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K Thut Watermarking nh S

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CHNG 1:TNG QUAN V X L NH


1.1 CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1 Phn t nh nh trong t nhin l nhng tn hiu lin tc v khng gian v gi tr sng. c th lu tr v biu din nh ny bng my tnh, ta phi bin i cc tn hiu lin tc thnh mt s hu hn cc tn hiu ri rc thng qua qu trnh lng t ha v ly mu thnh phn gi tr sng. Mt phn t nh (Picture Element) l mt gi tr biu din cho mc xm hay cng nh ti mt v tr sau khi bin i nh thnh mt s hu hn cc tn hiu ri rc. 1.1.2 Mc xm L kt qu ca s bin i tng ng gi tr sng ca mt im nh vi mt gi tr s nguyn dng. Ty thuc vo s gi tr biu din mc xm m mi im nh s c biu din trn 1, 4, 8, 24 hay 32 bit. S lng bit biu din mc xm cng ln th cht lng nh cng cao nhng s tn dung lng b nh nhiu hn lu tr v cn mt h thng mnh hn x l. 1.1.3 nh L mt tp hp hu hn cc im nh k nhau, nh thng c biu din bng mt ma trn hai chiu, mi phn t ca ma trn tng ng vi mt im nh.

nh nh phn (en trng): l nh c gi tr mc xm ca cc im nh

c biu din bng 1 bit (gi tr 0 hoc 1). 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

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K Thut Watermarking nh S

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nh xm: gi tr mc xm ca cc im nh c biu din bng 8 bit (gi

tr t 0 n 255). 0 15 0 0 5 94 0 11 12 21 15 6 24 5 0 0 9 12

Hnh 1.1: nh xm

nh mu: c to nn t 3 nh xm i vi mu nn (red), lc

(green), lam (blue). Tt c cc mu trong t nhin u c th c tng hp t 3 thnh phn mu trn theo cc t l khc nhau. Ma trn biu din mc xm ca thnh phn Red. 0 11 5 7 94 11 21 0 0

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S 0 0 0 11 15 6 24 5 9 12

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Ma trn biu din mc xm ca thnh phn Green. 0 14 0 1 9 0 11 12 1 21 0 15 5 22 0 0 16 2

Ma trn biu din

mc xm ca thnh phn Blue. 0 13 5 0 0 17 93 0 11 21 50 15 25 0 0 67 19

Hnh 1.2: nh mu Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S 1.2 BIU DIN NH TRONG MIN KHNG GIAN 1.2.1 Biu din nh s

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Mt nh c th c biu din bi hm hai chiu f (x, y) trong x,y l ta khng gian phng hai chiu, v bin f l bt c cp ta (x,y) c gi l cng im nh, gi tr ca f (x, y) l lin tc trong khong ( - , ). Cc tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian qua qu trnh s ha ta thu c tn hiu ri rc ( tn hiu s ).

x(t)

Hnh 1.3: Tn hiu s ri rc nh s chnh l nh x l bng my tnh thu c t nh lin tc bi qu trnh s ha ( ly mu v lng t ha ), thng c k hiu l I[m, n]. Gi tr I[x, y] biu din cng sng c m ha ca mi im nh (x,y), gi tr cn gi l mc xm (grey level). Vy I[x, y] c gi tr ri rc, gi tr ca I[x, y] l nguyn: I[x, y]

{0,1,., L-1}

Vi L l mc xm ti a dng biu din. gim phc tp tnh ton, cc gi tr ca (m, n) thng chn l hu hn v thng chn l 512, cn L chn l 256. nh c nhiu mc xm gi l nh a cp xm. nh ch c 2 mc xm l 0 v 1 gi l nh nh phn.

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K Thut Watermarking nh S

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Vi cch biu din trn, nh s chnh l mt phn ca tn hiu s trong khng gian 2 chiu. V cch biu din nh s thng dng nht l dng bng 2 chiu m thut ng thng gi l ma trn nh hay bn nh. 1.2.1.1 Vic chuyn i ta Kt qu ca vic ly mu v lng t ha l ma trn s. Chng ta s dng hai phng php c bn biu din nh s. Gi s nh f (x,y) c ly mu c M hng v N ct. Gi tr ca ta (x, y) l c lng t ha ri rc. Chng ta dng gi tr nguyn cho ri rc ta . nh gc c xc nh (x, y) = (0, 0), gi tr k tip ca hng th nht ca nh l (x, y) = (0, 1). N c dng cho ly mu th hai trong hng u tin, khng c ngha l gi tr tht ca ta vt l khi nh c ly mu. Ch phm vi x t 0 M-1, y t 0 N-1.

Hnh 1.4: H ta biu din nh s. 1.2.1.2 Ma Trn nh Vic chuyn i ta c s dng trong hp cng c dng k hiu chui khc bng hai cch:

Cch th nht: Cc im nh ri rc c sp xp theo ct v hng. Ta

ca cc im nh (x, y) l ri rc. Gc ta nm ti gc trn bn tri ca nh (x, y) = (1,1). Nh vy ta c th biu din nh s nh ma trn kch thc M x N.

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S
f ( 0, 0) f (1, 0 ) ... f ( M 1, 0 ) f ( 0 ,1) f (1,1) ... f ( M 1,1) ... ... ... ... f ( M 1, N 1) f ( 0 , N 1) f (1, N 1) ...

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f (x, y) =

Mi phn t ca ma trn c gi l mt im nh (image element hay pixel).

