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PHN A: C CHT HC I CNG CHNG I MT S VN C BN V C CHT HC

Ni dung chng 1 nhm gii thiu mt s khi nim c bn trong c cht hc nh: c cht hc, cht c, c tnh, c lc, ng c, cc ngun gy c, cch phn loi cht c, phn loi ng c... Cc kin thc v cc qu trnh ng hc, c ch gy ng c v cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c cng c cp n trong chng ny. 1. Mt s khI nim 1.1. c cht hc a. nh ngha v i tng ca c cht hc c cht hc l mt ngnh khoa hc chuyn nghin cu v cc cht c, bao gm vic pht hin ra cc cht c, c tnh l ho hc ca chng v nhng nh hng sinh hc cng nh bin php x l nhng hu qu do chng gy ra. c cht hc - toxicology c ngun gc t ting Hy Lp: toxikon - cht c, logos - khoa hc. T xa xa, i tng ca c cht hc ch l mt s t cht c c s dng u c ngi v sc vt. Ngy nay, c cht hc hin i nghin cu tnh cht l ha ca cc cht c c ngun gc thc vt, khong v tng hp, c ch gy c, mi tng tc gia cht c v c th. c cht hc Th y l mn khoa hc nghin cu v cc cht c v tc ng ca chng i vi c th ng vt. c cht hc th y l mt phn c bit ca c cht hc, l mn hc thc nghim lm sng. i tng ca mn hc l nghin cu v tnh cht, tc dng, ngha ca cht c, nguyn nhn gy ng c, sinh bnh hc, triu chng, chn on v iu tr ng c. b. S lin quan ca c cht hc th y vi cc mn hc khc L mn hc thc nghim lm sng, c cht hc th y c lin quan n hng lot cc mn hc: - Mn ha hc v dc l hc cung cp nhng hiu bit c bn v tnh cht ha hc, ng hc, c ch tc dng ca cc cht c c ngun gc v c v hu c. - Mn thc vt, vi sinh vt v ng vt gip nghin cu cc c t thc vt, ng vt, nm v cn trng. c cht hc c bit c quan h gn gi vi cc mn hc: - Sinh l bnh: nghin cu v sinh bnh hc, v tin trin ca bnh do ng c. - Ho sinh: c th b ng c gy ra nhiu bin i cc ch tiu ha hc, hm lng v cht lng men, hm lng cc hormon gi vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht. Xc nh nhng bin i ny bng cc phng php nghin cu ho sinh l rt cn thit phn tch tin trin ca qu trnh ng c.

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- Bnh l hc: cung cp phng php m khm v phn tch cc bnh tch i th, vi th gip chn on ng c. - Dch t hc: gip phn bit bnh do ng c vi cc bnh truyn nhim, k sinh trng. - V sinh th y v thc n gia sc lin quan n phng php phng ng c. c. Cc lnh vc nghin cu ca c cht hc Cc lnh vc nghin cu ca c cht hc lin quan n nhn y v th y gm: - c cht hc m t: nh gi nguy c do phi nhim vi cht c hoc mi trng thng qua cc kt qu thu c t cc xt nghim c tnh. - c cht hc c ch: Gii thch c ch gy c, t c th d on nguy c v c s khoa hc iu tr ng c. - c cht hc lm sng: Nghin cu cc bnh do ng c, nhim c, cch chn on v iu tr ng c, nhim c. - c cht hc phn tch: Nghin cu cc phng php pht hin v th nghim cht c v cc cht chuyn ho ca chng trong vt phm sinh hc v mi trng. y l mt ngnh ca ho phn tch. - c cht hc mi trng: Nghin cu s chuyn vn ca cht c v cc cht chuyn ho ca chng trong mi trng, trong chui thc phm v tc dng c ca cc cht ny trn c th v trn qun th. - c cht hc cng nghip: Nghin cu v nh hng c hi ca mi trng lao ng cng nghip i vi ngi v sc vt. - c cht hc php y: Cc xt nghim c cht v khm lm sng cc trng hp ng c, nhim c mang tnh php l. 1.2. Cht c a. Khi nim cht c Cht c (poison) l nhng cht v c hay hu c c ngun gc thin nhin hay do tng hp, khi nhim vo c th v t n nng nht nh c th gy hiu qu dc hi cho c th sng. Gary D. Osweiler li a ra nh ngha v cht c nh sau: cht c l nhng cht rn, lng hoc kh, khi nhim vo c th theo ng ung hoc cc ng khc s gy nh hng n cc qu trnh sng ca cc t bo ca cc c quan, t chc. Cc tc ng ny ph thuc vo bn cht v c lc ca cc cht c. Khi nim khc ca cht c l c t (toxin) c dng ch cc cht c c sn sinh (c ngun gc) t cc qu trnh sinh hc ca c th v c gi l c t sinh hc (biotoxin). Trong qu trnh nghin cu v cht c cn lu mt s im sau: - Cht c l mt khi nim mang tnh nh lng. Mi cht u c mt liu no v cng v hi vi liu rt thp. Gii hn gia 2 liu l phm vi cc tc dng sinh hc. Theo Paracelsus (1493 - 1541): tt c mi cht u l cht c, khng c cht no khng phi l cht c. Liu lng thch hp s phn bit c mt cht c v mt thuc. Aspinrin (acid acetyl salicylic) l thuc h st chng vim c dng trong iu tr t nhiu

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nm nay, nhng c th gy cht ngi vi liu 0,2 - 0,5 g/Kg. St, ng, magne, km l nhng nguyn t vi lng cn thit trong thnh phn thc n chn nui, nhng nu qu liu th c th gy ng c. - V mt sinh hc, mt cht c th c vi loi ny nhng li khng c vi loi khc. Carbon tetraclorid gy c mnh cho gan trn nhiu loi, nhng t hi hn i vi g. Mt s loi th c th n l c c dc c cha belladon. - Mt cht c th khng c khi dng mt mnh, nhng li rt c khi dng phi hp vi cht khc. Piperonyl butoxid rt t c vi loi c v v cn trng khi dng mt mnh, nhng c th lm tng c tnh rt mnh ca cc cht dng cng do n c tc dng c ch cc enzym chuyn ho cht l (xenobiotic - metabolizing enzymes) ca c th. - c tnh ca mt cht c c th thay i khi xm nhp vo c th qua cc ng khc nhau nh: qua ng ung, ng h hp, qua da, qua ng tim... b. Khi nim c tnh v c lc - Khi nim c tnh: c dng miu t tnh cht gy c ca cht c i vi c th sng. - Khi nim c lc: l lng cht c trong nhng iu kin nht nh gy nh hng c hi hoc nhng bin i sinh hc c hi cho c th. Khi nghin cu v c lc, cn quan tm n mi quan h gia liu lng cht gy c v p ng ca c th b ng c. Theo quy nh quc t, liu lng ca cht c c tnh bng milligram (mg) cht c/1kg khi lng c th gy nh hng sinh hc nht nh. mt s loi ng vt hoang d hoc loi c, c lc c th hin bng nng cc cht c trong thc n ng vt hoc nc. Nng gy t vong (LC - Lethal Concentration) l nng cht c thp nht trong 1 kg thc n chn nui hoc trong 1 lt nc (i vi c) gy cht ng vt. c lc trong ng c cp tnh c tnh theo LC50 nng gy cht 50% ng vt. * Mt s khi nim v liu lng c s dng xc nh c lc ca cht c: - ED50 (Effective Dose): liu c tc dng vi 50% ng vt th nghim. - Liu ti a khng gy c (HNTP - Highest Nontoxic Dose): l liu lng ln nht ca thuc hoc cht c khng gy nhng bin i bnh l cho c th. - Liu thp nht c th gy c (TDL - Toxic Dose Low): Khi cho gp i liu ny s khng gy cht ng vt. - Liu gy c (TDH - Toxic Dose High): l liu lng s to ra nhng bin i bnh l. Khi cho gp i liu ny s gy cht ng vt. - Liu cht (LD - Lethal Dose): l liu lng thp nht gy cht ng vt. LD c cc t l khc nhau nh: LD1- liu gy cht 1% ng vt; LD50: liu gy cht 50% ng vt; LD100: liu gy cht 100% ng vt. * an ton ca thuc: c xc nh da trn cc ch s: - Ch s iu tr (TI - Therapeutic Index): l t s gia LD50 v ED50. LD50 TI = ED50

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- Tiu chun an ton (SSM- Standart Safety Margin) l t s gia LD1 v ED99: LD1 SSM = ED99 c. Phn loi cht c Cht c c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch: theo ngun gc, bn cht l ho ca cht c, phng php phn tch cht c, c lc, tc ng ca cht c trn cc h c quan ca c th v ngun ly nhim cht c. * Phn loi theo ngun gc cht c: - Cht c c ngun gc thin nhin: ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt. - Cht c c ngun gc tng hp, bn tng hp. * Phn loi theo bn cht l ho ca cht c: - Cc cht c dng kh, lng, cht rn. - Cc cht c v c: kim loi, kim, axit, baz. - Cc hp cht hu c: cc hp cht cha carbon, cc loi thuc tr su, aldehyd, cc axit hu c, cc ester, cc hp cht cha nit, cc hp cht cha lu hunh, cc alcaloid, glycosid. * Phn loi theo phng php phn tch cht c: theo Stas-Otto - Cht c ho tan trong nc hay cc dung dch axit, kim. - Cht c ho tan trong ether. - Cht c c th chit tch c trong cc dung mi hu c. * Phn loi cht c theo c lc Bng 1.1. Phn loi cht c theo c lc Phn loi Rt c (extremely toxic) c lc cao (highly toxic) c lc trung bnh (moderately toxic) c lc thp (slightly toxic) Khng gy c (practically nontoxic ) Khng c hi (relatively harmless) c lc (LD50) < 1mg/kg 1 - 50 mg/kg 50-500 mg/kg 0,5 - 5 g/kg 5 - 15g/kg >15g/kg

* Phn loi theo tc ng ca cht c trn cc h c quan ca c th: - Cc cht c tc ng trn h thn kinh: cafein, strychnin, cyanid, ch, hexachlorophen, thuc tr su clo hu c... - Cc cht c tc ng trn h tiu ho: asen, selen, canxi clorua, sulfat ng, mui thy ngn v c...

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- Cc cht c tc ng trn gan, mt: tetraclorua carbon, phenol, aflatoxin, fumonisin, acetaminophen, toluen, ng... - Cc cht c tc ng trn thn: thuc khng sinh nhm aminoglycosid, oxytetracyclin, sulfonamid, kim loi nng, ochratoxin... - Cc cht c tc ng trn h h hp: carbon monoxid, kim loi nng, carbon dioxid, formaldehyd, thuc tr su phospho hu c, fumonisin... - Cc cht c tc ng trn h tim, mch: digitalis, digitoxin, cafein, cocain, monesin, amphetamin... - Cc cht c tc ng trn h mu: aspirin, benzen, chloramphenicol, chlorpromazin, estrogen, phenylbutazol, T2 mycotoxin (y l cc cht gy thiu mu). - Cc cht c tc ng trn h sinh sn: testosteron, zearalenon, dicoumarol, corticosteroid, fumonisin, ch, cadmi, selen... - Cc cht c tc ng trn da: acid, base, formaldehyd, iodin, mui thy ngn, phenol, cc cht nhy cm quang hc... * Phn loi theo tc dng c bit ca cht c: - Cht c gy ung th: + Cc cht c c ngun gc thin nhin: aflatoxin B1, alcaloid pyrolizidin, aquilid A trong cy dng x, alcanylbenzen trong cy de vng. + Hp cht ung th hnh thnh khi ch bin thc phm: nitrosamin, cc cht hydratcarbon a vng thm, cc amin d vng. + Mt s thuc th y: diethylstibestrol (DES). - Cht c gy t bin: Hu ht cc cht gy ung th u c tc dng gy t bin. - Cht c gy qui thai: cc hp cht este phospho hu c, thuc tr su loi carbamat, thuc dit nm cha thy ngn, cloramphenicol. * Phn loi theo ngun gy c: - Cc cht gy nhim khng kh, nc v thc phm - Cc cht ph gia trong thc phm - Cc ho cht trong cng nghip v cc dung mi. - Thuc bo v thc vt, thuc th y. - Cc ngun khc. d. Cc ngun cht c Con ngi v ng vt c th b ng c bi rt nhiu cht c n t nhiu ngun trong cuc sng. * Cc cht gy nhim khng kh, nc v thc phm - Bn cht cc cht gy nhim khng kh, nc, thc phm v ngun gy nhim thng lin quan n vng a d. - Ngun chnh gy nhim khng kh l do cc phng tin giao thng, cc qu trnh cng nghip, cc loi nh my in. Cc cht gy nhim khng kh thng gp l: CO, cc oxit nit, cc oxit lu hunh, cc hydro carbon.

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- Nc thng b nhim bi cc ho cht, cc cht hu c t cng rnh, t nc thi ca cc nh my, t rung ng c dng ho cht bo v thc vt... - Cc cht gy nhim lng thc thc phm, thc n chn nui c th tn ti trong thc phm dng th, dng nu chn hoc qua ch bin. C nhiu loi c: c t ca vi khun (nh ngoi c t ca Clostridium botulinum), c t ca nm (aflatoxin ca aspergilus), c t ca ng vt, alcaloid ca cy, cc tn d ca thuc tr su... * Cc cht ph gia trong thc phm, thc n chn nui Cc cht ph gia c cho vo thc phm, thc n chn nui vi nhiu l do khc nhau: bo qun (khng khun, khng nm hoc chng oxy ho); thay i tnh cht vt l, nht l trong qu trnh ch bin; thay i hng v, thay i mu hoc mi. Ni chung, cc cht ny u an ton v khng c c tnh trng din. Tuy nhin, hin nay c ti hng trm, thm tr hng nghn cht ph gia c s dng trn ton th gii, v rt nhiu cht trong s cn cha c cc bin php thch hp pht hin v nh gi. Ngoi ra cn cha bit c cc tc dng tng h (tng tc) gia nhng cht ny hoc gia chng vi thc phm, thc n chn nui. * Cc ho cht trong cng nghip v cc dung mi Trong cng nghip, rt nhiu ho cht c s dng v chng tn ti mi trng lm vic vi nng cao, c th gy c. Bao gm: - Cc cht v c: cc kim loi ch, ng, thu ngn, km, cadmi, kh carbon monoxyd, fluoride. - Cc cht hu c: Hydrocarbon mch thng (hexan) hydrocarbon mch vng (benzen, toluen, xylen), hydro carbon gn halogen (dicloromethan, tricloroethylen), cn (methanol, ethylenglycol), cc dn xut nitro (nitrobenzen). Cc dung mi thng gp mi trng cng nghip, trong nghin cu v trong cuc sng hng ngy. Ngoi tc dng ti ch trn da (ty m, kch ng), nhiu cht gy dc ton thn (h thn kinh trung ng, to mu). Cc dung mi thng gp l: - Hydrocarbon mch thng: hexan... -Hydrocarbon mch thng c halogen: methylen diclorid, cloroform, carbon tetraclorid... - Ru mch thng: methanol, ethanol... - Hydrocarbon mch vng thm: benzen, toluen... * Ha cht bo v thc vt Ha cht bo v thc vt bao gm thuc tr su, thuc dit c, thuc tr bnh...Cc cht ny tuy c c tnh chn lc trn c hoc cn trng nhng khi s dng vn gy nhim khng kh, t, nc...v t c th gy c cho ngi v sc vt. * Thuc th y dng iu tr gia sc gia cm Thuc th y, nht l cc thuc c c tnh cao nu dng khng ng, qu liu, khng ng ch nh, s tng tc gia cc thuc khi dng phi hp c th gy ng c thuc th y vt nui. e. S vn chuyn ca cht c trong mi trng Cc cht ho hc nh ho cht bo v thc vt, cc kh thi cng nghip c gii phng ra mi trng him khi c lu li ti ch hoc gi nguyn dng. Nhiu ho cht sau

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b phn gii bi vi khun v nm ri nhanh chng b kh c, thng b ct vn thnh hp cht c th nhp vo chu trnh carbon, nit v oxy. Cc cht khc c bit l hu c cha halogen, l nhng cht t nhiu khng b chuyn ho bi vi khun v tn ti trong t nh cht nhim, li nhp vo cc cy lng thc - thc phm... v d DDT v cht chuyn ho chnh ca n DDE c th tn ti nhiu nm sau khi ngng phun DDT. - Cc cht c d tan trong m s d b c th hp thu khi phi nhim trong khng kh, t, nc v dn dn c tch lu cho n khi t nng gy c. S tch ly ha cht bo v thc vt trong chui sinh hc thc phm c th hin nh sau: * Ha cht bo v thc vt tch ly trong t: ng vt khng xng sng t ng vt c xng sng t D phm trong t Cy mc t t ng vt n c ngi c * Ha cht bo v thc vt tch ly trong nc: D phm trong nc sinh vt ni chim n c, ngi v ng vt. 1.3. Ng c a. Khi nim ng c Ng c l trng thi ri lon nhng hot ng sinh l bnh thng ca c th do cht c gy ra. Cht c c ch mt s phn ng sinh ho hc, c ch chc nng ca enzym. T cht c c th c ch hoc kch thch qu lng cc hormon, h thn kinh hoc cc chc phn khc ca t bo lm cho c th c nhng triu chng, phn ng khc thng. b. Phn loi ng c C nhiu cch phn loi ng c. Trong th y ch yu phn loi theo thi gian xy ra ng c. Tu thuc vo tng cht v phn ng ca c th, tc dng gy c thng xut hin rt sm. Tuy nhin, c cht gy tc dng chm (chloaramphenicol gy thiu mu suy tu sau khi ngng dng thuc hng tun), hoc rt chm, 20 - 30 nm sau khi tip xc vi ho cht c mi thy xut hin ung th. * Ng c cp tnh: Ng c tnh cp tnh l nhng biu hin ng c xy ra rt sm sau mt hoc vi ln c th tip xc vi cht c. Ty thuc vo cht gy c, ng xm nhim cht c, biu hin ng c c th xy ra 1- 2 pht hoc 30 pht n 60 pht sau khi c th hp thu cht c v thng l di 24 gi. a s trng hp ng c cp tnh chuyn sang dng cp tnh hoc mn tnh. * Ng c bn cp ( cp tnh) Xy ra sau nhiu ngy, c khi sau 1- 2 tun. Sau khi iu tr, khi nhanh nhng thng li nhng di chng th cp vi nhng biu hin nng n hn. V d ng c oxit carbon. Ng c cp tnh c khi chuyn sang thnh dng mn tnh. * Ng c mn tnh Ng c mn tnh ch xut hin sau nhiu ln phi nhim vi c cht, c khi l hng thng, hng nm. V vy, nhng biu hin ca nhim c thng l nhng thay i rn nc v lp gip xc khng xng sng n mi chim/loi c v n mi

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rt su sc v cu trc v chc phn ca t bo, kh iu tr. V d: tc dng gy ung th, gy t bin gen, gy qui thai, gy c cho gan, thn, h thn kinh dn n suy gim chc nng khng hi phc. Ng c mn tnh cng c th tr thnh cp tnh trong nhng iu kin nht nh (ng c ch). Cng mt cht li c th biu hin tc dng c khc nhau tu theo nhim c cp hoc mn: nhiu hydrocarbon gn clor khi nhim c cp (liu cao) th gy c trn thn kinh trung ng, nhng khi nhim c mn (liu thp trong thi gian di) th li c biu hin gy ung th (gan), rt t tc dng c trn thn kinh. * Tc dng tim n: l loi phn ng khng c th hin trong nhiu ngy, thng hay thm ch hng nm (v d nh tc dng gy ung th v gy c thn kinh ca mt s cht hu c). Tc dng tim n thng xy ra sau khi ngng phi nhim vi cht c mt thi gian di. 2. ng hc ca cht c ng hc ca cht c (toxicokinetics) chuyn nghin cu cc qu trnh chuyn vn ca cht c (ni chung l cc cht l-xenobiotics) t lc c hp thu vo c th cho n khi b thi tr hon ton. Cc qu trnh l: S hp thu (Absorption); S phn b (Distribution); S chuyn ha (Metabolism); S thi tr (Excretion, Elimination). 2.1. S xm nhp ca cht c Cc cht c trc khi nhp vo c th, phi vt qua nhiu hng ro bo v ca c th (da, nim mc, cc m,...), v vy s xm nhp ca cht c ph thuc mt phn vo bn cht cc hng ro v mt phn vo chnh cc c im phn t ca cht c ( ln phn t, tnh ho tan trong m/nc, pH, mc ion ho,...). a. Cht c xm nhp qua mng sinh hc * Cu to mng sinh hc Cc mng sinh hc c vai tr lm hng ro, ngn cn s hp thu cc cht c. Da, nim mc ng tiu ho, nim mc ng h hp u l nhng hng ro, khc nhau v dy mng, nhng u c tnh cht chung c bn sau: - L nhng l mng, bn cht l lipoprotein c to bi 2 hng phn t ch yu l phospholipid v cholesterol m nhng cc k nc quay ra 2 pha v c to bi protein. Cc cc k nc gi cho cu trc liporotein ca mng c ton vn. - T l lipid: protein thay i t 5:1 cho mng myelin n 1:5 cho cu trc bn trong ca ty th. T l ny rt nh hng n s xm nhp ca cht c. Gia cc mng ny c cc ng dn, ng knh thay i t 40 (mng t bo mao mch no) n 450 (mng cu thn), c th cho qua cc phn t nh khng tan trong lipid, trng lng phn t t 100 - 200 dalton. Cc cht c khng ion ho d khuch tn qua mng sinh hc hn cc cht ion ho. Cc acaloid nh strychnin b ion ho mnh mi trng acid ca d dy (sc vt n tht, n tp) nn khng biu hin tc dng c, nhng khi vo n mi trng kim ca rut, strychnin khng b ion ho, c hp thu v gy c. S lng dng ion ho v khng ion ho ph thuc vo pKa ca cht c v pH ca mi trng. pKa l logarit m ca hng s phn ly acid. Theo phng trnh Henderson - Hasselbach: i vi 1 acid yu: Dng khng ion ho Log Dng ion ho = pKa - pH

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i vi 1 base yu: Dng ion ho Log Dng khng ion ho Tuy nhin, cn c nhng ngoi l nh pralidoxim (2 - PAM), paraquat, diquat li vn c hp thu nhiu di dng ion. Thng s th 2 c nh hng n s xm nhp ca cht c vo c th l h s phn tn (partition coeffcient) c o bng nng cht c trong pha lipid/nng cht c trong pha nc. Nh vy, cht c c h s phn tn cao d tan trong lipid, c tnh a m (lipophilcity) cao v d xm nhp vo c th hn. * Cht c xm nhp qua mng sinh hc Cht c c th xm nhp qua mng sinh hc bng cc phng thc sau: - Phng thc lc: Nhng cht c trng lng phn t thp (100 200 dalton) tan c trong nc nhng khng tan c trong m s qua c cc l lc trn mng t bo (d = 4 - 45A0) do s chnh lch p lc thu tnh. a s cc cht c c trng lng phn t cao nn vn chuyn theo ng ny khng nhiu. - Phng thc khuch tn th ng: Cch vn chuyn ny chim u th i vi phn ln cc cht c. Cc cht t b ion ho v c nng cao b mt mng d khuch tn qua mng. S khuch tn ca cht c l acid v base yu ph thuc vo hng s phn ly pKa ca cht c v pH ca mi trng. V d phenobarbital l mt acid yu c pKa = 7,2; nc tiu bnh thng c pH cng bng 7,2 nn phenobarbital b ion ho 50%. Khi nng pH ca nc tiu ln 8, ion ho ca thuc s l 86%, do thuc khng thm c vo t bo. V vy, trong iu tr nhim c phenobarbital: truyn dung dch NaHCO3 1,4% kim ho nc tiu, tng thi tr thuc i vi cht c dng kh, hi (v d thuc m bay hi), s khuch tn t khng kh ph nang vo mu ph thuc vo p lc ring phn ca cht kh gy m c trong khng kh th vo v ho tan ca kh m trong mu. - Vn chuyn tch cc: Cht c c chuyn t bn ny sang bn kia mng sinh hc nh cht vn chuyn (carrier) c hiu c sn trong mng sinh hc. Nu cht c c cu trc ho hc tng t cht ni sinh th n s s dng chung carrier. V d: 5 - fluorouracil c vn chuyn bi h vn chuyn pyrimidin, ch c vn chuyn bi h vn chuyn calci. C ch ny cn cho php vn chuyn c nhng cht t tan trong lipid. b. Cch cht c xm nhp vo c th Cch cht c xm nhp vo c th gi l ng phi nhim hay ng hp thu cht c Cht c c th xm nhp vo c th qua 3 ng c bn: qua da, qua ng tiu ho v qua ng h hp. y l nhng ng hp thu t nhin khi c th tip xc vi mi trng. Sc vt c th b ng c thuc th y theo cc ng khc nh tim, tht trc trng. * Cht c xm nhp qua da Da l mt m phc tp, nhiu lp, chim khong 10% trng lng c th. Da hu nh khng thm vi phn ln cc ion v dung dch nc, tuy nhin li thm vi nhiu cht c pha rn, lng hoc kh. Tu theo tng vng, lp biu b c dy khc nhau. Ch dy th nhiu keratin hn, lp ny to nn hng ro ca biu b, nhng ng thi cng l ni d tr cht c. Mt s dung mi hu c gy tn hi lp lipid (aceton, methanol, ether) s lm tng tnh thm ca da. = pKa - pH

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Cc cht khng gy tn hi lp lipid (ether c chui di, du olive) lm gim tnh thm. Da cng cha cc enzym chuyn ho thuc, cht c. Hot tnh chuyn ho ca ton b da bng khong 2 - 6% ca gan. * Cht c xm nhp qua ng tiu ho L ng ch yu hp thu cc cht c vi mt s c im sau: - C th hp thu mt lng ln cht c - B chuyn ho mt phn khi qua gan ln th nht. - C pH thay i t acid (1 - 3 d dy ), tng dn ti kim (6 - 8 rut) nn hp thu cc cht c c pKa khc nhau. - C qu trnh vn chuyn tch cc d hp thu, nht l khi cht c c cu trc ging vi cht dinh dng ca c th. * Cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp S hp thu qua ng h hp c 2 c im quan trng: (1) Nim mc hp thu c din tch rt rng ( ngi l 80 - 100 m2) bng khong 50 ln din tch da. (2) Khong cch gia din hp thu vi tun hon ch dy 1 - 2 mm, v vy kh c c th vo tun hon sau vi giy. V s xm nhp cc cht c qua ng h hp, cn lu mt s c im sau: - Trong chu k h hp, lun c mt th tch kh tn lu li trong phi, v vy cc kh c chm thi tr v s d b hp thu tr li. - Cc cht c hp thu qua ng h hp c phn lm 2 loi: (1) Cc cht tun theo cc nh lut v cht kh, bao gm: dung mi, hi v kh. (2) Cc cht khng tun theo nh lut trn, bao gm cc dng ht, kh dung, my m, khi... Rt nhiu y t c th lm d dng hoc ngn cn s xm nhp ny. Cc ht c ng knh > 5 mm thng lng ng trong vng mi hng. Cc ht < 2 mm lng ng trong cc nhnh kh ph qun, , cc nim mao nim dch s y chng ra vi tc 1 mm/pht v thi gian bn thi < 5 gi. Khong 80% thanh thi ca phi l qua ng ny. Khi ti thanh mn cc bi thi s c nut vo ng tiu ho hoc ho, khc y ra ngoi. Ngoi ra, hin tng thc bo trn ng h hp cng ng vai tr rt tch cc trong vic thanh thi cc cht c. Cc thc bo s a cht c vo bch mch v c th s tch lu trong mt thi gian di. Cc ht 1 mm c th vo n tn ph nang, hnh thnh cc nt cng vi s pht trin mt mng li si reticulin. Cc cht kh s qua ph nang vo mu, cht no c ho tan cao s c hp thu nhiu thi gian t c thng bng kh: mu ph nang thng > 10 pht i vi cc kh t tan. Cc kh c cng d tan th thi gian t c cn bng cng di, c khi ti 1 gi. Cha thy c s vn chuyn tch cc ng h hp, tuy nhin, thm bo (pinocytosis) c th c vai tr quan trng. 2. 2. S phn b cht c Cc dch trong c th c phn vo 3 gian c bn: nc trong huyt tng, nc trong khe gian bo v nc trong t bo. Huyt tng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn phi cc cht c c hp thu. Cht c sau khi c hp thu vo mu, mt phn s gn vo protein huyt tng, phn t do s qua c thnh mch chuyn vo cc m, vo ni tc dng, vo m

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d tr, hoc b chuyn ho ri thi tr. Nhiu khi cc sn phm chuyn ho li c hn cht m, tr li vng tun hon li c phn phi li vo c quan v gy c (S 1.1). S khc bit ln gia thuc v cht c l thuc c t l tan trong nc cao hn v d b ion ho hn, v vy d b thi tr. Cn cht c hi d tan trong lipid khng b ion ho nn thng gn mnh vo m, gy c hoc tch lu lu trong c th. Trong mu, thuc gn ch yu vo phn albumin ca protein huyt tng. V cc cht c thng rt a m nn li hay gn mnh vo lipoprotein. S gn ny cng xy ra cc ni d tr (gan, thn, m m,...), hoc v tr tc dng (hemoglobin, m thn kinh,...). Dng cht c t do huyt tng, dch khe lun c gi trng thi cn bng, v vy khi nng dng t do gim th cht c li c gii phng t kho d tr ra. y l c ch ca nhim c mn tnh. Do c tnh ho hc khc nhau nn mi loi cht c c i lc c bit vi cc m. V d: flo thng ng li xng v rng do to cc hp cht florophosphat calci: cc kim loi nng, tc dng vi gc thio (-SH) c nhiu trong t bo sng (lng, tc, mng); ch c gi li trong huyt cu; cc cht tr su c halogen (DDT, lindan) gn nhiu t bo m. S phn b ca cng mt loi cht c trong ng c cp tnh v mn tnh nhiu khi cng khc nhau: trong ng c cp tnh ch, thng thy n c nhiu gan v thn; nhng trong ng c mn tnh li thng thy ch tu xng, tc, huyt cu.

