: 1 1 UR = (U A U B ) = (I A I B ) Z1l nU nU UR Nh vy : = Z1 .l IR Trong : Z1 : tng tr th t thun ca 1 km ng dy. nI, nU : t s bin i ca BI v BU cung cp cho bo v. IA, IB : dng chy qua cun s cp ca BI t pha A, B. UA, UB : p pha A, B ti ch ni bo v (ch ni BU). l : khong cch t ch t bo v n im ngn mch Khi y: U t = f ( R , R ) = f ( Z1 .l , R ) IR Ban u n gin, coi bo v c thi gian lm vic khng ph thuc vo gc R: (6.1) t = f (Z1.l) Nh vy thi gian lm vic t ca bo v khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca p v dng a vo bo v m ch ph thuc vo khong cch t ch ni bo v n im h hng.

II. c tnh thi gian:

L quan h gia thi gian tc ng ca bo v vi khong cch hay tng tr n ch h hng. Hin nay thng dng bo v c c tnh thi gian hnh bc thang (nhiu cp). S vng v s cp thi gian thng 3 s bo v c n gin (hnh 6.1).

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Vng I c thi gian tc ng tI (tI xc nh bi thi gian khi ng ca cc rle, nu khng yu cu chnh nh khi thi gian tc ng ca chng st ng). Khi xt n sai s ca b phn khong cch, cng nh do mt s yu t khc, vng I c chn khong 80% n 85% chiu di on c bo v. Vng II c thi gian tc ng tII , thi gian tII ca tt c cc bo v u bng nhau v m bo chon lc tII phi ln hn mt bc t so vi thi gian lm vic ca bo v chnh t cc phn t k.

Hnh 6.1 : c tnh thi gian nhiu cp ca bo v khong cch

Chiu di ca vng II phi c gi tr th no m bo bo v tc ng chc chn vi thi gian tII khi ngn mch cui on c bo v. Khi thi gian tII c chn theo cch nh trn th chiu di ca vng II b gii hn bi yu cu chn lc ca cc bo v. Xt n cc sai s nu v tnh n chiu di ca vng I, vng II chim khong 30% n 40% chiu di on k. Vng III c thi gian tc ng tIII dng lm d tr cho cc on tip theo v bc ly ton b nhng on ny. Thi gian tIII ca cc bo v c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ngc chiu. Khi ngn mch qua in tr trung gian rq thi gian tc ng ca cc vng c th tng ln. V du, ngn mch vng I qua rq, bo v khong cch c th lm vic vi thi gian ca cp II hoc cp III (cc ng nt chm trn hnh 6.1). Sau y xt mt v d c th v c tnh thi gian lm vic hnh bc thang c 3 cp ca bo v khong cch (hnh 6.2).

Hnh 6.2 : Bo v khong cch trong mng h c ngun cung cp t 2 pha a) S mng c c bo v b) c tnh thi gian nhiu cp Khi xy ra ngn mch im N, cc bo v 3 v 4 ca ng dy h hng BC gn im ngn mch nht (c khong cch l3 v l4) s tc ng vi thi gian b nht tI. Cc bo v 1 v 6 cng khi ng nhng chng xa im ngn mch hn (l1 > l3 v l6 > l4) nn Soure: BKEPS.COM

45

chng ch c th tc ng nh l mt bo v d tr trong trng hp on BC khng c ct ra bi cc bo v 3 v 4. Cc bo v 2 v 5 cng cch im ngn mch mt khong l3 v l4 (ging nh bo v 3 v 4), mun chng khng tc ng th cc bo v ny cng nh tt c cc bo v khc phi c tnh nh hng, bo v ch tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp v pha ng dy c bo v. Tnh nh hng tc ng ca bo v c m bo nh b phn nh hng cng sut ring bit hoc l nh mt b phn chung va xc nh khong cch n im ngn mch va xc nh hng ca dng cng sut ngn mch.

III. S bo v khong cch:

Trong trng hp chung, bo v khong cch c cc b phn chnh nh sau: * B phn khi ng: c nhim v : - Khi ng bo v vo thi im pht sinh h hng. - Kt hp vi cc b phn khc lm bc bo v cui cng. B phn khi ng thng c thc hin nh rle dng cc i hoc rle tng tr cc tiu. * B phn khong cch : o khong cch t ch ni bo v n im h hng, thc hin bng rle tng tr. * B phn to thi gian: to thi gian lm vic tng ng vi khong cch n im h hng, c thc hin bng mt s rle thi gian khi bo v c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp. * B phn nh hng cng sut: ngn nga bo v tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch t ng dy c bo v i vo thanh gp ca trm, c thc hin bng rle nh hng cng sut ring bit hoc kt hp trong b phn khi ng v khong cch, nu cc b phn ny thc hin bng rle tng tr c hng. Trn hnh 6.3 l s nguyn l mt pha ca bo v khong cch c c tnh thi gian nhiu cp, c b phn khi ng dng in, khng c cc phn t no thc hin chung nhim v ca mt s b phn. B phn khi ng dng rle dng 3RI, b phn nh hng cng sut - 4RW, b phn khong cch - cp I: 5RZ, cp II: 6RZ, v b phn to thi gian - cp I: 8RGT, cp II: 10RT, cp III: 7RT. Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v, 3RI v 4RW s khi ng v khp tip im ca chng, cc (+) ca ngun thao tc c a n tip im ca 5RZ, 6RZ v n cun dy ca 7RT. Nu ngn mch xy ra trong phm vi vng I, cc rle 5RZ, 8RGT s khi ng v qua rle 9Th s a xung i ct 1MC vi thi gian tI. Nu xy ra h hng xa hn trong vng II, rle 5RZ khng khi ng, cc rle 6RZ v 10RT to thi gian tII ca cp th II s khi ng v cho xung i ct 1MC qua rle 11Th. Khi ngn mch xa hn na trong vng III, cc rle 5RZ v 6RZ s khng khi ng, 1MC b ct vi thi gian tIII to nn bi 7RT qua 12Th. Nh vy, trong s ang xt b phn khong cch khng kim sot vng III v khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (theo hnh 6.3) s lm vic nh l mt bo v dng cc i c hng.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hnh 6.3 : S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v khong cch

IV. Tng tr trn cc cc ca b phn khong cch:

thun tin cho tnh ton v phn tch s lm vic ca cc b phn khong cch, ngi ta a ra khi nim v tng tr trn cc cc rle. Tng tr gi tng ny trong trng hp chung khng c ngha vt l, n chnh l t s gia p UR v dng IR a vo rle. Thc t, khi nim ny c p dng rng ri do khi chn ng UR & IR (v du, p d ca nhnh ngn mch v dng gy nn p d ) th tng tr gi tng trn cc cc ca rle s t l vi khong cch t thanh gp ca trm c t bo v n im ngn mch trn ng dy. Tng t nh quan h vt l c trng bi tam gic in p ri, ngi ta phn ra (hnh 6.4) tng tr gi tng ZR = UR/IR , in tr gi tng tc dng rR = UR/IR cosR v phn khng xR =UR/IR sinR . Ty thuc vo vic thc hin b phn Hnh 6.4 : th vect p v dng a khong cch m ngi ta dng mt vo cc cc ca b phn khong cch trong cc i lng gi tng ni trn. Cc b phn khong cch v khi ng lun lun dng cc rle th cp m p v dng a n chng thng qua cc my bin i o lng. Lin h gia tng tr s v th cp, v d i vi rle tng tr, nh sau : U RT n UR n Z RT = = I . S = I Z RS (6.2) I RT n U I RS nU Khi nI = nU th Z R = Z R . n gin, coi tng tr th cp bng tng tr s cp,
T S

tc l coi cc h s bin i nI v nU bng nhau (coi nI = nU = 1).

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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V. S dng mt phng phc tng tr phn tch s lm vic ca rle tng tr :

Hnh 6.5 : Biu din trong mt phng phc tng tr a) tng tr u cc rle b) ng dy c bo v Vic nghin cu s lm vic ca rle tng tr ni vo mt in p v mt dng in c tin hnh rt tin li trong mt phng phc tng tr ZR = (UR/IR).ejR (hnh 6.5a). Gc R c tnh t trc (+) theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h, lc vector IR xem nh l gn cht trn trc (+). Hnh chiu ca vector ZR ln trc j l thnh phn phn khng xR = ZRsinR v ln trc (+) l thnh phn tc dng rR = ZRcosR. ng dy BC c bo v c tng tr mang tnh cm, biu din trong phn t th 1 bng s phc ZlBC =Z1.lBC.ej l . Rle tng tr ang xt t u ng dy BC v pha trm B c xem nh nm gc ta (hnh 6.5 b). ng dy CD c tng tr ZlCD =Z1.lCD.ej l nm phn t th 1 trn ng ko di ca s phc ZlBC ,cn ng dy AB c tng tr ZlAB =Z1.lAB.ej l nm phn t th 3 trn ng ko di v pha ngc li. Vng I cu bo v ng dy BC c c trng bi tng tr 0,85 ZlBC, khi khng c nhng yu t lm sai lch nhiu n s lm vic ca bo v th rle tng tr cn c c tnh khi ng bc ly s phc 0,85 ZlBC nh vng gch cho trn hnh 6.5b. Thc t m bo s lm vic chc chn ca bo v, vng khi ng ca rle tng tr c m rng ng k (tt nhin v tr xc nh im cui ca vng bo v th khng th m rng). c tnh khi ng ZK= f(R) biu din trong mt phng phc l ng cong bc ly vng khi ng. Theo dng c tnh khi ng ngi ta phn ra mt s loi rle tng tr sau :

V.1. Rle tng tr v hng:

ZK = k = const (6.3) c tnh ca rle l vng trn c tm gc ta (hnh 6.6 a). Tr s tng tr khi ng ca rle ny khng ph thuc gc R gia UR v IR .

V.2. Rle tng tr c hng c c tnh vng trn:

ZK = kcos(R + ) (6.4) c tnh ca rle l vng trn i qua gc ta (hnh 6.6 b). Rle s c nhy ln nht c trng bng ZKmax = k khi = -R. Thng chn = - l do vy khi xy ra ngn mch trc tip trn ng dy, tng ng vi R = l, bo v s c nhy ln nht. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Rle nh hng cng sut c xem nh l rle tng tr c hng c c tnh vng trn vi bn knh bng v cng (hnh 6.6c). c tnh nh vy l ng thng qua gc ta v to vi trc (+) mt gc (90o - ). Nhc im ca rle tng tr c hng v rle nh hng cng sut l tn ti vng cht khng nhng khi ngn mch ba pha m c khi ngn mch hai pha. Nguyn do l rle tng tr lm vic ng v nhn c ZR t l vi khong cch n ch ngn mch, ngi ta a vo rle dng cc pha h hng v p d ca cc nhnh h hng, nu ngn mch trc tip gn ch t bo v th p a vo rle c th tin n 0.

Hnh 6.6 : c tnh khi ng ca rle tng tr trong mt phng phc a) v hng b) c hng c) nh hng cng sut d) hn hp e) kt hp rle tng tr c hng v hn hp f ) phn khng

V.3. Rle hn hp (tc dng - phn khng):

1 (6.5) cos( R + ) c tnh ca rle l cc ng thng cch gc ta mt khong bng k (ng 1 v 2 - hnh 6.6d ). ng 1 ng vi gi tr nm trong khong (- , -/2), ng 2 - trong khong (0 , /2). Gc nhy b nht ca rle l R = - . c tnh ca rle ct cc trc (+) v (+j) mt khong tng ng bng k k va cos sin Rle loi ny thng khng s dng c lp lm b phn o khong cch. C th dng n cho bo v ng dy di ti nng ct bt mt phn vng khi ng, v d nh ct bt mt phn vng khi ng ca rle tng tr c hng (hnh 6.6 e). Z K = k

V.4. Rle tng tr phn khng:

XK = k = const Soure: BKEPS.COM (6.6)

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c tnh ca rle l ng thng song song vi trc (+) (hnh 6.6 f). y l trng hp ring ca rle hn hp khi = - /2. Rle tng tr c th l cc i hoc cc tiu. Loi rle tng tr cc tiu thch hp hn lm b phn khi ng v khong cch. Ch lm vic ca ng dy c bo v c th c trng bng tng tr phc ZR trn u cc rle tng tr. S phc ZR ny c biu din mt v tr xc nh trn mt phng phc tng tr. V vy phn tch s lm vic ca rle tng tr ni vo mt p v mt dng c th thc hin bng phng php th khi so snh vng c cha ZR vi vng khi ng ca bo v.

VI. S ni rle tng tr vo p dy v hiu dng pha :

T hp cc dng v p u cc ca 3 rle tng tr ni theo s hnh 6.9 c a ra trong bng 6.1 Khi N(3) tai im N (hnh 6.10) cch ch t bo v mt khong l, ta c : U ( 3) IR(3) = 3I ( 3) , U R ( 3) = 3.I ( 3) . Z1.l , Z R ( 3) = R3) = Z1.l I R( Trong : Z1 - tng tr th t thun ca 1 Km ng dy quy v pha th cp ca cc my bin i o lng theo (6.2). Khi N(2) , v d B v C, ch c rle 2RZ nhn in p ca nhnh ngn mch l lm vic ng. i vi n :
) ) ) I (R22 = 2I ( 2) , U ( 22 = U ( 2) = 2I ( 2) Z1l , Z ( 22 = Z1l = Z ( 3) R bc R R

Hnh 6.9 : S ni rle tng tr vo p dy v hiu dng pha a) khi cc BI ni b) khi dng BI trung gian khng bo ha Bng 6.1 Rle 1RZ 2RZ 3RZ
. . .

IR I a I b I b I c I c I a
. . . . .

UR
.

U ab
.

U bc
.