Cch th hai: Chng ta c th s dng phng php m t nh s nh mt

s ma trn thng thng.


a 0.0 a 1.0 A = ... a M 1, 0 a 0.1 a1.1 ... a M 1,1 ... ... ... ... a 0. N 1 a1, N 1 ... a M 1, N 1

Vi cch biu din trn trn hon ton ging nhau.

a(i , j )

= f (x = i, y = j) = f (i,j) do hai ma trn

i vi nh s gi tr M v N phi l s nguyn dng. S lng mc xm c th gn cho mt im nh L thng c la chn sao cho L = 2 k , k l s nguyn dng. Nh vy s lng bit c s dng biu din mt nh s s c xc nh theo cng thc: b = M x N x k. 1.2.2 Chuyn nh mu thnh nh xm n v t bo ca nh s l pixel. Ty theo mi nh dng l nh mu hay nh xm m tng pixel c thng s khc nhau. i vi nh mu tng pixel s mang thng tin ca ba mu c bn to ra bn mu kh kin l (R), lc (G) v lam (B) [Thomas 1892]. Trong mi pixel ca nh mu, ba mu c bn R, G v B c b tr st nhau v c cng sng khc nhau. Thng thng, mi mu c bn c biu din bng 8 bit tng ng 256 mc mu khc nhau. Nh vy mi pixel chng ta s c 28x3=224 mu (khong 16.78 triu mu). i vi nh xm, thng thng mi pixel mang thng tin ca 256 mc xm (tng ng vi 8 bit)

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K Thut Watermarking nh S

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nh vy nh xm hon ton c th ti hin y cu trc ca mt nh mu tng ng thng qua 8 mt phng bit theo xm. Trong hu ht qu trnh x l nh, chng ta ch yu ch quan tm n cu trc ca nh v b qua nh hng ca yu t mu sc. Do bc chuyn t nh mu thnh nh xm l mt cng on ph bin trong cc qu trnh x l nh v n lm tng tc x l l gim mc phc tp ca cc thut ton trn nh. Chng ta c cng thc chuyn cc thng s gi tr mu ca mt pixel thnh mc xm tng ng nh sau: G= .CR+.CG+.CB (1.1)

Trong cc gi tr CR, CG v CB ln lt l cc mc mu , lc v lam ca pixel mu. Cc h s , , v l cc gi tr thay i ty thuc h mu. Lc ca nh xm Lc xm ca mt nh s c cc mc xm trong khong [0,L1] mt hm ri rc p(rk) = nk/n tng s pixel trong nh v k = 0,1,2....L1. Do P (rk) l

. Trong nk l s pixel c mc xm th rk, n l cho mt xp x xc sut

xy ra mc xm rk. V hm ny vi tt c cc gi tr ca k s biu din khi qut s xut hin cc mc xm ca mt nh. Chng ta cng c th th hin lc mc xm ca nh thng qua tn sut xut hin mi mc xm qua h ta vung gc Oxy. Trong , trc honh biu din s mc xm t 0 n N (s bit ca nh xm). Trc tung biu din s pixel ca mi mc xm.

Hnh 1.5: Lc nh xm. 1.3 BIU DIN NH TRONG MIN TN S Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S

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Do phi x l nhiu thng tin, cc php ton nhn v cng trong khai trin l kh ln. Do vy ta phi s dng cc php bin i lm gim th nguyn ca nh cho vic x l nh hiu qu hn. C nhiu loi php bin i c s dng nh: Php bin i Fourier. Bin i KL (Karhumen Loeve): bin i ny c ngun gc t khai trin

ca qu trnh ngu nhin gi l phng php trch chn cc thnh phn chnh. Php bin i Lalapce. Php bin i DCT. Php bin i Wavelet. Thng c s dng nhiu nht l php bin i DCT v php bin i Wavelet. 1.4 CI THIN NH DNG TON T KHNG GIAN nh thu nhn c nhiu cn phi loi b nhiu hay nh khng sc nt b m hoc lm r cc chi tit nh bin. Cc ton t khng gian dng trong k thut tng cng nh c phn theo nhm theo cng dng: lm trn nhiu, ni bin. lm trn nhiu hay tch nhiu ngi ta s dng cc b lc tuyn tnh (lc trung bnh, thng thp) hay lc phi tuyn (trung v, gi trung v, lc ng hnh). T bn cht ca nhiu thng tng ng vi tn s cao v t c s l thuyt lc l: b lc ch cho tn hiu c tn s no thng qua. Do lc nhiu ngi ta dng lc thng thp (theo quan im ca tn s khng gian) hay ly t hp tuyn tnh san bng (lc trung bnh). lm ni nh ng vi tn s cao ngi ta dng cc b lc thng cao, lc Laplace. 1.4.1 Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh (Linear Filter)

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V c nhiu loi nhiu can thip vo qu trnh x l nh nh: nhiu cng, nhiu xung, nhiu nhn nn dng cc b lc thng thp, trung bnh v lc ng hnh (homomorphie); vi nhiu xung ta dng lc trung v, gi trung v, lc ngoi (outlier). 1.4.1.1 Lc trung bnh khng gian Vi lc trung bnh mi im nh c thay th bng trung bnh trng s ca cc im ln cn v c nh ngha nh sau: v (m, n) =

a (k , l ) y (m k , n l )
( k ,l ) eW

(1.2)

Nu trong k thut lc trn, ta dng cc trng s nh nhau. v (m, n) = Vi : o o o o y (m,n) : nh u vo v (m,n) : nh u ra w (m, n): ca s lc a (k, l) : trng s lc Vi a k,l =
1 v Nw l s im nh trong ca s lc W N w 1 N

y (m k , n l )
( k ,l ) eW

(1.3)

Lc trung bnh c trng s chnh l thc hin chp nh u vo vi nhn chp H. Nhn chp H trong trng hp ny c dng:
1 H= 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Trong lc trung bnh, i khi ngi ta u tin cho cc hng bo v bin ca nh khi b m i do lm trn nh. Cc kiu mt n s dng ty theo cc Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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trng hp khc nhau. Cc b lc trn l b lc tuyn tnh theo ngha l im nh tm ca s s c thay th bi t hp tuyn tnh cc im ln cn chp vi mt n. 1.4.1.2 Lc thng thp khng gian (Spacial Low Pass Filter) Lc thng thp thng c s dng lm trn nhiu, kh nhiu cng v ni suy nh. V nguyn l ging lc trung bnh khng gian. Trong k thut ny ngi ta hay dng mt s nhn chp sau:
1 1 H t1 = 8
0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0