Phi nhim vi cht c Cht c xm nhp vo c th

S phn phi

Thi tr

Chuyn ho thnh cht c

Chuyn ho thnh sn phm lin hp Phn phi li

Chuyn ho thnh cht t c

Tng tc vi cc phn t ln (Protein, DNA, RNA, receptor,...)

Lun chuyn v sa cha

Cc tc dng c (Di truyn, ung th, qui thai, min dch,...)

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S 1.1: S phn b cht c trong c th * Cht c tch ly - Khi nhim c lin tc trong nhiu ngy d gy tch ly cht c. S tn lu cht c trong c th lu ngy khi gy ng c v gy cht c gi l tch ly cht c. - Tch ly ha hc: l loi tch ly trc khi bin thnh cht khng c hi v o thi ra ngoi mt liu th li nhim thm mt liu khc mi. iu ny gii thch hin tng tch ly ca strychnin v asen. 1.3. S chuyn ho cht c a. Vai tr ca s chuyn ho cht c Cht c c coi l nhng cht l (xenobitics), khng th dung np c, phi b thi tr. Cht c thng l nhng phn t tan c trong m, khng b ion ho v vy d thm qua mng sinh hc, thm nhp vo trong t bo v gi li trong c th. Mun thi tr, nhng cht ny phi c chuyn ho thnh cc phn t c cc, d b ion ho, do s t tan trong m, kh gn vo protein, kh thm vo t bo, v v th, tan trong nc, d b thi tr (qua thn, phn,...). * Cc enzym chnh xc tc qu trnh chuyn ho cht l Qu trnh chuyn ha c th xy ra mt s ni trong c th vi s xc tc ca mt s enzym nh sau: - Cc cht l (xenobiotic) thng c chuyn ha thnh cc dng khc nhau nh h cc men oxy ha c chc nng hn hp (MFOs - micrsomal mixed function oxidase). Li ni m trn l ni MFOs khu tr v hot ng, c bit l gan, hot ng ca enzym tng ln ng k trong vng mt vi ngy c th phi nhim vi cht c. Cytocrom P450 gi vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ha nhiu xenobiotics. H MFO hot ng trrc ht trn cc hp cht thn m khng phn cc. MFOs thm vo cc nhm chc nng c cc v t thn m hn. - Men protease, lipase, decarboxylase xc tc chuyn ha cht c ti nim mc rut. - Huyt thanh: esterase - Vi khun rut: reductase, decarboxylase - H thn kinh trung ng: mono amin oxydase, decarboxylase. b. Cc phn ng chuyn ho chnh Cc phn ng chuyn ha cht c dc chia lm 2 giai on (2 pha): * Chuyn ha giai on 1 y l cc phn ng chuyn ha giai on 1, chun b xenobiotic cho chuyn ha giai on 2. - Cc phn ng giai on 1 c th c kch hot nh phn ng enzym. H MFOs c kch hot tng hot tnh bng s gii phng trc 1 hp cht ngoi lai y ht hay tng t, thng ln lt tng quy trnh chuyn ha sinh hc ca nhng hp cht ny. Barbiturat, hydro carbon, halogen v steroid ni sinh ln tc nhn gy cm ng enzym MFOs. - Chuyn ha giai on 1 c th b c ch (v d bng pyperonyl, butoxide, c s dng tng tnh c trong cn trng).

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Qua phn ng pha ny, cht c dng tan c trong m s tr nn c cc, d tan trong nc. Nhng v mt tc dng sinh hc, cht c c th mt hot tnh, hoc ch gim hot tnh, hoc i khi l tng hot tnh, tr nn c hot tnh. - Cc phn ng chnh pha ny gm: + Phn ng oxy ho: l phn ng rt thng gp, c xc tc bi cc enzym ca microsom gan, c bit l hemoprotein, cytocrom P450. + Phn ng thu phn do cc enzym esterase, amidase, protease,... Ngoi gan, huyt thanh v cc m khc (phi, thn,...) cng c cc enzym ny. + Phn ng kh carboxyl (kh COO): decarboxylase. * Chuyn ha giai on 2 L mt chui cc phn ng lin hp c lin quan n nhng xenobiotic c chuyn ha giai on 1 thnh nhng phn t c cc, mang nhm chc hydroxyd, amino, carboxyl hoc halogen c th tham gia d dng cc phn ng lin hp vi cc cht chuyn ho ni sinh nh ng, acid amin, glutathion, sulfat,... - Qu trnh lin hp to ra mt hp cht t thn m hn v tan nhiu trong nc hn cht ban u. - Cc sn phm ca qu trnh lin hp d o thi hn trong nc tiu v thng t c hn hp cht m hoc cc cht chuyn ha ca giai on 1. - Cc sn phm lin hp thng l acid glucuronic, acid amin, cc acetat, sulfat v glutathione. Cc phn ng lin hp chnh: cc phn ng lin hp vi axit glycuronic, axit sulfuric, axit amin (ch yu l glycin), phn ng acetyl ho, methyl ho. Cc phn ng ny i hi nng lng v c cht ni sinh. Mt s cht hon ton khng b chuyn ho, l nhng hp cht c cc cao (nh axit, base mnh), khng thm qua c lp m ca microsom. Phn ln c thi tr nhanh nh hexamethonium, methotrexat. Mt s hot cht khng c cc cng c th khng b chuyn ho; barbital, ether, halothan, dieldrin. * Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ho cht c - Bnh gan: gan l c quan chuyn ha quan trng nht ca c th. Cc bnh lm gim qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc gan l x gan, nhim c gan, caxinom v mt (sp xp theo mc nh hng) do lm gim hot ng ca MFOs. - S ti sinh cc m gan b tn thng lm tng qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. - S nh v cht c trong cc m cng vi hot ng MFOs c th nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. Cc tc nhn b phn chia mnh trong m m, xng hay no s khng tham gia cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. - Tui sc vt: sc vt s sinh v sc vt gi c th thiu enzym cn thit cho qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. - Thiu cht dinh dng dn n thiu cc cht ha hc cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp cc enzym hay cc cht lin hp. v d: thiu cht khong nh canxi, ng, st, magie, km, cc vitamin E, C, B v cc protein.

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Loi, ging gia sc khc nhau, hot ng ca enzym giai on 1 v 2 khc nhau (v d, hot ng ca enzym N - dimethylation chut lang yu hn so vi cc ng vt khc). - Tnh bit c th nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. con c, hot lc ca MFO thng cao hn, lin quan n steroid ni sinh nh testosterol. - ng phi nhim vi cht c c th c nh hng n tc dng gy c. Cht c nhim qua ng ming s qua gan trc khi vo h c quan khc lm tng kh nng chuyn ha sinh hc. - Nhit c th gim lm gim hot tnh ca cc enzym microsom. - S bin i ca cc cytocrom P450 v glutathione kh (GSH) theo ngy v m lin quan n qu trnh bin i sinh hc. - Cht gy cm ng enzym chuyn ho: c tc dng lm tng sinh cc enzym microsom gan, lm tng hot tnh cc enzym ny. 1.4. S o thi cht c Cht c thng c thi tr khi qua chuyn ho. a. o thi cht c qua thn y l ng thi tr quan trng nht ca cc cht tan trong nc, c trng lng phn t nh hn 300. * Qu trnh thi tr Lc th ng qua cu thn: hot cht dng t do, khng gn vo protein huyt tng c lc y. Bi tit tch cc qua ng thn: qu trnh ny xy ra ch yu ng ln gn, do phi c cht vn chuyn nn ti y c s canh tranh thi tr. Ti hp thu ng thn: l qu trinh khuch tn th ng qua ng thn, qu trnh ny xy ra ng ln gn v ng ln xa. Cc cht tan trong lipid, khng b ion ha pH nc tiu tuy thi tr trong nc tiu ban u li c ti hp thu vo mu. * ngha lm sng Lm tng thi tr iu tr nhim c: kim ho nc tiu, lm tng ion ho ca phenobarbital, tng thi tr khi b nhim c phenobarbital. b. o thi cht c qua mt Sau khi chuyn ho gan, cc cht chuyn ho c trng lng phn t ln hn 300 s thi tr qua mt theo phn ra ngoi. Phn ln sau khi b chuyn ho thm rut s c ti hp thu vo mu thi tr qua thn. Mt s cht sau khi thi tr qua mt xung rut li c ti hp thu v gan theo ng tnh mch gnh li vo vng tun hon, c gi l cht c chu k rut - gan. Nhng cht ny tch lu trong c th, lm ko di tc dng (morphin, tetracylin, digitalis tr tim...). c. o thi cht c qua phi Cc cht c th hi, c tnh cht bay hi thi tr qua phi, bao gm: (1) Cc cht bay hi nh ru, tinh du (eucalyptol, menthol). (2)Cc cht kh: halothan. Ether etylic.

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d. o thi cht c qua sa Cc cht tan mnh trong lipid (cc alcaloid, barbiturat, cc cht chng vim phi steroid, tetracycilin..), c trng lng phn t di 200 thng d dng thi tr qua sa. V sa c pH hi acid hn huyt tng nn cc cht l acid yu c nng thp hn v cc cht l base yu c th nng trong sa hi cao hn huyt tng. 3. C ch tc dng ca cht c Ni dung phn 3 bao gm: (1) C s phn t ca tn thng t bo do ng c, nhim c: Cc cht c (xenobiotics) khi qua chuyn ha to thnh cc cht a in t (Electrophile), gc t do (Free radical), cht i nhn (Nucleophile), cht phn ng oxy ha kh (Redox). C ch tc dng ca cht c c gii thch da trn tc hi ca cc cht chuyn ho ny. (2) C ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc c gii thch i vi tng c quan, h c quan ca c th. 3.1. C s phn t ca tn thng t bo do ng c, nhim c Tn thng t bo l c s ca hu ht cc tc dng c hi. Tc dng gy c ca cht c l kt qu ca s ri lon chc nng mt s qu trnh sinh hc trong c th. S phc tp ca p ng c hi in vivo c th c gii thch do tng tc ca cc t bo trong cc m, nh hng ln nhau gia cc c quan v i vi ton b c th. Khi c th b ng c, cc qu trnh sinh hc trong c th c th b ngng tr hoc vt qu gii hn sinh l bnh thng v nh hng n cc h c quan chu s iu khin ca chng. p ng t bo i vi cc ho cht c xy ra thng qua 2 c ch: nh hng n cu trc v nh hng n chuyn ho trong t bo. - nh hng n cu trc: Tnh ton vn ca mng t bo b thay i s nh hng n s vn chuyn cc th dch v cht in phn, n s iu chnh th tch t bo. - nh hng n chuyn ho: (1) Lm gim nng lng sn c cho qu trnh vn chuyn tch cc, tng hp cc cao phn t v duy tr cn bng thm thu (bm kali natri) (2) Lm xo trn iu khin axit nucleic, gy bin tnh protein cu trc dn n ngng tr tng hp protein. Qu trnh tng trng b nh hng (hin tng tng sinh hay ung th) do DNA b ph hu, khng c sao chp ng hoc vt qu kh nng iu khin s n nh ni mi (3) Gy tch ly cc cht bo v cc sc t bt thng. Mt s xenobiotics (acid mnh, base mnh, nicotine, aminoglycoside, ethylene oxide, methyliscyanate, kim loi nng, HCN, CO) l cht c trc tip, trong khi c tnh ca cc cht khc li ph thuc phn ln vo cc cht chuyn ha ca chng. Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc cc xenobiotics thnh nhng sn phm c hi c gi l s hot ha. i vi mt s xenobiotics, sau chuyn ha sinh hc, tnh cht l, ha hc b thay i dn n tc dng c hi lm thay i cu trc hoc vi mi trng ca qu trnh sinh hc. V d : acid oxalic c hnh thnh t ethylen glycol c th gy nhim acid v gim canxi huyt cng nh tc ng thn do kt ta canxi oxalat. Mt s cht c phn ng vi enzym hoc th th. V d: hp cht phospho hu c parathion c chuyn ha thnh cht c ch men cholinesterase. Tuy nhin, hay gp nht l cc cc trng hp xenobiotics khi qua chuyn ha to thnh cc phn t khc nhau trong c th, l: - Electrophile: cht i in t (a in t)

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- Free radical: gc t do - Nucleophile: cht i nhn (a nhn) - Redox active reactant: cht phn ng oxy ha kh. a. S hnh thnh cht a in t Cc hp cht l (xenobiotics) qua chuyn ho sinh hc, di tc ng ca cc men micrsom oxyha c chc nng hn hp (MFOs - micrsomal mixed function oxidase) s chuyn thnh dng trung gian a in t (electrophyle). Electrophile l cc phn t cha mt nguyn t thiu electron c th phn ng bng cch dng chung in t vi nguyn t giu in t. MFOs l mt h enzyme khng c hiu, c vai tr ch yu trong chuyn ho giai on 1 (oxy ho cc cht c a m) chun b cho qu trnh lin kt v bi tit cc xenobiotic trong li ni tng. Cc cht trung gian a in t mi c to thnh qua chuyn ha s lin kt ng ho tr vi cc cao phn t quan trng trong t bo (lipid, protein, DNA) v lm chng b bin tnh. Lin kt ng ho tr ca cht c vi cc cao phn t lin quan n tn thng t bo v qu trnh gy ung th (carcinogenesis), mc d vai tr ca lin kt ng ho tr trong nhng trng hp ny cn cha c chng minh bng thc nghim. Cc electrophiles ng thi cng lin kt vi glutathione kh (GSH). S lin kt ny c coi l c ch phng v trong t bo. b. S hnh thnh cc gc t do * Gc t do v s hnh thnh gc t do Trong cu trc nguyn t v phn t, cc in t lun dng cp i v cc cp i ny lun vn chuyn ti mt vng qu o xc nh, xung quanh ht nhn gi l qu o phn t. Mt in t trong mi cp in t c s nng lng quay (spin quantum number) + 1/2 v in t cn li c s nng lng quay l - 1/2. Gc t do l dng xut hin khng ph thuc, c lp theo ng ngha t do, l mt nguyn t hoc mt mnh phn t cha mt hoc nhiu hn in t khng cp i ch c mt mnh quay trn qu o Bng 1.2. Mt s v d v gc t do
Tn gc t do Nguyn t hydro Trichloromethyl Cng thc gc H
*

ngha Gc t do n gin nht - Gc c carbon trung tm (in t khng cp i kt hp vi carbon), CCl3* c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chuyn ha ca dung mi carbon tetraclorid trong gan v gy tc ng c hi cho dung mi - Gc c carbon trung tm thng c s dng phn ng nhanh vi O2 to gc peroxyl theo phn ng sau: CCl3* + O2 CCl3O2 Gc c oxy trung tm, phn ng rt hn ch Gc c oxy trung tm, phn ng mnh, c hot tnh rt mnh, tn cng mi phn t trong c th ngi. Gc c oxy trung tm, c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ph v peroxyd hu c, k c cc con ng khc. Oxyd nitric (NO*) c hnh thnh trong c th t amin L-arginin

CCl3*

Superoxyd Hydroxyl Peroxyl Alkoxyl Oxyd ca nit

O2

OH* RO2* RO* NO*

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NO2* Nit dioxyd (NO2*) c hnh thnh khi cho NO* phn ng vi O2 v xut hin trong khng kh b nhim hoc khi ca cc cht hu c b t chy (khi thuc l).

(du hnh * ch loi gc t do) Gc t do n gin nht l nguyn t ca nguyn t hydro vi 1 proton v 1 in t n. V d: paraquat, doxorubincin v nitrofurantoin c th nhn mt in t t men kh to thnh gc t do (free radical). Nhng gc ny c th chuyn mt in t cho oxy phn t to thnh ion gc t do O2- (superoxide anion radical) v phc hi xenobiotic m tip tc to thnh cc gc t do mi. * Hot ng ca gc t do v tnh c hi ca n Mt s ha cht c (v d paraquat herbicides) khi b oxy ho bi MFOs thnh cc gc t do cng vi s chuyn electron cho oxy, to thnh gc superoxid-02-. Gc superoxid (gc a oxy) phn ng vi lipid cha no (polyunstatared), quy np 1 chui phn ng t xc tc, to thnh cc gc lipid t do v sau peroxid ho lipid. GSH (glutation kh) c th b gim hot tnh, t thc y qu trnh ph hu oxy v dn n kt qu l t bo b cht. Cc tc nhn lm gim hot tnh GSH li lm tng nhy cm ca t bo i vi qu trnh peroxid ho lipid. Sau khi hnh thnh cc gc t do, xut hin mt s tc dng c hi nh ph hy t chc, hoc l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ung th. Gc lipid phn ng vi oxy to thnh gc peroxid. Cc phn t lipid t phn ng vi cc gc t do tr thnh cc gc lipid t do v to ra chui phn ng ph hu (cn gi l chui peroxid ha mng t bo). Qu trnh peroxid ha lipid ph hu cc mng t bo v ni bo quan, lm gim s ton vn cu trc v gim kh nng kim sot s hp th chn lc v vn chuyn ch ng qua mng t bo. S 1.2. S hnh thnh cc gc t do do ho cht c v tc hi ca chng Ho cht c hoc sn phm chuyn ho c hi

c ch chuyn ho nng lng lm yu ATP

Tch lu natri v canxi trong dch bo tng

Na+/K+ ATPase gim

Mg+/Ca+ ATPase gim

Nc trn vo

phospholipase hot ha canxi

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Ho cht v cc sn phm chuyn ho c hi lm trit tiu gradien H+ trong ty th dn n c ch qu trnh phosphoryl oxy ho lm hn ch s dng oxy v lm gim qu trnh to ATP, t l ADP/ATP tng, ng thi to ra nhiu gc phospho v c, gy bin dng, t nt mng ty th. Do mng ty th b tn thng nn vo bn trong t bo nhiu, K+ thot ra ngoi v Ca++ i vo th Mg++ cng thot ra ngoi, do nh hng n s hot ho ATP ase. Nhng bin i ca ty th (trung tm cung cp nng lng cho mi hot ng sng ca t bo) lm cho nng lng d tr trong t bo gim i r rt, qu trnh ng phn ym kh tng ln, tch t nhiu axit lactic gy gim pH ca bo tng lm nh hng ti nhn, mng t bo v cc bo quan khc. Mng t bo l mng khng thm do c tnh duy tr s cn bng bn trong ca cc ion v H2O thng qua bm Natri trn mng t bo. Bm ny vn chuyn ion Na+ v ion K+ vo t bo, hot ng ny tiu tn ATP. ATP gim lm hot ng ca bm Natri suy yu. Kt qu l cc ion Na+ vo t bo nhiu v K+ thot ra ngoi, mi ln di chuyn theo mt gradient H+ . Trong t bo, t l Na+/K+ tng, t bo cng mt ion v tch t Ca++, t l Ca++/ Mg++ tng. Sc khng mng t bo yu, bm Natri mt tc dng, nc thm vo t bo, t bo trng phng ln. Lysosome cng b trng ln, tnh thm mng tng, cc enzym thot ra vo dch t bo tham gia qu trnh hu t bo. S mt cn bng canxi gy hot ho phospholipase, mng t bo t tiu hu, mt chc nng lm hng ro, t bo sng v b tn thng khng phc hi dn n hoi t t bo (S 1.3.). - Cc nhm thiol protein (v d, glutathionic) trong t bo cng c th b cc gc t do lm gim hot tnh v cc t bo cao phn t b tn thng nng n hn. c/ S bo v chng li cc gc t do nh cc tc nhn chng oxyho - antioxidant (1) Men SOD - Superoxid dismutase: xc tc qu trnh kh anion superoxid O2- thnh hydrogen peroxid H2O2 . Men MnSOD c tm hot ng l mangan c th loi tr c anion superoxid O2- sinh ra ngay ty th. Men SOD lin kt vi ng v km (CuZnSOD) c tm hot ng l Cu, c hot tnh cao v c nhiu trong bo tng (cystosol), loi b gc anion superoxid O2- thot ra ngoi bo tng. Nh hai enzym ny nn gc anion superoxid O2khng n c mng t bo.

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(2) Men catalase c tp trung nhiu trong peroxisome ca t bo v xc tc phn ng bin hydro peroxid thnh nc v oxy. Hydroperoxyd H2O2cng l mt cht c hot tnh cao nn c hi. H enzym catalase v glutathion peroxydase (GSHPX) c th loi tr n: H2O2 catalase 2H2O + 3O2 Catalase vn chuyn H2O2 thnh 2 cht hon ton v hi l nc v oxy tam bi. Nhng catalase ch th hin tc dng xc tc khi nng H2O2 ln hn 10-8 mol/l. Di nng , catalase khng c tc dng. (3) Men glutathion peroxidase GSHPX, 1 enzym cha selen xc tc phn ng bin hydroperoxid thnh nc v ru. Hot GSHPX ph thuc nng Se trong huyt thanh. Khi H2O2 c nng ln hn 10-8 mol/l, enzym catalase b bt hot do mt c ch cha r. Khi nng H2O2 gim xung di tr s ni trn, GSHPX c hot ha, v xc tc cho phn ng kh H2O2 bng glutathion: H2O2 + 2GSH GSHPX GSSG + 2 H2O Glutathion dng oxy ha GSSG li chuyn v dng kh nh enzym glutathion reductase. Ging nh cc enzym SOD, catalase v GSHP X c ni bo, ty th v H2O2 cng l mt sn phm ca h hp t bo nh O2 -. Hai men ny hu nh khng c mt dch ngoi bo. Cn lu l superoxyd. H2O2 thng xuyn sinh ra do s phn hy peroxyd, ng thi thng xuyn mt i do tc dng ca catalase v GSHP X , nn tn ti mt nng cn bng no . Nng cn bng ny lun nh hn 10-8 mol/l. Superoxyd O2- v peroxyd hydro H2O2 cng tn ti trong t bo nng cn bng ca chng, tuy l rt nh, nhng s phn ng vi nhau. y l mt phn ng rt quan trng, v sn sinh ra 2 sn phm: 1O2 (oxy n bi) rt nguy hi v - OH (gc hydroxyl) li cn nguy hi hn nhiu. Chnh gc - OH l sn phm nguy hi nht do h hp t bo sinh ra: O2- + H2O2 = -OH + OH- + 1O2 Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng Haber Weiss, c th tin hnh khng cn xc tc. Cc ion st, ng lm xc tc phn ng ny, lm tc ca n tng ln rt nhiu. Phn ng trn nu c xc tc c gi l phn ng Fenton. (4) Vitamin E ng vai tr l mt cht chng oxy ho sinh hc, trong alpha tocopherol l quan trng hn c, c nhm hydroxyl trn vng benzen c vai tr lm gim gc t do, ngn cn cc phn ng oxy ha cht bo, ngn cn s hy hoi mng t bo v s cht ca t bo. c. S hnh thnh nucleophile S hnh thnh nucleophile l mt c ch khng ph bin (t gp, v d: s to thnh cyanid t amygdalin di tc dng ca men bacterial b - glucosidase trong bnh gut ngi). Carbon monoxide l cht chuyn ha c hi ca dihalomethane do kh halogen oxy ha. Mt s cht trung gian chuyn ha nuleophile c to thnh trong gan nh qu trnh hydroxylation nh hydroxylamin c th to methaemoglobin.

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d. S hnh thnh cht phn ng oxy ha kh Trong qu trnh kh nitrat thnh nitrit v d: methaemoglobin to thnh khi nitrat chuyn thnh nitrit v gy c Mt s xenobiotics khng tng tc hoc khng ch tng tc vi cc t bo ch ni sinh gy c, chng lm thay i vi mi trng sinh hc. Gm c: (1) Cc tc nhn lm thay i nng ion trong pha nc (aqueos biophase), nh acid v cc cht chuyn ha thnh acid, nh methanol v ethylene glycol, nh 1,4-dinitrophenol v pentachlorophenol phn ly cc proton phenolic trong khu vc khun (matrix) ca ty lp th lm trit tiu proton gradient, do tr hon tng hp ATP; (2) Cc dung mi v cht ty lm thay i pha lipid trong mng t bo v ph hy chc nng mng; (3) Cc xenobiotics khc gy c bng cch chim ch: v d mt s ha cht nh ethylene glycol hnh thnh cht kt ta trong ng thn. Bng cch chim v tr lin kt bilirubin vi albumin, hp cht nh sulfonamid gy bnh vng nhn no (kernicterus) tr s sinh. Carbon dioxid chim ch oxygen trong ph nang gy ngt th. 3.2. C ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc a. C ch gy tn thng ha hc C ch gy tn thng ho hc trc tip trn cc m lm thay i cc chc nng iu khin s n nh ni mi ph thuc mng ca t bo. S ph hy ny thng xy ra khi mng t bo tip xc vi nhng cht n mn mnh nh axit, baz, cc hp cht gy ng vn protein hoc c tc dng ph hu lipid mng t bo. S tn ph do ha cht thng xy ra tc th (c ngha l khng c giai on tim n), ti ch v khng c hiu. Nhng vng nhy cm nht vi tn thng ho hc l da, mt, ng h hp trn v xoang ming. Cc cht hay gy tn thng ho hc trc tip l axit, baz, phenol, aldehid, cn, sn phm ct ca du v mt s mui kim loi nng. b. C ch gy hoi t t bo biu m c t sinh hc c th gy hoi t biu m trn khp c th. Hoi t biu m thng xy ra cc t bo c hot tnh chuyn ho v kh nng sao chp mnh, l t bo ca ng thn, ti mt, tu xng v biu m rut. Cht c thng nh hng n cc enzyme ch cht hoc cc qu trnh chuyn ho trung gian trong cc t bo ni trn. C ch gy thiu ht nng lng (gim hoc ngng qu trnh sn sinh adnosin triphosphate (ATP)) lm gim kh nng vn chuyn ch ng v iu chnh cc cht in phn v nc ca t bo. Gim tng hp cc enzyme hoc cc protein cu trc. Cc cht c gy thiu mu cc b (gim dng chy ca mu) s gy ra thiu oxy m bo, dn n tnh trng thiu ht nng lng v s ph hu cc t bo. c. C ch tc ng thng qua c ch hoc cnh tranh enzyme Thng thng, cc enzyme xc tc cc phn ng ca t bo trong iu kin nhit v nng nht nh. Do tng tc ho hc trc tip vi cht c, cc enzyme c th b c ch hoc thay i hot tnh. Qu trnh c ch hay cnh tranh enzyme bao gm c s thay i cu trc khng gian bc 3, 4 ca cc enzyme. S tng tc enzyme - cht c mnh hay yu nh hng n mc v thi gian ng c. c ch cnh tranh l khi nim ni v nh hng ca cht c n hot tnh ca enzyme. c ch t ti a khi cht cnh tranh c cu trc tng t enzyme. Phc hp enzyme - cht c ch c tnh thun nghch v phn t cht c ch khng b thay i trong phn ng.