U ca

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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a vo u cc cc rle 1RZ v 3RZ l dng in I(2) v in p ln hn Ubc(2) . V vy, tng tr trn cc cc ca rle 1RZ v 3RZ tng ln v bo v s khng tc ng nhm. Khi ngn mch 2 pha chm t (v d B v C) trong mng c dng chm t ln, cng ch c 2RZ lm vic ng. i vi n:
1 U (1,2 ) R
. (1,1) Ub . (1,1) Uc

Hnh 6.10 : Ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v

. (1,1) . (1,1) U b Uc
. (1,1) + I c . Z M .l . (1,1) + I b . Z M .l

trong :

= =

. (1,1) I b . Z L .l . (1,1) I c . Z L .l

Khi thay ZL - ZM = Z1, ta c :

1 U (1,2 ) R = 1 I (1,2 ) R . (1,1) . (1,1) Ib Ic . (1,1) . (1,1) Ib Ic

1 Z (1,2 ) = R

Z1l = Z1l = Z ( 3) R

Nh vy, s ang xt m bo tng tr ZR ging nhau i vi tt c cc dng ngn mch nhiu pha mt im. S ni rle vo hiu dng pha cn c thc hin qua my bin dng trung gian khng bo ha c 2 cun s (hnh 6.9b). Nhc im ch yu ca s l phi dng 3 rle tng tr ch chng ngn mch nhiu pha mt im. khc phc, ngi ta dng ch 1 rle tng tr v thit b t ng chuyn mch p v dng i vi cc dng ngn mch khc nhau.

VII. S ni rle tng tr vo p pha v dng pha c b thnh phn th t khng - S b dng :
T hp cc dng v p u cc ba rle tng tr cho trong bng 6.2. Khi N(1) chm t, v d pha A, ti im N ca ng dy (hnh 6.10), ch c rle 1RZ (hnh 6.11) ni vo p ca nhnh ngn mch Ua l tc ng ng. Vi:

U a = U1 + U 2 + U 0 Ap ca mt th t bt k c xc nh bng tng ca p im ngn mch N v p ri trn chiu di l, vd:

U 0 = U 0N + I 0 Z 0l
V vy:
. . .
. . . . . . . . . .

U a = U1N + I 1 Z1l + U 2N + I 2 Z 2l + U 0N + I 0 Z 0l
.

Tng U N = U1N + U 2N + U 0N = 0 v l p ti im h hng. i vi ng dy th Z1 = Z2 . Do vy :

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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. . . .

U a = I 1 Z1l + I 2 Z1l + I 0 Z 0l = I 1 Z1l + I 2 Z1l + I 0 Z 0l + (I 0 Z1l I 0 Z1l ) = I a Z1l + I 0 ( Z 0 Z1 )l .

. . . . . . .

Hnh 6.11 : S ni rle tng tr vo p pha v dng pha c b thnh phn dng in th t khng Bng 6.2 Rle 1RZ 2RZ 3RZ Nu chon h s b k =
.

IR

UR
. .

I a + k .I 0 I b + k .I 0 I c + k .I 0
. .

Ua
.

Ub
.

Uc

Z 0 Z1 Z1
.

th tng tr trn cc cc ca rle 1RZ s l:

.

Ua
) Z (11 R

Ia+ =
.

Z 0 Z1
.

I0 . Z1l = Z1l

Z1 Ia+ k I0
. .

Ia+ k I0

. .

Tng tr trn cc cc ca rle tng tr 2RZ , 3RZ ca cc pha khng h hng tng ln, v vy bo v s khng tc ng nhm. Gc tng tr Z0 v Z1 l khng nh nhau, do vy trong trng hp tng qut h s k l mt s phc. thun tin, ngi ta b qua s khc bit ca gc tng tr Z1, Z0 v chn k = (Z0-Z1)/Z1 hay k =(x0-x1)/x1. Trng hp ny tng ng vi s hnh 6.11, rle tng tr c cung cp bng dng in qua BI trung gian khng bo ha. V d : ly Z0 3,5Z1 (i vi ng dy trn khng c dy chng st), ta s c k = 2,5. to nn lc t ha tng t l vi Ip + kI0, quan h ca s vng Wp v W0 ca hai cun s c dng Ip v 3I0 cn phi tng ng vi biu thc : Wp : W0 = 1 : k/3 1 : 0,83. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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S c th tc ng ng khng nhng khi ngn mch mt pha m c khi ngn mch hai pha chm t v khi chm t kp cc phn t c I0 0 trong mng c dng chm t b. kt lun, cn lu rng khi loi tr s b dng khi s xt trn, tc l IR l dng pha th : ZR = Z1.l + (I0/IR).(Z0 - Z1).l . Lc tng tr ZR ph thuc khng nhng vo khong cch l m cn vo t s I0/Ip. T s ny c th thay i trong phm vi rng khi thay i ch lm vic ca h thng. Chnh iu lm cho hn ch kh nng ng dng ca s .

VIII. S s dng mt rle tng tr c chuyn mch mch in p tc ng khi ngn mch nhiu pha :
S c thc hin nh rle tng tr 1RZ ni vo hiu dng hai pha (theo hnh 6.12, I R = I a I c ) v in p t l hoc bng p d ca nhnh ngn mch khi ngn mch gia cc pha. Cc b phn khi ng dng 2RI v 3RI ni vo dng pha lm nhim v xc nh dng ngn mch v t chuyn mch in p. 2) Khi N(3) hay N (AC , rle 2RI v 3RI khi ng a p Uac n rle 1RZ. V vy:
Z ( 3) R = 3I ( 3) Z1l 3 I ( 3) = Z1l .
. . .

Z ( 2) = Rac

2I ( 2) Z1l = Z1l . 2I ( 2)
. .

Khi N ( 2) , N ( 2) a n 1RZ l dng 1 pha, tng ng l I a , I c . AB BC ZR c c gi tr t l vi khong cch l, p a n rle phi gim 2 ln nh in tr ph (hnh 6.12a) hoc bin p t ngu (hnh 6.12b). S hnh 6.12b cn thit i vi nhng rle tng tr lm vic theo c gi tr v gc lch pha gia UR v IR (v d rle tng tr c hng, hnh 6.6b).

Hnh 6.12 : S ni mt rle tng tr c chuyn mch mch in p tc ng khi ngn mch gia cc pha. a. dng in tr ph b. dng bin p t ngu ( 2) Nh vy, khi N AB ta c: Soure: BKEPS.COM

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0,5U ( 2) 2I ( 2) Z1l ab = ( 2) = 0,5 a( 2) = Z1l Ia Ia Nh vy, c th m bo ZR nh nhau i vi tt c nhng dng ngn mch gia cc 2) 2) pha. Tuy nhin , khi N (AB hoc N (BC th dng ph ti qua pha khng h hng (tng ng l dng pha C hoc A) s nh hng n s lm vic ca rle. Tr s ZR cng c th sai lch do b phn khi ng lm vic khng ng (ch c mt rle RI khi ng) trong trng hp dng ngn mch gn vi dng khi ng ca chng. Lc , tng tr ZR c th gim nhiu do a ti rle tng tr mt in p gim thp (trng hp gii hn gim hai ln). u im ca s l tng i n gin v ch dng mt rle tng tr. Tuy nhin, xt n nhng nhc im nu trn v nhiu nhc im khc, s ch hn ch p dng, chng hn nh, cho bo v chng ngn mch nhiu pha ng dy ct. Z ( 2) Rab

IX. Cc yu t nh hng n s lm vic ca bo v khong cch:

IX.1. nh hngca in tr qu n n s lm vic ca b phn khong cch :
Anh hng ca in tr qu rq n s lm vic ca b phn khong cch c xt i vi mng h c ngun cp t hai pha (hnh 6.13) u cc rle tng tr t ng dy AB v pha trm A (v du, ni vi p dy v hiu dng pha) khi N(2) qua rq u ng dy BC s c tng tr bng :
.

Z RA =

Ud
.

I NAB Z1l AB + I N rq
.

= Z1l AB +

IN
.

rq
(6.13)

Id = Z1l AB + IN

I NAB rqej

I NAB

I NAB trong : - gc lch pha gia dng IN im h hng v dng INAB.

Hnh 6.13 : nh hng ca in tr qu n s lm vic ca rle tng tr. a) s mng b) tng tr u cc rle

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Tng t i vi rle tng tr ni vo ng dy BC v pha trm C khi h hng cng im :

.

I NBC I NBC - gc lch pha gia dng IN v dng INBC trong ng dy BC, nu dng v IN vt trc INBC , th gc s m v IN chm sau INAB . Tng tr u cc rle ca ng dy BC t v pha trm B, d khong cch t n n im ngn mch bng 0, vn c mt gi tr hu hn:
.

Z RC = Z1l BC +

IN
.

rq = Z1l BC +

IN

rqej

Z RB =

IN
.

rq

I NAB Cc biu thc ni trn cho thy in tr qa rq trong trng hp chung lm sai lch s lm vic ca cc rle tng tr, tng tr ZR u cc ca chng s khng cn t l vi khong cch l n im h hng. Tng tr u cc rle tng ln do rq lm cho im ngn mch nh l li xa hn v bo v c th tc ng vi thi gian ln hn ca cp sau, v d cp II thay v cp I. Nh vy, do nh hng ca rq bo v khong cch s c th tc ng chm hn nhng vn khng mt tnh chn lc.

IX.2. nh hng ca trm trung gian:

Trn hnh 6.17a l mt phn ca mng in, xt ngn mch xy ra on BD cch thanh gp B mt khang l. Qua cc on AB v CB c dng IAB v ICB. Dng ngn mch trn on h hng BD l:

I BD = I AB + I CB Khi ngn mch nhiu pha, tng tr u cc rle tng tr t v pha trm A ca ng dy AB l :
Z RA = I AB . Z1.l AB + I BD . Z1 .l
. . . .

= Z1.l AB +

I BD
.

. Z1 .l

I AB 1 = Z1.l AB + . . Z1 .l KI

I AB

(6.14)

trong :

K I = I AB / I BD Nh vy, tng tr u cc rle A c xc nh khng nhng bng v tr ca im h hng, m cn bng h s phn b dng, h s ny c trng cho phn dng ca on h hng i qua on khng h hng.

Trong tnh ton thc t, thng b qua gc lch pha gia cc dng v coi KI l s thc. Lc y, nu KI <1 th tng tr ZRA s tng ln, ngha l rle ti trm A s o c mt tng tr ln hn tng tr thc t v bo v s khng tc ng nhm. Tuy nhin nu KI >1, v d khi ng dy n ni vi hai ng dy song song (hnh 6.17b), bo v A c th tc ng nhm; m bo tc ng chn lc ca bo v A trong trng hp ny, tng tr khi ng ca rle tng tr cp II cn c tnh chn c xt n s gim thp ca ZRA do nh hng ca trm trung gian.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hnh 6.17 : Anh hng ca h s phn b dng KI n s lm vic ca rle tng tr t ti trm A. a) KI < 1 b) KI > 1

IX.3. nh hng ca t ni dy my bin p:

Khi gia ch ni bo v v im ngn mch c thm cc my bin p c t ni dy Y/Y (hay my bin p t ngu), rle tng tr s lm vic ng, ch khc l gi tr ZR u cc rle l tng ca tng tr cc on ng dy v cc my bin p tng ng. Vn ng quan tm y l trng hp cc my bin p c t ni dy Y/ hoc /Y, chng s c nh hng ln n s lm vic ca cc rle tng tr khi xy ra ngn mch hai pha.

Hnh 6.18 : Anh hng ca my bin p c t ni dy Y/ n s lm vic ca rle tng tr. Khi ngn mch gia cc pha A v C sau my bin p ni Y/ -11 (hnh 6.18), ta c th tnh c tng tr u cc cc rle ni vo dng v p gia cc pha t trn ng dy v pha ngun cung cp nh sau : ZRab = (dng cc pha A,B bng nhau, Iab = 0) 3 ZRbc = Z1l + ZB - j ( Z 2H + Z1l + Z B ) 3 3 ZRca = Z1l + ZB + j ( Z 2H + Z1l + Z B ) 3 trong :Z2H - tng tr th t ngch ca ngun cung cp ZB - tng tr ca my bin p Z1l - tng tr ng dy (coi Z1 = Z2). Cc biu thc trn cho thy, rle tng tr ca bo v ng dy c ZR tng ln (so vi Z1l + ZB) v bo v s khng tc ng nhm. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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IX.4. nh hng ca sai s BI v BU:

Sai s ca BI l do mch t BI b bo ha, lm gim dng th cp so vi gi tr xc nh theo t s bin i nh mc. iu lm gim chiu di vng bo v. V vy, BI c kim tra theo ng cong sai s 10% i vi gi tr cc i ca dng in khi ngn mch cui vng bo v th nht. Sai s v p c quyt nh bi chnh xc ca bn thn BU cng nh do p ri trn cc dy ni. Thng dng cc BU c cng sut kh ln, sai s ca chng nm trong phm vi cho php. Tuy nhin, nu t BU n ch t bo v c khong cch ln th thng phi dng cc dy dn ph tit din ln gim tn tht in p trong chng.

X. nh gi v lnh vc ng dng ca bo v khong cch :

X.1. Tnh chn lc :
Theo nguyn tc tc ng ca mnh, bo v m bo ct chn lc h hng trong cc mng c hnh dng bt k vi s ngun cung cp ty .