Hb =

1 1 b (b + 2) 2 1

b b
2

1 b 1

Ta d dng thy khi b = 1, H b chnh l nhn chp H 1 (lc trung bnh);cn khi b=2H b chnh l nhn chp H 3 . Ta vit li chng trnh thu nhn nh di dng: X qs [m, n] =X g[m, n] + [m, n] (1.4)

2 Trong [m, n] l nhiu cng c phng sai n .Nh vy, theo cch

tnh ca lc trung bnh ta c : Y [m, n] = N w


1

X
( k ,l ) eW

( m k , n l ) +[ m, n]

(1.5)
2

Hay Y [m, n] =

1 N w

(m k , n l ) +

Nw

(1.6)

Nh vy nhiu cng trong nh gim i N w ln. 1.4.1.3 Lc ng hnh (Homomorphie filter)

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K thut lc ny hiu qu vi nh c nhiu nhn. Thc t l nh quan st c gm nh gc nhn vi mt h s nhiu. Gi X(m,n) l nh thu c, X(m,n) l nh gc v ( m, n ) l nhiu. Nh vy: X(m,n) =X(m,n). ( m, n ) (1.7)

Lc ng hnh thc hin ly logarit ca nh quan st. Do vy ta c kt qu sau:


g Log(X(m,n))= lo (X(m,n)+log( ( m, n ) )

(1.8)

R rng nhiu nhn c trong nh s b gim. Sau qu trnh lc tuyn tnh ta li chuyn v nh c bng php bin i hm e m. nh thu c lc ng hnh s tt hn nh gc. 1.4.2 Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn (NonLinear Filter) Cc b lc phi tuyn cng hay c dng trong tng cng nh. Trong k thut ny ngi ta dng b lc trung v (Median Filtering), gi trung v (Pseudo MedianFiltering), lc ngoi (ourlier). Vi lc trung v, im nh u vo s c thay th bi trung v cc im nh. Cn lc gi trung v s dng trung bnh cng ca 2 gi tr trung v (trung bnh cng ca max v min). 1.4.2.1 Lc trung v (Median Filter) c s dng ch yu cho gim nhiu. Mt b lc trung v cng da vo vic dng mt ca s di chuyn trn nh, v gi tr xm pixel u ra c thay th bi trung v ca cc pixel trong ca s . v ( m, n ) = Trungvi (y(m-k, n-l) vi (k,l) W (1.9)

K thut ny i hi gi tr cc im nh trong ca s phi xp theo th t tng hay gim dn so vi gi tr trung v. Kch thc ca s thng c chn sao cho s im nh trong ca s l l. Cc ca s hay dng l ca s 3x3, 5x5 hay 7x7. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S Tnh cht ca lc trung v: Lc trung v l phi tuyn. Trungvi ((x(m) + y(m)) # Trungvi (x(m)) + Trungvi (y(m)) phn gii.

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(1.10)

Hu ch cho vic loi b cc im nh hay cc hng m vn bo ton

Hiu qu gim khi s im nhiu trong ca s ln hn hay bng mt

na s im trong ca s. V trung v l ( N w + 1) /2 gi tr ln nht nu N w l. Lc trung v cho trng hp hai chiu coi nh trung v tch c theo tng chiu, c ngha l tin hnh lc trung v cho ct tip theo cho hng. 1.4.2.2 Lc ngoi Gi thit rng c mt mc ngng no cho cc mc nhiu ( da vo lc xm). Tin hnh so snh gi tr ca mt im nh vi trung bnh s hc 8 ln cn ca n. Nu s sai lch ny ln hn ngng , im nh ny c coi nh nhiu. Trong trng hp ny ta thay th gi tr ca im nh bng gi tr trung bnh 8 ln cn va tnh c. Cc ca s tnh ton thng l 3x3. Tuy nhin ca s c th m rng n 5x5 hay 7x7 m bo tnh tng quan gia cc im nh. Vn quan trng l xc nh ngng loi nhiu m vn khng lm mt thng tin. 1.4.2.3 B lc gi bin (Kuwahara Filter) Bin ng vai tr quan trng trong cm nhn nh ca chng ta v trong phn tch nh. Bng cch no ta lm trn nh m khng lm mt i sc nt ca bin, nu c th th khng lm thay i v tr ca bin. B lc t c mc ch ny gi l b lc bin. B lc bin s dng mt ca s. Kch thc J = K = 4L+ 1. Vi L nguyn.

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S Chia ca s thnh 4 vng. Trong mi vng ta tnh trung bnh sng.
mi

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( m , n ) R

s ( m, n )

(1.11)

V bnh phng lch chun


i2 =
1 1

( m , n ) R

( s (m, n) m )
i

Vi

l s im nh ca vng R (1.12)

Gi tr u ra ca pixel trung tm trong ca s l gi tr trung bnh ca vng c bnh phng lch chun nh nht. 1.4.2.4 Lc thng cao, thng di (Spacial High Pass, Band Pass Filter) Mc ch : Lm trn nh v trch chn bin. Nu ta c b lc thng thp khng gian l H LP (m, n) th b lc thng cao c nh ngha H HP =
m, n) H LP ( m , n ) v (

b lc thng di l
H LP 2 ( m, n)

H BP =

H L P1 (m, n)

(1.13)

Di y l cc mt n thng dng cho lc thng cao.


1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 9 1 1 5 1 2 5 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 1

HP 1 =

HP 2 =

HP 3 =

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Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S 1.5 GII THIU V X L NH MU 1.5.1 C s ca mu sc

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nh sng l mt dng ca nng lng sng in t c bc sng vo khong 400m (millicron) cho nh sng tm v khong 700m cho nh sng .