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V d nh axid oxalic (c t thc vt) v fluorcacetate (rodenticid - cht dit loi gm nhm) c ch ln lt succinic dehydrogenase v aconitase trong chu trnh axid tricarboxylic. Thuc dit cn trng organophosphate v carbamate c ch cholinesterase. d. C ch gy c do nh hng n cc qu trnh chuyn ho hoc tng hp ca c th Cc cht c tc ng theo c ch ny thng nh hng n cc sn phm cn cho nng lng, cho cu trc hoc qu trnh tng trng. Phosphoryl - oxy ho l qu trnh gii phng nng lng trong chui vn chuyn electron, phosphoryl ho adenosine diphosphate (ADP) thnh adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cc cht ph ghp, in hnh l cc cht dit nm 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP), chlorophenol v arsenate lm tng s dng oxy. Nng lng b tiu hao di dng nhit ch khng lu tr trong lin kt phosphate giu nng lng, do nhit c th tng. Cc cht dit nm cha thic c 3 nhm th c ch phosphoryl oxy ho lm hn ch s dng oxy v gim qu trnh to ATP. Kt qu l c th cng mt mi v yu dn tng t nh tc dng ca cc cht ph ghp (oxidative uncouple) nhng khng b st. Cht c gy tn thng DNA hoc gn vi ribosome trong qu trnh vn chuyn hoc phin m dn dn c ch tng hp acid nucleic v c ch tng hp protein. Nhiu cht c ch kt hp vi tiu phn ribosome ln hoc nh. Mt s cht c alki ho DNA, c ch s sao chp hoc phin m. C ch ny thng gp giai on tr hon hoc tim n ca cht c trc khi xut hin cc triu chng lm sng. V d nh nhim c aflatoxin, cc hp cht thy ngn hu c v amantine (c t nm Amanita phalloides). Cht c tc ng n h li ni m th cn tr qu trnh chuyn ho m. Kt qu ca c ch ny l: (1) Gim tng hp protein nhn (lipid acceptor protein). (2) Gim kt hp phospholipide v triglyceride trong qu trnh vn chuyn lipoprotein dn n tch lu m trong t bo. e. C ch tc dng trn h thn kinh Cc phn x bnh thng c th c tng cng thng qua phong to s dn truyn thn kinh c ch ca cung phn x. Kt qu l c th khng iu khin c cc phn x v kt thc bng cc cn co git nh bnh un vn. C ch tc dng ny thng gp trong ng c strichnin, do phong to glycin (cht trung gian ha hc ca qu trnh c ch) trong h thng phn x tu sng. Cht c c th lm thay i tnh thm ca mng t bo thn kinh i vi cc ion. Cc dng natri v kali b cht c nh DDT v pyrethrin lm thay i, dn n thay i ngng tc ng trn mng t bo. Cht c c ch cc enzym thit yu cho chc nng cn bng, lm thay i c tnh dn truyn qua xinap thn kinh (V d: thuc tr su loi phospho hu c c ch men cholinesterase). C ch gy tn thng h thn kinh trung ng (CNS) hoc h thn kinh ngoi vi nh hng n chc nng nron v dn truyn trc thn kinh. Nhng tn thng thn kinh ny thng l mn tnh v c th l vnh vin. Hoi t nron l do tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca cht c n cc nron. (1) Tc ng trc tip: cc hp cht thy ngn hu c lm suy yu s tng hp protein thn kinh thit yu. (2) Tc ng gin tip: thiu oxy m do cacbon monooxide hay cyanide gy tn thng thn kinh th pht.

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Cht c hy myelin (demyelination) nh hng n dn truyn thn kinh do thay i s lan truyn ca hiu th vn ng dc trc thn kinh. f. C ch gy tn thng h mch (mao qun) v mu Cht c tc ng trc tip ca n cc t bo tu xng lm gim hoc ngng sn sinh t bo mu. Qu trnh tng hp huyt sc t c th chu tc ng ca cht c theo mt s c ch sau: (1) Gim tng hp huyt sc t hoc tng lng tin thn huyt sc t dn n tnh trng thiu mu, t dn n ri lon chuyn ho porphyrin. (2) St trong hemoglobin c th b oxy ho t st ho tr II thnh st ho tr III, to thnh methemoglobin khng c kh nng vn chuyn oxy (methemoglobin c to ra trong ng c nitrit). (3) Qu trnh oxy ho lm bin cht hemoglobin, to ra cc th Heinz lm tng c 2 qu trnh thc bo hng cu v tan mu t nhin. Hemoglobin mo rt mn cm vi qu trnh to cc th Heinz. Cacbon monoxide rt ging hemoglobin, c th gn vi hemoglobin to thnh carbonxyhemoglobin khng vn chuyn c oxy. Bnh ng mu do c tnh ca vitamin K dn n xut huyt th pht. Cc cht dit loi gm nhm nh narfarin v brodifacoum ngn s ti hot ho ca vitamin cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp prothrombin v cc yu t VII, IX v X. g. Cc cht c tc dng tng t nhng sn phm chuyn ho v cht dinh dng thng thng Tc dng ca cc hormon estrogen ngoi sinh c th ging tc ng ca cc hormon ni sinh bnh thng. c t nm estrogen, c t thc vt v cht b sung thc n c th lm thay i chu k sinh sn. Cc thnh phn dinh dng nh vitamin D, selen v iod nu vt qu ngng cn thit c th gy nhim c cc c quan b nh hng khi thiu cc cht ny. h. C ch lm suy gim p ng min dch (immunosuppression) y l phn ng ca c th i vi cc cht c cng nghip v c t t nhin. Cc cht c ny nh hng n c min dch dch th v min dch t bo gin tip, gim tng hp khng th, ngn cn b th v mt s qu trnh khc. Chc nng trung tnh ca t bo lympho thay i v gim s hnh thnh t bo lympho (lymphoblastogenesis). Cc cht c nh hng n min dch gm: kim loi nng, dioxin v c t nm (mycotoxins). i. C ch tc dng gy qui thai, cht thai Mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy qui thai, cht thai l do c t nh hng n cc t bo mn cm trong qu trnh hnh thnh cc c quan (organogenesis). Cht c tc ng trong ba thng u tin mang thai thng dn n nhng hu qu nghim trng e do s sng ca bo thai. Hu ht cc tc dng lm thay i hnh thi ca bo thai, gy qui thai xy ra trong ba thng u tin mang thai. Cht c tc ng trong trimester th ba lm gim s tng trng, pht trin hnh thi ca bo thai. k. C ch tc dng gy ung th Giai on u ca ung th do tc ng ca cht c thng kt hp vi s ph hu DNA vt tri hoc qu trnh khi phc khng hon thin DNA b ph hu.

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Cc cht ho hc gy kch thch m hoc gy tn thng cc cao phn t thc y qu trnh ung th. Du hiu ca ung th do cht c thng khi u bng s ph hu DNA. 3.3. nh hng c hi ca cht c nh hng c hi ca cht c bao gm: (1) nh hng mang tnh dc l, nh c ch qu mc h thng thn kinh trung ng ca barbiturat (chnh l tc dng dc l c dng trong iu tr, nhng qu mc); (2) nh hng c hi bnh l, v d acetaminophen gy tn thng gan; tc dng c hi v gen, nh m tc nit (nitrogen mustard) gy ung th. Khi nng ho cht trong m cha t ngng gii hn th tc dng thng s hi phc. Khi m b tn thng, n vn c kh nng ti to li. Tuy nhin, cc tn thng trn h thn kinh trung ng gn nh khng hi phc c v cc nron khng c kh nng phn chia v ti to. Trong cc nh hng c hi ca cht c c th ni n: - nh hng ti ch v nh hng ton thn: Tc dng ti ch l c tnh xy ra ngay ti ni tip xc vi cht c: cc cht n mn gy tn thng ng tiu ho khi ung. Tc dng ton thn xy ra sau khi cht c c hp thu vo tun hon s gy tn thng cho h thn kinh trung ng. Phn ln cc cht c h thng s ch gy c cho mt vi c quan ch v c quan ch cha hn l ni tch lu nhiu cht c nht: DDT tch lu rt nhiu m m, nhng khng gy mt tc dng c no c. Theo th t, tc dng c thng xy ra h thng thn kinh trung ng, mu, h to mu, gan, thn, phi. - nh hng hip ng xy ra khi hiu qu kt hp 2 hoc nhiu cht c ln hn nhiu so vi tng hiu qu ring l. Tc dng ny xy ra nu mt cht ha hc nh hng n ha tan, kh nng lin kt, chuyn ha hay qu trnh thi tr ca mt cht khc. - nh hng tng tim lc xy ra khi mt cht lm tng c tnh ca mt cht khc, thm ch cht tng c lc ch c c lc rt thp hoc khng c. - nh hng i khng xy ra khi 2 cht kt hp lm nh hng n tc dng ca nhau. nh hng i khng c th: (1) L mt phn ng sinh l, nh tc dng ca epinephrin i khng vi tc dng lm gim huyt p ca phenobarbital. (2) L mt qu trnh chuyn ha, v d cn ethyl cnh tranh vi ethylene glycol trong cht chng ng, cn tr qu trnh hot ha cc sn phm chuyn ha c. (3) Mang tnh cht ha hc, nh cht cng cua (EDTA) to chelat bn vi ch, lm gim c tnh ca ch. Cht c xm nhp vo c th qua cc ng nhau, sau mt thi gian ngn u c phn b vo ton c th. Ty theo tnh cht l ha v iu kin xm nhp vo c th, cht c c th tn lu mt s b phn. Cht c tc dng ngay vo cc t bo sng v lm ri lon hot ng ca chng. a. nh hng n h thn kinh Phn ln cc cht c u t nhiu tc dng ln h thn kinh gy ri lon chc nng vn ng, cm gic. Cc loi thuc m nh cloroform tc dng ln no v ty sng lm mt phn x, cui cng tc dng ln hnh ty gy ngng th. Nhiu trng hp gy hn m nh thuc ng, thuc phin, ru etynic. Cc cht thuc nhm amphetamin, long no, atropin v th phm, clo hu c gy kch thch, vt v. Strychnin v m tin gy co cng (kch thch ty sng qu mc).

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Cc cht gy ri lon cm gic nh Streptomycin, quinin, salicylat gy chng mt, Santonin, quinacrin lm hoa mt, Streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin gy ic. Mt s cht tc dng ln h giao cm, gy gin ng t mt nh adrenalin, ephedrin, atropin, nicotin. Ngc li mt s cht nh eserin, acetylcolin, prostigmin lm co ng t mt. b. nh hng n b my tiu ha Cc cht c khi xm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha thng gy nn ma, l phn ng u tin ca c th (ng c thy ngn, thuc phin, photpho hu c); nhng cng do tc dng ca cht c trn h thn kinh lm co bp mnh c honh. Cc cht c nh photpho hu c, nm v mt s kim loi nh ch, thy ngn, bitmut c th gy tit nc bt nhiu; ngc li atropin lm kh ming; axit, kim kch thch ng tiu ha nh; thuc chng ng mu, dn xut salicylat gy chy mu ng tiu ha. c. nh hng n gan Gan l mt c quan nm ng t ng tiu ha. T tnh mch ca, gan nhn tt c cc cht do chuyn ha thc n cung cp v cc cht c. Mt khc, cc cht cha trong mu qua h thng i tun hon u cc tc dng n gan. Hu nh trng hp ng c no cng c tn thng gan. Ru lm x ha gan, thoi ha m trong ng c photpho, asen; vng da trong ng c AsH3 . d. nh hng n tim mch Cc cht tr tim dng qu liu u gy c. Cafein, adrenalin, amphetamin... lm tng nhp tim. Digitalin, eserin, photpho hu c lm gim nhp tim. c bit trong ng c gan cc v nha da cc mch khng u; trong ng c quinidin, imipramin c th gy ngng tim. Mt s cht nh hng n s co gin mch. Acetylcolin lm gin mch, ca la mch lm co mch mu. e. nh hng n mu Cc thnh phn huyt tng, hng cu, bch cu v tiu cu trong mu u c th b thay i di tc dng ca cht c: (1) Huyt tng: Cc thuc m (cloroform, ete) l gim pH, h thp d tr kim v tng kali ca huyt tng. Nc rn Viperide lm tng kh nng ng mu, ngc li loi Colubride lm mt kh nng . (2) Hng cu: S lng hng cu trong mt cm3 tng ln trong trng hp ng c gy ph phi (clo, photgen, cloropicrin) do huyt tng thot ra nhiu nn mu b c li. Hng cu b ph hy khi b ng c ch, nhim tia X, benzen hoc cc dn xut ca amin thm. Khi oxit cc bon lin kt vi hemoglobin to ra cacboxyhemoglobin lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy nn c th b ngt. Cc dn xut nitro thm, anilin, nitrit oxy ha st II, chuyn hemoglobin thnh methemoglobin lm ngng kh nng vn chuyn oxy. (3) Bch cu: S lng bch cu gim trong ng c benzen, gy thiu mu. Ngc li trong ng c kim loi nng bch cu tng. (4) Tiu cu: S lng tiu cu c th h xung cn vi chc nghn trong ng c benzen. Mt khc di tc dng ca cht c mt s thnh phn mi xut hin: V d trong ng c ch xut hin cht copropocphirin; trong ng c axit mnh xut hin hematopocphirin. C th da vo nhng cht ny chn on ng c.

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f. nh hng n b my h hp Cc cht c xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp c th gy: (1) Ti ch nh ho, km theo chy nc mi, nc bt. V d: cc hi c, hi ngt. (2) Tc dng ton thn nh kh CO gy tm ti. Cht c c ch h hp gy ngt th tin ti ngng th nh thuc phin, cyanic, thuc ng. Mt s cht c th gy ph phi nh: hydrosulphit, photpho hu c. g. nh hng n thn Cht c c th tc ng ln cc chc phn ca thn. Thy ngn, ch, cadimi lm tng ure v albumin trong nc tiu. Axit oxalic, thuc chng ng mu, cantharit gy i ra mu. Cc dung mi hu c c clo gy vim thn. Nhiu cht gy v niu nh thy ngn, sulphamid, mt c trm. Nc tiu l mt loi mu th quan trng trong kim nghim c cht. 4. cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c c tc dng gy c, cc cht c hoc cc sn phm chuyn ha ca chng phi t c nng cao trong khong thi gian nht nh trong c th (ty loi cht c). Cc yu t khi tng tc vi nhau c th lm thay i p ng ca c th i vi cht c, nh hng n p ng liu lng v chn on ng c. Mc d tng yu t khng gy nh hng ln, nhng nu nhiu yu t cng tc ng th nh hng ca chng s tr nn c ngha. Cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c bao gm: - Cc yu t thuc v cht c: thng c nh hng n qu trnh tng tc ca cht c vi th th hoc mng t bo. - Cc yu t trong ng vt ch: thng lm thay i mc gy c, gii c hoc s thch ng ca c th vi cht c. - Cc yu t trong mi trng c nh hng n cht c hoc ng vt ch. 4.1. Cc yu t thuc v cht c a. Bn cht vt l v ho hc ca cht c Bn cht vt l v cu to ho hc ca cht c c nh hng n tc dng gy c ca cht . V d: hp cht trioxit arsenic As2O3 dng kt tinh th tc dng chm v t c, dng mnh ca As2O3 l loi cht c nguy him. Nhiu cht c tan trong du c hn l tan trong nc (cc cht ho hc c phosphor v thuc tr su). Phospho vng l rt c cn phospho li c t l nht nh no trong c th. Phospho ho tr 3 c hn phospho ho tr 5. Bari cacbonat rt c song bari sunfat li khng c. c tnh ca cc hp cht hu c l do cc cu trc c hiu. Thay i cc nhm chc lm thay i tnh c. V d: thay nhm metyl C9 ca dimidium bromid bng 1 nhm ethyl thnh ethyldium bromid s gy c gan. * tinh khit ca mt cht c th lm thay i c tnh ca cht . V d: ch phm thng mi dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8 Detra clorodibenzon p. dioxin) - TCDD, do hnh thnh cc phn chnh 2, 4, 5 - T to ra cht c mu da cam rt nguy him cho ngi v gia sc. * S bin i cc phn t hot ng c bn lm thay i cc tnh cht ha hc v p ng ca th th. V d nh s trao i cc anion to thnh cc mui khc nhau (sulfat ng thnh oxt ng) v to chelat vi cc kim loi nhm tng cng hp ph cc cht c kim loi nng.

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* S khng n nh ca cht c do iu kin s dng c th nh hng n c tnh. Thuc tr su phospho hu c coumaphos c th phn hy trong thng ng c su thnh protosan, c c tnh cao hn i vi loi nhai li. * ha tan, tnh phn cc v s ion ha Cht c l cht lng hoc ha tan trong dung mi tc dng nhanh v mnh hn nhng cht th rn. Nhng cht khng ha tan trong nc, cn, du, m th khng hp thu vo c th. V d: Sullimat (HgCl2) ha tan nn gy c. Calomen (HgCl) khng ha tan trong nc nn tc dng km hoc khng c tc dng. - Cc cht c tan mnh trong lipid d hp thu qua lp lipoprotein mng t bo hn l cc cht khng c c tnh ny. - Cc cht khng phn cc c trng lng phn t thp d hp thu qua mng t bo hn cc phn t phc hp c trng lng phn t cao. - Cc cht cha cc nhm ion ha iu kin pH sinh l tan nhiu trong nc hn v kh hp thu qua mng t bo. Gm cc amin, carboxyl, phosphat v sulfat. - S lin kt ca cht c vi protein (v d albumin) lm gim c tnh ca cht c thng qua vic hn ch s hp thu qua mng t bo. Lin kt cht c- protein cn lm chm qu trnh o thi do kh nng lc qua tiu cu thn ca cht c b gim. b. nh hng ca t dc Dung mi ha tan cht c l mi trng pha long v vn chuyn mt cht ha hc hay thuc, gm nc, propylene glycol, dung mi hu c, cc loi gm hoc keo tng hp hoc t nhin. Cht c ha tan trong nc tc dng mnh hn trong du m, trong cn mnh hn c trong cc loi dung mi ni trn. - T dc lng khng phn cc v tan trong m c th vn chuyn cc cht c ha hc qua hu ht cc mng t bo sinh hc. - Cc thnh phn hot cht trong dng huyn ph (th vn) hoc nh tng c c tnh hn l nu chng ha tan trong t dc lng. - T dc (i khi l cc thnh phn kh tr) c th gy c, v d sc vt b ng c bi cht vn ti hydrocarbon trong thuc tr su. Vic s dng nhng cht vn ti cha c kim nghim (chng hn nh kerosence) s gy ng c. - S hnh thnh cc bt ht m, huyn ph v nh tng nh hng n tc ng (duy tr) cc cht c trn lng v da sc vt v tc hp thu cc cht ny qua ng tiu ha. V d: thuc bo v thc vt gy ng c do c th ng li trn lng v da ng vt gy tch ly mt lng thuc vt qu gii hn cho php. - Thuc bt hay nh tng khng c trn u trong qu trnh bo ch lm thay i nng hot cht trong hn hp thuc. Mt phn trong hn hp thuc c nng hot cht cao, phn cn li nng hot cht li thp. c. Tng tc ha hc trc tip Cc ha cht khi dng phi hp trc tip c th to dng kt ta khng tan, lm gim hoc c tnh hoc tc dng. Nhng tng tc lm thay i thnh phn ha hc c th lm thay i c tnh sn c ca cht c , v d: - S thay i cc anion trong mui ng (v d nh sulfat ng thnh oxyd ng) c th thay i c tnh ca ng

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- S thy phn cc nhm este ca cc hp cht hu c, v d nh thuc tr su organophosphat c th lm gim c tnh. d. Liu lng cht c Tc dng ca cht c ln c th ph thuc vo liu lng ca chng. Liu lng ny c th l: (1) Liu iu tr: lng cht c dng iu tr bnh; (2) Liu gy c: gy nhng trng thi bnh l; (3) Liu cht: gy cht ng vt. c tnh ca cht c xc nh bi LD50 - liu gy cht 50% ng vt th nghim. LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50): Liu gy cht ngt (tnh cho cc loi kh c- mg/m3) 50% ng vt trong vng 4 gi. ALD (Apperoximathy Lethal Doses): Liu gy c - th hin cc du hiu nhim c (nhng ng vt khng cht). TED (Toletance Effectiviv Dose): Liu tc ng ti a c th c th chu ng c. * S nhc li liu c: S nhc li liu c dn ti gy c r hn l s dng liu c ch mt ln. Khi nhim c li lm cho chc nng c th kh c th hi phc do t chc b tn hi. Tuy nhin cng c trng hp khi lp liu gy c nhiu ln dn n s iu chnh chng li cht c (liu cp tnh) v min dch thc s. Vi cc loi c cht bi tit nhanh, th 1 liu c mnh c tc dng gy c mnh hn s lp li liu cp tnh. V d th vi mt liu gy c cp tnh ko di ca cyanid c th khng gy c v c bin i thnh thiocyanat. 4.2. Cc yu t thuc v c th a. Loi ng vt Cht c c th c vi ny m khng c vi loi vt khc. iu ny rt c ngha trong vic sn xut thuc tr su, dit cn trng v cc cht iu tr ho hc. V d morphin t c i vi gia sc hn vi con ngi. Gia cm khng vi nhiu cht c hn l gia sc. V d thuc tr su DDT c th gy c qua tip xc vi da, c bit lp kitin ca cn trng. i vi gia sc t c hn v t hp thu qua da. Hp thu cht c qua ng nim mc tiu ho ch rt nhanh, ch cn 1 lng nh gy triu chng ng c. Trong gan th cha 1 ester c th ph hu rt nhanh atropin nn th khng b ng c c c dc. Mt loi hnh ty bin mu c tc dng dit cn trng, su b nhng li khng c vi chut ng. S mn cm vi mt s cht c cc loi gia sc cn cha c gii thch r. V d: Morphin gy yn tnh thn kinh ngi v ch nhng li gy kch thch i vi mo v cc loi gia sc khc. B ging Priesishen Kall c n 23 - 42 mg Gossypol/kg trng lng (cht c chit t ht bng) b cht. Ging b Jersey Kalle n ti 82 mg/kg P li khng b ng c. Sc vt nhai li mn cm vi cc hp cht kim loi nng hn cc loi vt khc (nga, ch, mo, ln). Liu cht ca carbonat ch nga l 500-700gam nhng tru, b ch 50gam. i vi sc vt nhai li: c t thc vt li t gy c hn so vi cc loi khc. V d: tru, b cho n l ngn phi kh t 25 - 30 gam trong 4 ngy lin tc cng khng b ng c. Trong khi nga ch n 30 gam trong 1 ln l b cht ngay. C th gii thch l hot cht gy c v cc glucozid khc trong l ngn v mt s cht c c ngun gc thc vt khc b phn hy do qu trnh ln men ca vi sinh vt trong d c. Cht c b pha long d c ca ng vt c sng. Sc vt c h thn kinh cng pht trin th cng mn cm hn vi mt s cht c.

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V d: Liu cht ca morphin th l 300 - 400mg, nhng ngi l 6 mg. Nh vy, th c th chu ng c liu c cao hn gp xp x 70 ln so vi ngi. 5mg atropin gy c nng ngi nhng ch v th n vi lng ln hn 100 ln (500 mg) vn khng cht. - Gia sc c sng rt mn cm vi tetracyclin, chloroform v kim loi nng c bit l thy ngn. - Nga mn cm vi c t nm c bit l stachybotrys alternans v dendrodochium toxicum v stibium kalium tartaricum. - Gia cm mn cm hn vi mui n, cyanhydric. - Mo mn cm vi a. carbonic. Korneven (1912) sp xp th t mn cm ca gia sc i vi a s cht c nh sau: 1: La; 6: Ln; 2: La; 7: Gia cm; 3: Nga; 8: Tru, b; 4: Mo; 9: D, cu; 5: Ch; 10: Th. - Gia cm thng t mn cm hn vi c t nm; ch vi du crotono; mo vi apomorphin; d vi thuc l, ht thu du; g vi strychnin; th vi atropin (Radkevich, 1952). * c im gii phu cc loi ng vt khc nhau nh hng n tc dng ca cht c - ng vt nhai li lu gi mt lng ln thc n trong d c, lm ko di thi gian hp thu cht c. c tnh ca cht c gim do cht c qua chuyn ha bi hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong d c. Tuy nhin, qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc trong d c cng c th hot ha dn n lm tng c tnh ca mt s tc nhn gy c (v d, nitrat chuyn ha thnh nitrit). - Nga, chut, th khng c kh nng nn sinh l do cu to gii phu, v vy cht c lu gi trong ng tiu ha, gy c mnh hn so vi nhng ng vt c th nn c. - Nhng con vt thiu sc t da s d b tc ng ca cc cht c gy nhim c quang hc (phototoxicosis). - Hng ro mu - no ngn cn cht c xm nhp vo trong no. mt s ng vt, hng ro mu - no km pht trin, to iu kin cho cht xm nhp vo no, dn n ng c (v d, ng c ivermertin ch Colli). * c im chuyn ha lin quan n loi v gen nh hng n tc dng ca cht c - nh hng ca chuyn ha giai on 1: S chuyn ha cc cht c thnh cht c c tnh cao hn gia cc loi l rt khc nhau. ch, qu trnh chuyn ha cht dit loi gm nhm fluoroacetate thnh fluorocitrate xy ra nhanh hn v c tnh ca n ln hn gp 6- 8 ln i vi chut. chut v cu ch hnh thnh mt lng rt nh c t aflatoxin c hot tnh sinh hc, v vy chng c sc khng vi c t ny tt hn so vi cc loi khc. - nh hng ca chuyn ha giai on 2: gia cc loi c s khc nhau ca cc qu trnh chuyn ha giai on 2, dn n chm chuyn ha v chm thi tr cht c. - mo v chut Gunn s hnh thnh glucuronic gim v do vy nhiu kh nng b nhim c cc cht nh phenol nhiu ng vt ny l cao.

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- Qu trnh lin hp vi acid sulfuric ca cc cht c ln xy ra yu hn so vi cc loi vt khc. - Acid mercapturic t c hnh thnh chut lang. - Khng thy c qu trnh acetyl ha cc hp cht amin thm ch. b. C th C th trong cng loi c th phn ng khc nhau vi cht c. Tc dng gy c c xc nh theo p ng ca c th i vi cht c. - D ng: l kt qu ca min dch trung gian v qu trnh cm ng trc i vi mt cht ha hc. Nhng phn ng ny c coi l phn ng qu mn. Nhiu cht ha hc c th gy d ng. Phn ng d ng thng c trng cho loi v khng lin quan n liu lng. nhng ng vt nhy cm, liu lng thp c th gy d ng nghim trng vi mt cht c. Thng quan st thy phn ng d ng cc c quan h tiu ha , h tim mch, phi, mt, v da. - Phn ng c ng: nguyn nhn c th do mt qu trnh chuyn ha hoc gii c bt thng trong c th v thng c tnh di truyn. Phn ng xy ra tng t nh c th bnh thng nhng vi liu lng rt thp. Trng hp t gp hn l p ng ca nhng ng vt c nhng phn ng bt thng i vi mt ha cht c nht nh. c. Tnh bit Phn ng vi cc cht c cng khc nhau theo gii tnh (ci v c) v d nh thuc tr su Parathion hay Potasan c vi chut ci hn l c. C th chng c mi lin quan vi hoocmon sinh dc c. sc vt non cha trng thnh, rt t c s khc bit trong phn ng i vi xenobiotics gia con c v con ci. Gia sc ci thng c sc khng vi cht c km hn con c, c bit l con c cha, liu rt nh ca cu la mch (Clavicep purpurea) gy sy thai. S mn cm khc nhau vi cht c con c, con ci c lin quan n trng thi ca c quan sinh sn. Tuy nhin, cc con ci b ct bung trng v con c b thin khng quan st thy s khc nhau ny. * S khc nhau v hormon. Hm lng testosteron cao v khng thay i con c gip qu trnh chuyn ha cht c mnh hn so vi con ci. Cc c t c tc dng ging hormon (v d, mycotoxin zearalenone) c nh hng ln n tnh bit ca sc vt. Thi k con vt c cha v cho con b to ra s thay i r rt v hormon v chuyn ha: kch thc cc c quan nh gan, tuyn thng thn, bung trng, t cung v hm lng protein tng r rt. Mt s trong lng protein tng cng (protein microsomal) thc y qu trnh chuyn ha ca cht c. S pht trin ca nhau thai lm tng chuyn ha mt s xenobiotics. B ang cho sa nu nhim c mt s c t thn m (DDT, polychlorirelted biphenyls (PCBs) thng b nh hn sc vt khc v mt phn cht c c thi qua sa. Qu trnh tit sa cn lm tng kch thc v trng lng ca rut non, cho php pha long cc c t c hp ph qua ng ming.