X.2. Tc ng nhanh :
Tc ng khng thi gian ch c thc hin i vi cp I ca bo v, bao bc khng qu 85% chiu di phn t c bo v. Khi tnh n tc ng ca cc bo v v hai pha ca ng dy, s c khng t hn 30% chiu di ca ng dy m khi h hng xy ra trong c ct v mt trong hai pha vi thi gian ca cp II (thng l vo khong 0,5 sec). Thi gian ct ngn mch ko di nh vy, d l ngn mch xa thanh gp ca trm, i khi l khng cho php. nh gi kh nng cho php ct ngn mch vi thi gian lm vic ca cp II, c th s dng tiu chun in p d Ud trn thanh gp ca trm. Ct vi thi gian cp II c coi l cho php, nu trong tnh trng ct khng ng thi ngn mch 3 pha (hnh 6.27) u vng II ca bo v c :

U ( 3) = 0,85. 3. Z1 .l .I ( 3) 0,6. U m d N

X.3. nhy :
nhy ca bo v trc ht c xc nh bi cc b phn khi ng ca n. Trong a s trng hp, nhy i vi ngn mch trn on c bo v l m bo c. Tuy nhin, nhy ca bo v khi lm nhim v d tr cho cc h hng on k c th khng t yu cu.

Hnh 6.27 : iu kin tnh ton kim tra in p d khi c ngn mch trong mng in Soure: BKEPS.COM

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X.4. Tnh m bo :
Ngay c nhng s bo v hin i u bao gm mt s lng ng k cc b phn phc tp cn thit cho vic khi ng nhm bo v lm vic ng n. iu s lm phc tp s vn hnh cc bo v v c th lm mt kh nng lm vic ng n ca bo v. Mc d c mt s nhc im phn tch trn, nguyn tc khong cch vn c s dng rng ri trong thc t thc hin cc bo v chng ngn mch nhiu pha. iu ny c gii thch l do ch c s dng nguyn tc ny mi c th thc hin c cc bo v ct chn lc cc on ng dy v thanh gp ca cc trm k khi ngn mch nhiu pha trong cc mng c hnh dng bt k. Bo v khong cch cng c dng lm d tr khi s dng cc bo v dc (nh bo v so lch dc, bo v tn s cao) lm nhim v bo v chnh tc ng khng thi gian trn ton b chiu di ca phn t c bo v.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng 7 : BO V TN S CAO V V TUYN

I. Cc phng php thc hin bo v dc:
Mun ct nhanh ng dy b h hng c th s dng bo v dc da trn nguyn tc so snh cc i lng in hai u ca ng dy. Vic lin lc gia hai u ng dy c th thc hin bng dy dn ph, knh tn s cao, knh v tuyn...Bo v dc thc hin SO SNH TRC TIP cc i lng hai u ng dy nu cc i lng cn so snh c truyn qua knh lin lc, v SO SNH GIN TIP nu truyn qua knh lin lc l cc tn hiu kha hoc cho php tc ng. Bo v dng so lch dng dy dn ph (chng 5) l mt loi bo v dc trong so snh trc tip dng in hai u phn t c bo v. Trong mng in p cao, bo v khong cch v bo v dng c hng thng khng m bo yu cu tc ng nhanh. Cc bo v so lch dc dng dy dn ph khi xt v mt kinh t - k thut ch c dng i vi ng dy c chiu di ngn. mng 110KV tr ln, ngi ta s dng BO V TN S CAO, l loi bo v dc m vic lin lc gia hai u ng dy c thc hin bng tn hiu tn s cao (khong 50 300 KHz) truyn theo dy dn ca chnh ng dy . C nhiu phng php thc hin bo v tn s cao. Nhng phng php ch yu l : 1) BO V TN S CAO C HNG :da vo vic so snh gin tip du cng sut hai u ng dy. 2) BO V SO LCH PHA : da vo vic so snh trc tip gc pha ca dng in hai u ng dy c bo v. BO V V TUYN l loi bo v dc m lin lc gia cc u ng dy c thc hin bng tn hiu v tuyn sng cc ngn. Cc loi bo v c hng v so lch pha ni trn nu khng dng knh lin lc tn s cao, m l knh v tuyn th chng s khng phi l bo v tn s cao, m l bo v v tuyn. Do tnh cht khc nhau ca knh tn s cao v knh v tuyn nn s thc hin ca cc bo v tng ng cng khc nhau. Trng hp tng qut knh tn s cao v v tuyn c th c dng truyn tn hiu KHA hoc CHO PHP. Khi c tn hiu kha t u kia ca ng dy truyn n, th bo v u ny s b ngn cm tc ng v ngc li, nhn c tn hiu cho php s lm cho bo v c th tc ng v ct ngn mch. Tn hiu c th truyn qua knh lin lc mt cch lin tc hoc ch vo lc pht sinh ngn mch. Trn hnh 7.1 l s mng in c bo v bng cc bo v dc. Cc na b bo v c t hai u mi on ng dy. Gi s xt ngn mch im N trn on BC. Khi s dng bo v tn s cao c tn hiu cho php th trn on h hng tn hiu phi truyn qua ch ngn mch. Lc y tin cy tc ng ca bo v c th b gim thp. Nu s dng tn hiu kha, th trn an khng h hng AB v CD tn hiu c truyn i mt cch chc chn. Cn on h hng BC lc ny khng yu cu phi truyn tn hiu kha v bo v ca on ny s m bo khi ng c. Nh vy, i vi bo v tn s cao th s dng tn hiu kha s hp l hn.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hnh 7.1: Mng c ngun cung cp t hai pha c bo v bng bo v dc Knh v tuyn khng c nhng nhc im nu trn, do vy c th c s dng truyn tn hiu kha cng nh tn hiu cho php. Knh v tuyn v knh tn s cao cng c th s dng ng thi cho bo v rle, iu khin xa, o lng xa v thng tin lin lc.

II. Bo v c hng c kha tn s cao:

II.I. Nguyn tc lm vic:
Bo v c hng v c kha lm vic da trn nguyn tc so snh gin tip hng (du) ca cng sut ngn mch hai u on ng dy c bo v. Bo v ch tc ng khi cng sut ngn mch hai u ng dy c hng t thanh gp vo ng dy (i vi cng sut th t nghch v th t khng - t ng dy vo thanh gp) Xt s mng in hnh 7.4, gi s ngn mch ti im N trn on ng dy BC. c hai pha ca on ny cng sut ngn mch c hng t thanh gp v pha ng dy (n ch ngn mch). Cc bo v 3,4 s khng gi tn hiu kha i v s tc ng ct khng thi gian my ct hai u on BC. cc on AB, CD khng h hng, cng sut mt pha c hng t ng dy vo thanh gp. Cc bo v 2 v 5 s xc nh cng sut ngc hng nn chng khng tc ng, ng thi s gi tn hiu kha n cc bo v 1 v 6 u kia ca ng dy lm cho cc bo v 1 v 6 cng khng tc ng c.

Hnh 7.4: Mng c ngun cung cp t hai pha c bo v bng bo v c hng c kha Theo nguyn tc lm vic, bo v m bo tc ng chn lc m khng yu cu phi phi hp v thi gian vi cc bo v khc. Do vy bo v c thc hin lm vic khng thi gian. y l loi bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i, nn khng th s dng lm d tr khi ngn mch phn t k.

II.2. S thc hin bo v:

Xt s bo v nh hnh 7.5, trong s ny cc b phn chnh ca bo v c th ni vo dng v p pha ton phn hoc cc thnh phn i xng ca chng. i vi mi na b bo v, b phn khi ng gm hai rle dng: 1RI v 2RI c nhy khc nhau. Rle 1RI c dng khi ng b hn, lm nhim v khi ng my pht tn hiu kha tn s cao. Rle 2RI tc ng ct my ct thng qua rle nh hng cng sut 3RW, v cc rle trung gian 4RG, 6RG. Rle 4RG c hai cun dy: lm vic v hm. Cun lm vic nhn ngun thao tc khi rle 2RI v 3RW khi ng. Cun hm c cp dng chnh lu t my thu tn s cao khi c tn hiu kha tn s cao u vo ca n. Rle 4RG tc ng khi ch c dng trong cun lm vic. Khi c dng Soure: BKEPS.COM trong cun hm hoc trong c hai cun dy th rle 4RG s

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khng khi ng. Do vy, nh c rle 4RG m bo v ch tc ng khi h hng trn on c bo v v lc y khng c tn hiu kha. m bo my pht tn s cao khng lm vic khi ngn mch trn on ng dy c bo v, trong s s dng rle trung gian 5RG c tip im thng kn. Bo v tc ng i ct my ct thng qua rle trung gian 6RG v rle tn hiu 7Th.

II.3. Hot ng ca s khi ngn mch:

II.3.1. Ngn mch ngoi: (v pha trm B)
Rle 1RI thc hin khi ng my pht tn s cao c hai pha ca ng dy. My pht gi tn hiu kha n rle 4RG u kia ca ng dy (theo knh tn s cao), cng nh n 4RG u ny (trc tip qua my thu). ng thi rle 2RI khi ng a p vo cun dy v a cc dng (+) ngun thao tc n tip im ca rle nh hng cng sut 3RW. Rle 3RW pha A khp tip im a ngun n rle trung gian 5RG v cun lm vic ca rle 4RG. Rle 5RG m tip im lm h mch khi ng my pht, my pht tn s cao pha A ngng lm vic. Tuy nhin rle 3RW pha B khng khi ng do hng cng sut ngn mch i vo thanh gp. My pht pha B vn tip tc lm vic, gi tn hiu kha qua knh tn s cao n rle 4RG pha A. Nh vy pha A, rle 4RG c dng trong c 2 cun lm vic v hm nn n khng khi ng, bo v khng tc ng. pha B cng tng t, bo v khng tc ng do 4RG ch c dng trong cun hm.

II.3.2. Ngn mch trong vng bo v khi c ngun cung cp t hai pha:
Cc rle dng 1RI, 2RI, rle nh hng cng sut 3RW v rle trung gian 5RG khi ng c hai phi ca ng dy c bo v. My pht tn s cao c hai pha u khng lm vic do vy khng c tn hiu kha gi n cun hm ca cc rle trung gian 4RG. Lc ny rle 4RG ch c dng vo cun lm vic, nn chng tc ng v ng dy b h hng c ct ra c hai pha.

II.3.3. Ngn mch trong vng bo v khi ch c ngun cung cp t 1 pha: (Gi s ch c ngun cung cp pha trm A)
Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v, pha B b phn khi ng khng lm vic, pha A sau khi rle 5RG tc ng, tn hiu kha s khng cn, rle 4RG ch c dng trong cun lm vic v bo v tc ng ct ng dy b h hng v pha A. Khi c ngun cung cp t hai pha, c th xy ra hin tng khi ng khng ng thi nu lc u s phn b dng nh th no khin cho bo v ch khi ng v mt pha. Lc y bo v tc ng ct ng dy ging nh trng hp c mt ngun cung cp.

II.3.4. Ngn mch khi knh tn s cao b hng:

Khi ngn mch trn on c bo v v knh thng tin b hng, th bo v khng lm vic sai bi v ch yu cu knh lm vic tt khi ngn mch ngoi. Trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi nu hng knh thng tin th bo v c th tc ng nhm. Tuy nhin trong thc t xc sut l rt b.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Soure: BKEPS.COM

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II.4. L do t 2 rle dng b phn khi ng:

Khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi, bo v s m bo tc ng ng nu b phn khi ng c hai pha ca ng dy ng thi lm vic. Gi thit mi na b bo v mi u ng dy ch dng 1 rle dng lm nhim v khi ng. Khi dng ngn mch ngoi xp x vi dng khi ng ca rle ny, do sai s khc nhau ca cc my bin dng v rle hai pha ng dy nn c th ch c b phn khi ng mt u ng dy lm vic. iu khin cho bo v tc ng khng ng v ct ng dy khng b h hng. Trng hp tng t cng c th xy ra nu cc rle mt pha lm vic nhanh hn pha kia. ngn nga tc ng nhm nh vy trong s hnh 7.5 s dng b phn khi ng gm 2 rle dng : 1RI v 2RI c nhy khc nhau. (1RI nhy hn khong 1,5 ln so vi 2RI). Khi thc hin s nh vy, rle 2RI ch c th tc ng n mch ct nu rle 1RI nhy hn chc chn khi ng, m bo kha bo v trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi. Cng c th thc hin s ch c 1 rle dng trong b phn khi ng nu my pht tn s cao c khi ng t xa (s xt n mc III.9). Lc y b phn khi ng mt pha lm vic s ng thi khi ng c hai my pht tn s cao hai u ng dy.

II.5. c im lm vic ca bo v khi ngn mch trn ng dy ch c ngun cung cp 1 pha:

i vi bo v ni vo dng v p pha ton phn: B phn khi ng quyt nh s lm vic ca bo v. Nu b phn khi ng l loi dng in chnh nh khi dng ti cc i th na b bo v pha ngun s tc ng. Nu dng b phn khi ng tng tr th bo v c th khng tc ng c do rle tng tr v pha nhn in khi ng khi in p gim thp v dng ph ti vn cn tn ti. i vi bo v ni vo thnh phn th t khng: Khi trung tnh v pha nhn in cch t th na b bo v pha ngun s lm vic. Nu ni t trung tnh pha nhn in th cc na b bo v hai pha ng dy u lm vic ng.