Quan h sng

1 .0 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0 .2 0 400 500 600 7 0 0(n m )

Vng cam

cam

Tm

Lam

Lc

Hnh 1.6: S cm nhn cng nh sng ca mt ngi. Tt c cc bc sng ny u c cm nhn bi mt ngi nh l mt sc mu, tt c cc sc mu ny nm trong nh sng trng ca mt tri vi nng lng nm trong khong t hng ngoi n cc tm. Mu sc ca mt vt th l mt hm ca cc bc sng khng b hp th phn chiu t vt th, mt vt th c cc mu sc khc nhau ph thuc vo nh sng m n c quan st. Mt vt th khi quan st di nh sng mt tri s c mu sc khc khi n c quan st bng nh sng n in. Phn ln kin thc c s v mu sc da trn tm ti ca Isaac Newton v hc thuyt quang hc ca ng. Newton kt lun rng cm gic v mu sc ca chng ta l do tc ng s phn x c chn lc v bc sng cc tia sng ti. ng cho rng mu sc vt th c nguyn nhn bt ngun t phn x bc sng chn lc ca truyn t cc tia sng xut pht t vt th. Newton trnh by mt hn hp ca hai mu c ph lin tip cho ta mt mu ph trung gian, nhng hn hp ca hai mu c ph xa nhau v lam cho ta mu ta, mt mu khng ph. ng cng gii thiu mt lot mu m khi tng hp vi nhau cho mu trng. ng gi cc mu Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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ny l cc mu chnh, bao gm by mu: , cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm v c dng tnh cc mu c bc sng khc nhau. Bt k mu no cng c to ra bi mt t l thch hp ca ba mu c ph ring bit m bt k mu no trong s ba mu ny cng khng th to ra bng tng hp ca hai mu cn li. Ba mu ny gi l ba mu ring (mu chnh) c kt hp vi nhau khi tng hp nh sng mu, c tch ra khi phn tch thnh cc mu thnh phn..
Lc ti

Lc lam Trng Lam ti (a)

vng en Vng Lc (b)

Lam

Lc lam

Hnh 1.7: Tng hp mu theo phng php cng v tr.

Trong hnh a, h thng tng hp nh sng c gii thiu vi cc mu

ring hay dng nht l , lc, lam. - Cng mu vi mu lc ta c mu vng. - Cng ba mu , lc, lam theo t l thch hp cho mu trng. - Hai mu c b sung khi trn vi t l thch hp cho mu trng. - Khi trn vi t l b thm vo ca mu lc cho ta mu trng. V vy mu ti l b ca mu lc. Trong hnh b, cc phn tch ring cho cc mu nhum thnh phn l phn

b cc mu tng hp ca nh sng. Cc mu ring phn tch khi trn t l cho kt qu l mu en.

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S xc nh mt nh sng mu cn cc yu t sau:

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sng hay chi: N l tng hp ca nh sng nhn c bi mt khng

k ti mu sc. N nm trong khong t l m ti n rt sng hoc chi mt.

Sc mu: Chnh l mu c ph tri hn trong nh sng. Bo ha mu: To ra tinh khit ph ca mu trong nh sng. Cho mt

hn hp ca mu v en trng bo ha mu c tng thm bi tng ca tng cc sc mu.

Gii hn ca cm gic

Lam
Tra nga

Sng nht

Lc Bo ho

Mu sc

Vng

Tt nht

Hnh 1.8: Thuc tnh ca mu. Cc tnh cht c bn quyt nh hn hp ca ba mu: Mt im mu tng hp th c lp i vi sng trn mt phm vi rng. sng ca mt hn hp cc mu l tng ca cc sng ring l. Bt k mt mu no cng c to ra bi mt hn hp khng nhiu hn ba

mu thnh phn. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S Cc mu thnh phn khng th nhn ra c bng mt. Mt im mu c th biu din di dng biu thc: C = R(R) + G(G) + B(B) R l n v ca R. G l n v ca G. B l n v ca B. Khi tnh tng to ra mt im vi mu C. (1.14)

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Cc mu c kt hp theo lut cng. Gi s C1 kt hp vi C2 kt hp C3

kt hp C4 th C1 + C3, C2 + C4. Quy tc ny c gi l lut Grassman. Cc mu kt hp tun theo lut tr. Cc mu kt hp tun theo lut bc cu. Nu C1 kt hp C2 v C2 kt hp

C3 th C1 kt hp vi C3. 1.5.2 Biu thc mu RGB l cc mu ring vt l c dng trong cc th nghim vt l. Cc mu ring ny khng phi l duy nht v ta c th dng cc mu ring khc thay th. Vo nm 1938 CIE a ra mt tp cc mu khng vt l, k hiu l X, Y, Z. Ci tin chnh trong tp mu ny l sng c a ra trc tip nh mt mu ring (Y), Y s cho ta mc xm t nh mu. Cc mu ring ny c rt ra t cc mu ring vt l theo bin i tuyn tnh: X = 2.7690R + 1.7518G + 1.1300B Y = 1.0000R + 4.5907G + 0.0601B Z = 0.0000R + 0.0565G + 5.5943B

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Cc biu thc ny ng cho bt k mu no da trn cc X, Y, Z s mu CIE c pht trin. S ny l mt khng gian biu din cho tt c cc mu c ph v tng hp ca chng. Ta mu rt ra t: D=X+Y+Z x=
X D

y=

Y D

z=

Z D

(1.15)

x+y+z=1
y 1 .0 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7

( G ') (G ) B c s n g

Lc
0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 0 .1 0 Vng C c s c m u kh c L c la m

Tr ng

(R )