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d. Tui Cng tc ng ca cht c ph thuc nhiu vo la tui. Sc vt non, sc vt gi u mn cm vi cht c hn l sc vt trng thnh do c th sc vt non cha hon thin, chc nng gii c km, cn sc vt gi th cc c quan gii c li b suy yu, sc khng gim. Ch cn b m mn cm vi santonin gp 100 ln so vi ch trng thnh. Tuy nhin ch con lai chu c liu atropin cao hn ch ln. S a dng trong phn ng c th ca sc vt non i vi cc cht c c gii thch bng s pht trin cha y (cha hon thin) ca cc c quan, t chc v hnh thi cng nh v chc nng (ch yu l h thn kinh) v s thay i nhanh chng v trng lng c th. Theo Radkevich, liu cht ca cht c nu nga 4-15 tui l 1 th nga 1tui l 1/2, 6 thng tui l 1/4, 3 thng tui l 1/8 v 1 thng tui l 1/16 - 1/24. Sc vt s sinh mn cm c bit vi chloroform, morphin nht l b, ngh, nga con. * Tui sc vt nh hng n kh nng hp ph cht c qua mng t bo: Nim mc ng tiu ha v hng ro mu - no con vt non km pht trin hn, vn chuyn ch ng hiu qu km hn con trng thnh. sc vt non, lng enzym chuyn ha cht c t hn v cht lng km hn sc vt trng thnh. Nhng thay i trong cu to c th nh hng n s phn b v tng tr cht c. C th sc vt s sinh cha nhiu nc hn v t m hn, trong khi nhng ng vt gi mt i cc protein cu trc nhng li tng tch ly m v collagen. e. Khi lng c th i gia sc c th chu c c cao hn so vi tiu gia sc v i gia sc cht c c pha long hn trong mu dn n tc dng ca cht c yu i. Nu liu gy c hoc liu cht ca nga v tru, b l 1 th ln s l 1/5 - 1/20, ch, d, cu l 1/10 - 1/20, mo v chim l 1/20 - 1/50 (Frohner - Volker). Gia sc bo b ng c cc cht c tch ly trong m liu cao hn gia sc gy. f. nh hng ca qu trnh phn b v o thi n tc dng ca cht c. * S phn b v tng tr cht c lm tng hoc gim nng ca chng cc th th Cc cht tan nhiu trong m c th tch ly trong mt s c quan nht nh (v d thuc tr su DDT tch ly trong m thn kinh). S lin kt xenobiotics vi cc cht ni sinh, nh protein huyt tng lm tng tch ly xenobiotics trong c th nhng c th hn ch bt c tnh. Bnh gan vi triu chng mt ngn cn qu trnh bi tit, dn n tch ly mt s cht c trong mu. Khi cc sc t thc vt bi tit trong mt c lu gi la trong mu v vn chuyn ln da s xut hin s cm quang do nh sng mt tri lm cho cc sc t ny bin thnh photodinamic. * Cc cht l c th cnh tranh nhau v tr lin kt vi protein huyt tng S lin kt vi protein huyt tng hn ch hp thu cht c qua mng t bo, ngn cn gn chng vi th th. Cht t c hoc khng c c th chim ch cht c trong lin kt vi protein huyt tng, kt qu l: (1) Cht c b chim ch chuyn thnh dng t do v c tnh ca n tng

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thm. V d phenylbutazole chim ch warfarin trong lin kt vi protein huyt tng, do tng c tnh ca warfarin; (2) Cht c thay th trong lin kt vi protein huyt tng c th c bi tit nhiu hn, dn n gim c tnh. * S khc nhau trong vn chuyn ch ng cc acid hay cc base qua thn S vn chuyn ny c th nh hng n s o thi cht c (v d s bi tit cht dit c 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic ch km do h vn chuyn cht hu c km pht trin). g. Yu t bnh l Bnh gan c th l nguyn nhn lm gim cc qu trnh tng hp cc cao phn t lin kt c chc nng bo v, dn n tng tc dng ca cht c. Glutathione, ligandin v metallothionein l nhng v d v cao phn t lin kt do gan tng hp. Kh nng b ng c cao khi c bnh gan, thn ni m cht c b tiu c v o thi. Bnh thn lm thay i qu trnh ti hp thu ca thn, nh hng n o thi cht c. Kch thch nhu ng rut non s lm gim thi gian vn chuyn v hp thu cht c theo ng ung. Trong trng hp vim hoc lot d dy lm tng hp thu cht c. - Sc vt sau khi lm vic nng nhc, mt mi d b ng c hn. Theo Ivanov Cmoleski khi b cng thng thn kinh hoc thn kinh trung ng b c ch hoc kch thch u d b nhim c hn trng thi bnh thng. h. Hin tng c th nhn vi cht c L hin tng mt s c th dn dn t thch nghi v c sc chng chu vi liu lng c th gy c hoc gy cht cc c th khc. Sc vt hay nhn vi cc cht c nh: asen, atropin, morphin, ricin. V d: Ch b quen vi morphin ch sau 3 ln s dng. Hin tng quen, nhn c th gp hu ht cc cht c. Sc khng ca c th vi mt cht c b suy gim khi mc bnh truyn nhim, k sinh trng, ng c cc cht khc... Trong cng mt c th quen vi cht c nh morphin hoc cocain nhiu trng hp h thn kinh c th chu c vi liu gy c cao hn nhng cc c quan khc nh rut, gan, thn... li mn cm hn vi nhng cht ny. 4.3. Cc yu t mi trng a. ng xm nhim cht c Cht c c th xm nhim vo c th qua ming, da v ng h hp. Trong iu tr c th qua ng tim (bp, di da, tnh mch). ng xm nhim nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ha cht c. Cht c qua ming v xoang bng trc tin l n gan, trong khi cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp li tip cn trc tin vi phi. - Cht c xm nhim qua ng tiu ha: Ph thuc vo cc yu t nh rng ca d dy, kh nng nn sinh l. Nhng sc vt nh ln, ch, mo.. khi n phi cht c c tnh cht kch thch nim mc ng tiu ha (sulphat ng) th cht c d b loi thi do nn. V vy t thy nhng sc vt ny b ng c nhng cht . - Cht c nhim qua da: sc vt thng b trng c c t nc rn, cn trng t, cc thuc tr ngoi k sinh trng khi bi, phun ln da... - Cht c bay hi nhim qua ng h hp. * V tr, loi m hp thu cht c c th nh hng n c tnh ca cht c

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- Kh nng hp thu qua cc vng da khc nhau ca c th l khc nhau. V d, vng da mng nhiu mch mu nh vng bn d hp thu cht c hn nhng vng da dy hoc vng da b sng ha. - Tim vo vng c nhiu mo mch s thc y qu trnh hp thu cht c. - S tch ly trong m lin kt v kho d tr m lm chm qu trnh hp thu cht c. * S Phn nh liu lng hng ngy lm gim c tnh i vi cc cht gy ng c cp tnh, c chuyn ha v bi tit nhanh. Nu tc nhn gy c l mt cht c tch ly, c tc dng mn tnh, c tnh t b nh hng bi s phn nh liu lng hn. b. Khi lng v nng ca cht c * Khi lng v nng ca cht c nh hng n mc v t l phi nhim cht c. Mt cht c th gy c vi liu lng thp nu c pha long trong thc n cho sc vt n c ngy theo ch t do. * Quy tc v khi lng v nng cho php nh gi c lc ca cht c qua phi nhim t nhin. V d, liu lng nitrat gy c a qua ng thng vo ng tiu ha l 200 mg/kg th trng i vi tru b, nhng li l 1000- 2000 mg/kg th trng nu c phn b t nhin trong c. c. Nhit mi trng - Nhit mi trng thp s y nhanh qu trnh chuyn ha cht c trong c th. Trong trng hp ny c th do hot ng chuyn ha ca c th tng gi m cho c th ng vt. - Nhit c th nh hng n lng v kiu tiu th thc n ca sc vt, do s phi nhim vi c t trong thc n cng thay i. - Nhit mi trng cao lm tng lng nc tiu th, tng phi nhim cht c qua nc. Sc vt kht nc c th ung nhanh v hp thu mt lng cht c qua nc. - Nhit mi trng cao lm tng s mn cm ca c th i vi cht c, thay i qu trnh chuyn ha hoc iu tit nhit. Cc cht oxy ha lm tng nhit c th v tc dng gy c ca chng tng khi tri nng. Nhim c thuc tr su qua da c th nng hn khi thi tit nng. Lc ny, mu chuyn nhiu n da lm mt da, nhng mu tp trung nhiu li to iu kin hp thu nhanh thuc tr su. d. p sut khng kh Nhng thay i p ng ca c th vi cc cht c thng lin quan n nhng thay i v p sut oxy trong mi trng. Kh oxy cao p c s dng x l nhim c carbon monoxide, barbiturat, cyanide. e. Ch n ung v dinh dng - Cc cht c c th b kh c tnh bi thnh phn thc n t nhin hoc cc tc nhn tr liu c a vo c th. V d: Acid phytic (inositol hexaphosphate) thc vt c th to chelat vi cc kim loi v khong cht, t lm gim s hp thu ca chng. - Canxi v km trong thc n thc t nh hng n qu trnh hp thu ch, cnh tranh ln nhau h vn chuyn cation ha tr 2. - Tanin v protein to phc vi cc cht c v gim s hp thu ca chng.

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* S ngon ming c th lm tng lng cht c c a vo c th. V d, cht dit loi gm nhm c v thm bao parafin c dng lm tng s ngon ming, v vy tng lng tiu th vi loi gm nhm. * Thiu hoc qu tha dinh dng nh hng n tc dng ca cht c. - Sc vt b n s b thiu nng lng, glucose trong mu gim dn n gim hot tnh cc enzym chuyn ha cht c. - Thc n thiu protein lm suy yu tng hp enzym, hot tnh ca men MFO, nng glutathione trong gan gim. - Thiu vitamin, c bit l vitamin E v C chng oxy ha dn n lm tng qu trnh tn thng t bo do hnh thnh gc t do. f. Nguyn nhn gy ng c Nguyn nhn gia sc b ng c thng l do n phi hoc ung, th hoc qua da nhng cht c c trong t nhin hay do con ngi gy ra. + Ngun khong cht gy c: Ch yu l nc c cha flor, nitrat c th gy cht ngi v gia sc. Molypden, selen c ngun gc t t c th gy c cho b. + c t thc vt: C nhiu loi cht c t thc vt + Cht c cng nghip: Ch (Pb) v arsen (As) l sn phm nhim ca cng nghip. Kh flor, bi, khi c cha flor cng l sn phm ca cc nh my cng nghip - Nhim c ng, molypden, nh hng tia phng x qua cc nh my in nguyn t, nc thi t cc nh my c cha phenol. + Ha cht bo v thc vt: gy nn ng c cho nhiu loi gia sc. c bit ng c thuc tr su vi gia cm trong quan trng nht l phospho v phospho km. + Thuc th y: Dng qu liu. + Thc n v nc ung: C (c 3 l) c cha dicumarol, solanin mm khoai ty, sn phm ln men t thc n thiu, i, cc loi c, ht, nm c, v.v... nitrat, petrol, ether, kim loi nng trong nc l nguyn nhn gy ng c cho gia sc, gia cm.

Cu hi n tp 1. Khi nim c cht hc v cc lnh vc nghin cu ca c cht hc? 2. i tng, nhim v ca c cht hc th y? 3. Khi nim cht c v phn loi cht c? 4. Khi nim ng c v phn loi ng c? 5. Trnh by s xm nhp ca cht c qua mng t bo?

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6. Nu cc cch xm nhp ca cht c vo c th? 7. Gii thch s phn b v chuyn ho cht c trong c th? 8. Nu cc ng thi tr cht c? 9. Nu khi nim cht a in t (Electrophile) v tc hi ca n? 10. Nu khi nim gc t do (Free radical) v tc hi ca n? 11. Nu khi nim cht i nhn (Nucleophile) v tc hi ca n? 12. Nu khi nim cht phn ng oxy ha kh (Redox) v tc hi ca n? 13. Trnh by c ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc ca cht c? 14. Gii thch nh hng ca cht c n cc c quan, t chc? 15. Trnh by cc yu t c th nh hng n tc dng ca cht c? 16. Trnh by cc yu t thuc v cht c nh hng n tc dng ca cht c? 17. Trnh by cc yu t mi trng nh hng n tc dng ca cht c?

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35 Chng II Chn on v iu tr ng c
Ni dung chng 2 bao gm cc kin thc v cc bc chn on ng c. Cc bin php phng v iu tr ng c cng c gii thch c th trong chng ny. 1. Chn on ng c 1.1. Khi nim Chn on ng c l vic nh gi, pht hin cc du hiu, triu chng ca s ri lon chc nng ca cc c quan, t chc ca c th tm ra nguyn nhn gy ng c, nhm iu chnh nhng tc dng ca cht c, x l v iu tr ng c, nhim c. Chn on ng c bao gm cc loi sau: a. Chn on lm sng (clinical diagnosis): c thc hin trc tin xc nh cc h c quan no b nh hng bi cht c (v d: sc, ng kinh nghim trng, ngng h hp), theo di v khng ch cc triu chng cu sng bnh sc. b. Chn on tn thng bnh l (lesion diagnosis) c thc hin m t nhng bin i bnh l m, t chc (v d: hoi t trung tm tiu thy gan). c. Chn on bnh cn (etiologic diagnosis): y l chn on quan trng nht, nhm xc nh nguyn nhn gy c hoc ngun gy c, l c s tin hnh cc bin php tr liu v phng chng c th. Trong qu trnh chn on nguyn nhn gy ng c cho sc vt cn lu : - Khi cha chn on c nguyn nhn gy c khng nn s dng cc loi thuc i khng gii c. - Bo v sc kho cng ng, trnh nhng cht c tn ng trong chui thc n thng qua vic khng nh c cht c th gy c. - Xc nh trch nhim v trnh c thit hi do ng c, nhim c gy ra. 1.2. Chn on ng c Ng c l loi bnh xy ra hng lot vi mt lng ln sc vt. V vy vic chn on sm v chnh xc l bc rt quan trng phng v iu tr ng c c hiu qu. Chn on ng c bao gm cc bc sau: a. Thu thp thng tin v nguyn nhn v iu kin gy ng c. Vai tr ca cn b th y l tm c nhiu thng tin c th s dng trong thc t chn on. Qua hi trc tip nhng ngi chn nui, ch gia sc. Thu cc thng tin v loi, s lng sc vt b ng c, loi thc n cho gia sc n trc vi tun v thi im xy ra ng c. Ng c thng xy ra do khu cho n, chm sc v s dng sc vt. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ng c thng xuyn nht i vi gia sc chn th l cy c c. i vi sc vt nui nht, ngoi cc thc vt c ra, sc vt cn b ng c bi thc n b hng, i thiu, thc n nhim nm mc, vi khun v c t ca chng. Gia sc, gia cm cn b ng c bi cc ha cht BVTV, nh cc hp cht clor hu c, phosphor hu c, mt s hp cht v c nh carbamid, mui n, sulfat ng, calci v natri asenat, natri fluorid, phosphot km... cc cht ha hc l phn hu c cng c th gy ng c. Ngoi ra sc vt cn b ng c bi nc c khi b ng vt c cn (rn, nhn, ong...).

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Cn xc nh xem c xy ra s phi nhim vi loi cht c (c t) c bit n hoc b nghi ng khng? Hi ch gia sc nhng thay i v a im, ngun thc n, vic s dng cht ho hc (v d: phun thuc dit cn trng, bn phn cho ng c, s dng thuc th y iu tr cho sc vt) v nhng ng dng khc c th gy ng c, nhim c (bng 2.1). Nu cn thit phi kim tra ni nui nht sc vt. S c mt ca mt loi cht c trong mi trng hay thm ch sc vt n phi cht c cha khng nh c nguyn nhn gy ng c. y mi ch l nhng gi cho phng hng iu tra tip theo, l: - Khng nh c s phi nhim vi cht c l gy ng c. - Ghi li cc triu chng lm sng, nhng bin i v trao i cht, bin i cc m in hnh trong qu trnh sc vt phi nhim vi vi cht c b nghi ng. - Xc nh mc gy c ca cht c i vi c quan hay m ch. Bng 2.1. Nhng thng tin cn thu thp chn on ng c, nhim c vt nui 1. D liu v ch gia sc Ngy: Tn ch gia sc: a ch: S in thoi: 2. D liu v bnh sc Loi: Ging: Tnh bit: Trng lng: Tui:

* Tiu s tnh trng sc kho ca bnh sc Tnh hnh bnh tt trong 6 thng trc khi sc vt b ng c. Tnh hnh phi nhim vi cht c ca cc sc vt khc trong vng 30 ngy trc khi xy ra ng c. Lch tim phng Cc bin php tr liu, phun, ty thuc... trong 6 thng v trc Ln khm bnh cui cng ca bc s th y. Quy m n (i vi sc vt nui theo n). Sc vt mua v hay c nui ti gia nh. Tnh trng m, cht ca n (i vi sc vt nui theo n). C th u tin b ng c (b m) c pht hin: cn tm hiu con vt ny sng kho mnh trong thi gian bao lu? Hin tng ng c xut hin trong n khi no? * D liu v mi trng Thu thp cc d liu v: - Ni ca sc vt (v d: ng c, rng, l t, feedlot, gn sng hoc ao; Chung nui, Khu nh kn c h thng thng gi; trn sn g git trn h phn, gn ng tu ho, gn khu cng nghip, gn bi rc).

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- Nhng thay i gn nht v s phi nhim vi mi trng (v d: s di chuyn, phun cht dit cn trng, cht dit loi gm nhm, xy dng mi, ci to cc khu nh c, di chuyn phn). * D liu v khu phn n, nc ung ca sc vt - Ch n: Nhng thay i v khu phn n gn y (s ln c th c lin quan n cc triu chng quan st c). S thay i phng thc cho n (v d: t phng thc cho n hn ch sang phng thc cho n t do). S c mt ca cc thc n i tha v b hng. - Ngun nc ung, thay i trong vic cung cp nc ung. b. Kim tra cc triu chng lm sng. Bnh do ng c thng c phn bit vi cc bnh khc do s a dng v cc triu chng lm sng. Nguyn nhn y l do ngun gc, tnh cht l ha, ng hc ca cht c, s mn cm ca sc vt. chn on ng c cn quan st cc triu chng lm sng sau: Bng 2.2: Triu chng lm sng thng gp gia sc b ng c Mt iu ho Tit nc bt M/th gic Trm cm Vui v ng kinh Khn ting Cc loi khc (m t r) Nn ma a chy Phn c mu en n nhiu Kht nhiu a niu Kh th Vng da Chy mu Hemoglobin-niu Huyt niu Kit sc St Yu

Ng c cp thng xy ra vi cc triu chng lin quan n cc h c quan: tiu ha, thn kinh, h hp, tun hon, tit niu... Nhng du hiu thng xuyn nht ca ng c ng tiu ha l: Tit nc bt, nn, chng hi, a chy, c th to bn vi s bin i ca phn (cha cht nhy, mu...), au bng v i khi ni m ay. Cc du hiu ca ng c thn kinh thng l: tng qu trnh hng phn thn kinh biu hin: bn chn khng yn, trng thi thao cung (c xu hng di chuyn v pha trc, chn trc co v p mnh), co git, th mnh, co git kiu ng kinh v kiu git rung thng quan st thy ng c ch, atropin, veratrin, anconitin v picrotoxin. Sau trng thi co git (hoc ngay lp tc) c biu hin c ch, th hin t lit v lit. Cc du hiu v h hp thng l th gp, th kh, ngt th, ho, chy nc mi, tm ti, bn chn... Cc triu chng v tim mch: mch nhanh, yu. Cc triu chng v tit niu: c hin tng i nhiu, i dt, xut hin albumin niu, huyt niu, t bo biu m thn trong nc tiu hoc b i trong mt s trng hp.

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Khi b ri lon trao i kh, sc vt rt kh th, mch nhanh, kt mc mt , co git, thn nnhit h, hn m, cht (ng c cc sn phm thc vt cha cyano, ng c nitrat, nitrat...). Ri lon ng mu khi b rn c cn (do c t cardiotoxin trong nc rn). Vim dp da do cht nhy cm quang hc cha trong mt s loi c lm thc n chn nui (Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum). Nhng triu chng lm sng thng l nhng thng tin c gi tr c s dng chn on ng c. Tuy nhin, nu ch da vo cc triu chng lm sng cng cha kt lun v cht gy ng c v hng ngn cc cht ho hc khc nhau c th gy ra nhng triu chng tng t mt s c quan nht nh ca c th (ni cch khc l c quan v m c th c phn ng tng t vi nhiu cht ho hc khc nhau). Nhiu bnh do nhim khun, ri lon ni tit, ri lon trao i cht gy ra cc triu chng ging ng c (v d nh nn, ng kinh). S tin trin ca cc triu chng lm sng cng c gi tr chn on trong ng c. Bc s th y khi khm bnh c th ch thy c mt trong cc giai on tin trin ca cn bnh. V vy cn hi ch gia sc v nhng triu chng khc nu c. Thi gian xut hin v thi gian duy tr cc triu chng lm sng c th gip nhn dng mt vi cht c v loi b nhng cht c khc. T l sc vt b ng c v t l cht cng c th gip xc nh loi cht c, s tn ti v hm lng ca cht c. Ngoi ra cn c cc yu t khc c th nh hng n kh nng mn cm ca sc vt vi cht b nghi l gy c, l: (1) Loi gia sc; (2) Tnh bit; (3) S tng tc gia cht c vi cc cht dinh dng, cc loi thuc iu tr hay cht ho hc khc; (4) Stress hay tn thng bnh l c quan, t chc trc khi b ng c. * Tin trin bnh Ph thuc vo: - Ng c ti cp: t xy ra. Xy ra trong vng 1 - 2 gi hoc thi gian ngn hn (acid silinic, kali cyanit, nitrit) - Ng c cp: xy ra t ngt, tin trin nhanh sau khi n thc n c c hoc nhim c. Gia sc thng b cht. - Ng c bn cp: tin trin trong vi ngy, sau khi iu tr c th khi, c trng hp cht. - Ng c mn: tin trin chm, triu chng lm sng khng r, thng xy ra khi sc vt b nhim cht c thng xuyn, ko di. Triu chng thng l ng tiu ha hn l thn kinh. * Tin lng (prognose) Tin lng ca bnh do ng c c xc nh da trn mc nng nh ca bnh, bn cht v liu lng cht c cng nh kh nng trung ha, o thi cht c khi c th. - Trong cc triu chng v thn kinh, triu chng kch thch thn kinh c coi l c tin lng tt hn l trng thi trm ut. Xu nht l triu chng bi lit, thng dn n cht. Co git khng phi lc no cng c tin lng xu.

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- Bn cht ca cht c c ngha trong vic nh gi tin lng. Loi vt n c khi b ng c c t thc vt thng c tin lng tt hn ng c cc cht c c ngun gc khong hoc tng hp, do kh xc nh c lng cc cht ny hp thu vo mu v chng thng c chm thi tr ra khi c th (v d, asen, ch, thy ngn...) - Cc triu chng nim mc d dy, rut xut huyt nht l sc vt non, suy gim hot ng tim mch, try tim mch. - Sc vt b ng c nhng nn c c tin lng tt hn l khng nn. c. Kim tra cc tn thng bnh l Vic xc nh chnh xc cc c quan, m v cc qa trnh trao i cht chu nh hng nhiu nht bi cht c l mt yu t quan trng trong chn on ng c. c tnh ca cc h c quan c th s dng a ra nhng chn on phn bit ph hp vi nhng du hiu lm sng. Cc cht c khc nhau c th gy nhng bin i c trng cc c quan, t chc. Nu bnh sc b cht, cn m khm k v thu thp cc mu thch hp. Vic m khm tng th xc bnh sc cn c thc hin bi chuyn gia c cht hc v chuyn gia bnh l. Nhng tn thng bnh l do ng c thng l: vim d dy rut, gan nhim m, hoi t gia tiu thy gan, sng v thn, hemoglobin niu, tim ph i, tch nc xoang ngc, ph k phi, mt sng ty. Nhiu cht c gy cc tn thng bnh l i th v vi th c trng. Cht cha d dy, rut cn c kim tra v mu sc, s c mt ca cy c, cc vt l, vin thuc, nang thuc... Cc mu t chc cn c bo qun trong dung dch m formalin 10% kim tra bnh tch vi th. Ribac v Gorii da vo tc ng ca cht c n cc c quan ca c th v nhng bin i bnh l cc c quan ny, chia cht c thnh 6 nhm: - Cht c ng rut: gm: hp cht phosphor, asen, thy ngn, bari, bismus... v mt s saponin, alcaloid (morphin, protoveratrin...) glycoalcaloid (solanin...). Cc cht c ny bin i ch yu rut gi, gan v cc c quan tiu ha khc. - Cht c thn: tn thng ch yu nhu m thn. Gm phosphor, asen, st, ng, ch, thy ngn v mt s thc vt gy c. - Cht c mu: Mu mu socola: methemoglobin- nitrat, nitrit. Gy hy huyt (hemolyse): saponin. Tng nht ca mu: toxanbumin. - Cht c gy dn mch, h huyt p: lm tn thng thnh mch: cc mui bari, asen... - Cht c xng: gy osteonopoza (thy ngn), tng pht trin m xng (ng c cp cc hp cht phosphor, fluor). - Cht c da: gy tn thng da nh phosphor, clor, iod, cc cht photosensibiliti. Cn lu l s phn chia trn y ch mang tnh cht tng i. Cht c trong cc nhm trn khng phi lc no cng gy ra nhng bin i nh miu t. i khi cc cht c gy ra nhng bin i bnh l rt a dng v vi mc khc nhau cc sc vt b ng c. Bin i bnh l thng r nt trong cc trng hp ng c mn tnh. - Ng c alcaloid thng i lin vi cc bin i bnh l nh: kh th, cc c quan mu, xut huyt. Khi m khm xc nh ng vt b ng c, c th thy mi c trng.