III. Bo v so lch pha tn s cao :

III.1. Nguyn tc lm vic:
BO V DNG LNH PHA TN S CAO l loi bo v da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip vect dng hai u ng dy c bo v, cc vect dng c bin i thnh tn hiu tn s cao, truyn t 1 pha ca ng dy n pha kia theo knh tn s cao v c so snh vi nhau. Trong trng hp s dng knh v tuyn th l BO V DNG SO LCH V TUYN. Cc vect dng c c trng bi ln v gc pha. Do vy so snh chng cn c 2 knh tn s cao (mt - truyn gi tr ln ca vect, mt - gc pha). Trong a s trng hp bo v ch thc hin so snh gc pha ca dng in. Bo v da vo vic so snh gc pha ca dng in c gi l BO V SO LNH PHA.. Khi ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v (hnh 7.10a) dng II v III hai pha c gc lch rt nh (khi hng quy c l t thanh gp vo ng dy). Tr s ca c xc nh t gc lch pha ca cc vect sc in ng ng tr EI v EII ca hai phn h thng in v s khc nhau ca gc tng tr n im ngn mch (hnh 7.10b). Trong trng hp ny bo v tc ng ct h hng c hai pha ca ng dy. Khi ngn mch ngoi th II v III c gi tr bng nhau, nhng lch pha nhau mt gc 180o (hnh 7.10c), lc ny bo v khng tc ng. Bo v thng c thc hin m bo tc ng c khi Soure: ch c ngun ngn mch trn ng dy lm vic BKEPS.COM cung cp 1 pha.

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Hnh 7.10 : Bo v tc ng da vo vic so snh gc pha ca dng in a) S mng b) Ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v c) Ngn mch ngoi

III.2. S thc hin bo v:

Ta kho st bo v so lch pha tn s cao c s thc hin nh hnh 7.11. i vi mi na b bo v mi u ng dy, b phn khi ng gm 4 rle dng: 1RI, 2RI, 3RI, 4RI. Rle 1RI v 2RI ni vo dng pha ton phn dng khi ng bo v khi ngn mch 3 pha i xng. Rle 3RI v 4RI ni vo thnh phn th t nghch qua b lc 5LI2 dng khi ng bo v khi ngn mch khng i xng. Rle 1RI v 3RI c nhy cao hn (so vi rle 2RI v 4RI) khi ng my pht tn s cao thng qua rle 6RGT, cn cc rle 2RI v 4RI cng vi rle 7RGT chun b cho mch ct. Vic truyn thng tin v gc pha ca dng in t 1 u n u kia ca ng dy c thc hin theo knh tn s cao. My pht tn s cao sau khi lm vic s c iu khin trc tip bi cc dng cn so snh thng qua b phn iu khin 8K. B phn ny thc hin ng, m my pht theo chu k tn s cng nghip. Nh vy dng tn s cao b khng ch bi dng ngn mch. Khi ngn mch, dng tn s cao c truyn i khng lin tc nh bo v c hng tn s cao. di ca mi xung tn hiu bng na chu k tn s cng nghip. Pha ca tn hiu tn s cao c iu ch s tng ng vi pha ca dng ngn mch u ng dy. thc hin bo v vi mt knh tn s cao, h thng dng ba pha hai u ng dy c bin i thnh dng mt pha nh b lc thnh phn i xng phc hp 9LF (v d, I1+ kI2), dng u ra b lc 9LF c a vo b phn iu khin 8K. Vic so snh gc pha ca cc dng in c thc hin trong my thu tn s cao. My thu s cung cp ngun cho b phn thc hin (rle 10RG) qua thit b san bng 11SB. Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v, rle 10RG tc ng i ct my ct qua rle trung gian u ra 12RG v rle tn hiu 13Th.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Hnh 7.11 : S nguyn l ca bo v so lch pha tn s cao My thu tn s cao nhn tn hiu t my pht ca mnh v t my pht u kia ca ng dy, u ra my thu ch c dng vo nhng thi im m u vo ca n khng c tn hiu tn s cao. S c thc hin nh th no khi ngn mch ngoi th cc my pht hai u ng dy lm vic trong nhng na chu k tn s cng nghip khc nhau; lc y u vo my thu tng hp li s c tn hiu lin tc v u ra ca n khng c dng. Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v dng u ra my thu s c tnh cht gin on. Thit b 11SB san bng dng in u ra my thu trc khi a vo b phn thc hin.

III.3. Hot ng ca bo v khi ngn mch:

III.3.1. Ngn mch ngoi : (hnh 7.12 a' - g')
Cc rle 1RI, 2RI (khi ngn mch ba pha i xng), 3RI, 4RI (khi ngn mch ba pha khng i xng), 6RGT v 7RGT khi ng. Dng hai u ng dy c bo v lch pha nhau mt gc 180o. Do vy, cc my pht s lm vic khng ng thi v pht ra cc tn hiu tn s cao lch pha nhau mt na chu k tn s cng nghip. Tng hp li u vo my thu s c tn hiu lin tc. Khng c dng vo rle 10RG v bo v s khng tc ng. chc chn bo v khng tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi, cn m bo hai yu cu sau : My pht tn s cao phi khi ng trc khi b phn so snh pha lm vic. Yu cu ny c thc hin nh cun dy rle 10RG ch kn mch sau khi tip im ca rle 7RGT ng li c thi gian. Ch ngng my pht tn s cao sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi. Yu cu ny c thc hin nh rle 6RGT c tip im m chm. Khi tip im ny m ra th cc my pht s ngng lm vic, lc y mch cun dy10RG h.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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III.3.2. Ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v khi c ngun cung cp t hai pha: (hnh 7.12 a" - g")
Ban u, cc rle cng lm vic ging nh trng hp (a) ngn mch ngoi. Dng hai u ng dy trng pha nhau (khi b qua gc lch pha ca cc sc in ng ngun v cc yu t khc). Cc my pht lm vic ng b vi nhau v pht tn hiu tn s cao trng pha nhau. Do vy tn hiu tng hp nhn c my thu s khng lin tc v gy nn nhng xung dng vung gc u ra my thu. Qua thit b san bng 11SB dng ny c bin i thnh dng mt chiu a vo cun dy rle 10RG. Khi tr s dng ln th rle 10RG tc ng ct ng dy qua rle trung gian 12RG v rle tn hiu 13Th.

Hnh 7.12 : Tc ng ca bo v theo s hnh 7.11 khi ngn mch trong v ngoi vng bo v. Thc t khi ngn mch trong vng bo v dng hai pha ca ng dy h hng thng lch pha nhau mt gc ng k do sc in ng ca cc phn h thng in lch pha nhau, do gc tng tr ca cc phn h thng in khng bng nhau, do sai s ca BI v tnh cht ca b lc phc hp 9LF. V vy gc lch pha gia cc dng u ra b lc 9LF c th tng ln khin cho bo v khng tc ng c khi ngn mch trong vng bo v. Tr s gc lch gii hn c xc nh theo iu kin bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi do nhng khc bit trong sai s ca BI, b lc 9LF, tc truyn sng hu hn v gc lch pha ca dng 2 u ng dy do dung dn. Kh nng tc ng ca bo v ng vi nhng gc lch pha khc nhau ca cc dng in u ra cc b lc 9LF c c trng bi c tnh pha (hnh 7.13), l quan h gia dng iR10 trong cun dy rle 10RG vi gc lch pha . Vng tc ng v khng tc ng ca bo v c xc nh bi giao im ca ng cong iR10 = f() vi ng thng Soure: BKEPS.COM

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dng khi ng iKR10 ca rle 10RG. Vng khng tc ng ca bo v tnh theo gc chim khong 40 - 50o.

Hnh 7.13 : c tnh pha ca bo v theo hnh 7.11 III.3.3. Ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v khi ngun cung cp t 1 pha:
Khi b phn khi ng pha nhn in khng lm vic (v d, dng b phn khi ng theo dng) th my pht tn s cao pha ny khng khi ng c. Do vy pha ngun, my thu ch nhn c tn hiu t my pht ti ch. Dng trong my thu c dng ging nh khi c ngun cung cp 2 pha (hnh 7.12e" ), rle 10RG pha ngun tc ng ct ng dy qua 12RG. Bo v cng c th ct ng ng dy b h hng c ngun cung cp 2 pha khi s phn b dng lc u khng thun li.

III.3.4. Ngn mch khi c h hng knh tn s cao :

Bo v ch tc ng khng ng khi ngn mch ngoi ng thi knh tn s cao ca bo v b h hng.

III.4. L do t 2 rle b phn khi ng ca bo v:

Cng ging nh bo v c hng c kha tn s cao, vic t 2 rle khi ng (v d, 1RI v 2RI) c nhy khc nhau nhm kha chc chn bo v khi ngn mch ngoi. Nu s dng b phn khi ng ch c mt rle th bo v c th tc ng khng ng trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi m ch c mt b phn khi ng mt pha lm vic, lc y hot ng ca bo v ging nh khi h hng trn ng dy c bo v c ngun cung cp t mt pha. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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III.5. B phn iu khin:

Phn t chnh ca b phn iu khin l b lc cc thnh phn i xng dng bin i mt h thng dng ba pha thnh dng 1 pha. Khi ngn mch ngoi dng u ra ca b lc v hai pha ng dy l nh nhau. Do vy vic tnh chn b lc c thc hin theo iu kin m bo tc ng chc chn ca bo v khi ngn mch trong vng bo v. Nu ch thc hin so snh gc pha ca dng th t thun, th bo v c th khng tc ng khi ngn mch khng i xng trn ng dy c ngun cung cp 1 pha do pha nhn in c thnh phn th t thun ca dng ph ti (trong trng hp b phn khi ng v my pht pha nhn in lm vic). Nu ch so snh gc pha ca dng th t nghch v th t khng (cc thnh phn ny lun lun hng t ch ngn mch v pha cc im trung tnh), th bo v khng m bo tc ng vi tt c cc dng ngn mch (v d, ngn mch ba pha i xng). V vy thng s dng cc loi b lc phc hp nh (I1 + kI2) v (I1 + kIo). H s k cn phi tnh chn th no khi ngn mch khng i xng trong vng bo v s c quan h (kI2 > I1) v (kI0 > I1).

III.6. Tnh chn tr s t v nhy ca bo v:

III.6.1. Dng khi ng ca rle dng 1RI :
k at1 I lv max k tv . n I Khi tnh chn IK1RI khng cn k n h s m my kmm, v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi cc ng c t m my c th lm tr hon s tr v ca b phn khi ng nhng khng lm cho bo v dc tc ng nhm.

IK1RI =

III.6.2. Dng khi ng ca rle dng 2RI :

ngn nga kh nng tc ng nhm ca bo v khi ngn mch ngoi, dng khi ng ca rle 2RI c chn ln hn so vi rle 1RI : trong : kat2 1,4 1,5

IK2RI = kat2. IK1RI

III.6.3. Dng khi ng ca b lc - rle dng th t nghch LI2-3RI:

c chnh nh khi dng khng cn bng s cp ca b lc (I'KCB) trong ch vn hnh bnh thng vi ph ti cc i v (I"KCB) khi ngn mch ngoi ba pha vi I(3)N.ng.max = nI.IK1RI (v khi c dng I(3)Nng ln hn th s c tn hiu kha do tc ng ca cc rle 1RI hai u ng dy): k ' at 3 . I'KCB IKLI2 - 3RI k tv v : IKLI2 - 3RI k"at3. I"KCB m bo so snh ng gc pha dng in hai u ng dy, dng ng bao tn hiu tn s cao phi vung gc. Mun vy in p u ra ca b phn iu khin khng c nh hn tr s Uk.min. Khi in p nh hn Uk.min ng bao s c dng hnh thang v bo v s khng mt tnh chn lc khi ngn mch ngoi, v vy vn m bo xung kha lin tc. Tuy nhin khi h hng trong vng bo v vi in p nh vy bo v c th khng tc ng. Do , dng khi ng ca cc rle 1RI v 3RI nn phi hp vi in p ny nh th no bo v ch tc ng khi tn hiu tn s cao c dng nh yu cu. i vi rle 3RI dng khi ng tnh theo iu kin ny c th l quyt nh. Soure: BKEPS.COM

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i vi b lc ni vo dng I1 + kI2, iu kin tnh ton phi hp l ngn mch 2 pha chm t c in p k1.I1tt + kI2tt = Uk.min ; p ny c th nh hn n ln so vi p k1.k.I2tt. Trong trng hp ny cn thc hin iu kin : in p Uk.min vi gi thit l I1 = 0 s tng ng vi dng th t nghch s cp ca b lc l : I2k.min. Do vy cn chn :

IKLI2 - 3RI > I2tt

IKLI2- 3RI > n. I2k.min

III.6.4. Dng khi ng ca b lc - rle LI2-4RI :

Phn tch ging nh i vi rle 2RI, dng khi ng ca b lc - rle LI2-4RI c chn ln hn IKLI2- 3RI v ly bng : IKLI2- 4RI = kat4. IKLI2- 3RI Trong : kat4 2.

III.6.5. H s k ca b lc trong b phn iu khin :

H s k xc nh theo iu kin: kI2 kat I1 Trng hp tnh ton l ngn mch 2 pha chm t mt u ng dy, khi y t s I1 / I2 l ln nht. Do vy : ( I 11,1) k k at . (1,1) I2 Thng k 6 8 ; kat 1,8 2 m bo cho bo v lm vic ng (khng tc ng) khi ngn mch ngoi, cn chn h s k nh nhau cc na b hai pha ng dy.