(B )
0 .1

Lam

t i

x 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8

Hnh 1.9: Biu mu CIE Trong s CIE mt lot cc mu c ph c cho dc theo ng cong, cc gc biu din cho 3 mu ring: , lc v lam. Gn trung tm ca min nm trong tam gic cc mu tr nn t bo ha hn, biu din cho hn hp mu. Mu trng nm ti im trung tm W vi ta x = y = 0.3333. S mu trn cha cc mu vi cng mt sng. Nu sng ca mu c cho bi gi tr ca z ti gc bn phi ca mt phng x - y, tt c cc mu vi sng ca n s c dng nh hnh 1.8. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S

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G
Bng

chi

xm
en

W R B

Hnh 1.10: Hnh chp mu Nu sng tng ln, s mu s tr nn rng hn v s c nhiu chi tit mu trng thy. Ti cc mc sng thp, cc mu tr nn kh phn bit v s s thu hp li mt im, biu din cho mu en. 1.5.3 nh mu Nu bn kim tra mn hnh ca mt tivi khi n c bt ln, bn s ch thy ti tt c cc im nh mu c to nn bng ba vng trn nh hoc tam gic c mu , lc, lam. S thay i sng ca ba phn t mu ny to nn mu sc ca im nh. Trong nh s th cc im nh c biu din bng mt s t c cng s bit cho cc mu , lc, lam. V d nh nh mu c biu din bng 16 bit th u c 5 bit biu din cho mi mu, bit cui cng dng cho mt vi chc nng c bit nh ngn xp. Trong mt khung s th bit cui cng thng thng ch ra im nh ny c ly t b m khung (b nh ngn xp) hay l t tn hiu video bn ngoi (ngn xp trc tip). Trong h thng 16 bit 32, 768 mu c th c biu din vi ba mu ring c kh nng biu hin 32 trng thi. 1.6 CC LOI NH MU 1.6.1 Khng gian mu RGB Mi mu c biu din bi khng gian mu RGB u l s pha trn ca 3 thnh phn mu c bn. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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Hnh 1.11: H ta RGB Nhn xt: M hnh ny khng th biu din mi mu trong ph nhn thy. cho cc ng dng my tnh. Mn hnh my tnh v TV s dng cho m hnh ny. c s dng rng ri. n gin.

Hnh 1.12: nh RGB

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Trong bng 1.1 l danh sch gi tr RGB cho mt s mu c bn. Bt k 3 gi tr c biu din s dng cho mt mu c bit. Bng 1.1: Gi tr RGB cho mt s mu c bn. Tn y Black (en) Blue (lam) Green (lc) Cyan (xanh ngc) Red () Magenta ( ti) Yellow (vng) White (trng) 1.6.2 Khng gian mu NTSC H thng mu NTSC c s dng trong Tivi nc M. Mt u im chnh ca dng ny l thng tin mc xm v phn chia d liu mu. V vy tn hiu ging c s dng trong c hai mu v ci t Tivi en trng. Dng NTSC d liu nh gm 3 thnh phn mu: cng sng ( Y ), mu ( I ), v bo ha ( Q ). Trong vic chn YIQ lm chuyn i, thnh phn cng sng biu din mc xm v 2 thnh phn khc mang thng tin mu tn hiu ca Tivi. Thnh phn YIQ bao gm thnh phn RGB ca nh s dng bin i sau:
Y I Q 0.299 0.596 0.211 0.587 0.274 0.523 0.114 0.322 0.312
R G B

Tn ngn k b g c r m y w

Gi tr RGB [ 0 0 0] [ 0 0 1] [ 0 1 0] [ 0 1 1] [ 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1] [ 1 1 0] [ 1 1 1]

Ch phn t ca hng u tin cng n 1 v phn t ca hng th 2 k tip cng n 0. y l c chp nhn v tt c thnh phn RGB trong nh xm l bng nhau. V vy thnh phn I v Q bng 0 cho nhiu nh, cng thc ca dng chuyn i rgb2ntsc: Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S yiq_image = rgb2ntsc(rgb_image)

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Tng t thnh phn RGB c cha trong thnh phn YIQ di cng thc:
R G B 1 .000 .000 1 .000 1 0.956 0.272 1.106 0.621 0.647 1.703 Y I Q

Hnh 1.13: nh NTSC 1.6.3 Khng gian mu YCbCr Khng gian mu RGB c s dng rng ri trong video s. Trong dng ny cng sng c biu din bng thnh phn n, Y v cc mu c lu tr nh 2 thnh phn mu ring bit Cb v Cr. Thnh phn Cb l s thay i gia thnh phn lc v gi tr khc, v thnh phn Cr l s thay i gia thnh phn v gi tr khc (Poynton 1996). Vic chuyn i c s dng bi IPT chuyn i t RGB sang YCbCr:
Y C b C r 16 128 128 65 .481 37 .797 112 .000 128 .553 74 .203 93 .786 24 .996 112 .000 18 .214 R G B

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Hnh 1.14: nh YCbCr 1.6.4 Khng gian mu CMY M hnh CMY dng cho in nh mu. Gm 3 thnh phn mu c bn Cyan (xanh ngc), magenta ( ti), yellow (vng). L b mu ca khng gian RGB. Mi quan h gia 2 khng gian: C = 1.0 R M = 1.0 G Y = 1.0 B Phng php pha trn mu:

Hnh 1.15: Phng php pha trn mu. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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Hnh 1.16: nh CMY 1.6.5 Khng gian mu CMYK L s m rng m hnh mu CMK bng cch thm vo thnh phn mu black (en) (K), bi v vi thnh phn mu black tinh khit s cho ta tng phn cao hn. Mi quan h gia CMY v CMYK: K = min (C, M, Y) C=CK M=MK Y=YK 1.6.6 Khng gian mu HSV Thay v chn cc phn t RGB c mu mong mun, ngi ta chn cc tham s mu: Hue, Saturation, Value (HSV).

Hue: bc sng gc ca nh sng. Trong m hnh Hue c biu din bng

gc t 00 n 3600.

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Saturation: Thc o tinh khit nh sng gc, S trong khong t [0, 1].