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d. Cc xt nghim c bn cn thit Cc xt nghim c bn gip pht hin mc hu hoi c trng i vi cc c quan, t chc, gp phn xc nh cht gy c v nh hng trong iu tr. Cc xt nghim ny bao gm: * Cc xt nghim mu: (1) Cc ch tiu sinh l mu: S lng hng cu, bch cu, cng thc bch cu. Tc mu ng (prothrombin time- PT, thrombopastin time - PTT); (2) Cc ch tiu sinh ha mu: hot mt s enzym nh SGOT, SGPT, choliesterase... in gii mu (canxi, magi, kali, natri). pH mu, kim d tr trong mu, thm thu huyt tng (osmolality)... * Cc xt nghim nc tiu: huyt niu, bilirubin, hemoglobin, tr niu v oxalat. Ngoi ra trong nhng iu kin cho php cn trin khai: * in tm : trong ng c nhng cht gy ri lon nhp tim nh digitalis, quinidin, ng c c u Tu, trng cc, l ngn... * Chp X quang phi: ng c cc cht gy ph phi, xp phi. * Cc xt nghim c cht Phn tch cht c bao gm cc xt nghim v: - Thc vt: xc nh loi thc vt gy c. - Nm: Xc nh s c mt ca nm mc gy c v c t ca chng. - Vi khun: Xc nh s c mt ca vi khun gy c v c t ca chng. - Phn tch ha nghim: Xc nh cht c trong thc n, nc ung, trong cht cha d dy, d c, diu (gia cm), dch rut, mt s c quan ni tng nh gan, thn... - Sinh hc: cho sc vt n nhng thc n nghi c nhim cht c, xc nh gy c ca thc n bng mt s phng php trong c cht hc. S c mt, hm lng ca cht c, c t hay dng chuyn ho ca n trong cc t chc thng l du hiu quan trng nht xc nh ng c. chn on ng c, cc phn tch ho nghim khng nn s dng c lp v mt s l do sau: - Hm lng ho cht c pht hin thy trong m thng tng thch vi tnh trng ng c; tuy nhin, mt s ho cht gy ng c nhng li c mt trong t chc hm lng rt thp (di gii hn kim tra). - Mt s cht ho hc (v d nh cc hp cht phospho hu c) c th gy ng c m khng pht hin thy trong m bng cc phng php phn tch thng thng. - Mt s ho cht c c th tch lu vi hm lng cao mt s m nht nh m khng gy ng c (v d: hp cht clo hu c tch ly trong m m...). - S kt hp ca cht c vi cc tc nhn hoc cht dinh dng khc c th lm gim hot tnh cht c lu gi trong m (v d nh thu ngn c th kt hp vi selen v protein to thnh mt phc hp lu tr trong m m khng gy c). * Cc phng php xt nghim c cht hin nay bao gm:

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- Sc k lp mng: ch yu nh tnh cht c. c th pht hin hu ht cc cht gy c thng thng nh thuc tr su (PPHC, clo hu c), thuc dit chut, thuc ng, cc cht c trong cy (alcaloid, glycosid) - Cc my quang ph khi, sc k kh, sc k lng hiu nng cao c th nh lng nng cht c, tuy nhin ch mt s phng th nghim hin i mi c trang b nhng my ny. 1.3. Ly mu cho cc xt nghim chn on ng c a. Cc nguyn tc ly mu kim tra ng c * Cc mu bnh phm: Khi ly mu bnh phm xt nghim, cn lu : - Mu l mi trng chnh vn chuyn cht c trong c th. - Ly mu cht nn hoc phn khi sc vt b ng c qua ng tiu ha. Mt s cht c c o thi qua phn. - Nc tiu l ng chnh bi tit nhiu cht c, c t. - Da v tc rt quan trng i vi cc trng hp phi nhim vi cht c qua da. Trong tc tch lu kim loi v mt s hp cht hu c gy c mn tnh. * Cc c quan quan trng cn phi ly mu xt nghim cht c: - Gan l c quan chnh tham gia chuyn ho v bi tit cht c. - Thn l ng bi tit quan trng i vi nhiu cht c. - D dy v rut non phn nh ng c do mi phi nhim vi cht c qua ng ming nhng khng quan trng i vi nhng cht tch ly hoc gy ng c mn tnh. * Cc mu t mi trng: Kt qu xt nghim cc mu mi trng gp phn tm ra ngun cht c hoc l nhng gi v ngun phi nhim. Cc mu s bao gm: - Nhng mu thc n, nc mi c s dng. - Cy c b nghi l gy ng c. - Mi, b c cha cht c. - Cc cht ho hc, thuc dit cn trng, dung mi v cc vt dng m sc vt c th tip xc. - Cc loi thuc c th gy ng c cho sc vt hoc gn y c s dng trong tr liu. - Thc n, nc, cy c m ng vt n rt cn thit cho vic pht hin cc ngun gy c. Mt iu quan trng phi lu l nhng loi thc n gy ng c c th khng cn tn ti n thi im kim tra. b. Cc mu bnh phm v mu t mi trng cn thit cho chn on ng c Bng 2.3: Cc mu bnh phm v mu t mi trng cn thit cho chn on ng c Mu bnh phm Lng mu ngha chn on 1. Trc khi bnh sc b cht

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pht hin s phi nhim vi hu ht kim loi, cc nguyn t vi lng, chotinesterase, thuc tr su v glycol ethylene, gip nh gi hnh thi hng cu v bch cu, Huyt 5 - 10 ml Xc nh cht in gii, nit ur, nit ammoniac v chc nng cc thanh c quan ca c th; cc kim loi, thuc th y v vitamin. Nc tiu 50 ml Pht hin ancaloit, kim loi, cht in phn, khng sinh, thuc, sulfonamides v oxalates. Phn 250 g Pht hin cc cht c qua ng ming, cc loi thuc, cht c c bi tit trc tin qua mt. Cht nn 250 g Pht hin tt c cc loi cht c hp th, c bit l nhng cht c khng th tm thy trong m (phospho hu c, ionophores). Tc 5 - 10 g Pht hin s phi nhim vi cc cht dit cn trng, s tch lu mn tnh mt s kim loi (v d asen, selen) 2. Sau khi bnh sc b cht Gan 100 g L ni xy ra cc phn ng chuyn ho chnh ca c th, ni tch lu cc kim loi, cc cht dit cn trng c hi, alkaloit, phenol v mt s mycotoxin: Ti mt c dng pht hin ra cc c t tp trung trong mt (v d nh ch). Mu cn c bo qun lnh. Thn 100 g C quan bi tit chnh i vi cc cht khng sinh v cc loi thuc khc, cc cht c qua chuyn ho, alkaloit, cht dit c, mt s kim loi, hp cht phenol, oxalate. Cht cha 500 g Xcnh cc cht c phi nhim qua ng ming trong thi gian d dy gn nht. Cht cha 500 g Xc nh cc cht c phi nhim qua ng ming. d c Mt s cht c c th b thoi bin d c (v d nh nitrate, c t nm). nh lng cht c kh do c s khc nhau v nng v thiu s tng quan gia hm lng cht c trong d c vi hm lng cht c trong m. Mu ly t vi v tr trong d c v c bo qun lnh. M 250 g Pht hin cc cht c tch lu trong m (v d cht dit c clo hu c, dioxin) Dch mt Ton b Pht hin cht in phn (v d natri, canxi, kali, magi) nit mt amoniac, nitrat, nit ur, hm lng kali v ur, s dng d on thi im con vt b cht. Tch ring thu dch v thu tinh dch. No Ton b Pht hin mt s c t thn kinh (v d thuc tr su clo hu c, no pyrethrin, natri, thu ngn). Tch ring no theo mt ct dc v tch nhn ui pht hin cholinesterase. Na bn cu no c bo qun lnh, 1/2 c nh trong dung dch m fomalin 10%. Mi 2 Kg Nn ly cc mu i din v sau trn ln thnh mt mu trng hn hp composite hoc gi li cc mu ring l (nhm pht hin thc n nguy c khc nhau trong thcn). C xanh, 5 kg Mu c t nhiu v tr trn ng c hay trong nh kho. thc n Silage nn c x l lnh trnh b mc v hng. chua Mu 5 - 10 ml

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Mi, b Nc Tt c 0,5 - 1lt Ton b s mi, b v nhn mc b nghi gy c cn gi li xt nghim. Pht hin nitrat, sulphat, kim loi, to v thuc bo v thc vt. Trc khi ly mu t ging hay b cha cn nc chy lm sch ng. Mu nc c ly t khu vc nghi phi nhim vi cht c v c gi sch n khi phn tch. Mu t c ly t su ca r nu thy c hin tng ng c do cy ci. Mu t ly t nhiu v tr v c s c vn ca cc nh khoa hc v nng hc v t.

1kg

c. Bo qun mu gi xt nghim Vic bo qun mu, gi xt nghim l rt cn thit c th tin hnh phn tch mt cch y . Cc mu bnh phm c gi xt nghim km theo danh sch mu, cc pht hin trong qu trnh chn on, kt qu m khm (bng 2.3). Mu bnh phm phi c gi sch, khng b h hng. Mi mu c ng trong ti nha hoc bnh thy tinh trong ring bit, v trng. Cc mu cn xt nghim thuc tr su, cc hp cht hu c hm lng thp c ng trong l thy tinh tt hn l ti nha. Vic bo qun cc mu bnh phm l rt quan trng. Hu ht cc mu cn c lm lnh tr khi nhng phn tch c th i hi cch x l khc. Lm lnh mu nhm trnh cho cc cht c khi b phn hy, trnh c s pht trin ca vi khun v nm mc, ngn khng cho cho cc tc nhn d bay hi bin mt (v d nh amoni hay cyanide). Tuy nhin nhit lnh c th c ch hot tnh mt s men trong cc test nhy cm, lm kt qu khng chnh xc. V vy, nu c nghi ng v bin php bo qun cn s t vn t phng th nghim c cht hc. Huyt thanh cn c tch khi phn mu ng kt qu phn tch khng b nh hng bi cc thnh phn khc trong mu. Trong phn tch c cht khng ch xc nh s c mt ca cht c m cn phi xc nh liu lng v mc gy c ca cc cht c ny. 1.4. Chn on phn bit c th can thip v x l kp thi khi sc vt b ng c do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau, cn chn on chnh xc nguyn nhn gy c v chn on phn bit vi nhng bnh khc. Bnh do ng c thng c nhng c im sau: - Ng c cp: Sc vt m nng t ngt, m ng lot nhiu con, nguyn nhn khng r, khi loi tr nhng nguyn nhn nh cm lnh, bnh truyn nhim... v thng b cht. - Bnh khng ly, mc bnh ng lot, triu chng v cc bin i bnh l ca cc c quan u ging nhau, sau khi loi b c nguyn nhn c nghi l gy c th bnh ngng lan ngay. - Xut hin cc triu chng ng tiu ha (tit nc bt, nn, a chy hoc to bn, au bng, b n...) v cc triu chng thn kinh (hung hn kch thch hoc r, co git, run c, vn ng long chong, lit, hn m...). - Nhiu trng hp gy vng da thng l do gan b tn thng (ng c cc cht khong). - Thn nhit bnh thng hoc thp hn, rt t khi st.

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Trong mt s trng hp ng c, mi c trng ca cht c rt c ngha chn on. Mi trong hi th, hi chc t d c hoc mi t cht nn, nc tiu... V d Hexacloran: mi mc c trng. Nu m khm sm c th pht hin thy mi cc c quan ni tng nh: d dy, rut, phi.. Kim tra ni xy ra ng c, thc n cn tha, nhng th b rc, cc cht ha hc gn vi sc vt cng gip pht hin c nguyn nhn gy ng c - Ng c cn c phn bit vi cc bnh truyn nhim. Phn bit c vi bnh truyn nhim l khng st. - Cc kt qu xt nghim v vi sinh vt, k sinh trng v c cht hc c gi tr quyt nh chn on phn bit vi bnh truyn nhim, k sinh trng. - Cc bnh thiu dinh dng: khng pht hin thy cc cht c, ng thi pht hin thy thiu thnh phn vitamin, khong trong thc n. Sc vt non thng hay mc bnh ny. Bnh thiu dinh dng thng dng mn tnh cn ng c trong a s cc trng hp l cp tnh. - Khi pht hin thy cht c trong phn, nc tiu, mu... nhng khng xut hin cc triu chng ng c, cha th chn on l ng c. Ch khi cng vi s c mt ca cht c trong cc xt nghim l cc triu chng lm sng c trng mi xc nh l ng c bi 1 loi cht c (v d ng c mn tnh ch, thy ngn...). 2. iu tr ng c iu tr ng c vt nui c th thc hin theo 3 nguyn tc: (1) iu tr nguyn nhn (Etiologic). (2) iu tr theo c ch sinh bnh hc (pathogenetic). (3) iu tr triu chng (symptomatic). Khi sc vt b ng c cp phi x tr v trin khai cp cu chng c cng sm cng tt. Trnh cho sc vt tip tc tip xc vi ngun gy c bng cch di chuyn sc vt khi ni nhim. Ngng ngay cho thc n hoc nc ung nghi c c. Ch gia sc v nhng ngi c th b ng c khi chm sc bnh sc (v d khi sc vt b ng c do kh c trong chung nui hoc da, lng sc vt bm cc thuc tr su, thuc dit ngoi k sinh trng). Cc phng php iu tr nhm mc ch: - Loi tr cht c ra khi c th. - Ph hy hoc trung ha cht c. - iu tr cc ri lon triu chng (gii quyt cc hu qu ca ng c). Cn lu l khi xut hin cc du hiu ca ng c gy nh hng n cc chc nng sng ca bnh sc th vic iu tr triu chng, nng cao sc khng ca c th l quan trng nht v bao gi cng c p dng trc tin (trc khi tin hnh cc bin php loi tr hoc thi tr cht c ra khi c th). 2.1. Loi cht c ra khi c th Vic loi cht c khi c th bng nhiu bin php cng nhanh cng tt nhm gim ti a s hp thu cht c vp mu, ng thi tng thi cht c ra ngoi. i vi sc vt b ng c qua ng tiu ha, bin php ny c hiu qu nht trong vng 2 gi u b ng c, sau 4 gi s t tc dng. a. Loi cht c bm trn da, mt

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Lm sch da, lng sc vt bng nc m, x phng nu cht c bm vo da, lng. Sc vt lng di th ct bt. Nu cht c bm vo mt cn phun ra mt lin tc bng nc sch hoc nc mui sinh l 0,9% t 10 n 15 pht. Cht c l acid hay base cn duy tr pH= 6,5 - 7,5 sau khi ra mt. b. Loi cht c qua ng tiu ha * Gy nn X l ngay vi pht sau khi sc vt n hoc ung phi cht c. Chng ch nh trong cc trng hp sau: - Loi gm nhm, th, nga v sc vt nhai li hoc khng th nn sinh l hoc gy nn khng an ton v khng hiu qu. - Bnh sc b hn m, b ng kinh, co git c th b ngt th trong khi gy nn. - Bnh sc b ng c xng, du hoc cc cht c bay hi d b vim phi nu gy nn. Bin php gy nn c thc hin ch yu ch v ln, c th dng cc cht gy nn sau: - Siro ipeca: 1 - 2 ml/kg cho ch, mo - 3 ml/kg. Nu sau 15 - 20 pht thuc khng c tc dng th dng liu lp li. Nu s dng cng vi than hot tnh s b v hot. - Apomorphin: Tim cho ch liu 0,04 mg/kg i.v, i.m; 0,08 mg/kg s.c. C th b nn qu mc hoc triu chng c ch thn kinh. Khng dng cho mo. - Nc oxy gi 3% cho ung liu 2 - 5 ml/kg th trng. Dng khng qu 40 - 50ml/con. - Xylazin: 1,1 mg/kg i.m c hiu qu vi mo. Bnh sc c th b c ch h hp. - i vi ln tim veratrin (hormotonon, lentin) 0,02 - 0,03 g/kg th trng. - Ly lng trng trng ho trong nc lnh 2-3 qu/1lit, cho vt ung. * Ra d dy Nu khng gy nn c th phi ra d dy. y l bin hp hiu qu nht i vi cht c dng lng v dng bt d tan. Ra d dy hiu qu nht trong 60 pht u, nu cht c nhiu v l ming to c th trong 2 - 3 gi u sau khi b ng c v tt. Khi ra ly 250 300 ml dch ra u tin phn tch xc nh cht c. Dung dch ra d dy c th l: - Dung dch Kali permanganat 1 - 2 %; l cht oxy ha phn ng d vi cc cht hu c. - Dung dch Natri hydrocarbonat 5 (nu ng c bng acid th khng dng v gii phng kh CO2 gy chng bng, thng d dy). - Dung dch Magnesium oxyd hoc Magnesium hydroxyd trung ha acid dng nng 2,5 % (tnh cho MgO). - Huyt thanh mn ng trng: dng cho mi trng hp, - Ra d dy (nga) bng nc c than hot tnh 3%, tanin 1% (trong trng hp ng c alcaloid). Nhng bnh sc b ng c acid hoc base mnh, strychnin, ung phi cht du hoc hn m su th khng ra d dy. * Hp ph cht c trong d dy, rut

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Than hot hp ph cc cht c, gim thiu tc dng c hi. Hp th hu ht cc cht c, thuc, thc n c trong d dy, rut non. C hiu qu nht vi cc phn t ln, khng phn cc. Mt s cht hp th km vi than hot, l: st, lithium, kali, cyanide, acid mui v ru. Chng ch nh: Khng dng cho bnh sc hn m, co git tr khi c iu kin c t ng ni kh qun v cho thuc chng co git. Liu lng than hot tnh: 2 - 5 g/kg th trng ha trong nc theo t l 2g/5ml nc. Theo ti liu ca Nikov: GS: 400 - 700 g, TGS: 30 - 80g/con. + Cc cht nhun trng: Cc cht ny kch thch nhu ng rut, thi nhng cht cha b hp ph ht bi than hot, gim hp thu cht c trong rut v ngn b to bn do than hot. - Magie sulfat v natri sulfat: liu lng 250 mg/kg pha dung dch 6 - 10%. Tc dng s nhanh hn nu cho cng mt lng nc ln - dung dch. - Sorbitol 70%: Liu lng 3 ml/kg per. ose. - Ln, ch, mo dng cht ty du nh du thu du, tuy nhin cc cht ty du chng ch nh khi ng c cc cht phosphor, santonin, DDT, phosphor hu c hoc nhng cht c tan trong du. + Tht trc trng: Nn kt hp tht trc trng vi ra d dy, thng dng dung dch NaCl 9 1 - 2 lt/gi. * M d dy hoc m d c bng phu thut Trong trng hp khng can thip c bng cc bin php khc nh gy nn, ra d dy, hp ph bng than hot... c th m d dy hoc d c bng phu thut. V d: sc vt nut phi thi kim loi c bit l kim loi nng hoc nha ng, hc n, du cng nghip... c. Thi cht c qua ng khc * Qua ng h hp Mt s cht c th kh hoc d bay hi c th loi nhanh chng ra khi c th bng ng h hp. con bnh nm ni thong, mt (tr trng hp ng c nhng cht gy ph phi: phosgen, clo, SO2...). C iu kin dng my tr h hp nng oxy 50 %. * Qua ng thn + thi nhanh cht c ra khi c th dng cc cht li tiu, cht gy tot m hi nh liqmor kali acetic, diuretin..., dng pilocarpin trng thi tim phi bnh thng. - Truyn nhiu dch, c th cho dung dch ng u trng, thuc li niu (nu khng b bnh thn). Ch l khi i nhiu c th mt cht in gii Na+, K+, Cl-... - Mt s cht c c tnh acid yu thng o thi nhanh trong mi trng kim (barbiturat) hoc gim tc dng mi trng kim (phosphor hu c); thng a dung dch kim vo c th bnh sc nhng cn theo di pH ca mu khng vt qu 7,6 v nu kim qu s c ch h hp. Mt s cht c gim tc dng trong mi trng acid nhng trong lm sng gim pH ca mu d gy bin chng nn t p dng iu tr. - Trong nhn y dng phng php lc mu bng thn nhn to. Phng php ny nhanh hn nhng rt tn km.

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* Pha long mu Nu cht c hp thu vo trong mu, cn tin hnh cc bin php lm long, trung ha v o thi nhanh cht c. Cht c c th c pha long bng cch: thi bt mu (chch mu) GS: 1l mu/100kg th trng. Sau truyn dung dch nc mui sinh l hoc glucose hoc cho sc vt ung mt lng nc ln qua ng thng thc qun. Thi bt mu c cht c l bin php hiu qu nht giai on sm ca ng c c bit khi c cc triu chng thn kinh, tim mch v tch nc phi. Chng ch nh khi try tim mch (nim mc nht nht, mch nh, nhanh, huyt p thp). V d nhim c barbiturat, cc cht ph v hng cu, nh hydro arsenid hoc cht c lm bin i hemoglobin (to hemoglobin). Trong mi trng hp dng nc ng u trng, c nh hng tt n trao i cht, n c tim, kch thch glycogenase v chc nng gii c ca gan, kh nng khng c ca c th cng cao nu d tr glycogen cng cao. + S dng vitamin trong mt s trng hp ng c: B comflex trong tn thng thn kinh do ng c. Vitamin K trong tn thng gan. Vitamin P trong ng c c tn thng thnh mch v tng tnh thm thnh mch (asen, bensol). Trong hu ht cc trng hp ng c c ngun gc khong v cc cht tng hp, cn thit b sung vitamin c bit vitamin C v B, tim tnh mch kt hp vi glucose. 2.2. Ph hy hoc trung ha cht c bng cc cht khng c a. Nguyn l trong iu tr i khng * nh ngha cht khng c: Cht khng c (cht i khng-antidot) l nhng cht c tc dng c bit, i lp vi tc dng ca mt cht c. * Nguyn l trong iu tr i khng Cht i khng thng c s dng khi sc vt b phi nhim vi cht c v c biu hin ng c trn lm sng. + La chn cht i khng v liu lng da trn: - Liu lng c xc nh da trn liu s dng cho ng vt th nghim hoc kinh nghim ca nhn y. - Thi gian tc dng ca cht i khng s khc nhau ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng ca cht c. - Mt s cht i khng c th gy c nu dng qu liu hoc thi gian iu tr qu ko di. - Hiu qu iu tr s ngc li nu dng cht i khng trong trng hp khng pht hin ng cht gy c. V vy chn on chnh xc nguyn nhn gy c l bc rt quan trng dng cht i khng trong gii c. + Hiu qu iu tr i khng b hn ch do: - Cha thc hin s kh c (decontamination) sc vt b ng c. - Lin quan n loi ging, la tui sc vt.

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b. Cc cht khng c (cht i khng-antidot) - C ch gii c * Cc cht i khng ha hc Cc cht i khng ha hc thng tng tc vi cht c hoc trung ha cht c. + Cht i khng lin kt vi cht c to thnh phc hp khng qua c mng t bo hoc lm cho cht c khng gn c vi th th c hiu na. V d: - Acid dimercaprol v acid dimercaptosuccinic l cc hp cht sulfhydryl lin kt vi kim loi nng nh asen, ch lm chng khng c gn vi th th ca chng. - Cht cng cua EDTA, deferoxamin, D - penicillamin to chelat vi kim loi nng, to thnh phc hp d tan trong nc, d thi tr qua nc tiu. - Antivenin chng nc rn v khng th chng digitoxin l cc tc nhn min dch gn c hiu vi nc c hoc c t. + Cht i khng thng qua chuyn ha: Mt s cht i khng tham gia chuyn ha cht c thnh cc sn phm t c hn. V d: - Nitrit kt hp vi hemoglobin v cyanid to thnh cyanmethemoglobin t c hn cyanid, gii phng cytocrom oxydase tr li hot ng cu con vt khi b ngt ni h hp. Dng khi gii c cc glucozid cha xit cyanhydric. - Thiosulfate c nhm sulfate lin kt vi cyanid to thnh thiocyanate d thi qua nc tiu. * Cc cht i khng dc l Cc cht i khng ny c tc dng trung ha hoc i lp vi tc dng ca cht c thng qua cc c ch: + Ngn chn qu trnh chuyn ha cht c thnh cc sn phm c hn V d: Ethanol v 4 - methylpyrazole (4 - MP) cnh tranh vi alcohol dehydrogenase ngn cn s to thnh cht trung gian c hi t ethylen glycol. +Lm tng o thi cht c. Cc cht i khng trong nhm ny lm thay i bn cht l ha ca cht c, dn n lm tng lc cht c qua tiu cu thn v gim ti hp thu ng thn. V d: mobibden v sulfate kt hp vi ng to phc hp d tan trong nc v d o thi qua nc tiu. + Cht i khng cnh tranh th th vi cht c. C ch tc dng trong trng hp ny l i khng cnh tranh. V d: Naloxon phong b tc dng ca cc opioid thng qua cnh tranh th th vi cc cht c ny. + Cht i khng phong b th th ca cht c. V d: Atropin phong b tc dng ca acetylcholin ti synap thn kinh v u ni thn kinh - c. + Cht i khng hi phc chc nng bnh thng ca c th b ng c:

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V d: Trong trng hp b ng c nitrit, cht i khng l xanh methylen kt hp vi NADPH (Reduce Nicotinamid Adenin Dinucleotid) kh ion Fe3+ ca methaemoglobin thnh ion Fe2+ ca haemoglobin, tham gia vn chuyn oxy. c. Cc cht khng c thng dng trong th y Acetylcystein: iu tr ng c acetaminophen. Liu cho ung: 140 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg 6 gi cho mt ln, khng qu 7 ln. Tng k vi amphotericin B, tetracyclin, erythromycin, ampicillin, nc oxy gi. Amonium molybdat: iu tr ng c ng cu. Liu cho ung 200 mg/ngy, cho 3 tun. Nu ng c cp tim tnh mch 1,7 - 3,4 mg/ngy, tim 3 ln cch nht. Antivenin: iu tr ng c c t nc rn, tim tnh mch 1 ng, tim 1 ln. Atropin sulfat: iu tr ng c cc cht c ch men cholinesterase (anticholinesterase). Liu lng 2 mg/kg: tim tnh mch 1/4 liu, tim di da 3/4 liu. Tng k vi thuc tim natri bicarbonat. Calci dinatri EDTA (Calci dinatri Ethylen Diamin Tetraacetic Acid): l cht gp kim loi nng, dng iu tr ng c ch, km. Liu lng 110 mg/kg/ngy, chia 3 - 4 liu/ngy, liu u tim tnh mch, 3 liu sau tim di da, khng dng qu 5 ngy. Trong nhn y c dng ng 500 mg, pha 1 - 2 ng trong dung dch glucose 30 - 50%, tim tnh mch nhiu ln. Theo Holm v cng s, tim tnh mch cho nga 66 mg/kg. Theo Radeleff: 110 mg/kg cho b. (Trch theo Phm Khc Hiu). Dimercaprol (BAL - British Anti Lewisite): l cht gp kim loi nng, iu tr ng c asen, thy ngn, ch v vng. Liu tim bp trc khi xut hin triu chng 3 mg/kg, 8 gi tim 1 ln, khi c triu chng ng c tim 6 mg/kg 8 gi 1 ln, tim 3 - 5 ngy. Cn theo di chc nng thn trong qu trnh iu tr. D-Penicillamin: iu tr ng c ch, liu cho ung 110 mg/kg cho 1 - 2 tun. Khm li bnh sc 1 tun sau t iu tr u tin. Liu iu tr ng c ng ch l 10 - 15 mg/kg cho ung 2 ln trong ngy, cho hng ngy. Ethanol 20%: iu tr ng c ethylen glycol. Tim tnh mch cho ch 5,5 ml/kg tim 5 ln cch nhau 4 gi, sau tim tip 4 ln cnh 6gi. i vi mo: 5 ml/kg i.v. 5 ln cch 6 g, ri 4 ln cch 8 gi. Natri nitrit: iu tr ng c cyanid. Liu tim tnh mch 22 mg/kg. C th dng natri thiosulfat 660 mg/kg i.v. Nc lng trng trng: (ha tan 6 lng trng trng vo thnh 1 lt, c th thm cht thm cho d ung) to vi kim loi nng albuminat khng tan.Pralidoxim chlorid (2 - PAM): iu tr ng c thuc tr su phospho hu c, tim tnh mch hoc di da liu 10 - 15 mg/kg 2 3 ln/ngy n khi khi. Tanin: lm kt ta alcaloid, glycosid trong cc cy c thnh nhng cht kh tan, kh hp thu, d o thi theo phn. Liu cho ung: 5 - 15 g (nga), 10 - 25 g (tru b), 2 - 5g (b, ngh, nga non, d, cu), 1 - 2 g vi ln, ch 0,1 - 0,5 g. Vitamin C (acid ascorbic): iu tr ng c ng ch. Liu cho ung hng ngy 500 1000 mg/con. Chng methemoglobinemia mo, liu cho ung 30 mg/kg, 4 ln/ngy. Vitamin K: iu tr ng c cc cht chng ng mu coumarin v indanedion. Liu cho ung hoc tim di da 2 - 5 mg/ngy chia 2 ln, sau cho ung 2 - 3 mg/kg/ngy chia 3 ln tim 1 tun.

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Xanh methylen 1 %: iu tr ng c nitrat, nitrit hoc chlorat cho nhiu loi gia sc, gia cm. Liu tim tnh mch 4 - 15 mg/kg; c th tim nhc li sau 6 - 8 gi. Gy methemoglobinemia hoc th Heinz mo. Tng k vi cht kim, cc cht oxy ha kh. 2.3. Hi sc cp cu v iu tr triu chng Trong iu tr ng c cp, mt mt v cha bit ngay cht c no (ang ch kt qu phn tch), mt khc cht chng c khng nhiu, con bnh c th b cht v ri lon cc chc phn. V vy hi sc cp cu v iu tr triu chng c vai tr rt quan trng. Sau y l nhng hi chng chnh do ng c cn c can thip cp cu v iu tr kp thi: a. iu tr suy h hp t ng ni kh qun, h tr h hp, cho th oxy hoc carbogen khi bnh sc b kh th, ngt th. Trng hp ng c Clo, Brom, phosgen, SO2... khng lm h hp nhn to. Nu b ngt do t lit men phi dng xanhmethylen hoc glutation, chng s phn ng vi nc v cung cp oxy cho c th: Sau khi lm h hp nhn to c th dng thuc kch thch h hp: - Ephedrin: tim bp 1- 2 ml dung dch 3%. - Amphetamin: tim tnh mch 0,01- 0,02 g. - Theophylin ha tan: tim tnh mch hoc di da 0,25 g 3 ln/24h. - Lobelin dung dch 1 % tim tnh mch ti a 0,1 g/ngy. - Doxapram 1 - 10 mg/kg tim tnh mch. Qu liu gy ng kinh hoc bnh sc ri vo trng thi hn m. b. iu tr ri lon nhp tim Atropin sulfat, tim tnh mch hoc tim bp 0,01 - 02 mg/kg khi ng c hp cht phospho hu c, digitalis. Glycopyrrolat tim tnh mch hoc tim bp 0,005 - 0,01 mg/kg khi ng c carbamat, phenothiazin, c. Chng shock Nguyn nhn shock l do nn ma, a chy, xut huyt dn n gim th tch mu, gim cung lng tim t ngt do ri lon nhp tim: truyn tnh mch dung dch ringer lactat hoc cht thay th huyt tng. d. iu tr triu chng thn kinh Thng l hn m hoc ng kinh, co git. gim co git tim tnh mch diazepam 0,5 mg/kg , tim nhc li sau 10 - 20 pht. C th dng phenobarbital 6 mg/kg i.v. iu tr hn m, c ch thn kinh bng doxapram, camphora, cafein. e/ Chng ri lon nc, in gii v toan kim Chng mt nc v cht in gii bng cch truyn dung dch glucose 5 % v dung dch NaCl. Trng hp nc (gim protid mu v Na+ trong huyt tng) th khng dng dung dch NaCl, dng n thun glucose. iu chnh toan kim bng cc thuc sau:

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- Nu tha kim dng thuc li liu nhm Fonurit nh acetazolamid thi kim ra nc tiu, hoc b toan bng cch truyn dung dch NH4Cl 8,3. - Nu toan huyt th truyn dung dch NaHCO3 15. f. Chng bin chng mu - Ng c nitrit to methemoglobin dng xanhmethylen, tim tnh mch 4 - 50 ml dung dch 1%. - Ng c lm mu chm ng th truyn tiu cu hoc mu ti; cho thm thuc nhm corticoid (v d tim tnh mch depersolon). - Trng hp tan huyt ch yu iu tr bng truyn mu. Tm li vic cp cu ng c nng l phi iu tr ton din bng h hp, tun hon, thn kinh... ng thi p dng cc thuc gii c c hiu. Cu hi n tp 1. Trnh by cc bc chn on ng c vt nui? 2. Cc nguyn tc ly mu v bo qun mu cho xt nghim chun on ng c? 3. Chun on phn bit bnh do ng c vi cc bnh khc? 4. Gii thch cc bin php phng v iu tr ng c vt nui? 5. Nu khi nim cht khng c, c ch khng c v cho v d

phn b : c cht hc chuyn khoa Chng III Cc cht c v c

Ni dung chnh ca chng: Gii thiu v nguyn nhn, c tnh, c ch gy c cng nh nhng triu chng, bnh tch iu hnh c trng ca tng kim loi nng trn tng loi vt nui. Trn c s a ra cc bin php phng tr kp thi, ph hp vi tng loi cht c khi ng vt b ng c kim loi nng v cc cht c v c khc c ln trong mi trng, thc n, nc ung hay dng thuc qu liu. Cc kim loi c gii thiu trong chng bao gm: Asen, Bari, Cadimi, Ch, ng... 1. i cng Cht c v c c kh nhiu, trong s nhiu nguyn t v c l cht nguy him, gy c cho mi trng nhng li l cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho s sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng ca sinh vt trn tri t: cy trng, ng vt nui nng nghip v c con ngi. thy r mt tch cc cng nh tiu cc ca cc kim loi nng, nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng, ng thi gim bt thit hi, Schwart dng cm t "ca s nng concentration window" vch ra gii hn nhn to gia 3 mc khc nhau. - Mc vi lng cn thit nhm duy tr, m bo s sng. - Mc nh hn vi lng cn thit (thiu ht) gy cc ri lon chuyn ha cho c th.