III.6.6. Kim tra nhy ca bo v :

nhy ca bo v c xc nh ch yu theo nhy ca cc rle khi ng 2RI v 4RI dng iu khin mch ct ca my ct. Trong trng hp ni rle 4RI vo b lc dng th t nghch th h s nhy c tnh ton vi ngn mch mt pha hoc hai pha chm t mt u ng dy ty thuc dng h hng no c dng nh hn. H s nhy khi ngn mch 3 pha cng c tnh ton vi h hng mt u ca ng dy c bo v. Yu cu : Kn 1,5 2

IV. nh gi v lnh vc ng dng ca bo v tn s cao v v tuyn:

u im ca bo v tn s cao l: v nguyn tc bo v c th tc ng chn lc trong mng c hnh dng bt k vi mt s ngun cung cp bt k, tc ng nhanh, nhy cn thit v kh tin cy mc d thc hin tng i phc tp. Nhc im ch yu ca bo v tn s cao l phc tp v gi thnh cao. Do vy bo v tn s cao c s dng khi cc bo v khc n gin hn khng tha mn cc yu cu ca bo v rle, nht l khi yu cu phi tc ng nhanh. Tt c cc loi bo v dc u m bo ct nhanh, k c bo v dng so lch c dy dn ph. Chi ph ban u i vi bo v c dy dn ph ch yu l gi thnh ca cp v cng lp t n, do vy tng t l thun vi chiu di dy dn. Chi ph i vi bo v tn s cao c th coi l c lp vi chiu di ng dy c bo v (khng tnh n vic phi Soure: BKEPS.COM

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s dng cc b phn khi ng phc tp hn v my pht c cng sut ln hn cho ng dy di) Bo v tn s cao c nhiu loi: bo v c hng, bo v so lch pha v bo v c hng c kha tn s cao kt hp vi bo v khong cch. Tt c cc phng n bo v ny u c th s dng trong thc t, tuy nhin mi phng n u c c im s dng ring. Bo v so lch pha thc t khng chu nh hng ca dao ng trong h thng in, c bit l khi thc hin t ng ng li khng ng b; n cng c th lm vic tt trong ch lm vic khng ton pha. Do vy loi bo v ny c s dng ph bin. Tuy nhin cn phi t thm bo v d tr cho ng dy. Cc bo v d tr thng dng loi n gin hn, v d nh bo v ch phn ng vi ngn mch khng i xng. Bo v c hng c kha tn s cao t c s dng, ngoi tr 1 s trng hp c bit, v d bo v ng dy c nhnh r v lc ny s dng bo v so lch pha s gp nhiu kh khn. Hin nay knh v tuyn c s dng rng ri. Knh v tuyn dng cho bo v, iu khin xa v thng tin lin lc s khc phc c kh khn trong vic la chn tn s truyn trn ng dy ti in, loi tr c nhng yu cu v x l tn s cao trn ng dy ti in, m bo chng nhiu tt hn... Khi s dng knh v tuyn th cc bo v dc c th thc hin vi tn hiu cho php m trong mt s trng hp tr nn hp l hn so vi tn hiu kha.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng 8 : T NG NG NGUN D TR (TD)

I. NGHA CA TD:
S ni in ca h thng in cn m bo tin cy cung cp cho cc h tiu th in. S cung cp t hai hay nhiu ngun in m bo tin cy cao, v ct s c mt ngun khng lm cho h tiu th b mt in. D vic cung cp cho h tiu th t nhiu pha c u im r rng nh vy nhng phn ln cc trm c hai ngun cung cp tr ln u lm vic theo s mt ngun cung cp. T dng ca nh my in l mt v d. Cch thc hin s nh trn s t tin cy nhng n gin hn v trong nhiu trng hp lm gim dng ngn mch, gim tn tht in nng trong MBA, n gin bo v rle... Khi pht trin mng in, vic cung cp t mt pha thng l gii php c la chn v nhng thit b in v bo v t trc khng cho php thc hin s lm vic song song ca cc ngun cung cp. Nhc im ca vic cung cp t mt pha l ct s c ngun lm vic s lm ngng cung cp cho h tiu th. Khc phc bng cch ng nhanh ngun d tr hay ng my ct m thc hin vic phn chia mng in. thc hin thao tc ny ngi ta s dng thit b T NG NG NGUN D TR (TD).

Hnh 8.1 : Cc nguyn tc thc hin TD

II. Yu cu c bn i vi thit b TD:

Tt c cc thit b TD cn phi tha mn nhng yu cu c bn sau y: 1. S TD khng c tc ng trc khi my ct ca ngun lm vic b ct ra trnh ng ngun d tr vo khi ngun lm vic cha b ct ra. V d trong s hnh 8.1a, khi ngn mch trn ng dy AC th bo v ng dy ch ct 1MC cn 2MC vn

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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ng, nu TD tc ng ng ng dy d tr BC th c th ngn mch s li xut hin. 2. S TD phi tc ng khi mt in p trn thanh gp h tiu th v bt c l do g, chng hn nh khi ct s c, ct nhm hay ct t pht my ct ca ngun lm vic, cng nh khi mt in p trn thanh gp ca ngun lm vic. Cng cho php ng ngun d tr khi ngn mch trn thanh gp ca h tiu th. 3. Thit b TD ch c tc ng mt ln trnh ng ngun d tr nhiu ln vo ngn mch tn ti. V d, nu ngn mch trn thanh gp C (hnh 8.1a) th khi TD ng 4MC, thit b bo v rle li tc ng ct 4MC, iu chng t ngn mch vn cn tn ti, do vy khng nn cho TD tc ng ln th 2. 4. gim thi gian ngng cung cp in, vic ng ngun d tr cn phi nhanh nht c th c ngay sau khi ct ngun lm vic. Thi gian mt in tm ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: a) tm < ttk ttk : khong thi gian ln nht t lc mt in n khi ng ngun d tr m cc ng c ni vo thanh gp h tiu th cn c th t khi ng. b) tm > tkh ion tkh ion : thi gian cn thit kh mi trng b ion ha do h quang ti ch ngn mch (trng hp ngn mch trn thanh gp C - hnh 8.1a) 5. tng tc ct ngun d tr khi ngn mch tn ti, cn tng tc tc ng ca bo v ngun d tr sau khi thit b TD tc ng. iu ny c bit quan trng khi h tiu th b mt ngun cung cp c thit b TD ni vi ngun d tr ang mang ti. Ct nhanh ngn mch lc ny l cn thit ngn nga vic ph hy s lm vic bnh thng ca ngun d tr ang lm vic vi cc h tiu th khc.

III. TD ng dy:
III.1. S :
Trong ch vn hnh bnh thng, ng dy AC lm vic (1MC, 2MC ng), ng dy BC d tr (3MC ng, 4MC m). Rle RGT c in (hnh 8.7), tip im ca n ng. Nu v mt l do no thanh gp C mt in (v d do ngn mch trn ng dy AC, do thao tc nhm....), tip im ca cc rle RU<, RU> s ng mch rle thi gian RT (ng dy d tr BC ang c in). Sau mt thi gian chm tr do yu cu chn lc ca bo v rle, tip im RT ng li. Cun ct CC ca my ct c in, my ct 2MC m ra. Tip im ph 2MC3 ng, cho dng in chy qua cun ng C ca my ct 4MC v ng dy d tr BC c ng vo cung cp cho cc h tiu th.

III.2. Tnh ton tham s ca cc phn t trong s :

III.2.1. Thi gian ca rle RT:
Khi ngn mch ti im N1 hoc N2 (hnh 8.8), in p d trn thanh gp C c th gim xung rt thp lm cho cc rle in p RU< khi ng. Mun TD trnh tc ng trong trng hp ny cn phi chn thi gian ca rle RT ln hn thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v t ti my ct 7MC v 9MC:

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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trong : tBVA, tBVC : thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v phn t ni vo thanh gp A v thanh gp C. t : bc chn lc v thi gian, bng (0,3 0,5 sec). Thi gian ca rle RT c chn bng tr s ln hn khi tnh theo cc biu thc (8.1) v (8.2). Tuy nhin, thi gian ny cng nh th thi gian ngng cung cp in cho cc h tiu th cng b, v vy khi tnh chn cn phi t iu kin th no thi gian ca rle RT l nh nht c th c.

tRT = tBVA + t tRT = tBVC + t

(8.1) (8.2)

Hnh 8.7 : S thit b TD ng dy

III.2.2. Thi gian ca rle RGT:

m bo thit b TD tc ng ng my ct 4MC ch mt ln, cn chn: tRGT = t(4MC) + td tr (8.3) trong : t(4MC) : thi gian ng ca my ct 4MC.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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td tr : thi gian d tr. Nu thit b TD tc ng ng ngun d tr vo ngn mch tn ti v thit b bo v rle ct n ra, th rle RGT s ngn nga vic ng tr li vo ngn mch mt ln na trong trng hp thi gian ca rle RGT chn theo (8.3) tha mn iu kin: tRGT = t(4MC) + tBV + tC(4MC) (8.4) tBV : thi gian lm vic ca bo v t ti my ct 4MC ca mch d tr. tC(4MC) : thi gian ct ca my ct 4MC.

III.2.3. in p khi ng ca rle in p gim RU<:

in p khi ng ca rle in p gim RU< c chn theo 2 iu kin: a) Rle RU< phi khi ng khi mt in thanh gp C (hnh 8.7), nhng khng c khi ng khi ngn mch sau cc khng in ng dy (im N2 -hnh 8.8) hoc sau cc my bin p (im N3) ni vo thanh gp C: U Nmin UKRU< = (8.5) k at .n U Trong : UNmin :in p d b nht trn thanh gp C khi ngn mch im N1 hoc N2 kat : h s an ton, vo khong 1,2 Hnh 8.8 : S ni in tnh ton tham s 1,3 ca TD nU : h s bin i ca my bin in p 1BU (hnh 8.7) b) Rle RU< khng c khi ng khi t khi ng cc ng c in ni vo thanh gp C sau khi khi phc ngun cung cp: U tk UKRU< = (8.6) k at .n U Utk : in p nh nht trn thanh gp C khi cc ng c in t khi ng III.2.4. in p khi ng ca rle in p tng RU>: Rle RU> khng c tr v khi trn mch d tr c in p cao hn in p lm vic cc tiu Ulv min (Ulv min l in p nh nht m cc ng c cn c th t khi ng c): U lv min (8.7) UKRU> = k at . k tv . n U Trong : nU : h s bin i ca my bin in p 2BU (hnh 8.7)

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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IV. TD trm bin p:

cc trm bin p ngi ta s dng cc loi TD khc nhau nh TD my bin p, TD my ct phn on, TD my ct ni... Trn hnh 8.9 l s TD my ct phn on. Bnh thng c hai my bin p lm vic, my ct 5MC m. Gi thit my bin p B2 b h hng, thit b bo v rle tc ng ct my ct 3MC v 4 MC, sau thit b TD s khi ng v ng my ct 5MC. Lc ny my bin p B1 s lm nhim v cung cp cho ph ti 1 v ph ti 2 c hai phn on.

Hnh 8.9: S TD my ct phn on Lu l nu my bin p B1 c thit k ch cung cp cho ph ti phn on I th trong thit b TD cn phi c thm mch a tn hiu i ct bt nhng ph ti km quan trng c hai phn on trc khi ng my ct 5MC. Trong s , mch in m my ct 4MC c ni qua tip im ph ca 3MC nhm to s lin ng khi m my ct 3MC s ng thi m lun c my ct 4MC. ct nhanh my ct phn on khi ngn mch tn ti trn thanh gp h p ca trm, trong s TD cn c thm b phn tng tc tc ng ca bo v my ct phn on sau TD (khng v b phn ny trn hnh 8.9). Khc vi s TD ng dy xt trc y (hnh 8.7), trong s TD my ct phn on khng c b phn khi ng in p gim v khng cn thit trong trng hp ny. C 2 my bin p u c cung cp t mt thanh gp cao p chung ca trm, khi mt in trn thanh gp ny tc ng ca thit b TD l v ch.

Soure: BKEPS.COM

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Chng 9 : T NG NG TR LI NGUN IN (TL)

I. ngha ca TL:
Kinh nghim vn hnh cho thy, a s ngn mch xy ra trn ng dy truyn ti in nng u c th t tiu tan nu ct nhanh ng dy bng cc thit b bo v rle. Ct nhanh ng dy lm cho h quang sinh ra ch ngn mch b tt v khng c kh nng gy nn nhng h hng nghim trng cn tr vic ng tr li ng dy. H hng t tiu tan nh vy c gi l thong qua. ng tr li mt ng dy c h hng thong qua thng l thnh cng. Nhng h hng trn ng dy nh t dy dn, v s, ng tr .... khng th t tiu tan, v vy chng c gi l h hng tn ti. Khi ng tr li ng dy c xy ra ngn mch tn ti th ng dy li b ct ra mt ln na, vic ng tr li nh vy l khng thnh cng. gim thi gian ngng cung cp in cho cc h tiu th, thao tc ng tr li ng dy cn c thc hin mt cch t ng nh cc thit b T NG NG TR LI (TL). Thit b TL cng c th tc ng c khi my ct b ct ra do thao tc nhm ca nhn vin vn hnh hoc do thit b bo v rle lm vic khng ng. Ap dng TL c hiu qu nht l nhng ng dy c ngun cung cp mt pha, v trong trng hp ny TL thnh cng s khi phc ngun cung cp cho cc h tiu th. mng vng, ct mt ng dy khng lm ngng cung cp in, tuy nhin p dng TL l hp l v lm tng nhanh vic loi tr ch khng bnh thng v khi phc s mng m bo vn hnh kinh t v tin cy. Kh nng TL thnh cng nhng ng dy trn khng vo khong 7090%.

II. Phn loi thit b TL:

Trong thc t ngi ta c th p dng nhng loi TL sau: TL 3 pha, thc hin ng c 3 pha ca my ct sau khi n b ct ra bi bo v rle. TL 1 pha, thc hin ng my ct 1 pha sau khi n b ct ra bi bo v chng ngn mch mt pha. TL hn hp, ng 3 pha (khi ngn mch nhiu pha) hay ng 1 pha (khi ngn mch mt pha). Ring TL 3 pha c phn ra thnh mt s dng: TL n gin, TL tc ng nhanh, TL c kim tra in p, TL c kim tra ng b.... Theo loi thit b m TL tc ng n c: TL ng dy, TL thanh gp, TL my bin p, TL ng c in. Theo s ln tc ng c: TL mt ln v TL nhiu ln. Theo cch thc tc ng n c cu truyn ng ca my ct c: TL in v TL c kh.

