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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

CHAPTER 5- INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

5.1 INDICES AND LAW OF INDICES In Form Three, we have learned about indices and law of indices. For the early of this chapter, we will only revise the concept about it. Law of indices 1.

a m a n = a m+n

am = a m n 2. n a m n mn nm 3. (a ) = a or a
4. 5. 6.

a x b x = (ab) x a0 = 1
a = ( a)
m n n m m n

or

a = (n a m )

Example 1: Solve the equation Solution:

5 x 2562 x = 0

5 x = 2562 x 5 x = 5 2( 6 2 x )
x 2 = 12 4 x x 2 + 4 x 12 = 0 ( x + 6)( x 2) = 0 x = 6 or x = 2
Example 2: Find the value of y that satisfies the equation ( 6 y ) 2 . Solution:
2

1 216

= 36

6 2 y.
6
2y

1
3y

6 .6 3 y = 6 2
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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

6 2 y + ( 3 y ) = 6 2
2y 3y = 2 y=2 y = 2
Example 3: Express

36(2 m2 ) + 2 m+3 2 m in the simplest form.

Solution:

= 36.2 m.22 + 2 m.23 2 m 36 = 2 .2 m + 8.2 m 2 m 2 36 = .2 m + 8.2 m 2 m 4 = 9.2m + 8.2m 1.2 m = (9 + 8 1)2 m


= (16)2 m = (2 4 )2 m
= 2 m+4
Example 4: Given the equation 2 Solution:
2 x +1

Factorize 2m

x 3 x1 = 8 x 3 2 x . Show that 6 =

2 . 3

2 2 x +1 3 x 1 = 23 x 32 x

2 2 x+1 32 x = x1 23 x 3 2 x +13 x 2 = 32 x x1 21 x = 3 x1 21.2 x = 31.3 x 2 3x = 3 2 x


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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2 = 3 x.2 x 3 2 = (3 2) x 3 2 6 x = (proof) 3
EXERCISE 5.1 1. Express 5 2n 5 2n +1 + 5 2n 1 in the simplest terms. 2. Solve the following equations. (a) 2 3 x + 2 = 32 (b) 81x +1 27 2 x 3 = 0 (c) 9 x 1 33 x + 5 = 0 3. Solve the following equations. (a) 81x = 4 (b) 5 3 x = 2513 x 4. Given 3 4 p +1 27 p +1 =

1 , find the value of p. 81

5.2 LOGARITHMS AND LAW OF LOGARITHMS 1. Logarithms can be used to simplify the operations multiplication and division of large numbers. We can convert from index form to logarithmic form and vice versa. 2. If a x = y (this is in index form), then log a y = x (this is in logarithmic form) where a is known as base and x is index. 3. The logarithm to the base of 10 is known as the common logarithm. log a y = x is read as logarithm of y to the base a. For example, 10 2 = 100 can be converted into logarithmic form which is log 10 100 = 2 . (i) log 2 8 = 3 is 2 3 = 8 . (ii) log 10 0.1 = 1 is equal to log 10 ( (ii) log 10 0.000001 = 6 (iv) log 10 0 =

1 1 ) = 1 which is 10 1 = 10 10

ax = y

log a y = x
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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

5.2.1 Law of Logarithms 1. log


a

m + log

n = log a ( mn )
10

Example:

log

10

100 + log

1000 = log = log

10 10

(100 1000 ) (100000 )

=5
2. log
a

m log

n = log a (

m ) n (

Example:

log

10

1000 log

10

100 = log

10000 ) 100 = log 10 (100 )


10

= 2
3. log
a

m n = n log

Example:

log 10 1000 = log 10 10 3

= 3 log = 31 =3

10

10

5.2.2 Change of base of Logarithms

log a b = x

then b = a x Take logarithm to base c on both sides,

log c b = log 10 a x

log c b = x log 10 a
x= log c b log c a
1 2

Substitute

into

log a b =

log c b log c a

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

log a b =

log c b log c a

c is the new base that we can choose

Example 1: Evaluate (i) log 8 2 (ii) log 25 125 Solution: (i) log 8 2 =

log 2 2 log 2 8

= =
=

1 log 2 2 3 1 3 log 2 2

1 3

(ii) log 25 125 =

log 5 125 log 5 25

log 5 53 = log 5 5 2 =
=
Example 2: Given that log a 2 = x and log a 3 = y . Express the following in terms of x and/or y. (i) log 2 a (ii) log 2 3 Solution: (i) log 2 a =