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- Mc cao hn vi lng cn thit - nhim c, gy tc dng ph. Nh chng ta bit, ngay c nhng nguyn t rt c nh asen, ch, cadimi cng i hi mt mc vi lng cn duy tr v pht trin c th sng. 1.1. Nguyn nhn gy nhim kim loi nng Nguyn liu dng trong ch bin phn bn cho cy trng, thc n chn nui cng nghip. Cc hp kim loi dng trong bo qun v cha ng thc n hp: dng hp ch, thic ng thc n, nu trong l cc sn phm ca ng vt c ln kh H2S s hnh thnh ch sulphur mu en gy c. Kim loi ln vo thc n trong qu trnh ch bin: nu, nng, cha ng, bo qun... Do nhim mi trng, cc nh ny ha cht thi kim loi c hi vo mi trng. Thng qua trao i cht, cy trng, ng vt nui hp th lm cho mc kim loi c hi c trong sn phm cao, gy ng c cho ngi, ng vt tip theo. 1.2. Tc hi ca cc kim loi nng Gy ng c cp tnh nh asen gy cht ng vt Gy ng c mn tnh hay tch ly nh ch dng trong bo qun hp, thy ngn... Trong bo qun thc n d lm h hng, gim gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm nh ch cn mt lng nh mui kim loi cng phn hy cc vitamin C v B1... 2. Ng c cc cht c v c 2.1. Ng c kim loi nng a. Asen (As) * Nguyn nhn gy ng c Asen kim loi l cht c mu xm, ra ngoi khng kh b oxy ha thnh asen tryoxit As2O3 rt c gi l thch tin. t chy c mi ti. Asen c phn b rng khp thin nhin, thc n, nc ung, trong c th ng vt, thc vt, nht l cc loi nhuyn th. Liu thp n c coi l nguyn t vi lng dng kch thch tiu ha, tng tch ly, lng mt, da bng, tng trng nhanh, c xng pht trin... Asen liu cao rt c, n c a vo c th ng vt thng qua cc ng sau: - Rau, c, sn phm nng nghip b nhim c thuc bo v thc vt nh: ng asenat, ch v canxi asenat... tr nm, cn trng nng nghip. - Cc cht kch thch tng trng c b sung thm nguyn t vi lng trong thc n cng nghip ca th nui. - Cc a xit kakodylic, kakodylat - hp cht hu c ca asen c ha tr 3 hay 5 dng trong y hc, th y phng, tr bnh giang mai, st rt nh k, l amip, k sinh trng ng mu... - S dng nc ngm vng t b nhim asennic thiu s quan tm kim tra. Nguyn nhn gy ng c cp tnh Ng c cp tnh asen do ung nhm thuc, dng thuc qu liu (tim tnh mch cc hp cht hu c ca asen tr k sinh trng ng mu), do u c, thc n b nhim asenic... Nguyn nhn gy ng c trng din:

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Trn lm sng ta hay gp hin tng ng c trng diu do tch ly asen t c, rau xanh, cc sn phm nng nghip... Con vt c biu hin triu chng km n, tiu chy, gy cm, rng lng, da kh hay c th b eczema. Dng thuc cha cc dn xut ca asen tr bnh trong thi gian di hay gp ch nhp ngoi, tru, b nga b k sinh trng ng mu ng vt n thc n xanh: c, c, rau qu... cha nhiu d lng thuc tr su. C mc vng t b nhim asen nng. n c quanh nh my sn xut, ch bin cc hp cht ca asen... ngi, ng c trng din do tch ly asen l kt qu bnh ngh nghip b nhim asen t qu trnh ch bin cng nghip. Hin nay vi ngi, nh nc c qui nh hm lng asen tn d cho php trong c, qu, rau xanh ti a 1,4 ppm. Cc ha cht dng trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm khng c php nhiu hn 3ppm. Nu nh cc nh sn xut, ch bin thc phm thc hin nghim ngt qui nh trn ca nh nc, lng asen hng ngy ngi nhn c t 0,025 - 0,033 mg/kg th trng. Liu ti a asen c th nhn c hng ngy ngi 0,05 mg/kg th trng. Tiu chun chu u (1999/29/E.C ngy 29/4/1999) cho php hm lng asen c trong thc n hn hp ca mi loi ng vt tr thy sn l 2 mg/kg. * c tnh: Liu LD 50 ca natri aseniat cho ung l 42 mg/kg, cn dng trioxid asenic l 385 mg/kg. Liu gy c ca trioxid asenic gp 3 - 10 ln so vi natri aseniat. LD 50 khi tim bp cho chut natri aseniat l10 - 12 mg/kg; gia cm cho n 0,01 - 0,1 g; ln, ch 0,05 0,1 g; d 0,2 - 0,5 g; tru, b, nga 1,0 - 4,0 g/con. Liu c v liu gy cht ca asen cch nhau tng i xa trn cng loi vt ty theo dng asen v c hay hu c. Bng 3.1: Liu gy cht ca asen v c (As2O3 ) trn ng vt Loi ng vt Nga i gia sc c sng Tiu gia sc c sng Ln ch Liu gam/con Ung 10,0 - 15,0 15,0 - 20,0 5,0 - 10,0 0,5 - 1,0 0,1 - 0,2 Bi vt thng 2,0 2,0 0,2 0,2 0,02

Vi ngi liu 0,06 gam c biu hin c, liu 0,15 gam/ngi s b cht Thc t asen c hp thu qua da, vt thng thp hn nhiu so vi qua ng tiu ho. Nhng nng gy trng c do lng asen hp thu qua da v vt thng li xut hin sm v thp hn nhiu so vi liu qua ng tiu ho khong t 10 - 15 ln. * ng hc Cc ch phm ca asen u tan trong nc, lipid, nn d hp thu qua ng tiu ha, tp trung nhiu trong gan, thn. Khi b trng c, triu chng u tin hay gp l cc biu hin bnh l trn ng tiu ha, gan v thn. Asen cn c tch ly nhiu trong xng v cc t chc ha sng: lng, mng, sng... Da b tn thng v nim mc ng h

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hp cng hp thu c asen. Phn ln c thi tr qua mt, phn cn li thi qua thn, phi, sa v tuyn m hi. * C ch Hin nay vn cha xc nh r c c ch tc dng ca asen. Khi vo c th ty dng bo ch, ty c a, asen c th chuyn t ha tr 3 sang ha tr 5 v ngc li. Do vy tc dng ca asen c lc l kh oxy, c lc li oxy ha. Liu t, asen li thc y hot ng ca men trong t bo. Trong c th n kt hp vi nhm - SH ca men oxy ha nn gim qu trnh ng ha. Khi asen c ha tr 3 d kt hp vi cystein to phc tc dng nh cht xc tc qu trnh oxy ha mnh hn cystein, vi liu cao, qu trnh ny li b c ch. Asen lm gin mao qun, nht l vng u v rut, nn s ci thin c tun hon, tng s hp thu. Liu cao gy lit mch qun, nn, tiu chy ra mu, vim, hoi t rut. Asen rt c vi h mao mch do lm lit thn kinh vn mch v tc dng trc tip n c trn ca thnh mao mch. Ngoi mao mch ng tiu ha, mao mch thn (qun cu, ng thn u bi gin) cng b ph hy, tn thng. Vt b tt huyt p rt nhanh, c bit trn ch. Vi h thn kinh, asen c tc dng c ch thn kinh. Nu nhim c ko di gy vim thn kinh v ty sng. Trn h tun hon do h thng to mu b ph hy dn n thiu mu, gim bch cu. * Triu chng: Ng c asen thng 2 dng: * Dng cp tnh: Ng c asen thng 2 dng:Ty liu lng, ty loi vt m cc biu hin trng c sau 30 pht hay hng ngy. Nu tim tnh mch nhm thuc, qu liu vt suy yu, tim nhanh, mch yu, th hn hn, ng t rn, cht rt nhanh trong vng 1 - 10 gi. Vi ch triu chng xut hin sau 2 - 3gi, tru b c th 20 - 30 gi. ng vt chy nc di, nc bt, nc mi nhiu, kh nut, kht nc, nn e (ch, mo, ln). Sau au bng d di, nn ra mu, nng c th nn ra mu ti, tiu chy phn mu c ph d di, c khi ra mu ti. ng vt kht nc, suy kit do mt nc v in gii, tt huyt p, hn m sau lit m cht khong 1 - 5 ngy. Bnh nng c th cht t ngt do try tim mch, tt nhit . * Dng mn tnh: Triu chng ton thn: do mao qun di da b tn thng dn n cc bnh l trn da eczema, rng lng, hong n... ng vt chn n, tiu chy phn ln mu do b vim d dy rut. ng vt b suy dinh dng, thiu mu, xc gy cm, sau b t lit, vim khp. Con ci c th b xy thai. * Bnh tch Bnh tch ng tiu ha th cp tnh rt r: mch mu dn to, vim d dy - rut nng; gan, thn xng to, xut huyt lm tm. Vi gia cm b vim, xut huyt d dy c, d dy tuyn. Dng mn tnh: xc gy, lng s xc, ph thng di da, nim mc ming vng do b hong n. Gan, thn b thoi ha. Nim mc ng tiu ha b vim, phu thng, nht l d dy v rut non. Vt thiu mu ng sc, gim bch cu ht. * iu tr Th cp, trc tin gy nn tng ht thc n c cht c ra ngoi (vi d dy n: ch, mo, ln). Sau cho ung than hot, t st trng (cao lanh) hp ph asen. Hay ra d dy vi nc lng trng trng. Trung ha cht c bng cch cho ung dung dch magieoxit, natri thiosulphats. Nu vt khng b tiu chy cho ung thuc ty magiesulpht

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hay natrisulphat. Cng c th dng dung dch natri thiosulphat 10 - 20% truyn tnh mch. Liu cho i gia sc 8 - 10 gam/con. Vi lng asen hp thu vo mu, gii c bng cch tim dimercaprolum liu 3 mg/kg; c 4 gi li tim nhc li. B sung cht in gii, nng lng glucoza qua tnh mch kt hp dng thuc li niu. Th mn tnh vi gia sc, iu tr khng kinh t. Trng hp cn thit tim dimercaprolum hay natri thiosulphat liu nh trn kt hp dng thuc tng cng cng nng gan v gii c thn. b. Bari (Ba) * Nguyn nhn Bari l kim loi c thuc nhm kim th. a s cc mui ca bari u c nht l bari phng x Ba140, tr barisulphats khng tan trong nc v mi trng a cid nh nn khng c. Cc mui ca bari dng trong thuc tr su - bari florosilicat; dit chut - bari carbonat, c bit bari clorid rt c ng tiu ha i vi ng vt c d day n: ch, mo, ln ... Nguyn nhn gy ng c thng do n thc n xanh, c, qu, rau... c lm thuc tr su, dit chut hay ung nhm thuc cn quang c ln nhiu mui ca bari dng ha tan. * c tnh: c tnh ca bari ng tiu ha l do hm lng ion Ba++ quyt nh. Khi vo ng tiu ha, di tc dng ca HCl cc nui ca bari s nhanh chng chuyn thnh BaCl2 dng phn ly thnh ion Ba++, chnh v th nn bari rt c vi loi d dy n. Liu c LD50 ca BaCl2 trn chut 350 - 550 mg/kg; ch 90 mg/kg; nga 800 - 1200 mg/kg. * Triu chng: Ion Ba++ khi vo ng tiu ha s gn vo c trn d dy - rut gy co tht, chy nhiu nc bt, nn, au bng, tiu chy d di. Khi hp thu vo mu s lm co mch mu, tng huyt p, dn ng t mt. Trn tim mi u b kch thch ging digitalis, sau b suy tim, lon nhp tim, rung tm tht, gy ri lon tun hon, h hp. C vn lc u b kch thch co git kiu tetanos sau b lit. Khi hp thu vo mu, nhng ch mt lng rt t c thi qua thn, phn ln thi tr qua cc tuyn ca ng tiu ha: dch mt, ty, d day - rut. * Bnh tch: Vim d dy - rut. Thoi ha c tim. Thn, gan b xung, t huyt, gan c mu en. * iu tr: Dng cht i khng dung dch natrisulphat hay magiesulphas 1 - 3% ra d day hoc ty, sau ung than hot tnh hay t st trng (cao lanh). Cn thit tim tnh mch dung dch natrisulphat 3% liu 1,0 - 1,5 mg/kg. Tim thuc tr tim kt hp dng thuc ng gim co tht ton thn. c. Cadimi (Cd) * Nguyn nhn: Ngi v ng vt b nhim cadimi do cc nguyn nhn sau: Cadimi c nhiu trong cc m clinke. Khi tin hnh khai thc, lng cadimi s tn ti nhiu trong t, nc, cy thc n, rau, c, qu, c... vng xung quanh. Sc vt v ngi b phi nhim n thng xuyn lu di cc loi thc phm trn. Trong nc thi ra t cc nh

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my cng nghip. Mt s thuc tr k sinh trng ng rut c cha cc ch phm ca cadimi dng oxit. * c tnh: Vi gia cm; liu LD50 qua ng tiu ha trn gia cm 165 - 188 mg/kg th trng. Liu LD100 216 mg/kg th trng. Trn ln liu gy c 300 mg/kg. Cu mn cm hn vi cadimi so vi cc ng vt khc. Nu cho b hay cu n liu 50 - 500 mg/kg mt nm lin s gy qui thai. Trnh tn d trong sn phm tht ln, ch cho php dng cadimi ty giun a cho ln con v ch c dng mt ln duy nht. Nng cho php ti a trong khng kh 0,1 mg/m3. * C ch: Cadimi hp thu nhanh qua ng tiu ha. Sau khi hp thu, phn b rng trong cc t chc nhng tp trung nhiu thn, lch v gan. Vi gia cm cadimi c tch ly nhiu trong phi, c bp, cn cc t chc khc t hn. Khi b sung theo thc n qua ng tiu ha nhng cha tm thy tn lu cadimi trong trng. Trong c th cadimi kt hp tng i cht vi metallotionein nn kh c thi tr, gy tch ly nhiu trn thn, nht l min v. Trong c th cadimi cnh tranh vi km ti cc nhm chc ca kh nhiu men. Kt qu sau khi thay th km, c th b ri lon trao i cht, trc tin l khong, sau n trao i hydratcarbon, protein... * Triu chng: Ng c cadimi thng 2 th: Th cp tnh: ng vt b nn, tiu chy, au bng, sau n hot ng thn kinh b ri lon. Vt cht do b tiu tin v thn b tn thng. Th mn tnh: ng vt km n, st cn, thiu mu u sc, suy tim. C quan sinh dc b teo. Thn b tn thng gy ng niu, photpho v protein niu. * Bnh tch: Thoi ha nim mc ng tiu ha d dy - rut. T bo gan, thn cng b thoi ha xen k nhng m xut huyt. * iu tr: C th dng Natri - EDTA (dinatri - etylen - diamin tetraaxetat) truyn tnh mch. B sung thm km v dng cc thuc tr triu chng. d. Ch (Pb) Ch l kim loi mm mu xm, nng chy 327,50C. Chu c n mn nhng li tan trong acid nitric v sulphuric nng. tan trong nc ca cc mui v c hay hu c ca ch thay i ty dng bo ch. * Nguyn nhn: Ngi v ng vt b nhim ch do cc nguyn nhn sau: Ch t nhin c trong t, nc, khng kh (do ng c chy xng c ch). Ch t nhin gy nhim mi trng khng ng k. Ch nhn to do khai thc. Lng ch tiu th hng nm trn th gii u tng. Ch c khai thc t cc m ch sulfid - PbS, ch carbonat PbCO3, ch phosfat PbPO4. Cc nc c nhiu m ch: Canada, M, Australia v Peru. Ngun ch gy nhim mi trng ch yu l do hot ng ca ngi: qui trnh khai thc ch ti m, tinh luyn ch ti nh ny.... Hng nm c khong 19000 tn ch t cc hot ng ca ni la v126000 tn ch t cc m, nh my ch chuyn vo kh quyn. Mc gy nhim ch ph thuc: trnh sn xut, khai thc; kh nng kim sot nhim; kh hu... Ch c s dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip: sn xut accu chim ti 63%, cc hp cht mu 10%, cp v luyn thp khong gn 10%, cc ph gia xng, du 2%; cc ngnh cng nghip khc cn khong 16%. Nm 1990 th gii s dng 5,6 triu tn ch v thi ra khong 332.000 tn/nm ch vo t, nc v khng kh.

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Cc loi ng vt u c kh nng nhim c ch trong s ng vt n c, b mn cm nht, n d, nga. Ln v loi d dy n t mn cm hn. ng vt mn cm vi ch hn ngi. Tr em mn cm vi ch hn ngi trng thnh do kh nng hp thu ch ca tr em ln gp 4,5 ln so vi ngi ln. C rt mn cm vi ch, trong nc cng chu c nng 18 - 38 g/l, nc ngt thp hn, thng l 4 - 8 g/l. Cy xanh trn tri t dng lm thc phm v thc n cung cp cho ng vt v ngi: c v cy, hoa qu mc xung quanh nh my ch bin ch, hai bn ng quc l b nhim ch nng nht. Theo Cannon v Bowles c hai bn ng giao thng c th nhim ch ti 500ppm. Cc thit b c ln hay cha hp cht ca mui ch dng sulffit, sulffat, carbonat... dng lm ng dn nc, mng n, ung, cc dng c cha ng bo qun... u l nguyn nhn gy nhim c ch cho ngi v ng vt. * Vng tun hon ca ch trong mi trng Nh c khng kh, ch t cc ngun: t nhin, giao thng v cc nh ny cng nghip thi ra s c lng ng ln b mt tri t, cy ci, ngun nc. Thng nhng ni gn ngun thi, ch c hm lng cao v tn ti di dng ht. T kh quyn, ch i vo c th ng vt v ngi qua ng tiu ho: thc phm, rau qu, nc. Qua ng h hp: ht th kh tri c ln bi ch. S lng ng ch trong kh quyn ph thuc vo thi tit v kch thc ht. Nhng ht ln c ng knh trn 2 mm c ngm vo t, nc, thng nm li khng tan. Nhng ht bi c ng knh nh hn 2 mm s c khuych tn trong khng kh hay tan trong nc. S phn b ch ph thuc: tr s pH, hm lng mui ha tan ca ch v s c mt cc hp cht hu c c kh nng to phc vi ch. Khi pH > 5,4 nc cng ch cha 30 g/l, nc ngt lng ch ti 500 g/l. Hm lng ch trong thc n kh ca i gai sc ly tht, hng ngy: c v cy la m (rm, r) c lin quan n hm lng ch trong mu, gan, thn v tht. Bng 3.2: Hm lng ch trong cy thc n kh Thi gian 1973 1974 1975 Loi thc n Cy la m C kh Cy la m C kh Hm lng ch (ppm) cao 320 1150 60 24 thp 160 650 10 4 trung bnh 235 930 30 12

Bng 3.3: Hm lng ch trong mu v mt s t chc khc ca b Thi gian Loi mu Hm lng ch (ppm) Cao thp trung bnh

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1974 1975

Mu Mu Gan Thn C

0,559 0,240 1,70 2,60 0,80

0,193 0,090 0,60 0,70 0,30

0,344 0,164 1,068 1,33 0,46

Ghi ch: T ma xun nm 1973 n thng 2 nm 1974 c 4 tri chn nui i gia sc ca Oklanhoma State University c nhiu b, tru v cu b cht nghi b trng c ch, do hm lng ch qu cao trong cy la m v c dng lm thc n d tr cho tri.

* Nng , kh nng nhim ch ca ng vt v ngi Mc phi nhim ph thuc: tnh nghin thuc l, ngh nghip, v tr nh , ngun cung cp thc n xanh: cnh ng t, cnh nh my luyn thp, m khai thc, khu vui chi gii tr c nhiu v hp... Vi ngi khng ht thuc l, ngun phi nhim chnh do thc phm, nc ung. Cn tr em b phi nhim do khng kh, nc ung v chi. Nng ch trong khng kh, nc ung thay i ph thuc mc th ha, cng nghip ha v li sng... Khng kh gn l luyn thp cha ti 10 g/m3. Hin nay, trong thnh ph mc d dng sng khng pha ch m nng ch cng cn 0,2 g/m3. Trong nc, nu ly ti ngun lng ch thng ch >5 g/l, khi qua vi s tng ln 100 g/l, nu lu lng ch cn tng thm. Ngi ta c tnh lng ch thm nhim vo ngi hng ngy qua: ng h hp vi thnh ph c xe hi chy bng sng khng ch 10g. Qua nc ung 15 g. Qua thc phm 200 - 300 g. Trong khi lng ch cn trong trao i hng ngy 20 g. Nh th lng ch d ra trn 200 g s gy nguy him cho hot ng sng. Cng nhn trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch s b thm nhim ti 400 g (trong 8 ting). Nu khng kh c lng ch cao trn mc cho php t 1 mg/ngy s gy ng c. * c tnh: c ca ch ph thuc dng bo ch, ng dng v loi ng vt. Liu c cho chut cng trng LD50 khi ung ch axetat 150 mg/kg; oxit ch 400 mg/kg, tetraetyl ch 10 mg/kg, cn ch sulphat t tan nn liu gy cht ti 35.000 mg/kg. Loi ng vt. Trn b cho ung mt trong cc loi mui ca ch: carbonat, oxit v sulphat vi liu 0,4 gam/con gy cht. Trong khi theo Wolker liu gy c ca axetat ch trn nga 500 - 700 g, b 50 - 100 g, cu, d 20 - 25 g, ln 10 - 25 g/con. Trn g liu gy c 320 mg/kg, hng ngy nhn 160 mg/kg vn chu c. Vi dng ch axetat, oxit ch c trong thc n cho g tht, g vi lng 80 mg/kg g vn bnh thng cha c biu hin c. * C ch: Ty theo cng v thi gian phi nhim, ch c tc dng sinh hc khc nhau trn c th sng. * Tc dng n qu trnh trao i cht: Ch c tc dng c bit n s tng hp nhm heme. Tng t l protoporphyrin t do trong hng cu. Tng o thi coproporphyrin v a cid d - aminolevulinic (d - ALA) trong nc tiu. Khi nng ch trong mu cao va phi hai enzym a cid d - aminolevulinic dehydratase v dihydro bioptrine - reductase b c ch. Do d - ALA s tch ly trong c th. Mt khc do thiu heme tng hp hemoglobin, gy bnh thiu mu. Bnh r u sc v tr em khi nng ch trong mu t 1,92 mol/l (40 g/dl)

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* Trn h thn kinh: Do ch nh hng n trao i cht in gii ca t bo thn kinh, gy ri lon s dn truyn xung ng ca thn kinh ngoi bin. Nm 1986 OMS c qui nh lng ch cho php n vo trong mt tun 25 g/kg trng lng c th tr. Lng ch ti a c th chp nhn hng ngy qua ng tiu ha cho ngi trng thnh tm thi qui nh 5 g/kg th trng. C mi lin quan gia mc phi nhim vi ri lon chc nng vn ng ca h thn kinh ng vt non, c bit thn kinh ngoi vi. Ch lm thay i c ch vn chuyn mu trong no, nn nh hng n ch s thng minh IQ trn ngi. Trn ngi tip xc lu vi ch: m luyn kim, chp x quang... d nhn thy cc biu hin bt bnh thng ca h thn kinh, c biu hin tm thn. * Trn h thng cc c quan khc: Qua thc n, nc ung, ch theo ng tiu ha vo c th gy kch ng ti ch. Trong d dy, chu tc dng ca HCl chuyn thnh dng PbCl2 t tan hn nn ch c hp thu mt lng nh, s cn li xung t trng c hp thu qua nim mc rut theo tnh mch ca v gan vo vng i tun hon n h thng cc c quan: thn, tuyn nc bt, dch rut, ty xng... Ch c tch ly nhiu trong gan, thn v ty xng. Khi ty xng b bnh do ch, kh nng to mu s km cng gy thiu mu cho ng vt. Phn ln ch thi qua dch mt xung t trng ri li c ti hp thu tr li. iu ny

l gii ti sao ch li tn ti lu trong c th?

Ch cng nh hng ln n kh nng hnh thnh cc khi u trong phi, thn ng vt th nghim. Cc khi u ny c kh nng di truyn cho i sau. iu ny rt nguy hi nu chi cn tn d cc sn phm ca ng vt. * Mc nguy hi ca ch i vi sc khe. Ch gy c trn nhiu c quan ca ngi v

ng vt cp cao

c c no sinh t trong , h thn kinh nhy cm nht. Trn ng vt th

nghim xc nh c mi quan h nhn qu gia mc phi nhim vi tc ng ca h thn kinh. tm thy s suy gim v chc nng thn kinh khi nng ch - mu vt qu 0,53 - 0,72 mol/l (11 - 15 g/dl). Nhng triu chng ny c th tn ti lu sau khi ht phi nhim. Khi nng ch trong mu trn 1,44 mol/l (30 g/dl) con vt xut hin s suy gim tc dn truyn thn kinh ngoai vi. Khi ch trn 1,92 mol/l (40 g/dl) s b ri lon chc nng vn ng v h thn kinh thc vt.

g/dl) ghi nhn c s gim ch s IQ. Gi tr ngng dao ng 0,48 - 0,72 mol/l (10 - 15 g/dl). Nu nng tng trn 1,2 mol/l, tm c s tng quan gia nng ch - mu vi ch s IQ. Mi tng quan ny c trng cho tng c th.
Khi nng ch trong mu di 1,2 mol/l (25 * Triu chng * Trn ng vt: Ng c cp tnh: vt chy nhiu nc bt, nc di, nn, au bng, tiu chy. Sang ngy 2 - 3 vt c triu chng ton thn: run ry, co git, try tim mch, cht nhanh do suy kit. Vi ch th nghim nhn thy: ri lon phn x, thiu mu, tng bch cu, gim protein huyt thanh: c anbumin globulin u gim. men photphataza kim gim.