Biu din tinh khit ca mu s chn vi tinh khit cc i.

Value: cng hay chi nh sng. Value c gi tr [0, 1], V = 0 mu

en. nh lc gic c cng mu cc i. Khng gian mu HSV c trnh by trong mu RGB dc tm trc xm (cc nh en v trng) m kt qu ca mu l hnh lc gic hnh 1.22 a, chng ta c trc ta xm nh hnh 1.22 b, kch thc ca hnh lc gic trc thng ng c kch thc thay i c m t trong hnh. mu c biu din nh mt gc quanh hnh lc gic mu, mu c s dng l 00. Gi tr l khong cch quanh hnh nn. Cui cng V = 0 l mu en. Gc V = 1 l mu trng, l trung tm hnh lc gic mu. V vy biu din tt c cc bng m ca mu xm. bo ha mu l khong cch xa nht t V.

Hnh 1.17 a: Lc gic mu HSV.

Hnh 1.17 b: Hnh nn lc gic.

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Hnh 1.18: nh HSV H thng mu c bn HSV c c bn li trong h ta hnh tr. Vic chuyn i t RGB sang HSV thc cht c cng cng thc RGB trong ta hnh tr. Loi ny c to ra chi tit trong my tnh ha. Ngoi ra cn c h YIQ dng cho truyn hnh mu. Vic chuyn i gia cc khng gian biu din mu c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau:

Nu gi l khng gian biu din cc mu ban u.


khng gian biu din mu mi. '

A l ma trn biu din php bin i. Ta c quan h sau:


= A '

(1.16)

V d, bin i h ta mu RGBCIE sang h ta mu RGBNTSC ta c cc vecto tng ng:


R RGB R NTSC G Px = RGB v Px = G NTSC R RGB B NTSC

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S Cng thc chuyn i c vit di dng ma trn:


RCIE 1,167 G 0,114 CIE = 0,001 BCIE
0,146 0,753 0,059 0,151 0,159 1,128

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R NTSC G NTSC B NTSC

1.6.7 Khng gian mu HSI Khc vi HSV khng gian mu tt hn v xa hn m t di dng m ngi dng gii thch. Khi ngi s dng quan st mu s hng ti m t n bng hue (cng mu), saturation (bo ha mu) v brightness ( chi). Hue m t mu nguyn cht v d mu vng, cam hoc . Saturation o bc mu tinh khit c pha long bng mu trng sng. Brightness c m t trong thc nghim m khng th o c. Khi nim cng ca v sc v hm kha m t cm gic mu sc. Chng ta bit cng (mc xm) s dng nhiu trong m t nh n sc. Xc nh cht lng l o v i cc d dng. Khng gian mu hin ti c gi l khng gian mu HSI ( hue, saturation, intensity ), kh ghp thnh phn cng t thng ip mang mu (hue, saturation) trong nh mu. Kt qu l kiu mu HSI trong thanh cng c pht trin thut ton c bn trong vic m t mu da vo t nhin v trc gic ca con ngi, sau pht trin v s dng cc thut ton. Tng t nh khng gian mu HSV nhng c ngha l mu biu din hi t khi c gii thch trong bng mu. Mt nh mu RGB bao gm 3 nh xm v vy ta phi trch mc xm t nh RGB. N s bt u xa ht nu tnh theo trc mu hnh 1.17 v chun mu en l (0,0,0) v mu trng l ( 1, 1, 1) trc tip quanh trc nh hnh 1.19.

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Hnh 1.19: Mi quan h gia kiu mu RGB v HSI. ng hin th mc xm dc theo mu trng v mu en. V vy mun xc nh thnh phn mc xm l im mu bt k nh hnh 1.19. Ch vic kt hp vi hnh 1.19 mc xm l ng thng quanh trc ng, n gin dc theo php tuyn v cha cc im mu. Phn khng gian vi mc xm s cho ra gi tr mc xm trong khong t [ 0,1]. Ch bo ha nh (tinh khit) ca mu tng nh hm mc xm. Thc t bo ha ca im trong mc xm l zero, c xc minh thc t bng tt c cc im l mu xm. Nh ta thy s khc nhau ca mu nh th no trong im RGB, khng gian biu din c xc nh bi 3 im (en, trng v xanh ngc). Thc t, im en v trng c cha trong khng gian. Nh chng ta ni rng cng c cha trong khng gian. Ngoi ra, chng ta ni rng tt c nhng im cha trong khng gian c xc nh bng cng v bin ging nh mu (trong trng hp mu xanh ngc). Bi v y l mt mu bn nhiu gc mu bn ngoi tam gic mu c kt hp cc gi tr hoc hn hp 3 thnh phn mu. Nu 2 trong s l mu en v mu trng v th 3 l mt im mu, tt c cc im mu trn tam gic ging nh mu trc thnh phn en v trng khng kt hp t thay i mu. T khi nim ny chng ta c th kt lun ging nh mu bo ha v cng gi tr yu cu t khng gian HSI c th nhn c t khi mu RGB, l chng ta c th thay i mt s im RGB t mt im ng v l mu mu HSI lm cng vic m t ng thc hnh hc ch ng ra c lp lun chnh xc trong vic tho lun vn trc. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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Hnh 1.20: mu v bo ha trong h mu HSI. 1.7 MT S NH DNG NH HIN NAY nh thu c sau qu trnh s ha c nhiu loi khc nhau ph thuc vo k thut s ha nh. cc phn trn ta bit nh c chia lm hai loi: nh en trng v nh mu. nh thu nhn c c th lu tr trn tp tin cho cc bc x l tip theo. Phn bn di s trnh by mt s kiu nh dng nh thng dng hay dng trong k thut x l nh hin nay. 1.7.1 nh IMG nh IMG l nh en trng. Phn u ca nh IMG c 16 byte cha cc thng tin cn bit: Su byte u dng nh du nh dng nh IMG. Gi tr ca su byte

ny vit di dng s Hexa: 0x0001 0x0008 0x0001. Hai byte tip theo cha di mu tin. l di ca dy cc byte k

lin nhau m dy ny s c lp li mt s ln no . S ln lp li ny s c lu trong byte m. Nhiu dy ging nhau c lu trong mt byte. Bn byte tip m t kch c pixel. Hai byte tip m t s pixel trn mt dng nh.