3 log 5 5 2 log 5 5
3 2

log a a log a 2

1 x

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

(ii) log 2 3 =

log a 3 log a 2
y x

EXERCISE 5.2.1 1. Express the following equations in index form. (a) log 3 p = 4 (a) y = 3 5 (b) log p 5 = 2 (b) 10 = 5 y (c) log 2 3 = x (c) m = n r 2. Express the following equations in logarithm form.

5.2.3 Solving problems involving laws of logarithms Example 1: Given log 4 3 = 0.7924 and log 4 7 = 1.404 . Without using the logarithm tables, calculate (i) log 4 1.75 (ii) log 7 48 Solution: (i) log 4 1.75 = log 4 ( )

7 4 = log 4 7 log 4 4

= 1.404 1 = 0.404 log 4 48 (ii) log 7 48 = log 4 7

log 4 (4 2 3) = log 4 7 = =
=

log 4 4 2 + log 4 3 log 4 7 2 log 4 4 + log 4 3 log 4 7

2 + 0.7924 1.404 2.7924 = 1.404


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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

= 1.9889
Example 2: Solve the following equations: (i) log 4 5 x log 4 (3 x 1) = 1 (ii) 4 log x 2 log x 8 = Solution: (i) log 4 5 x log 4 (3 x 1) = 1

1 2

log 4 (

5x ) =1 3x 1

5x = 41 3x 1 5 x = 4(3x 1) 5 x = 12 x 4 7x = 4 4 x= 7
(ii) 4 log x 2 log x 8 =

1 2

log x 2 4 log x 8 =

1 2

log x (

24 1 )= 8 2 16 1 log x ( ) = 8 2
1

2 = x2

( x ) 2 = (2) 2
x=4
Example 3: Given log k 12 + 2 log k 9 log k 36 = 1 . Find the value of k.

1 2

1 2

Solution:

log k 12 + 2 log k 9 log k 36 = 1

1 2
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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

log k 12 + log k 9 2 log k 36 = 1 12 81 3 )= 36 2 3 log k (27) = 2 log k ( k = 27


3 2

1 2

(k ) = (27)
k = (3 27 ) 2 k =9

3 2

2 3

2 3

EXERCISE 5.2.2 1. Given log x p = 3 and log x q = 5 , find the values of: (a) log x pq (b) log x

p q

2. Given that log 2 p = x and log 2 q = y , express the following in terms of x or/and y. (a) log 2 (b) log 2

p q

( pq )2
4

3. Solve the equation log 3 (3t + 9) log 3 2t = 1 . 4. Given 2 log 3 4 + log 3 8 log 3 2 = log 3 w , find the value of w. 5.3 EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES AND LOGARITHMS 5.3.1 Solving equations involving indices Example 1: Solve 2k 2 = 32 Solution:

2k 2 = 32 k 2 = 16 k = 4

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 2: Given that 3 m = 7 n = 63 p . Show that p =

mn m + 2n

Solution:

3m = 7 n
1 1

(3 m ) m = (7 n ) m
3=7 7 n = 63 p
n m

7 n = (7 3 2 ) p 7 n = 7 p 32 p
Substitute
1 2

into

7 = 7 (7 ) 2 p
n p

n m

7 n = 7 p (7
7 =7
n p+
2 np m

2 np m

2np m mp 2np n= + m m mp + 2np n= m mn = mp + 2np n= p+

p(m + 2n) = mn
p= mn (proof) m + 2n

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

5.3.2 Solving equations involving logarithms Example 1: Solve (i) log 3 (5t 3) log 3 3t = 1 (ii)

9 log 3 x = 5 .