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Hot hn m, cht do lit h hp, ri lon vn mch.

ng tr no ri lon, co git kiu tetanos, ri lon vn ng,

Ng c mn tnh, ng vt gy yu, n ung km, cc triu chng thn kinh xut hin r: t lit hay co git, c bp teo, thiu mu, chc nng gan, thn u km, cc c quan sinh sn b teo, c con b vim phi. * Trn ngi: Ng c cp tnh do n phi ch c biu hin nghn c, do ch kch thch nim mc ng tiu ha nn gy bng rt mm, thc qun, d dy. sau nn c ln cht mu trng ca ch chlorid. au bng, tiu chy d di, phn ln mu c mu en ca ch sulphat. Tt huyt p, mch yu, t tay chn, co git, ng kinh cht sau 36 gi. Ng c mn tnh do thc n ln ch tuy lng nh nhng n thng xuyn, lu di, hay thng xuyn tip xc vi ngun ch: lm vic trong nh my accu, m luyn thp... Ch cn 1mg/ngy, sau vi nm c biu hin: Th thi, sng li, chn rng en, hong n, hay au bng, to bn, au khp xng, bi chi trn, mch yu. Ph n hay sy thai. * Bnh tch: ng vt b ng c th cp tnh m khm vim d dy - rut, nim mc rut c mu xm (mu ca ch sulfid), nhu m b thoi ha. Trng hp vt nui b ng c th mn tnh: co bp b teo, gan, thn c nhiu t chc lin kt tng sinh. T bo kupfer ca gan b bin i, lch sng, phi vim. Trn g thy c tim hoi t r, thn sng to, d bc ra khi thn, t bo ng thn b bin i, c th bt mu eosin xut hin trong nhn t bo. * iu tr: Trng hp cp tnh cho vt ung mui natri sulphat hay magie sulphat v than hot tnh. Vi ch khi c hp thu tim tnh mch dung dch 2 - 20% canxi - dinatri etylen - diamin - tetraaxetat (Ca - EDTA). Trong mu thuc c tc dng bin ch thnh Pb -

Dng Pb - EDTA trong mu khng c c thi ra qua thn. Liu lng nga 66 mg/kg; tru, b 110mg/kg. Vi
EDTA theo kiu trao i ion. ngi dng 22 mg/kg. Khi khng c Ca - EDTA c th thay Natri - EDTA cng c nhng cn xem liu c th. Kt hp tim thm cc thuc tr chng ri lon vn ng: vitamin B1, thuc trn tnh, gim co git. * phng phi nhim cho ngi v ng vt: bo m sc khe cho ngi cn c cc bin php: Hn ch s dng ch, cc hp cht ca n cng nh gim thiu pht tn ch: khng dng sng pha ch; b dng sn c ch; khng s dng cha ng thc n c ln ch, thuc tr su l dn cht ca ch; Thay ng dn nc khc khng cha ch... Vi sc khe cng ng: thng xuyn iu tra, thng bo trn cc phng tin thng tin v kh nng nhim ch t nc, khng kh, thc phm. iu tra nhm dn c c kh nng nhim ch cao, trn c s sng lc nh gi hm lng ch trong t, nc, khng kh, thc phm.

iu tra hm lng ch - mu sng lc ngi b nhim ch, c ch chm sc, qun l sc khe cho h. Vi gia sc kim tra xc nh
ng c ch bng hai phn ng sinh ha.

Xc nh lng Pb - protoporfirin

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trong hng cu. So vi mc bnh thng lng ny tng cao hn. Xc nh hot lc ca men d - ALA dehydrogenaza. Men ny b gim rt r trn nga.
e. ng (Cu) ng l nguyn t vi lng cn thit trong khu phn n hng ngy ca ngi v mi loi ng vt, nht l u sc nh ln con v ni c cha hay ang nui con. Ng c ng thng gp trong ngnh chn nui cng nghip. Ngi v ng vt u c th b ng c ng (n bn c ch ra t go trong ni ng rt nguy him), trong d, cu v nga mn cm hn, tru, b, ln v gia cm * Nguyn nhn: Do s dng cc sn phm ca ng lm thuc bo v ng vt v cy trng - tr nm ngoi da, h mng (ng oxyclorit). Cc sn phm hay dng trong thc n vi mc ch b xung nguyn t vi lng: ng sulphat, ng clorid, ng hydroxit... Vi ln nu khu phn n vt qu 250 ppm v c dng lu di s b ng c. * c tnh: Liu c qua ng tiu ha ca ng sulphat cho cu 20 mg/kg, b 200 mg/kg, gia cm 400 - 900 mg/kg. Trn chut bch LD50 cho ung 300 mg/kg ng sulphat, ng oxyclorit 140 mg/kg, ng carbonat 159 mg/kg Trong thc n cng nghip nu cho n lin tc hm lng ng sau s gy c: ln 250 ppm, cu 25 - 50ppm, b 100ppm. Trn cu nu n 150 ppm cu st cn dn, xc gy, n ngy 25 tr i cu b suy dinh dng thiu mu ri cht sau 50 ngy. * C ch: ng c hp thu d dy v rut. Trong mu, Cu++ kt hp vi protein hng cu thnh hemokuprein v cokuloplasmin. Trong hng cu ng tn ti di dng eritrokuprein. ng c d tr trong gan di dng hepatokuprein. S dng liu cao, lu di ng s kch thch hot tnh ca men lipaza v photpholipaza A, khi cc t bo gan s b ph hy nhanh, hm lng ng trong mu tng cao gy ri lon trao i cht ca hng cu: dung huyt, methemoglobin. K tip gy vim cu thn, gim hng cu, vng da. * Triu chng: Ng c cp: ng vt tng tit nc bt, di nhiu, nn ra cht cha c mu xanh xm, mi c bit ca ng, tiu chy nng. Nu khng cp cu kp, vt cht do mt nc, cht in gii gy co git, sau t lit, suy tim nng. Ng c mm tnh: Sc vt gim hay mt kh nng sn xut. Da vng, nc tiu dc, mu m ging nc vi do cha nhiu albumin, hemoglobin. Tiu chy, phn mu xanh xm ca mui ng Xt nghim phi lm sng: hm lng hemoglobulin gim, lng ng trong mu cao * Bnh tch: Th mn tnh: Do ng tch ly trong gan, lm gan sng to, t huyt, r mt. Mt cng phng. Thnh ti mt v cc ng dn mt c nhiu t bo tng sinh dy ln. Thn sng to, xut huyt min v, t bo ng thn b thoi ha. Lch sng to. Tim xut huyt c ni v ngoi tm mc. Mu c mu thm en, dung huyt, kh ng. Vi gia cm khi b cht t ngt do nhim ng th mu li nhanh ng. * iu tr: Th cp tnh sau khi gy nn ri s cho ung dung dch kaliferrocianis 1% hay ung thm lng trng trng, oxyd magie, than hot hoc caolin. Cn thit c th tim dung dch gii c: penicillamin hay Ca - ETDA.

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Th mn tnh dng cc thuc tr triu chng bo v gan, n nh tun hon v trn tnh. Khi b nhim ng khng dng thc n nhiu m. f. Km (Zn) Km cng l nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho nhiu loi ng vt v ngi. Km c mt trong nhiu enzym: synthetase, transferase, DNA v RNA, enzym tiu ha hay lin kt vi hormon. Km c vai tr quan trng trong trao i protein, carbonhydrate v lipid. * Nguyn nhn: Do s dng cc sn phm ca km lm thuc bo v ng vt bi vt thng ngoi da, h mng (ng - km oxyclorit). Cng c th cho ng vt ung nhm thuc chut. Cc sn phm hay dng trong thc n vi mc ch b xung nguyn t vi lng ca km sulphat, carbonate, clorid v bi kim loi rt d hp thu (ti 100%) Km c hp thu, tch ly trong c th theo % ca lng n vo, thng nh hn 0,50%. Vi ln choai n khu phn ng - kh du u tng c b xung km. Kh nng gy c ty thuc dng mui v c hay hu c. Km hu c t khi gy c. * Triu chng: Th cp tnh do n cc mui km v c: 5 - 10 g ZnSO4 hay 3 - 5 g ZnCl2, c th gy cht... sc vt nn, tiu chy, v m hi, try tim mch ri cht. Th mn tnh: ln choai n khu phn ng - kh du u tng c b sung 2000 4000 ppm s c biu hin c: r, vim khp, chy mu khp khy, vim d dy - rut. c tnh ca km ph thuc vo ngun km, mc n, thi gian n v hm lng cc khong khc c trong khu phn. iu tr: Vi th cp tnh ung tht nhiu dung dch natri bicarbonate sau khi gy nn. g. Selen (Se) Selen l thnh phn c trong enzym glutatione peroxidase, n tham gia gii c lipid peroxides bo v mng v cn mng cc t bo, chng tn thng do peroxide. Tc dng thay th ln nhau ca vitamin E. v selen pht sinh t vai tr chng peroxidant ca chng. Trong thc t khng th s dng mc vitamin E cao thay th c selen. Selen c chc nng ng ha thyroid * Nguyn nhn. Cc cy dng lm thc n cho ng vt c nhiu selen trn th gii: Astragalus species, Xylorrhiza, Oonopss, Stanleya, Gutierezia, Atriplex pargi...c ti 1000 - 1500 ppm. Cc cy thuc chi Astragalus praelongus hm lng selen c ti 2170 ppm. Cn cy Atriplex cha khong 80 ppm. Nc ta c cy trinh n - Mimosa pudica L., keo du - Leucaena glauca Benth. c nhiu selen. Nhiu vng trn th gii hay mt s vng ca M v Canada trong t rt ngho selen dn n cy, c, thc phm cng ngho selen. Thiu selen ng vt b bnh. Ngc li, khi b sung selen nng cao, lu di s gy c. * c tnh LD50 cu natri selen cho chut ung liu 3 - 6 mg/kg. LD50 ca th cho ung liu 8,62 mg/kg, tim bp liu 2,53 mg/kg, tnh mch 2,24 mg/kg. Liu ti thiu (MIC) gy cht ca natri selen trn nga 3,3 mg/kg, b 10 mg/kg, ln 17 mg/kg th trng. Nu ung a cid selenic liu 0,1 mg/kg/ngy cng gy nhim c mn tnh.

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Trong thc n nu b sung vt qu 0,3 ppm vi ln cai sa, 0,15 ppm ln v bo, ln ni nui con c biu hin c. Vi cu nu trong khu phn n trong ngy c cha 900 g cy Astragalus praelongus, cu s cht sau khi n t 1 - 12 gi tu trng thi c th, vi hm lng 110 - 227 g cht sau 12 - 24 gi; hm lng 55g cht sau 7 ngy. Vi cy Atriplex cu c th n ti 900 g/ ngy, sau khi n 4 ngy cu mi b cht. C quan qun l thc phm v thuc ca M (FDA) nm 1974 cho php b sung 0,1 ppm selen trong khu phn n ca ln. Nm 1982 PAO chp nhn cho php b sung 0,3 ppm vi ln con n 20 kg/con. iu lut hin hnh ca FDA 1987 a, b vn cho php b sung 0,3 ppm. Hin ti trnh nhim mi trng, Ullrey 1992 ang lm mi n lc gim mc selen xung ch cn 0,1 ppm, song mc 0,3 ppm vn ang c s dng nhiu nc. Kh nng gy ng c ca selen cng cn ph thuc ngun gc (dng selen v c c hn dng hu c nhiu), dng bo ch, mc , thi gian v loi ng vt. * Triu chng Thiu selen gy cht bt ng l c im ni bt. * Bnh tch Bnh tch i th ging nh thiu vitamin E: hoi t gan, thy thng rut gi, phi, t chc di da v cn nim mc d dy. Xc gy, c suy thoi (c trng), c tim teo, xut huyt lm tm (tim hnh qu du). Sinh sn km, sa gim, phn ng min dch km. Cc ch tiu sinh ha thay i: gim hot tnh glutione peroxidase. * iu tr B sung selen cho ln dng sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenomethionin hay ng seleniferous mc 5 ppm vn cha c biu hin c. Trn mc 5ppm (7,5 - 10 ppm) ln b c c cc triu trng: chn n, rng lng, gan thoi ha m, sng to. Thn ph thng. Cc mng chn b bong ra ng vin. Thn kinh xut hin cc im vim, hoi t i sng. h. Thy ngn (Hg) * Nguyn nhn T nhin ch yu do qu trnh thot kh ca v tri t, s phun ln ca ni la. Hng nm thin nhin a vo mi trng khong 2700 - 6000 tn thy ngn. Thu ngn nhn to gm: Khai thc hng nm ca th gii khong 10000 tn kim loi thy ngn, ngoi ra khi khai thc, lng thy ngn cn b mt i trong mi trng, thi ra kh quyn. Cht thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc: t nhin liu, luyn qung kim loi: vng, st, thp.., sn xut xi mng, thiu t cht thi rn... Trong sn xut, i sng: dng thy ngn kim loi in phn nui n sn xut kh clor v natrihydroxyd; cng nghip sn xut giy; thuc tr su; cc dng c o lng, thit b y hc, lm rng gi. Dn Chu phi dng thy ngn sn xut x phng v kem dng da...Hng nn ring hot ng ca con ngi thi thy ngn ra kh quyn khong 3000 tn. Thy ngn khng tham gia vo s ng ha, chc nng chuyn ha ca ng vt v ngi. Thy ngn rt c, ngi v ng vt b nhim l do nhim mi trng. Trn o

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Monamata ca Nht, ngi v ng vt b nhim hng lot t khng kh v c bin b nhim c thy ngn. Ngi ta ly tn o t tn cho bnh (bnh monamata). ng vt b nhim do dng cc mui ca thy ngn trong bo qun chng nm, mc cho ht ng cc. Trng hp ny hay gp ng c trn ln. * S phn b v bin i * S phn b v bin i trong mi trng. Hi thy ngn trong khng kh chuyn sang dng ha tan, lng thnh ht bi, ln vo t, nc. Hi thy ngn kim loi c th tn lu trong khng kh ti 3 nm, khi chuyn sang dng ha tan ch sau vi tun. Giai on u ca qu trnh tch ly sinh hc (bioacumulation) tc chuyn t thy ngn v c sang dng metyl thy ngn CH3 - Hg. Gc metyl thy ngn ny rt bn

vng

trong c th ng vt v ngi. Bc chuyn i ny nhiu khi khng c s

tham gia ca enzym nhng c tc ng ca vi khun ym kh. Metyl thy ngn xm nhp vo dy chuyn sn xut thc phm v c khuych i sinh hc (bioamplification). Khi nhim ri, thi gian o thi ra ngoi rt lu, ko di hng nm vn cha ht c. * S phn b ca thu ngn trong c th. S phi nhim thy ngn qua khng kh rt nguy him v c (c ti 80% hi thy ngn c hp thu qua phi). Thy ngn v c hp thu qua ng tiu ha khong 10%, dng lng ch 1%. T l ny thay i ty thuc dng v c in ca tng loi ng vt. sc v tr em c t l hp thu cao hn. Sau khi ht phi, thy ngn tn lu trong phi, c chuyn dn vo mu ty kch thc ht. Thn l ni gi thy ngn nhiu v lu nht, c ti 50 - 90% lng thy ngn nm li trn thn. Lng thy ngn trong no qua ng h hp ln hn nhiu so vi cc mui khc ca n nhng a qua tnh mch. Trong mu, lng thy ngn lin kt vi hng cu cao hn nhiu so vi trong huyt thanh. Khi qua c hng ro nhau thai, thy ngn b lu gi khng thi ra c. * S chuyn ha ca thy ngn trong c th Tham gia phn ng oxy ha thnh Hg ++. Metyl ha thy ngn thnh metyl thy ngn CH3 - Hg. Lin kt ny bn vng, kh ph hy nn tn ti lu trong c th. Khi chuyn sang dng metyl thy ngn, mc nguy hi cn tng ln nhiu do n qua c hng ro mu no, nhau thai gy u c thn kinh v c nh hng rt r n s pht trin ca bo thai (qui thai, ri lon sinh l, bnh bm sinh khng th cha c...). Nhiu khi m cha thy c biu hin c, nhng con sinh ra c biu hin trng c. Vi h thn kinh, thu ngn gy cc ri lon khng th hi phc trn h thn kinh trung ng. Thi gian bn hy trong c th t vi ngy n vi tun, thm tr cn lu hn trn ng vt c gan, thn km. Phn cn li nm trong xng, cc t chc ha sng: lng, tc, mng, vut... hng vi nm. ng o thi ch yu ca thy ngn qua nc tiu v qua phn do thy ngn thi qua cc tuyn ca ng tiu ha: nc bt, dch d dy, rut, gan.. * Triu chng

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* Dng cp tnh: ng vt au bng, nn, tiu chy c mu ti. nu lng qu ln s try tim mch, cht rt nhanh. Liu thp hn c th ko di 2 - 3 ngy sau, vt vn tip tc nn, tiu chy ra mu, vim tuyn nc bt, nim mc ming b vim, c nhiu t bo cht. ng tit niu b ri lon hot ng, lc u a niu, sau thiu niu v cui cng l v niu do tiu cu thn b vim. Xt nghim nc tiu thy t nhin tng hm lng phophatasa kim, men GOT, GPT v cc t bo ng thn. Vt hn m ri cht do ure huyt cao sau 8 - 12 ngy * Dng mn tnh: Chnh l triu chng ca bnh monamata. Triu chng ch yu trn h thn kinh. Thn kinh c cc ri lon khng th hi phc c do t bo thn kinh b tn thng, bin dng. Vi b lc u co git, sau b t lit. Vt gim n, xc gy, gim kh nng sn xut. Vi ln chn nui cng nghip hay gp cc biu hin: km n, st cn, ri lon vn ng, i li kh khn. Trn da c nhiu im xut huyt.

Mi vt mui u b ri lon vn ng, t, lit v m.

Vi ngi khi b phi nhim nng 80 mg/m3 khng kh, ng vi mc thy ngn niu l 100 mg/g creatinin s xut hin du hiu thn kinh: run ry, kch thch, protein niu cao. Khi nng thy ngn t 25 - 80 mg/m3 khng kh, ng vi mc thy ngn - niu l 30 - 100 mg/g creatinin, xut hin cc du hiu: mt mi, km n, d kch thch hay cu gt. Nhim thy ngn v c Hg ++ khi thn l ni chu nh hng nhiu nht gy triu chng - syndrome nephrotique. Gp trn ngi s dng kem dng da c cha thy ngn. * Bnh tch: C cp v mn tnh u c biu hin bnh tch sau: Bnh tch i th: Trn ng tiu ha: vim nim mc ming, d dy - rut. Vim cu thn, phi xung huyt, thy thng. Tim, c ni, ngoi tm mc u b xut huyt. Mu en, kh ng, cc c vn c mu nh tht nng. Tiu bn vi th cc t bo thn kinh trung ng v ngoi vi u bin dng, t chc myelin trn mng b rch, nguyn sinh cht thoi ha khng bo. * S phi nhim Ngi b nhim ch yu qua thc phm v qua hm rng gi. Ngi trng rng gi v phng nha khoa d b phi nhim thy ngn. ng vt b nhim ch yu t thc n. C bin l ngun chnh chuyn thy ngn thnh dng metyl thy ngn CH3 - Hg sinh hc. Gc ny c hnh thnh do vi sinh vt ym kh to ra t kh CH4 vi mui thy ngn. Gc CH3 - Hg tan trong nc, c nhiu trong thc vt ni. Khi vo c c c nhn ln gp 1000 ln ri i vo dy chuyn thc phm. Trong cc nh my sn xut kh clor v st bng in phn, cc m khai thc thy ngn, luyn kim loi st, thp, vng, sn xut nhit k...mc thy ngn dao ng 50 - 100 mg/m3 khng kh. Thng mc thy ngn trong khng kh - ni lm vic (mg/m3) tng ng vi lng thy ngn trong nc tiu (mg/g creatinin). Hi ng OMS/FAO ku gi cn phi gim ti mc thp nht nhim bn khng kh c thy ngn v nhng l do sau:

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Tnh cht lan truyn ca thy ngn nhim vo khng kh gy ra ng c cng nguy him v ging nh bnh truyn nhim. S mn cm ca thai nhi vi thy ngn rt ln. S tch ly thy ngn trong c th qu lu: xng, sng, lng, mng... pht hin c mi tng quan gia ngi n c b nhim thy ngn vi t l cc trng hp nhim sc th b gy trong lympho bo. *iu tr: Trng hp b nhim c cp tnh cho ung ngay nc lng trng trng, sa, than hot tnh hay dung dch 5% natri thiosulphat. Sau cho ung thuc ty mui gy nn hay ra d dy, rut. Khi hp thu vo mu vi ch, mo tim bp dung dch dimercaprolum liu 2 - 3 mg/kg th trng. C 6 gi tim nhc li. Vi ng vt n tht khng tim dimercaprolum m thay bng truyn tnh mch dung dch natri thiosulphats 10 - 20%. Dng thuc cha triu chng, an thn, gim au * Bin php phng - Chuyn i qui trnh cng ngh mi, b sn xut kh clor v xt bng cch in phn. - Khng dng cc thuc tr su, dit nm, bo qun ht ng cc c cha thy ngn - Kim sot cht ch hm lng thy ngn trong mi trng: nc, khng kh, t - Thc hin ng v sinh lao ng ti cc nh my, m khai thc, luyn kim... i. Thic (Sn) Dng trong bo qun thc n. Dng ch v lon ca nc gii kht. Thic thuc nhm khong vi lng cn cho ngi v ng vt. Do s dng thc n cng nghip c b sung thic vi liu cao, lu ngy cng c th dn n nhim c. 2.2. Ng c cc cht c v c khc. a. Fluorid * Nguyn nhn gy ng c Cc hp cht fluorid c trong thnh phn ca cao lanh, photphorid, supperphotphat v trong qung apatit. Trong chn nui, th y hay s dng ngun ny lm thc n b xung thm ngun photpho hay s dng lm thuc tr giun, sn cho ln. Do s dng sai nn th nui b nhim c.Ti cc khu cng nghip luyn kim loi: nhm, st... hay quanh cc khu m apatit, nh my sn xut phn ln... ngun nc cng nh c cy b nhim nhiu. Cc ng vt nui u mn cm, trong b mn cm nht, sau n ln nga. Gia cm t mn cm hn. * c tnh Trn chut liu gy c ca natri fluorid cho qua ng tiu ha 200 - 250 mg/kg th trng; Loi n c b 1,5 mg/kg gy nhim c mn tnh. Trong thc n kh cha 5 ppm cha gy c cho b v cu, trn 14ppm xut hin cc bin i bnh l c hi, t 25 - 50 ppm tru, b b trng c r. Vi nga 50 mg/kg b ng c, ln n hng ngy 1,5 - 2% c triu chng ng c. * Triu chng v bnh tch

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Nu qua ng tiu ha, liu cao gy kch ng nim mc do hydrogenfluorid. Vi loi nhai li, fuorid c ch vi sinh vt d c. Sau khi c hp thu vo mu to CaF2 kh tan ng thi lm gim Ca trong mu. Kt qu lm chm qu trnh ng mu, c ch s chuyn ha, h hp ca m bo. Fluorid cn c ch hot ng ca cc men lipaza, phopataza, ngn cn s tng hp vitamin C trong gan. Trong c th fluorid c mt trong nhiu t chc: xng, rng, lng, da, sng, mng. Khi b nhim c s tng o thi CaF2 nn lm gim Ca trong mu, xng v gy hi n cc men tham gia qu trnh trao i cht ca canxi v photpho.Vt nui c th b c 2 th Ng c cp tnh hay xy ra trn ln khi dng thuc ty giun c triu chng chy nhiu nc di, nn, au bng, tiu chy phn c khi ln mu. Vt kht nc, c bp v ton thn co git. Cc trung khu h hp v vn mch b te lit. Vt cht do try tim mch. Bnh tch: thy vim d dy - rut rt nng. gan thn t mu. Mu en khng ng. * Cha tr: Cho ung nhiu nc pha long nng fluorid hay tim tnh mch dung dch CaCl2, b xung thm ng glucoza, cc vitamin D, E, C Nhim c mn tnh: vt c triu chng km n, st cn nhanh, gim kh nng sn xut. Xng, rng bin dng: chn cong, ct sng vo, d dng, vt i li kh khn. Rng bin mu, d gy. Bnh tch ch yu xng v rng. Cc t chc nhu m b thoi ha, nhiu khi thy thn b vim mn tnh. Cha tr cho n thc n c b xung thn canxi, photpho, vitamin D, nhm oxid. Chn th ngoi ng xa vng c cy v nc ung b nhim fluorid. b. Nitrate, nitrit v c (c) * Nguyn nhn Ngi v ng vt c th b nhim: Do nc ung c nng nitrat cao, dung dch 1,0 - 3,0 ppm gy c. Hay dng thc n b sung cha cc mui ca chng, c bit l nui nitrat kali (KNO3) * Triu chng: Phn ny xem trong cy c cha cc hp cht hu c ca nitrat C hi chng cyanosis. Kh tiu, th nhanh, c m ran t do dch tit nhiu nhnh kh qun. Mch nhanh c th n 150 nhp trn giy. Vt suy sp nhanh, nm nghing. Nc tiu chuyn mu nu rt nhanh trong vi pht. C khi xut hin co git, nhng hn m thng xuyn gp. Mu chuyn mu en nu nhiu ngi gi l mu mu chocolate, long, khng ng. Vt chn n, nht l ng vt non: b, ngh. Con ci d sy thai. Tit rt nhiu nc bt, ph nng t chc lin kt di da. Vi nitrate ca cy c th gp: au bng, tiu chy, b n, cyanosis, co git ri cht. Xc cht: mu mu en v xut huyt. Th nghim c ngn ngy trn tru, b nhn thy vi liu lng 1,5% trong c kh, gy cht sc vt, do nitrat b chuyn ha bi vi khun trong rut thnh nitrit v chnh nitrit gy ng c. Nhng ch, th, chut cng trng vi liu lng: 500 mg/kg th trng li khng b nh hng v nitrat c thi nhanh chng ra ngoi , qua phn v nc tiu. Vi ngi dng liu 4 g ung lm nhiu ln trong ngy, cng c th b ng c. Tr em nhy cm hn c bit t 6 thng tr xung li cng d b ng c. Nhiu trng hp tr b ng c do ung nc c nitrat t 93 - 443 mg NO3/lt nc. Tr em mc chng bnh kh tiu vi lng 50 mg/lt nc ung b ng c ri.