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S Hai byte cui l s dng nh trong nh.

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nh IMG c nn theo tng dng, mi dng bao gm cc gi (pack). Cc dng ging nhau cng c nn thnh mt gi. C bn loi gi sau: Loi 1: Gi cc dng ging nhau. Quy cch gi tin ny nh sau: 0x00 0x00 0xFF Count. Ba byte u cho bit s cc dy ging nhau, byte cui cho bit s cc dng ging nhau. Loi 2: Gi cc dy ging nhau. Quy cch gi tin ny nh sau: 0x 00 Count. Byte th hai cho bit s cc dy ging nhau c nn trong gi. di ca dy ghi u tp. Loi 3: Dy cc pixel khng ging nhau, khng lp li v khng nn c. Quy cch nh sau: 0x 80 Count. Byte th hai cho bit di dy cc pixel khng ging nhau khng nn c. Loi 4: Dy cc pixel ging nhau. Ty theo cc bit cao ca byte u c bt hay tt. Nu bit cao c bt (gi tr 1) th y l gi nn cc byte ch gm bit 0, s cc byte c nn c tnh bi by bit thp cn li. Nu bit cao tt (gi tr 0) th y l gi nn cc byte gm ton bit 1, s cc byte c nn c tnh bi by bit thp cn li. Cc gi tin ca file IMG phong ph nh vy l do nh IMG l nh en trng. Do vy, ch cn mt bit cho mt pixel thay v bn hay tm nh ni trn. Ton b nh ch c im sng v ti tng ng gi tr 1 hoc gi tr 0. T l nn ca kiu nh dng ny l kh cao. 1.7.2 nh PCX nh dng nh PCX l mt trong nhng kiu nh dng c in nht. N s dng phng php m lot di RLE (Run Length Encoded) nn d liu nh. Qu trnh nn v gii nn c thc hin trn tng dng nh. Thc t phng php gii nn PCX km hiu qu hn so vi kiu IMG. Tp PCX gm ba phn: u tp (header), d liu nh (image data), bng mu m rng. Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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Header ca tp PCX c kch thc c nh gm 128 byte v c phn b nh sau:

0Ah.

Mt byte: ch kiu nh dng, nu l kiu PCX/PCC n lun c gi tr l

Mt byte: ch ra version s dng nn nh, c th c cc gi tr sau: 0:

version 2.5; 2: version 2.8 vi bng mu; 3: version 2.8 hay 3.0 khng c bng mu; 5: version 3.0 c bng mu.

Mt byte: ch ra phng php m ha. Nu l 0 th m ha theo phng

php BYTE PACKED, nu l 1 th m ha theo phng php RLE.

Mt byte: s bit cho mt im nh plane. Mt word: ta gc tri trn ca nh. Vi kiu PCX n c gi tr l (0,

0), cn PCC th khc (0, 0).

Mt word: ta gc phi di. Mt word: kch thc b rng v b cao nh. Mt word: s im nh. Mt word: phn gii mn hnh. Mt word. 48 byte: chia thnh 16 nhm, mi nhm ba byte. Mi nhm ny cha

thng tin v mt thanh ghi mu. Nh vy ta c 16 thanh ghi mu.

Mt byte: khng dng n v lun t l 0. Mt byte: s bit plane m nh s dng. Vi nh 16 mu, gi tr ny l

bn, vi nh 256 mu (1pixel/8bit) th s bit plane li l mt.

Mt byte: s byte cho mt dng qut nh.

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Mt word: kiu bng mu. 58 byte: khng dng. Tm li, nh dng nh PCX thng c dng lu tr nh v thao tc

n gin, cho php nn v gii nn nhanh. Tuy nhin v cu trc ca n c nh nn trong mt s trng hp n lm tng kch thc lu tr. V v vy m mt s ng dng li s dng mt kiu nh dng khc mm do hn l TIFF. 1.7.3 nh TIFF (Targed Image File Format) Kiu nh dng TIFF c thit k lm nh bt cc vn lin quan n vic m rng tp nh c nh. V cu trc n cng c ba phn chnh:

Phn Header (IFH): c trong tt c cc tp TIFF v gm tm byte: Mt word: ch ra kiu to tp trn my tnh PC hay Macinfosh. Hai loi

ny khc nhau rt ln th t cc byte lu tr trong cc s di hai hay bn byte. Nu trng ny c gi tr l 4D4Dh th l nh cho my Macintosh; nu l 4949h l ca my PC. Mt word: version. T ny lun c gi tr l 42. C th coi l c trng

ca file TIFF v n khng thay i.

Hai word: gi tr Offset theo byte tnh t u file ti cu trc IFD (Image

File Directory) l cu trc th hai ca file. Th t cc byte y ph thuc vo du hiu trng u tin.

Phn th hai (IFD): N khng ngay sau cu trc IFH m v tr n c xc


nh bi trng Offset trong u tp. C th c mt hay nhiu IFD cng tn ti trong file (nu file c nhiu hn mt nh). Mt IFD gm:

Hai byte: cha cc DE (Directory Entry).

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

K Thut Watermarking nh S 12 byte l cc DE xp lin tip, mi DE chim mi hai byte.

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Bn byte: cha Offset tr ti IFD tip theo. Nu y l IFD cui cng th

trng ny c gi tr l 0.