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III. cc yu cu c bn i vi thit b TL:

Ty iu kin c th, s TL dng cho ng dy hoc nhng thit b in khc c th khc nhau nhiu. Nhng tt c cc thit b TL phi tha mn nhng yu cu c bn sau: 1) Tc ng nhanh: Thi gian tc ng ca TL cn phi cng nh cng tt m bo thi gian ngng cung cp in l nh nht. cc ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha tc ng nhanh ca TL cn thit rt ngn thi gian khi phc tnh trng lm vic bnh thng ca mng in. Tuy nhin thi gian TL b hn ch bi iu kin kh ion hon ton mi trng ti ch ngn mch nhm m bo TL thnh cng: tkh ion < tTL < ttk Khi TL my ct du khng cn quan tm n tkh ion , nhng i vi my ct khng kh do thi gian ng ca n rt b nn phi xt n iu kin kh ion. Ngoi ra thi gian tc ng ca TL cn b gii hn bi thi gian cn thit phc hi kh nng truyn ng ca my ct khi ng n tr li v kh nng ct nu ngn mch tn ti. 2) TL phi t ng tr v v tr ban u sau khi tc ng chun b cho cc ln lm vic sau. 3) S TL cn phi m bo s ln tc ng nh trc cho n v khng c tc ng lp i lp li. Ph bin nht l loi TL mt ln, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cng s dng TL hai ln v TL ba ln. 4) Khi ng hay m my ct bng tay th TL khng c tc ng. Khi ng my ct bng tay, nu n b ct ra ngay lp tc bi bo v rle, chng t l ng my ct vo ngn mch tn ti, lc y chc chn vic ng tr li s khng thnh cng. S TL cng cn d tnh n kh nng cm TL trong trng hp my ct b ct ra bi mt s bo v no . V d, thng khng cho php TL my bin p tc ng khi bo v so lch my bin p lm vic (h hng bn trong n).

IV. TL ng dy c ngun cung cp 1 pha:

IV.1. Hot ng ca s :
Trn hnh 9.2 l s ca thit b TL mt ln khi ng bng phng php khng tng ng ca ng dy c ngun cung cp 1 pha. Hot ng ca s trong mt s ch lm vic ca mng in nh sau: ch vn hnh bnh thng, kha iu khin KK v tr ng 2, tip im KKIV m, rle 3RG c in phn nh v tr ng ca MC; tip im KKI ng, t C c np y in qua in tr np R. Trong khi , do my ct ang ng nn tip im ph ca n MC2 m ra v rle 2RG khng c in. S ang trong tnh trng sn sng tc ng. Khi xy ra ngn mch, thit b bo v rle BV tc ng ct my ct, tip im ph MC2 ng li, rle 2RG c in v ng tip im trong mch khi ng TL (in

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tr R1 hn ch dng trong mch va 2RG lm vic nhng khng my ct ng li). Rle RT c in, sau mt thi gian tRT t trc tip im RT1 khp li. T C phng in qua cun dy in p ca rle 1RG, tip im 1RG1 ca n khp li v cun ng C ca my ct c in theo mch: (+)KKI1RG1cun dng 1RGIThN4RG2MC2C(-). Lc ny my ct s c ng tr li. Nu ngn mch t tiu tan: my ct sau khi c TL ng li s gi nguyn v tr ng, t C li c np y a s tr li trng thi ban u chun b cho cc ln lm vic sau. Nu ngn mch tn ti: bo v rle li tc ng ct my ct v TL li khi ng nh trnh t nu trn. Nhng v t C phng ht in trong ln tc ng trc, n lc ny cha c np nn khng th lm cho rle 1RG tc ng c v my ct s khng th ng li. iu m bo cho TL ch tc ng mt ln nh nh trc cho n. Khi m my ct bng tay (chuyn KK sang v tr C1): tip im KKI m ra ct ngun vo RT v ngun np t, tip im KKII ni t C vo in tr phng R4, nng lng tch ly t C s phng qua R4 bin thnh nhit nng v tiu tn R4. Nh vy m bo TL khng th tc ng khi m my ct bng tay. Trong mt s trng hp, tip im cm TL ng li, t C phng in v TL cng khng th lm vic. Khi ng my ct bng tay (KK v tr 1): t C bt u c np in, nu my ct li m ra th TL cng khng tc ng c v cho n lc ny t C vn cha np y.

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Hnh 9.2: S thit b TL mt ln ng dy c ngun cung cp 1 pha

IV.2. c im ca s :
S khi ng theo phng php khng tng ng gia v tr ca kha iu khin (tip im KKI) v v tr ca my ct (tip im 2RG ca rle phn nh v tr ct ca my ct). Tip im RT2 v in tr R3 ni song song tng lc khi ng ban u ca RT v khi duy tr th RT khng b pht nng nh R3 cn bt dng. Rle 1RG c hai cun dy, khi RT1 khp, t C phng qua cun dy in p 1RGU, cun dy dng in 1RGI lm nhim v t gi v t C ch cung cp mt xung ngn hn khi ng 1RG ch khng duy tr c. Rle 4RG c hai cun dy, chng my ct ng lp i lp li khi ngn mch tn ti v hng hc TL. V d khi hng tip im 1RG1 (dnh) v xy ra ngn mch, cun ct ca my ct c in, ng thi cun dng 4RGI cng c in. My ct m ra v

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cc tip im 4RG1 ng li, 4RG2 m ra. Nu tip im 1RG1 b dnh th ngay lp tc cun p 4RGU c in duy tr trng thi ca cc tip im 4RG1 , 4RG2. Do vy mch cun ng ca my ct b h v my ct khng th ng lp i lp li.

Hnh 9.3: Biu thi gian trong chu trnh TL mt ln

V. Phi hp tc ng gia bo v rle v tl:

V.1. Tng tc tc ng ca bo v sau TL:
Sau khi ct chn lc ng dy b h hng, thit b TL s tc ng ng my ct tr li ng thi ni tt b phn to thi gian ca bo v chnh (hoc a bo v tc ng nhanh vo lm vic) trong mt khong thi gian gii hn no , nh vy m bo ct nhanh my ct trong trng hp ng tr li ng dy vo ngn mch tn ti.

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Hnh 9.4 : Tng tc tc ng ca bo v sau TL a) S mng in b)Mch tng tc Xt s mng in hnh 9.4a v s thc hin tng tc hnh 9.4b. Khi xy ra ngn mch ti im N th cc tip im ca rle 1RI, 2RI ca bo v 1BV ng mch cun dy RT, tip im RT1 ng tc thi nhng tip im RGT1 ang m nn cun dy RG khng c in. Sau thi gian tRT th tip im RT2 ng mch cun dy RG i ct my ct 1MC. Lc ny thit b TL s a xung i ng li 1MC ng thi khi ng RGT, tip im RGT1 ng. Nu ngn mch tn ti 1RI, 2RI v RT li c in nn RT1 ng mch cun dy RG v ct nhanh my ct 1MC. Nu ngn mch t tiu tan (TL thnh cng), th sau mt thi gian ng chc chn 1MC tip im RGT1 m ra v bo v 1BV li lm vic vi thi gian t trc cho n. Nh vy tng tc tc ng ca bo v sau TL cho php rt ngn thi gian ct tr li mt h hng tn ti. Tuy nhin cn lu l b phn khi ng dng ca bo v c tng tc phi chnh nh khi dng t khi ng ca cc ng c (cc ng c b hm li do mt in trong qu trnh ngn mch v trong chu trnh TL).

V.2. Tng tc tc ng ca bo v trc TL:

Ct my ct ln th 1 bng bo v tc ng nhanh khng chn lc (v d, bo v dng ct nhanh), sau bo v ny b kha li trong trong mt khong thi gian nht nh vic ct my ct ln th 2 (nu TL khng thnh cng) c thc hin bi cc bo v tc ng chn lc. Trong phng php tng tc tc ng ca bo v trc TL, ct ln th 1 c th xy ra khi h hng phn t k, tc l tc ng khng chn lc. Nu h hng t tiu tan v TL thnh cng, th tc ng khng chn lc trc ca bo v c sa cha bng tc ng ca thit b TL. Nh ct nhanh ngn mch s to kh nng TL thnh cng ln hn.

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Hnh 9.5 : Tng tc tc ng ca bo v trc TL a) S mng in b)Mch tng tc

S b phn tng tc bo v trc TL nh trn hnh 9.5b, tip im 1RI l ca bo v ct nhanh 3I>>, tip im 2RI l ca bo v dong cc ai 3I>. Thit b TL t on ng dy u tin AB (hnh 9.5a). Khi ngn mch trn mt on bt k ca ng dy ABCD (v d, ti im N), lc u bo v ct nhanh 3I>> tc ng khng thi gian i ct 3MC. Sau TL s khi ng v ng 3MC li, ng thi a tn hiu i kha bo v 3I>>. Nu ngn mch tn ti th cc bo v s lm vic mt cch chn lc theo c tnh thi gian ca chng, trong trng hp ny bo v dong cc ai 1I> c thi gian lm vic nh nht s tc ng ct my ct 1MC. Cn lu l vic kha bo v ct nhanh 3I>> trn s hnh 9.5b c thc hin nh tn hiu t thit b TL a n RGT lm h mch tc ng ca rle 1RI. Nhc im ca phng php tng tc tc ng ca bo v trc TL l nu TL hoc my ct 3MC b hng th tt c cc h tiu th trn ng dy u b mt in mc d ngn mch c th ch on cui. Mun bo v ct nhanh 3I>> khng tc ng mt chn lc khi ngn mch sau cc my bin p 1B, 2B cn phi chn dng khi ng ca n ln hn dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch sau cc my bin p ny. iu ny lm hn ch phm vi s dng ca phng php, nht l khi cc on ng dy kh di v cng sut cc my bin p 1B, 2B kh ln.

V.3. TL theo th t:
Trong cc mng in bao gm nhiu on ng dy ni tip nhau c th thc hin ct nhanh ngn mch tn ti cng nh thong qua nh phi hp tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh v tc ng theo th t ca thit b TL t ti my ct ca nhng on k nhau.

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Hnh 9.6 : TL theo th t

Xt s mng in hnh 9.6, ti cc my ct 1MC, 2MC, 3MC tng ng c trang b: cc thit b t ng ng tr li 1TL, 2TL, 3TL; cc bo v ct nhanh khng chn lc 1I>>, 2I>>, 3I>> v cc bo v dng cc i tc ng chn lc 1I>, 2I>, 3I>. Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh c chn ln hn dng khi ngn mch sau cc my bin p 1B, 2B; v vy vng bo v s bao gm ton b on ng dy c bo v v mt phn on k.

Hnh 9.7: Biu thi gian trong chu trnh TL theo th t

Xt s mng in hnh 9.6, ti cc my ct 1MC, 2MC, 3MC tng ng c trang b: cc thit b t ng ng tr li 1TL, 2TL, 3TL; cc bo v ct nhanh khng chn lc 1I>>, 2I>>, 3I>> v cc bo v dng cc i tc ng chn lc 1I>, 2I>, 3I>. Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh c chn ln hn dng khi ngn mch sau cc my bin p 1B, 2B; v vy vng bo v s bao gm ton b on ng dy c bo v v mt phn on k.

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Thi gian lm vic ca cc thit b TL c chn tng dn theo hng t ngun tr i: t3TL < t2TL < t1TL Khi xy ra ngn mch ti in N trn on BC, cc bo v ct nhanh 2I>> v 3I>> tc ng ct 2MC v 3MC. Thit b 3TL c thi gian nh hn nn tc ng trc ng tr li 3MC. V on AB khng h hng nn TL thnh cng. Sau 2TL s tc ng ng 2MC li. Nu ngn mch l thong qua th TL thnh cng. Nu ngn mch tn ti, bo v ct nhanh 2I>> s tc ng ct 2MC ca on ng dy h hng BC v cho n thi im ny bo v ct nhanh 3I>> ca on AB b kha li (xem biu thi gian trn hnh 9.7).

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Chng 11: T NG IU CHNH IN P V CNG SUT PHN KHNG

I. Khi nim chung:
Duy tr in p bnh thng l mt trong nhng bin php c bn m bo cht lng in nng ca h thng in. in p gim thp qu mc c th gy nn trt qu ln cc ng c khng ng b, dn n qa ti v cng sut phn khng cc ngun in. in p gim thp cng lm gim hiu qu pht sng ca cc n chiu sng, lm gim kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy v nh hng n n nh ca cc my pht lm vic song song. in p tng cao c th lm gi ci cch in ca thit b in (lm tng dng r) v thm ch c th nh thng cch in lm h hng thit b. in p ti cc im nt trong h thng in c duy tr mt gi tr nh trc nh c nhng phng thc vn hnh hp l, chng hn nh tn dng cng sut phn khng ca cc my pht hoc my b ng b, ngn nga qu ti ti cc phn t trong h thng in, tng v gim ti hp l ca nhng ng dy truyn ti, chn t s bin i thch hp cc my bin p ... in p cng c th c duy tr nh cc thit b t ng iu chnh kch t (TK) ca cc my pht in v my b ng b, cc thit b t ng thay i t s bin i ca my bin p, cc thit b t ng thay i dung lng ca cc t b tnh ...

II. Thit b TK:

Thit b t ng iu chnh kch t (TK) c s dng duy tr in p theo mt c tnh nh trc v phn phi ph ti phn khng gia cc ngun cung cp trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng ca h thng in.