Solution: (i) log 3 (5t 3) log 3 3t = 1

5t 3 ) = 1 3t 5t 3 = 31 3t 5t 3 1 = 3t 3 15t 9 = 3t 12t = 9 9 t= 12 3 t= 4 log 3 (


(ii)

9 log 3 x = 5 log3 9log3 x = log3 5


log 3 x log 3 9 = log 3 5
log
3

x 2 = log

2 log 3 x = log 3 5

log 3 x 2 = log 3 5

x2 = 5
x= 5 x>0 x= 5

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 2: Solve the simultaneous equations.

log 2 y = 2 + log 2 ( x 3) 4(64 x ) = 16 y


Solution:

4(4 3 x ) = 4 2 y

41+3 x = 4 2 y 1 + 3x = 2 y

log 2 y = 2 + log 2 ( x 3) log 2 y = log 2 4 + log 2 ( x 3) log 2 y = log 2 4( x 3) 2 y = 4 x 12


Substitute
2

into

1 + 3 x = 2(4 x 12) 1 + 3 x = 8 x 24 5 x = 25 x=5


Substitute x = 5 into
2

y = 4(5) 12 y = 20 12 y =8
Example 3: Show that Solution:

5 5 + =5. log a ab log b ab


Change the log to base b

5 5 + log b ab log b ab log b a

= 5

log b ab 5 + log b a log b ab

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

= 5 = = = = =

log b a 5 + log b ab log b ab

5 log b a 5 + log b ab log b ab 5 log b a + 5 log b ab 5 log b a + 5 log b b log b ab 5(log b a + log b b) log b ab 5(log b ab) log b ab
Add logb b that is actually equal to 1 Factorize

= 5 (proof)
Example 4: A liquid cools from its original temperature of 80C to a temperature T C in x minutes. Given that

T = 80(0.88) X , find
(a) the temperature of the liquid after 10 minutes (b) the time taken for the liquid to cool down to 27C Solution: (a)

T = 80(0.88) X x = 10,

T = 80(0.88)10
= 22.28C
(b) T = 80(0.88) X

T = 27,
27 = 80(0.88) X log 27 = log 80(0.88) X log 27 = log 80 + log(0.88) X x log 0.88 = log 27 log 80 27 x log 0.88 = log( ) 80

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

x log 0.88 = 0.4717

0.4717 log 0.88 x = 8.5 minutes


x=

EXERCISE 5.3 1. Solve the equation 4 n + 3 = 7 n 1 . 2. Given 2 x = 7 , find the value of x. 3. Given that log 3 (1 y ) = 2[ log 3 x 1] . Express y in terms of x. 4. Find the value of x given that log
3

9 = x log

27 .

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 1. Solve the equation 92 x +1 =

27 x 3x + 2

2. Solve the equation 3 4 2 x = 21 3. Solve the equation log x 2 + log 4 8 = 1 4. Given that log 3 2 = m and log 3 7 = n. Express each of the following in terms of m and / or n. (a) log 3 3.5 (b) log 4 7 5. (a) (b) Solve the equation

( 3)

2x 1

=1.

Mr. Ammar Fauzan invested RM 5,000 in a unit trust for his new born sons education in the future. The amount of the invested money will become RM 5,000 (1.09 ) n for a period of n

years. (i) Find the amount of his investment in the fifth year, correct to two decimal points. (ii) Find the minimum number of years required so that the amount of his investment is more than RM 20,000. 6. Find the value of x and of y that satisfy both the equations below.

3 2x =

9 27 2 y

, log 4 2 + log 4 (2 x 3 y ) = log 4 ( x + 5)

7. Given that 2 p = 6 q , show that log 3 2 =

q . pq

8. Given that p = log n x 3 and q = log x n , show that pq = 3 . 9. Given 2 log 5 ( x + 3) = 2 + log 5 x + log 5 3 , show that x 2 69 x + 9 = 0 .

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Chapter 5- Indices And Logarithms

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

10. (a) Given that x = log 3 2 , find the value of 9 x . Hence find the value of 9 k given k = 2 + x . (b) Given log x 2 = 0.5022 , prove that log x 8 x = 2.5066 . 11. (a) Given that log x 2 = p and log x 7 = q , express log x (b) Solve the equation log 2 x + 2 = 3 log x 2 12. Without using a scientific calculator, find the value of 2 log 1.5 log 0.75 + log 3 13. Solve the equation 3 2 x 4 x + 2 = 96 14. Find the values of x given that log 2 x = log x 16 15. Simplify

56 in terms of p and q. 2 x
1 3

6 2 x+3 . 9 x +1 3 2 x

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