Phn d liu th ba (cc DE): cc DE c di c nh gm 12 byte chia


lm bn phn: Hai byte: ch ra du hiu m tp nh c xy dng. Hai byte: kiu d liu ca tham s nh. C nm kiu tham s c bn: 1: BYTE (1 byte) 2: ASCII (1 byte) 3: SHORT (2 byte) 4: LONG (4 byte) 5: RATIONAL (8 byte)

Bn byte: trng di (b m) cha s lng ch mc ca kiu d liu

ch ra. N khng phi l tng s byte cn thit lu tr. c d liu ny ta cn nhn tham s ch mc vi kiu d liu dng. Bn byte: l Offset ti im bt u d liu thc lin quan ti du

hiu, tc l d liu lin quan vi DE khng phi lu tr vt l cng vi n nm mt v tr no trong file. D liu cha trong tp thng c t chc thnh cc nhm dng (ct) qut ca d liu nh. Cch t chc ny lm gim b nh cn thit cho vic c tp. Vic gii nn c thc hin theo bn kiu khc nhau c lu tr trong ba du hiu nn. Nh ni trn, file nh TIFF l dng gii quyt vn kh m rng ca file PCX. Tuy nhin, vi cng mt nh th vic dng file PCX chim t khng gian nh hn.

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1.7.4 nh GIF (Graphics Interchanger Format)


Cch lu tr kiu PCX c li v khng gian lu tr vi nh en trng kch thc tp c th nh hn bn gc t nm n by ln. Vi 16 mu kch thc nh nh hn nh gc hai n ba ln, c trng hp c th xp x nh gc. Tuy nhin, vi nh 256 mu th n bc l r kh nng nn rt km. iu ny c th l gii nh sau: khi s mu tng ln cc lot di xut hin t hn v v th lu tr theo kiu PCX khng cn li na. Hn na, nu ta mun lu tr nhiu i tng trn mt tp nh nh kiu nh dng TIFF i hi c mt nh dng khc thch hp. nh dng nh GIF do hng ComputServer Incorporated (M) xut ln u tin vo nm 1990. Vi nh dng GIF, nhng vng mc m cc nh dng khc gp phi khi s mu trong nh tng ln khng cn na. Khi s mu cng tng th u th ca nh dng GIF cng ni tri. Nhng u th ny c c l do GIF tip cn cc thut ton nn LZW (Lempel Ziv Weleh). Bn cht ca k thut nn LZW l da vo s lp li ca mt nhm im ch khng phi lot di ging nhau. Do vy, d liu cng ln th s lp li cng nhiu. Dng nh GIF cho cht lng cao, phn gii ha cng t cao, cho php hin th trn hu ht cc phn cng ha. nh dng tng qut ca nh GIF nh sau:

Ch k ca nh: c gi tr GIF87a. N gm su k t, ba k t u ch ra

kiu nh dng, ba k t sau ch ra version ca nh.

B hnh hin th: cha m t cc thng s cho ton b nh GIF. Bn mu tng th: m t b mu ti u i hi khi bit M = 1. Khi b

mu tng th c th hin, n s xc lp ngay b m t hnh hin th. S lng thc th bn mu ly theo b m t hnh hin th trn v bng 2m, vi m l lng bit trn mt pixel khi mi thc th cha ng ba byte (biu din cng mu c bn Red-Green-Blue).

B m t nh: nh ngha v tr thc t v phn m rng ca nh trong

phm vi khng gian nh c trong phn m t hnh hin th. Nu nh biu din theo nh x bn mu cc b th c nh ngha phi c thit lp. Mi b m t Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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nh c ch ra bi k t kt ni nh. K t ny ch c dng khi nh dng GIF c t hai nh tr ln. K t ny c gi tr 0x2c (k t du phy).

Bn mu cc b: ch c chn khi bit M ca byte th 10 l 1. Khi bn

mu c chn, bn mu s chiu theo b m t nh m ly vo cho ng. Ti phn cui nh, bn mu s ly li phn xc lp sau b m t hnh hin th. Lu y l trng pixel ca byte th 10 ch c dng khi bn mu c ch nh. Cc tham s ny khng ch cho bit kch thc nh theo pixel m cn ch ra s thc th bn mu ca n.

D liu nh: chui cc gi tr c th t ca cc pixel mu to nn nh. Cc

pixel c xp lin tc trn mt dng nh t tri qua phi. Cc dng nh c xp t trn xung di.

Phn kt thc nh: cung cp tnh ng b cho u cui ca nh GIF, cui

ca nh s xc nh bi k t ;" (0x3b). nh dng GIF c rt nhiu u im v c cng nhn l chun lu tr nh mu thc t (chun ISO 10918-1). N c mi trnh duyt Web (Web Browser) h tr vi nhiu ng dng hin i. Cng vi n c chun JPEG (Joint Photograph Expert Group). GIF dng cho nh chp (Photograph). 1.7.5 nh BMP (Bitmap) L nh c m t bi mt ma trn cc gi tr s xc nh mu v bng mu ca cc im nh tng ng khi hin th. u im ca nh Bitmap l tc v v tc x l nhanh. Nhc im ca n l kch thc rt ln. 1.7.6 nh JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) y l mt nh dng nh c h tr bi nhiu trnh duyt web. nh JPEG c pht trin nn dung lng v lu tr nh chp, v c s dng tt nht cho ha c nhiu mu sc, v d nh l nh chp c scan. File nh JPEG l nh Bitmap c nn li. C hai s khc nhau c bn gia nh GIF v nh JPEG: Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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nh GIF nn li theo cch gi nguyn ton b d liu nh trong khi nh

JPEG nn li nhng lm mt mt s d liu trong nh. nh GIF b gii hn bi s mu nhiu nht l 256 trong khi nh JPEG

khng gii hn s mu m chng s dng.

1.7.7 nh WMF (Windows Metafiles)


L mt tp hp cc lnh GDI dng m t nh v ni dung nh. C hai u im khi s dng nh WMF: kch thc file WMF nh v t ph thuc vo thit b hin th hn so vi nh Bitmap.

Chng 1: Tng Quan V X L nh

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