II.1. Cc nguyn tc thc hin t ng iu chnh kch t:

My pht c c trng bng sc in ng EF v in khng XF (hnh 11.5). p u cc my pht c xc nh theo biu thc :

U F = EF j I F X F (11.2) Nu EF = const, khi IF thay i th UF thay i, gi UF = const th phi thay i EF tc l thay i kch t my pht. Theo nguyn tc tc ng, thit b t ng iu chnh in p c chia thnh 3 nhm: iu chnh in p theo lch ca i lng c iu chnh (v d, theo lch ca UF). iu chnh in p ty thuc vo tc ng nhiu (v d, theo dng in ca my pht IF , theo gc gia in p v dng in ca my pht, ...).

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iu chnh in p theo lch ca i lng c iu chnh v theo tc ng nhiu.

Hnh 11.5 : S thay th v th vct in p ca my pht

i vi cc my pht in dng my kch thch mt chiu, cc thit b iu chnh in p c th chia thnh 2 nhm: a) Thay i kch t my pht nh thay i RKT trong mch cun kch t WKT ca my kch thch KT mt cch t t nh con trt (hnh 11.6 a) hoc ni tt mt phn RKT theo chu k (hnh 11.6 b).

Hnh 11.6 : Thay i kch t my pht nh thay i RKT

b) Thay i kch t my pht nh dng kch t ph IKTf t l vi U hoc IF hoc c 2 i lng U v IF. Dng kch t ph c th a vo cun kch t chnh WKT (hnh 11.7 a) hoc cun kch t ph WKTf (hnh 11.7 b) ca my kch thch.

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Hnh 11.7 : Thay i kch t my pht nh dng kch t ph

II.2. Compun dng in:

Thit b compun dng in tc ng theo nhiu dng in IF ca my pht. S cu trc ca thit b compun kch t my pht nh hnh 11.8. Dng th cp I2 ca BI t l vi dng IF. Dng ny bin i qua my bin p trung gian BTG, c chnh lu v c a vo cun kch t WKT ca my kch thch. Dng c chnh lu IK gi l dng compun i vo cun WKT cng hng vi dng IKT t my kch thch. Nh vy dng tng (IKT + IK) trong cun kch t WKT ca my kch thch ph thuc vo dng IF ca my pht. Bin p BTG cch ly mch kch t ca my kch thch vi mch th BI c im ni t, ngoi ra nh chn h s bin i thch hp c th phi hp dng th I2 ca BI vi dng compun IK. Bin tr t R thay i mt cch u n dng IK khi a thit b compun vo lm vic, cng nh khi tch n ra.

Hnh 11.8 : S cu trc ca thit b compun kch t my pht

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Hnh 11.9 : c tnh thay i in p UF ca my pht ng vi cc cos khc nhau

u im ca thit b compun l n gin, tc ng nhanh. Nhng c mt s nhc im: Compun tc ng theo nhiu, khng c phn hi kim tra v nh gi kt qu iu chnh. i vi s ni compun vo cun kch t WKT ca my kch thch nh hnh 11.7a, khi IF< IFmin th UF thay i ging nh trng hp khng c compun (hnh 11.9). Dng IFmin gi l ngng ca compun. Thng IFmin = (10 30)%IFm. Tuy nhin my pht thng khng lm vic vi ph ti nh nh vy nn nhc im ny c th khng cn phi quan tm. Compun khng phn ng theo s thay i ca in p v cos, do vy khng th duy tr mt in p khng i trn thanh gp in p my pht. Trn hnh 1.19 l c tnh thay i in p UF theo IF. Ta thy vi cng mt gi tr IF, thit b compun s iu chnh in p UF n nhng gi tr khc nhau ng vi cc trng hp cos khc nhau.

Hnh 11.10 : S cu trc ca correct in p

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II.3. Correct in p:
Correct in p l thit b t ng iu chnh kch t tc ng theo lch in p, thng c dng kt hp vi thit b compun kch t iu chnh in p u cc my pht mt cch hiu qu. Hnh 11.10 l s cu trc ca correct in p, trong bao gm: b phn o lng L v b phn khuych i K. B phn o lng L ni vi my bin in p BU qua t ngu t TN. Khi in p thay i, b phn o lng L s phn ng v iu khin s lm vic ca b phn khuych i K. T ngu t TN thay i mc in p my pht cn phi duy tr bi correct. B phn khuych i K cng c cung cp t BU v a dng correct c chnh lu IC vo cun kch t ph WKTf ca my kch thch. Dng IC i qua cun kch t ph cng hng vi dng trong cun kch t chnh WKT ca my kch thch. B phn o lng gm 2 phn t (hnh 11.11a): phn t tuyn tnh TT v phn t khng tuyn tnh KTT. Phn t tuyn tnh TT to nn dng in tuyn tnh ITT t l vi in p UF ca my pht, phn t khng tuyn tnh KTT to nn dng in IKTT ph thuc mt cch khng tuyn tnh vo in p UF ca my pht (hnh 11.11b).

Hnh 11.11 : B phn o lng a) S khi chc nng b) c tnh quan h ca dng ITT v IKTT vi p u vo
B phn o lng lm vic theo nguyn tc so snh dng ITT v IKTT. T c tnh trn hnh 11.11b ta thy rng: khi UF = U0 (U0 l mt in p xc nh trn thanh gp ni my pht), dng ITT = IKTT, lc y s c dng ICmin nh nht a ra t correct. Khi UF gim, v d gim n U1 th ITT > IKTT v tn hiu t b phn o lng L s iu khin b phn khuych i K lm tng dng IC a vo cun kch t ph WKTf ca my kch thch tng UF ln. Khi in p UF tng, v d tng ti U2 th IKTT > ITT, lc ny cng xut hin dng IC > ICmin lm tng UF thm na. ngn nga correct tc ng khng ng nh vy, trong s ca correct c b tr mt phn t kha khi IKTT>ITT. c tnh ca correct l quan h gia dng IC vi in p trn thanh gp ni my pht nh hnh 11.12. im a, tng ng vi khi IC = IC max, xc inh kh nng tng cng kch t ln nht c th m bo bi correct. Dng IC min ti im d xc nh kh nng gim kch t

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thp nht khi UF tng. S gim thp ca c tnh on ac l do in p ngun cung cp cho correct b gim thp cng vi s gim thp UF. on de nm ngang do tc dng ca phn t kha khi IKTT > ITT. S correct kho st trn l loi mt h thng. u ra ca correct mt h thng thng ni nh th no IC i qua cun kch t ph WKTf thun chiu vi dng IKT trong cun kch t chnh WKT. Correct ni nh vy c gi l correct thun. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta ni u ra ca correct th no dng IC i qua cun WKTf ngc hng vi dng IKT trong cun kch t chnh WKT. Hnh 11.12 : c tnh ca correct Correct ni nh vy c gi l correct nghch. nhng my pht thy in cng sut ln, ngi ta dng correct 2 h thng (hnh 11.13a) bao gm 2 correct mt h thng. Mt h thng l correct thun a dng vo cun WKTf1 thun chiu vi dng trong cun WKT . H thng th 2 l correct nghch a dng vo cun WKTf2 theo hng ngc li. c tnh ca correct 2 h thng (hnh 11.13b) c la chn th no khi UF gim th correct thun lm vic, cn khi UF tng th correct nghch lm vic.

Hnh 11.13 : S nguyn l ca correct 2 h thng CP : thit b compun TN : t ngu t a) S ni b) c tnh ca correct

II.4. Compun pha:

Phn t chnh ca compun pha l mt my bin p c bit c t ha ph BTP (hnh 11.14). Trn li ca BTP b tr 2 cun s cp (cun dng WI v cun p WU), mt cun th cp WT v mt cun t ha ph WP.

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T thng ca cun WI t l IF, cn ca cun WU t l UF. Do , dng trong cun WK t l vi tng cc thnh phn ny. Dng ny c chnh lu v a vo cun kch t ca my kch thch. Nh vy, compun pha thc hin vic iu chnh kch t my pht khng ch theo dng in, m cn theo in p v gc lch pha gia chng. Nh m bo hiu qu iu chnh cao. Tuy nhin compun pha l mt thit b tc ng theo nhiu nn khng th gi khng i in p ca my pht, do cn c hiu chnh ph. Vic hiu chnh in p c thc hin nh correct cung cp dng IC cho cun t ha ph WP ca BTP.

Hnh 11.14 : S cu trc ca comun pha

III. iu chnh v phn phi cng sut phn khng gia cc my pht in lm vic song song:
Khi thay i kch t ca my pht in lm vic song song vi cc my pht khc, cng sut phn khng ca n cng thay i theo. V vy vn iu chnh kch t ca my pht c lin quan cht ch vi vn iu chnh v phn phi cng sut phn khng trong h thng in lc. iu chnh in p c th c thc hin theo c tnh c lp hoc c tnh ph thuc (hnh 11.15). Di y ta s xt n mt s trng hp s dng TK t ng ha qu trnh iu chnh in

Hnh 11.15 : c tnh iu chnh in p

1 - c lp 2 - ph thuc

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p v cng sut phn khng.

Hnh 11.16 : Hai my pht lm vic song song ti thanh gp in p my pht

a) S

b) c tnh iu chnh

III.1.

Trng hp 2 my pht lm vic song song ni chung thanh gp in p my pht:

Gi thit cc my pht c c tnh iu chnh nh hnh 11.16, hai my pht c chung UF ng vi IF1 v IF2. Khi ti tng th UF gim n UF ng vi IF1 v IF2 . m bo gi khng i s phn phi cng sut phn khng gia cc my pht lm vic song song theo mt t l nh trc th iu kin cn v l im ni chung cc my pht phi c c tnh iu chnh ph thuc. I F1 tg1 K PT1 = = I F 2 tg 2 K PT 2 KPT : H s ph thuc, c trng cho dc ca c tnh. KPT nh th dc c tnh t v IF ln, tc cng sut phn khng phn phi t l nghch vi KPT
III.2.

Trng hp hai my pht lm vic song song ni chung qua my bin p:

Nu cc my pht lm vic song song ni chung qua my bin p (hnh 11.17) th mc d c tnh iu chnh ca chng l c lp, t l phn phi cng sut phn khng gia chng vn n nh v im ni chung c tnh iu chnh ca chng l ph thuc. UF1 = UF2 = hng s UTG = UF1 - IF1.XB1 = UF2 - IF2.XB2 hng s

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Khi cng sut phn khng thay i, tc khi IF v tng ng IF1 v IF2 thay i th UTG thay i, do vy ch cn ti im ni chung ca cc my pht c c tnh ph thuc th s phn b cng sut phn khng gia chng l n nh.

Hnh 11.17 : Hai my pht lm vic song song ni chung qua my bin p

IV. iu chnh in p trong mng phn phi:

in p trn thanh gp h p ca trm (hnh 11.18) l: Pr + Qx 1 UB = UF U 'B k trong : UF : in p trn thanh gp u cc ca my pht. UB : in p trn thanh gp cao p ca trm. r , x : tng in tr tc dng, phn khng ca ng dy v my bin p. k : t s bin i ca my bin p. T biu thc trn c th kt lun rng, vic iu chnh in p UB cung cp cho cc h tiu th c th thc hin c bng cch: - thay i UF (nh s dng TK). - thay i t s bin i k ca my bin p - thay i cng sut phn khng Q truyn trn ng dy bng cch iu chnh kch t ca my b hay ng c ng b, hoc ng ct b t b trm.

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Hnh 11.18 : S mng gii thch nguyn tc iu chnh in p * T ng iu khin b t b trm: Xt mt s iu chnh in p bng b t b t trm gim p. Vic iu khin cc b t c thc hin theo mt chng trnh nh trc, v d nh ng h in. Trn hnh 11.20, khi tip im ca ng h in H ng vo mt thi im t trc th rle thi gian 1RT tc ng ng tip im 1RT1, cun ng C c in, my ct ng li a b t b vo lm vic. Khi ng my ct th cc tip im ph lin ng ca n cng chuyn mch m mch cun dy rle 1RT v ng mch cun dy rle 2RT sn sng cho thao tc ct b t ra sau .

Hnh 11.20 : S t ng ng ct b t b

n thi im cng sut phn khng tiu th gim xung th tip im H li khp, rle thi gian 2RT lm vic v my ct s ct ra. Hai rle thi gian 1RT v 2RT cn c thi gian ng tr nhm mc ch mi ln ng tip im H ch km theo mt thao tc ng hoc ct b t. Khi bo v BV ca b t tc ng th rle RG c in, tip im RG2 ng li t gi, tip im RG3 m mch cun ng C ca my ct, tip im RG1 ng a in vo cun ct CC v my ct s ct b t ra. Nt n N gii tr t gi ca rle RG.

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Chng 12: T NG IU CHNH TN S

I. Khi nim chung:
Tn s l mt trong nhng tiu chun nh gi cht lng in nng. Tc quay v nng sut lm vic ca cc ng c ng b v khng ng b ph thuc vo tn s ca dng xoay chiu. Khi tn s gim th nng sut ca chng cng b gim thp. Tn s tng cao dn n s tiu hao nng lng qu mc. Do vy v do mt s nguyn nhn khc, tn s lun c gi nh mc. i vi h thng in Vit nam, tr s nh mc ca tn s c quy nh l 50Hz. lch cho php khi tr s nh mc l 0,1Hz. Vic sn xut v tiu th cng sut tc dng xy ra ng thi. V vy trong ch lm vic bnh thng, cng sut PF do my pht ca cc nh my in pht ra phi bng tng cng sut do cc ph ti tiu th Ptt v cng sut tn tht Pth trn ng dy truyn ti v cc phn t khc ca mng in, ngha l tun theo iu kin cn bng cng sut tc dng : PF = Ptt + Pth = PPT vi PPT - ph ti tng ca cc my pht. Khi c s cn bng cng sut th tn s c gi khng i. Nhng vo mi thi im ty thuc s lng h tiu th c ni vo v ti ca chng, ph ti ca h thng in lin tc thay i lm ph hy s cn bng cng sut v lm tn s lun bin ng. duy tr tn s nh mc trong h thng in yu cu phi thay i cng sut tc dng mt cch tng ng v kp thi. Nh vy vn iu chnh tn s lin quan cht ch vi iu chnh v phn phi cng sut tc dng gia cc t my pht v gia cc nh my in. Tn s c iu chnh bng cch thay i lng hi hoc nc a vo tuc-bin. Khi thay i lng hi hoc nc vo tuc-bin, cng sut tc dng ca my pht cng thay i.

II. B iu chnh tc quay tuc-bin s cp:

Vo thi k u pht trin h thng nng lng, nhim v duy tr tn s c giao cho b iu chnh tc quay kiu ly tm t ti tuc-bin ca cc nh my thy in v nh my nhit in. B iu chnh ny cng c gi l b iu chnh s cp. S cu trc ca mt trong nhng loi b iu chnh s cp nh trn hnh 12.1. C cu o lng l con lc ly tm 1 quay cng vi tuc-bin. Khi tn s gim, tc quay ca tuc-bin gim, qu cu ca con lc h xung v khp ni ca n t v tr A chuyn n A1. Tay n AC xoay quanh C lm khp ni B chuyn n v tr B1, tay n GE quay quanh G lm khp ni E chuyn n v tr E1 v piston bnh 2 di chuyn xung di, du p sut cao i vo pha di piston bnh 3, piston c nng ln lm tng

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lng hi (hoc nc) i vo tuc-bin, khp ni B chuyn n v tr B1 v khi tc quay tng ln, khp ni t A1 chuyn n v tr A2, ng thi tay n AC xoay quanh C1 nng khp ni B v cc im D, E v v tr c lm kn bnh 3 v chm dt qu trnh iu chnh.

Hnh 12.1: S nguyn l cu to v tc ng ca b iu chnh tc tuc-bin

V tr mi ca piston 3 v ca khp ni A2 tng ng vi tc quay nh hn ca tuc-bin. Nh vy tn s khng tr v gi tr ban u. B iu chnh nh vy gi l b iu chnh c c tnh ph thuc. khi phc tc quay nh mc, cng nh iu khin tuc-bin bng tay ngi ta dng c cu 4, nh n thay i v tr im G. Chng hn nh khi dch chuyn im G ln trn, GE quay quanh D v h piston 2 xung, lc ny bnh 3 tng lng hi (nc) vo tuc-bin v tn s tng ln. C th iu khin xa c cu 4 nh ng c 5.

III. iu chnh v phn phi cng sut tc dng gia cc my pht lm vic song song:
B iu chnh tc quay s cp, cng nh thit b iu chnh tn s th cp (s xt di y trong mc IV) c th c 2 dng c tnh iu chnh: c lp v ph thuc. B iu chnh c c tnh c lp duy tr tc quay n hay tn s f ca h thng khng i khi ph ti ca my pht thay i t khng ti n nh mc. Nhc im ca dng iu chnh ny l khng th cho mt s my pht lm vic song song v s phn

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phi ph ti gia chng khng xc nh. Nu 2 my pht c c tnh iu chnh c lp lm vic song song vi nhau, th tn s nh mc mi my s c mt ph ti nht nh no , cn khi tn s gim xung c 2 b iu chnh u tc ng tng ti cho my pht ca mnh nhm khi phc tn s. Trong trng hp ny, cc my pht c tng ti hon ton ty tin v thm ch mt my pht c b iu chnh nhy hn s nhn ht tt c phn ph ti tng thm, cn my pht kia khng c tng ti, hoc ch bt u tng ti khi no ph ti ca my pht th nht t gi tr cc i m tn s vn khng c khi phc. Vic p dng b iu chnh tc quay c c tnh ph thuc cho cc my pht lm vic song song s m bo s lm vic n nh ca chng v s phn phi ph ti nh trc. H s ph thuc c trng cho dc ca c tnh iu chnh (hnh 12.2): f (12.1) s= = tg P biu din h s ph thuc trong n v tng i (i vi tn s nh mc fm v cng sut nh mc Pm ca my pht), ta c: f f m f Pm s = = . (12.2) P f m P Pm f Pm (12.3) hay : s% = . .100 f m P Nu cc my pht lm vic song song c c tnh iu chnh ph thuc th thay i cng sut tc dng tng s c phn phi gia chng t l nghch vi h s ph thuc ca mi my (hnh 12.2). Thay i dc ca c tnh c th m bo phn ng gp cn thit ca my pht trong vic iu chnh ph ti ca nh my in. Nhc im ca dng iu chnh theo c tnh ph thuc l khng th duy tr khng i tn s ca h thng.

Hnh 12.2 : S phn phi cng sut tc dng gia cc my pht

lm vic song song

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IV. T ng gim ti theo tn s (TGT):

IV.1. ngha v cc nguyn tc chnh thc hin TGT:
Khi xy ra s thiu ht cng sut tc dng lm gim thp tn s trong h thng in, nu cn cng sut tc dng d tr th h thng iu chnh tn s v cng sut xt trn s hot ng duy tr c mc tn s nh trc. Tuy nhin, sau khi huy ng ton b cng sut tc dng d tr c th c trong h thng in nu tn s vn khng c khi phc, th bin php duy nht c th p dng lc y l ct bt mt s ph ti t quan trng nht. Thao tc c thc hin nh mt thit b t ng ha c tn gi l THIT B T NG GIM TI THEO TN S (TGT). Cn lu rng, tc ng ca TGT lun lun lin quan n nhng thit hi v kinh t. Du vy, TGT vn c p dng rng ri trong h thng in. Mc gim thp tn s khng nhng ph thuc vo lng cng sut thiu ht, m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ph ti. Cc dng c chiu sng v cc thit b khc c ph ti thun tc dng thuc v nhm cc h tiu th c cng sut tiu th khng ph thuc vo tn s, khi tn s gim cng sut tiu th vn gi khng i. Mt nhm cc h tiu th khc nh ng c in xoay chiu c cng sut tiu th gim khi tn s gim. Ph ti ca cc h tiu th thuc nhm th 2 c coi l c kh nng t iu chnh v khi tn s gim thp ng thi cng sut tiu th ca chng cng b gim xung. Khi thc hin t ng gim ti theo tn s cn tnh n tt c cc trng hp thc t c th dn n vic ct s c cng sut pht v phn chia h thng in thnh cc phn b thiu ht cng sut tc dng. Cng sut thiu ht cng ln th cng sut ph ti cn ct ra cng ln. tng cng sut ph ti b ct ra do thit b t ng gim ti theo tn s TGT gn bng vi cng sut tc dng thiu ht, thit b TGT cn c thc hin ct ti theo tng t, tn s khi ng ca mi t ct ti l khc nhau. Hnh 12.9 l ng cong biu din qu trnh thay i tn s khi t ngt xut hin thiu ht cng sut tc dng. Nu trong h thng khng c thit b TGT, do Hnh 12.9 : S thay i tn s tc dng t iu chnh ca ph ti v tc khi thiu ht cng sut tc ng ca b iu chnh tc quay tucdng bin nn tn s s n nh mt gi tr xc I. khi khng c TGT II. khi c TGT lp no (ng I). khi phc tn s v gi tr nh mc, cn ct ti bng tay. Qu trnh thay i tn s khi c thit b TGT s din ra theo ng II. Gi s thit b TGT c 3 t ct ti vi tn s khi ng ca t l: 48; 47,5; 47 Hz. Khi tn s gim xung n 48Hz (im 1) th t 1 tc ng ct mt phn ph ti, nh vy gim c tc gim thp tn s. Khi tn s tip tc gim xung n 47,5Hz (im 2) th t 2 tc ng ct thm mt s ph ti, s thiu ht cng sut v tc gim thp tn s c gim nhiu hn. tn s 47 Hz (im 3), t 3 tc ng ct mt cng sut ph ti

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khng nhng chm dt tnh trng gim tn s m cn khi phc tn s n hay gn n gi tr nh mc. Cn lu l nu lng cng sut thiu ht t, th c th ch c t 1 hoc ch c t 1 v t 2 tc ng. Ngoi cc t tc ng chnh, thit b t ng gim ti theo tn s cn phi c mt t tc ng c bit ngn nga hin tng tn s treo l lng. Hin tng ny c th sinh ra sau khi cc t chnh tc ng nhng tn s vn khng tr v gi tr gn nh mc m duy tr mt gi tr no thp hn nh mc. Tn s khi ng ca t tc ng c bit vo khong 47,5 n 48 Hz. Tc ng ca thit b TGT phi phi hp vi cc loi thit b t ng ha khc trong h thng in. V d nh, thit b TGT tc ng c kt qu, cc h tiu th b ct ra khi tn s gim thp khng c ng li bi thit b TL hoc TD.

IV.2. Ngn nga TGT tc ng nhm khi tn s gim ngn hn:

Khi mt lin lc vi h thng (ct c 2 ng dy ni vi h thng hoc ct my bin p B1 trong s hnh 12.10), cc h tiu th in ni vo phn on I thanh gp h p ca trm s b mt in. Sau mt thi gian ngn nh tc ng ca cc thit b t ng ha nh TL ng dy hoc TD my ct phn on, ngun cung cp li c khi phc cho cc h tiu th. Tuy nhin, trong khong thi gian cc h tiu th ca trm c th b ct ra bi tc ng nhm ca thit b TGT. Tnh hung ny xy ra l do sau khi mt ngun cung cp, in p trn thanh gp trm c my b ng b hoc ng c khng b mt ngay m duy tr trong mt thi gian no do qun tnh. Cc ng c khng ng b c th duy tr in p trn thanh gp trm vo khong 40 50% in p nh mc trong vng 1 giy, cn my b v ng c ng b duy tr in p cao hn trong khong vi giy. Tc quay ca cc my b v ng c ng b lc ny b gim thp, nn tn s ca in p duy tr cng b gim xung v TGT ni vo in p c th tc ng nhm ct cc h tiu th trc khi TL v TD kp tc ng. Thc t ngn nga tc ng nhm trong trng hp ny, ngi ta t mt b kha lin ng vo s thit b TGT. Rle tn s Rf (hnh 12.10) ca thit b TGT s b khng ch tc ng bi rle nh hng cng sut tc dng RW (lm nhim v ca b kha lin ng). Khi cn lin lc vi h Hnh 12.10 : Ngn nga tc ng thng, trm s tiu th cng sut tc dng v nhm ca TGT khi cc h tiu th rle RW cho php thit b TGT lm vic khi tm thi b mt in cn thit. Sau khi mt ngun cung cp, s khng c cng sut tc dng i qua my bin p

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hoc cng sut tc dng s hng v pha thanh gp cao p ca trm, rle RW kha rle Rf v ngn nga tc ng nhm ca thit b TGT. Khi khng t b kha lin ng, ngi ta cng c th sa cha tc ng nhm ca thit b TGT bng cch p dng bin php TL sau tc ng ca TGT.

IV.3. T ng ng tr li sau TGT (TLT):

Thit b t ng ng tr li theo tn s (TLT) l thit b t ng ha cn thit tng nhanh tc khi phc ngun cung cp cho cc ph ti b ct ra do thit b TGT. Thit b TLT tc ng tn s 49,5 50 Hz, cng c thc hin bao gm mt s t, thi gian tc ng ca t u tin khong 10 n 20 sec. Khong thi gian nh nht gia cc t k nhau l 5 sec. Cng sut ph ti ca cc t TLT thng c phn chia ng u. Th t ng cc ph ti bng thit b TLT ngc vi th t ct cc ph ti do tc ng ca thit b TGT. ngn nga kh nng tn s gim thp tr li sau khi thit b TLT lm vic (c th lm cho thit b TGT khi ng mt ln na), trong s TLT cn phi m bo ch tc ng mt ln. Cng cn phi loi tr kh nng chuyn mch cc h tiu th sang mt ngun cung cp khc nh thit b TD sau khi chng b ct ra bi thit b TGT, ng thi khi tn s khi phc cn phi ng tr li nhng h tiu th nhanh nht c th c. Hnh 12.11 l s mt t TGT c km TLT. Trong s s dng mt rle tn s Rf c tn s khi ng t ng thay i.

Hnh 12.11 : S kt hp thit b TGT v TLT

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Khi tn s f gim n gi tr tn s khi ng ca rle Rf (tng ng vi tr s t ca thit b TGT), tip im ca Rf khp li, rle 1RT bt u tnh thi gian, sau khong thi gian t1RT cc rle 1RG, 2RG tc ng ct bt mt s ph ti. Tip im 1RG4 ng lm cho b phn o lng ca rle tn s Rf c gi tr t tng ng vi tn s khi ng ca thit b TLT. Lc ny tip im ca rle Rf ch m ra khi tn s ca h thng khi phc n tr s t mi vo khong 49,5 50 Hz. Tip im 1RG2 ng mch cun dy rle 3RG, tip im 3RG1 ng li t gi, tip im 3RG2 ng li nhng rle 2RT lc ny cha tc ng c do tip im 1RG3 m. Khi tn s khi phc tr li gi tr nh mc hoc gn nh mc, tip im Rf v sau tip im 1RT mra. Cc rle trung gian 1RG v 2RG tr v, tip im 1RG3 ng lm cho rle 2RT khi ng, sau mt thi gian tip im 2RT2 ng mch cun dy rle trung gian 4RG. Tip im 4RG1 ng li t gi, tip im 4RG2 v 4RG3 ng a xung i ng my ct ca cc h tiu th b ct ra bi thit b TGT. S s tr v trng thi ban u sau khi tip im 2RT3 ng li. Rle 3RG tr v v m tip im 3RG2 trong mch cun dy rle 2RT. Cc rle tn hiu 1Th v 2Th bo tn hiu v trng thi khi ng ca thit b TGT v TLT.

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