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Natri nitrit, kali nitrit: NaNO2, KNO2 Natri nitrit, Kali nitrit dng trong thc phm phi dng bt trng tinh khit. Dng gi mu cho tht mui mn, lm thuc st khun trong bo qun c, tht v ch phm t c, tht (c, tht mui hoc p lnh). Thng dng kt hp vi nitrat. * c hi: Nhiu trng hp b ng c thc n do n phi thc n c cha nhiu nitrit vi liu lng LD50 cho ngi ln vo khong t 0,18 2,5 g v thp hn cho ngi gi v tr em (Natri nitrit dng trong cha bnh gy gin mch, liu lng t 30 - 120 mg). Nitrit tc dng vi hemoglobin chuyn n thnh methemoglobin. Tuy ng vt v kh nng ti to methemoglobin thnh hemoglobin m vt c b ng c hay khng.Thng c 1 g natri nitrit c th chuyn 1855 g hemoglobin thnh methemoglobin. * Triu chng: ng c cp tnh xut hin nhanh v t ngt ngay sau khi n mt lng ln nitrit: nhc u, bun nn, chng mt, nn ma d di, tiu chy, tip theo l tm ti (mi, u mi, tai, u, t chi v mt) nu khng cha tr kp thi s ngt th dn, bnh nhn hn m v cht. Trong mt vi trng hp triu chng ng c ch nhc u, bun nn hoc ch tm ti mt. Ng c cp tnh l do n nhm phi nitrit hoc nitrat (nhm l mui n NaCl), do n phi lng thc nhim ln phn m nitrat, do ung phi nc c nhiu nitrat, cng c th do ung thuc mui bithmut kim natri cha vim lot d dy. Khi vo c th nitrat b kh bi vi khun rut thnh nitrit gy ng c. Ngi ung ru d b ng c hn do ru kch thch tc hnh thnh methemoglobin. Nhim c mn tnh: thng xy ra nhng ngi cng tc sn xut canxi nitrat. Trc ht, ngi b ng c thy nim mc mi b phng ln, sau xp i v thng thnh l trn hoc bu dc phn gia ca vch ngn mi. Ngoi ra cn thy cc acid nitr kt hp vi cc acid amin bc 2 to thnh dialkyl nitrosamin rt dc v gy ung th gan trn chut cng trng. Nhng th nghim ca Druckey (1962) trn chut cng trng li ch thy tui th gim i, t 740 ngy xung cn 625 ngy m khng thy khi u. Khi b ng c ngoi vic ra d dy cn cho th oxi. Trng hp ng c nng phi tim dung dch xanh metylen vi liu nh vo tnh mch chuyn methemoglonin thnh hemoglobin. c. Mui n (NaCl) Natri v clor l cc cation v anion ch yu ngoi mng v trong t bo. Natri, K v Cl l cc ion chnh nh hng n s cn bng cht iu gii v a cid - baz trong dch ca c th sng. Ng c mui n rt hay gp trong chn nui gia cm, ln, loi nhai li t gp hn. * Nguyn nhn Do s dng nng mui cao trong thc n hay dng bt c mn ca ln cho gia cm. Khi ng vt khng c ung nc, ngay c khi nng mui bnh thng hoc thm tr cn thp hn vt cng c biu hin ng c ri. * c tnh Tu loi ng vt, c trng hp thc n cha ti 10 - 20% mui nhng c ung nc, vt vn cha c biu hin trng c. Ngc li nu khng nc, nng nui ch t 1 -2% cng gy trng c. *Liu gy cht:

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Trn chut tim mch 2500 mg/kg; tim phc mc 5000 mg/kg. Trn ln cho ung liu 2 - 4 g/kg c biu hin c. Vi gia cm liu 4,5 g/kg gy cht. Tru, b liu 1 - 3 kg/con, nga 0,75 - 2,0 kg/con. Ch 50 - 60 g/con ung mt ln git cht ch. Khi thiu nc, lng mui gy ng c cn thp hn nhiu. Bnh thng khn phn n ca ln mui chim 2,5%, nu khng cho ung nc 24 - 36 gi nng mui gy ng c ch cn 0,7 - 0,8% * C ch Khi ng c mui n, lng ion Na+ trong mu cao gy kht nc, ng thi no nng Na+ cao gy tch nc (ph no), p lc trong hp s tng, c ch thn kinh trung ng, gy ri lon hot ng * Triu chng Th qu cp do nng ion Na+ tng cao trong mu. Vt nn, chy nhiu di, c bp run, cht sau 1 - 2 ngy. Th cp tnh triu chng xut hin chm thng sau 3 - 4 ngy. Vt khng thch vn ng, thnh th gic gim, bnh nng c th b ic v m. Vi ln hay chui u xung nn chung, nghin rng. Cc c vng u, c b co git theo chu k ngh ri li co. Vt giy gia, nn thn nhit cao hn bnh thng. Bnh c th ko di vi ngy. T l cht khong 30 - 40%. Vi gia cm g b tiu chy, kht nc, co git, ri lon vn ng, tch nc xoang bng. * iu tr Loi tr thc n nghi c hm lng mui cao. Dng thuc ty ra rut. Cho ung cc cht bo v nim mc rut: h tinh bt, cho long, lng trng trng, sa hay du thc vt. Tim cc thuc tr sc: caphein, truyn ng hay dung dch canxi chlorua vo tnh mch. Bng 3.4: Hm lng ca mt s kim loi v kim cho php c trong nc hng ngy dng cho ngi v ng vt nui tht (gia sc, gia cm) Tn nguyn t ha hc Aluminun Arsenic Barium Berylium Boron Cadmium Chlomium Coban Fluoride Hm lng cho php mg/l
Cho ngi U.S.. EPA 1

U.S. EPA 2 5,0 0,2 No limit 5,0 0,05 1,0 1,0 0,5

NAS 3 0,2 N.E 0,05 0,1 0,1 0,5

CAST4 No limit 0,02 No limit 10,0 0,5 5,0 1,0 0,5

0,05 1,0 0,01 0,05 -

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Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Nitrate Nitrite Selenium Vanadium Zinc Ghi ch:

0,05 0,002 45 0,01 -

2,0 No limit 0,1 0,001 No limit 100 33 0,05 0,1 25,0

2,0 N.E 0,1 0,01 N.E 1,0 440 33 0,1 25,0

3,0 No limit 0,1 0,01 No limit 1320,0 33,0 0,1 1,0 25

1. U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA 14/3/1975. 2. U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency U.S EPA 17/8/1973. 3. NAS National Academy of Sciences nng khong cho php trong nc ung ca gia sc, gia cm 1974. 4. CAST - Council for agricultural Science and Technology cht lng nvs ung dng cho vt nui. 5. N.E - Not established; No limit - th nghim cha tm c chnh xc. Bng 3.5: Hm lng cho php ca mt s nguyn t c mt trong thc n ca ng vt (COM. 1999 654 final. Bruhsels 17-12-1999) Tn kim loi Loi cht liu thc n
Trong cc nguyn liu tinh dng ch thc n hn hp Trong c, cy cha cellulos, ng v r ng kh

Hm lng ppm trong thc n c m 12% 2 4 10 4 12 10 40 30 5 150 30 50 100

Asenic

C v cc ng vt bin khc dng ch thc n Cc thc n hn hp cho d dy n Cc thc n hn hp cho loi nhai li Thc n hn hp hng ngy C xanh phi kh

Ch

B xung ch dng mui photpht B xung dng men bia Thc n hn hp cho tru, b, d, cu Thc n hn hp cho b sa Thc n hn hp cho th nh Thc n hn hp cho ln

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Fluo

Thc n hn hp cho gia cm Thc n hn hp cho g Thc n b xung B xung dng mui photphat B xung vo thc n cho tru, b, d, cu B xung vo thc n cho ng vt khc Thc n hn hp hng ngy

350 250 500 2000 2000 125 0,1 0,5 0,4 0,2 60

Thu ngn

Thc n hn hp c cha c v cc ng vt bin khc

Thc n b xung cho ng vt ln Thc n b xung cho ch mo Nitrat Thc n c sn xut t c Cu hi n tp

1. Nguyn nhn, tc hi ca cc kim loi nng trong chn nui th y v mi trng? K tn cc kim loi nng, nguy him hay gy ng c cho vt nui cc th cp tnh, mn tnh hay trng din? 2. Nguyn nhn, c ch tc ng ca asen trong c th vt nui? 3. Triu chng, bnh tch v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c asen? 4. Nguyn nhn, triu chng v cch iu tr khi vt nui trng c bari? 5. Nguyn nhn, c ch, triu chng v cch iu tr khi vt nui trng c cadimi? 6. C ch v c tnh ca ch i vi vt nui v sc kho cng ng? 7. Triu chng, bnh tch v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c ch? 8. Nguyn nhn, triu chng bnh tch v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c ng? 9. Nguyn nhn, triu chng v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c km? 10. Nguyn nhn, c tnh, triu chng bnh tch v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c selen? 11. Triu chng bnh tch v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c thu ngn? 12. Nguyn nhn, c ch, triu chng v cch iu tr khi vt nui ng c mui n?

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73 Chng IV Ha cht bo v thc vt

Cc ho cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV) c vai tr quan trng trong sn xut nng nghip. Chi ph cho nhm ny rt ln. Theo WHO, nm 1988 th gii dng 3,1 triu tn hot cht BVTV vi gi tr 20 t USD trong thuc tr c 9,1 t, thuc tr su 6,1 t v thuc tr bnh 4,2 t. Ngi ta cng c tnh, nu khng s dng cc cht ho hc bo v thc vt th ma mng s b thit hi khong 50% sn phm. Chnh v l do trn nn vic sn xut cc ha cht bo v thc vt trn th gii ngy cng tng. Cc mt hng thuc bo v thc vt lun c thay i nhm: To ra cc hp cht c mnh vi su bnh nhng t c i vi ng vt mu nng; To ra cc hp cht t gy c trng din, nht i vi ngi v sc vt; Hn ch su bnh quen thuc. Chng IV tp trung gii thiu ba nhm ho cht bo v thc vt l: clo hu c, phosphor hu c v carbamat. Phn cui chng c gii thiu mt s thuc dit chut c c tnh cao 1. i cng Hin nay trong nng nghip cc cht ho hc c s dng ngy cng nhiu, vi cc mc ch khc nhau, bao gm: - Cc loi phn bn c ngun gc ho hc hay vi sinh nhm tng dinh dng cho cy. - Cc cht iu ho sinh trng (phytohormon): v d nh anxin, cytokinin, gibberelin. Cc cht ny c vai tr quan trng trong cc qu trnh vn chuyn cht, pht trin, gi, chn ca cy trng. - Cc ha cht bo v thc vt (pesticides): s dng vi mc ch phng tr cc cc loi ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt gy thit hi cho cy trng. Mc d cc nh khoa hc, nh sn xut c nhiu c gng nghin cu to ra cc hp cht tr su dit c c cc u im nu trn, nhng hin nay cc cht ny vn c c tnh cao. Thi gian bn hu ca nhiu cht rt lu, trn 50 nm (v d: DDT). To ra cc cht c hn nh dioxin khi s dng 2, 4 D v 2, 4, 5 T. Gy ng c cp khi c th nhim phi lng ln. Gy ng c trng din khi c th hp th phi nhng lng ht sc nh trong thi gian di v chng tch lu trong c th. Khi s dng khng ng quy trnh hng dn thng gy ng c (cp v trng din). Hn na, trong qu trnh s dng con ngui lm dng mt tch cc, khng ch ng mc n mt tiu cc dn n ph v h sinh thi, gy hu qu xu cho mi trng, nh hng n sc kho con ngi. 1.1. Phn loi cc ha cht Bo V Thc Vt. C nhiu cch phn loi cc cht BVTV. - Phn loi theo ngun gc: cc cht c ngun gc t nhin hoc do tng hp - Phn loi theo cu to ha hc - Phn loi theo mc ch s dng: tr su, dit nm. - Phn loi theo ng xm nhp: qua da, qua ng h hp, qua ng tiu ha. - Nu kt hp phn loi theo mc ch s dng v cu to ha hc, HCBVTV c th c chia lm 3 loi chnh: Thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh (do nm, virus,vi khun), thuc tr c.

dit c,

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Sau y l mt s thuc BVTV dng ph bin nc ta trong thi gian gn y. a s cc hp cht ny c quy nh gii hn ti a cho php trong mi trng ca tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN). Bng 4.1: Mt s thuc bo v thc vt thng dng Vit Nam
Tn cht 1. Nhm phospho hu c Methylparathion (Hn ch dng Vit Nam) Diazinon (Basudin) Cng dng Dit nhiu loi su trn cy trng c cho ngi v gia sc, LD50=10 -50 mg/kg Dit su v tuyn trng, tr ry cho hoa qu, thuc l, hoa mu. LD50 = 300 - 400 mg/l Tr su tip xc, tr nhn, dit cn trng hi la, rau qu. Dit mui gin rui. LD50 = 800 mg/kg Tr nm o n (dng nh du). LD50 = 490 mg/kg Tr nm cho cy trng, LD50 = 100 - 260 mg/kg Dit su mnh (dng dng dung dch). c vi oxy, chim, c. LD50 = 8 - 23 mg/kg Tr su, tr nhn (dung dch 40% v 60%). c lc cao LD50 = 30 mg/kg Tr su tip xc (dng bt ha nc). LD50 = 940 mg/kg Tr su cho hoa mu, cy cnh, ht ging, dit cn trng. LD50 = 150 - 400 mg/kg Tr su (dng nh du, bt rc). LD50 = 2800 mg/kg Dit su, nhn, dit rui ve, cn trng. LD50 = 235 mg/kg Dit c khng chn lc (dng sau ny mm). Dit c kh tr nh c c, c tranh, c ch. LD50 = 1300 mg/kg Dit c chn lc tr c tranh, c g (thng dng 2 - 5 kg/ha). Hn ch dng Vit Nam LD50 = 9330 mg/kg Dit nm: tr bnh sng mai, mc phn, gh l ca dy leo, qu mng, rau. LD50 = 2190 mg/kg Tr c (Herbicode safener). Dng phi hp vi nhiu loi khc nh Pretilaclor. LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Tr su tip xc. LD50 = 6000 mg/kg Tr ry la, su rp hai bng (nh du, bt rc). LD50 =

Sumithion (Fenitrothion)

Kitazin (Iprobenphos) Hinosan (Edifenphos) Monocro - tophos (Hn ch dng Vit Nam) Monitor (Methanidophos) (Hn ch dng Vit Nam) Acephate Dipterex (clorofos) Malathion (Carbofos) Dimethoat (Bi - 58) Glyphosate

2. Nhm clo hu c Dalapon Anvil (Hexaconazol)

Fenclorim

Methoxyclor 3. Nhm Carbamat

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Fenobncarb (Bassa) Cartap (Padan, Patap) Thiobencarb (Saturn) Carbaryl (Sevin)

4. Nhm Pyrethroid Cypermethrin (Sherpa) Fenvalerate Dn xut acid phenoxy acetic Fusilade (Fluazofopbutyl) MCPA (2 metyl 4 cloro phenoxy acetic acid) MCPB 6. Hp cht c kim loi Maneb Zineb

410 mg/kg Tr su (bt ha nc, bt rc) LD50 = 345 mg/kg Dit c thi k trn ny mm: c di, c l rng. LD50 = 1300 mg/kg Dit su ph rng trn nhiu loi cy: cam, chanh, la ng, rau, c chua. LD50 = 560 mg/kg Dit c, dit cn trng tr su (nh du25%). LD50 = 251 mg/kg Tr su ph rng cho nhiu loi cy trng. LD50 = 451 mg/kg Thng dng dng ester butyl dit c cho tng, bng, lc (0,25 - 0,5 kg/ha) Dit c chn lc (c 2 l mm, c rng, c lc, 0,5 - 1 kg/ha). LD50 = 700 mg/kg Dit c, thng dng phi hp vi thiobencarb. LD50 = 4700 mg/kg Tr nm cho c chua, khoai ty, bp ci, u, nho (dng bt rc, bt thm nc). LD50 = 7900 mg/kg Dit nm cho nhiu loi rau, qu (dng bt rc, bt thm nc). LD50 = 5200 mg/kg Tr nm gy bnh thng l, thi hoa (dng bt rc, bt thm nc). LD50 = 1400 mg/kg Tr c chn lc: c hng nin, c l rng cho thuc l, caf, khoai ty. LD50 = 1050 mg/kg Tr c chn lc trc khi c mc hoc sau khi c mc cho lc cy hay gieo thng (0,3 - 0,5 kg/ha). LD50 = 6100 mg/kg Tr c chn lc: trn vo t trc thi k ny mm dng cho rung ng, khoai ty, bng. LD50 = 2780 mg/kg Dit c chn lc: x l trc khi c mc dng bt ha nc (dit c hai l mm, ha tho mt nm). LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Tr c chn lc LD50 = 1870 - 3080 mg/kg Tr su, tr nm ni hp: bnh chy l la, ry hi la. Dng nh du 40%. LD50 = 1190 mg/kg Dit c LD50 = 2350 mg/kg

Ziram

7. Nhm Acetamid Diphenamid Pretilaclor (Sofit, Rifit)

Metolaclor

8. Dn xut Triazin Simazin Altrazin 9. Dn xut khc Fufi - one Fenoaprop - Ethyl

Ghi ch: - Me: gc - CH3; - Et: gc - C2H5; - Ph: gc - C6H5

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LD: nu khng ghi ch th l liu cho chut cng qua ng ung 1.2. S tn lu ca ho cht bo v thc vt trong mi trng HCBVTV c phun di dng m hay bi cho cy ci vi mc ch dit tr su bnh v do vy s trc tip ngm vo t. HC BVTV cn ngm vo nc, kh quyn, tham gia vo cc phn ng ho hc, quang ho. S tn lu ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng ph thuc vo: Kh nng bay hi; ha tan trong nc v trong dung mi; Mc phn ng (ho hc, sinh hc) trong mi trng. Sau khi tham gia cc phn ng, ho cht bo v thc vt phn hu thnh cc hp cht n gin. S tn lu ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng c o bng thi gian cn thit 95% thuc b phn hu hoc mt hot tnh. Da vo thi gian thuc BVTV c chia lm 3 loi: - Loi khng bn: thi gian phn hu 1 - 2 tun. - Loi trung bnh: thi gian phn hu 1 - 18 thng. - Loi bn vng: thi gian phn hu t 2 nm tr ln. S phn b ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng rt a dng v phong ph tu thuc vo tnh cht ca hp cht v iu kin bn ngoi.

Kh quyn

N c

ng vt

Phun thuc

Cy

S 4.1: Chu trnh lun chuyn ca ho cht bo v thc vt trong mi trng Trong mi trng di tc ng ca nc, nh sng v ca vi khun cc thuc BVTV c th tham gia vo nhiu phn ng khc nhau: - Phn ng oxy ho: chuyn nhm th Cl bng nhm OH to ra n xut phenol trong cc hp cht thm. - Phn ng kh: kh nhm - NO2 thnh - NH2 nh cc hp cht parathion, metyl parathion. - Phn ng thu phn di tc dng ca enzym: v d malathion c 2 lin kt carboxyesterase d b phn hu nh enzym carboxyesterase. Enzym ny ch c ng vt c v, khng c su b cn trng. V vy malathion l thuc tr su chn lc, khng c i vi ng vt c v v ngi. H3CO S CH2COOC2H5

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P H3CO H3CO P H3CO S CH - CH2COOH S S CH - CH2COOC2H5 CH2COOH

+ H2O

enzym

+ 2 C2H5OH

Thuc BVTV sau khi tham gia cc phn ng trong mi trng s phn hu dn. Phn cn tn lu li gi l d lng tn ti trong t, trong nc, khng kh v c trn cy trng. D lng ny lm gim cht lng mi trng, c th gy nguy c nhim c cho ngi v ng vt. V vy tiu chun cht lng mi trng ca nhiu quc gia c quy nh gii hn ti a cho php tng loi hp cht c th trong mi trng: t, nc, thc phm. 1.3. c tnh v c lc ca ho cht bo v thc vt. Thuc BVTV c c lc rt khc nhau. Cn c vo c lc trn ng vt th nghim (chut cng, chut nht) chng c chia thnh 4 nhm: - c lc rt cao: LD50 50 mg/l - c lc cao - t c : LD50 = 50 - 200 mg/l : LD50 > 1000 mg/l - c lc trung bnh : LD50 = 200 - 1000 mg/l 2. Ng c cc ha cht bo v thc vt Nh trong phn i cng v HCBVTV nu, nu kt hp phn loi theo mc ch s dng v cu trc ha hc, cc HCBVTV c th c phn thnh 3 nhm chnh: Thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh v thuc tr c. Trong phn ny chng ti gii thiu ch yu v phn thuc tr su. Da vo cu to, thuc tr su c chia thnh 5 nhm: Cc hp cht phosphor hu c, clo hu c, carbamat, thuc BVTV c ngun gc t tho dc: pyrethrin t cc tr trng, rotenon t cy thuc c, thn mt, ht c u v thuc tr su sinh hc. 2.1. Ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c: Cc hp cht phospho hu c (PPHC) do b thu phn nhanh thnh cc hp cht v hi v khng tch ly cht c lu di trong mi trng nn PPHC ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong nng nghip vi cc mc ch: bo v cy trng, chng cn trng ph hoi trong cc kho tng, iu tr cc bnh k sinh trng th y dit rui... Cng v s dng rng ri nh vy nn ng c phospho hu c rt thng gp ngi v gia sc ( ngi chim khong 50 - 80% trng hp ng c cp phi vo vin). y l nhm thuc c nhiu chng loi nht, c s dng t nm 1946. Chng l dn xut ca axit phosphoric, c th l: - Dn xut phosphat: DDVP, monocrotophos, clorphenviphos. - Dn xut phosphonat: clorofos. - Dn xut thiophosphat: diazimon, cyanophenphos. - Dn xut dithiophosphat: malathion, dimethoat.

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- Dn xut thiophosphoramid: acephat, methamidophos. a. Cu trc ha hc v tnh cht Cc hp cht phospho hu c (PPHC) l cc cht bao gm carbon v cc gc ca axit phosphoric. Cht u tin c s dng dit cn trng l Tetraetyl pyrophosphat (TEPP). Ngy nay c hng ngn hp cht phospho hu c ra i nhng vn trn c s mt cng thc ho hc chung.

R1 P R2

R3 O

R1 v R2 l nhng alkylamin hoc alkoxy.R3 l nhng gc acid v c hoc nhng nhm hu c.

Hnh 4.2: Cu trc c bn ca thuc tr su phospho hu c Sau y l l ha tnh ca mt s hp cht phospho hu c thng gp * Parathion - methyl: Tn gi khc: Methyl - parathion, Wonfatox, Metaphos, Foliol. - Tn ha hc: O, O - dimethyl - O, 4 - nitrophenylphosphorothioat. - Cng thc ha hc: C8H10O5NPS. - Tnh cht: Thuc k thut 80% th lng mu nu, tng i bn trong mi trng acid, thy phn nhanh trong mi trng kim v trung tnh, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c

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nh aceton, benzen, clorofor t tan trong nc. Thuc nhm c loi I. LD50 =14 - 24 mg/kg Thuc ny thng c dng phun cho cc cy u, , cy n rau qu c, bp ci. Parathion - methyl l loi thuc tr su c tc dng tip xc, ng rut v xng hi. Trong mt s trng hp cn c pha ln vi mt s loi thuc khc. Sn phm chuyn ha ca parathion trong c th l paranitrophenol, c o thi qua nc tiu. C th xc nh paranitrophenol trong mu v nc tiu chn on ng c methyl- parathion hoc parathion. *Clorofoc v Dichlorovos. Dichlorovos: Tn gi khc: DDVP, Dedevap, Nogos, Nuvan, Vapona. - Cng thc ha hc: H3C O P H3CO OCH = CCL2 O, O - dimethyl - O (2, 2 - diclovinyl) phosphat Dichlorovos l cht lng khng mu, t tan trong nc v tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, bn vi nhit , phn hy nhanh trong mi trng sng, trong nc v mi trng kim. Chlorofoc: H3CO O P H3CO CH = CCL2

OH O, O - dimethyl (1 - oxy, 2, 2, 2 tricloetyl) phosphat Chlorofoc l cht kt tinh khng mu, d tan trong dung mi hu c. LD50 = 56 - 108 mg/kg. Dichlorovos c s dng tr su cho ng cc, lc, cy n qu. Dichlorovos l loi thuc tr cn trng dng tip xc, xng hi v v c. Hi thuc c kh nng khuch tn nhanh v mnh, nn c th s dng lm cht bo qun hng ha, s l kho tng, tr rui, mui v gin. Sn phm chuyn ha ca Dichlorovos c o thi qua phn, nc tiu v ng h hp. *Methamidophos: Tn gi khc: Monitor, Tamazon, Filitox. - Tn ha hc: O, S - Dimethylphosphoamidothioat. - Cng thc ha hc: C2H8NO2PS. - Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht th rn. Thuc k thut 70 - 75% th lng tan trong nc (200g/100 ml). Ru Izopropyonic (140g/100 ml) tan t trong xylen v benzen. Bn trong mi trng kh, khng bn trong mi trng nc, acid, kim v nhit cao (400C). LD50 = 30 mg/kg. Thng s dng thuc 70% phun cc loi t, c chua, rau qu. L loi thuc tr cn trng c tc dng v c, tip xc v ni hp.

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*Diazinon. Tn gi khc: Basudin. - Tn ha hc: O,O - Diethyl - O,2 - isopropyl - 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - ylphosphorothioat. - Cng thc ha hc: C12H21N2O3PS. - Tnh cht: Dng dung dch khng mu, tan trong aceton, benzen, t tan trong nc. LD50 = 300 - 400 mg/kg. - Diazinon c tc dng tip xc v c xng hi v thm su. S dng cho ng cc, rau qu. * Dimethoa: Tn gi khc: Bi 58, Rogor, Roxion. - Tn ha hc: O,O - Diethyl - S - methyl - carbomoylphosphorothioat. - Cng thc ha hc: C5H12NO3PS2. - Tnh cht: dng tinh th 96% c mu trng ng, t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong ru v cc dung mi hu c, bn trong mi trng acid v trung tnh, thy phn nhanh trong mi trng kim. LD50 = 250 - 680 mg/kg. L loi thuc tr su ni hp c tc dng tip xc, v c dng cho cc loi rau n c, qu l, ng cc, c chua, tr cn trng v tr cc loi ry, rp, b xt cho cc loi cy cng nghip. * Parathion: Tn gi khc: Thiofot. - Tn ha hc: O,O - Diethyl - 0,4 - nitrophenyl - thiophosphat. - Tnh cht: Cht lng snh nh du, khng mu, si 1620C, t tan trong dung mi hu c, b phn hu ngoi nh sng. Vi chut LD50 = 250 - 680 mg/kg. * Triclophot: Tn gi khc: Dipterex, chlorophot. - Tn ha hc: O,O-Dimethyl - oxy 2, 2, 2 - tricloetyl phosphonat. - Tnh cht: Cht kt tinh khng mi, nhit nng chy 82 - 830C. Tan trong nc 16% 200C. Tan tt trong cc dung mi hu c. B loi Clor di tc ng ca kim. - LD50 = 400 - 850 mg/kg. * Malation: Tn gi khc: Carbophat. - Tn ha hc: O,O - Dimethyl - 1, 2 - dicarbetocidi - thiophosphat. - Tnh cht: Cht lng mu vng, mi kh chu, nhit si 156 - 1570C. Khng tan trong nc ln vi cc dung mi hu c, bn vng cc mi trng trung tnh v axit nh. B ph hu nhanh mi trng kim. - LD50 = 620 - 1600 mg/kg. b. ng phi nhim Cc hp cht phospho hu c c hp th rt tt qua ng da v nim mc, ng tiu ho v ng h hp. Nguyn nhn dn n ng c c th l s dng khng ng quy nh trong nng nghip. ngi c th do tai nn, t t v b u c. Ngoi ra ngi v gia sc cn b ng c hng lot do thc phm, thc n b nhim c. Cc du hiu v triu chng ng c rt thay i tu theo ng phi nhim v mc nhim c. Khong thi gian t lc b ng c n lc xy ra triu chng thng di 12 gi. Nhim c kh dn n triu chng xy ra trong vng vi giy. Tuy nhin, mt s ho cht mi nh diclofenthion v fenthion ho tan trong m nhiu hn nn c th gy ra cng cholinecgic sau vi ngy v triu chng c th tn ti vi tun n hng thng do thuc tr su lc u c gi li trong cc m m v sau c ti phn b vo mu. c. ng hc (toxicokinetic)

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- S hp thu: Cc hp cht phospho hu c c th c hp thu t khp b mt ca c th, c bit qua phi, ng tiu ha, da, v mt. - S phn b: khi vo mu c phn b nhanh n cc t chc nhng khng tch ly trong cc m m. - S chuyn ha: Nhng yu t lm tng chuyn ha pha 1 hoc lm tng hot tnh ca men oxy ha c chc nng hn hp (MFO) lm tng c tnh ca PPHC do bin chng thnh cc cht oxy ha tng ng. Cu ni este trong phn t PPHC hoc carbamat lm gim ng k c tnh ca chng. Triclorfon trong c th hnh thnh nn diclordimetyl vinylphosphat (DDVP) rt c. DDVP li do tc dng ca enzym, tip tc phn hy nhanh thnh O, O - dimetylphosphat v dicloraxetaldehyd t c hn. Chnh nhng sn phm trung gian ny gy nn tc dng hip ng gia cc phospho hu c. - Trong c th, cc hp cht phospho hu c b phn hy kh nhanh do v mt ha hc n khng phi l cht tch ly. - S thi tr: Hu ht cc PPHC v carbamat thi tr nhanh v hon ton. Cc PPHC cha clo tan nhiu trong du m hn nn tn lu trong trong c th lu hn cc PPHC khc. Sau khi vo ng tiu ha, ch mt t thi tr qua phn dng khng bin i, cn phn ln th hp thu, bin i gan v theo nc tiu thi ra ngoi. Nhm parathion thi tr qua nc tiu di dng paranitrophenol. PPHC c th thi tr qua sa. B sa s dng fenclorfos, sau 28 ngy trong sa vn cn thuc. Trong sa cu, thi gian v hm lng thuc thi tr cn lu v cao hn b.

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A. Trng thi bnh thng

Trung tm Anion

Trung tm Esterase

Men phc hi

B. Ng c phospho hu c v gii c

Qu trnh thy Qu trnh thy phn

c ch men

Tc ng ca pralidoxime

Men phc hi

Men phc hi Men b v hot

Pralidoxine - hp cht phospho hu c

Men phc hi

Hnh 4.3: S c ch gy c v gii c ca cc hp cht phospho hu c

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d. C ch gy c (xem dc l chng thuc tc dng h TKTV v c ch gii c khi gia sc, gia cm b trng c thuc tr giun sn) Cc hp cht phospho hu c tc ng ch yu ln qu trnh dn truyn xung ng thn kinh. Cu to ca thn kinh c si trc dn xung ng v si nhnh nhn cc xung ng t si trc thn kinh v truyn n cc si nhnh do mt cht trung gian ho hc c bit l Acetylcholin. N tc ng ln thm ion ca mng t bo, lm thay i in th ca mng. Phn tch in dng (+) ca phn t Acetylcholin b ht trong tm tch in m (-) ca b phn th cm ca nron sau gy nn s thay i in th ca mng t bo thn kinh th cm v sinh ra mt xung tc mi. Khi ch c mt xung tc thn kinh th lng Acetylcholin tit ra khong 1 - 2 mg. Acetylcholin l cht trung gian ho hc ti cc xinap thn kinh trc hch ca h thn kinh thc vt (giao cm v ph giao cm), ti cc xinap hu hch ca thn kinh ph giao cm v dy thn kinh giao cm chi phi cc tuyn m hi, cc cc tn cng ca cc dy thn kinh vn ng chi phi cc c vn, cc im ni t bo thn kinh trong no. C hai loi receptor chu tc ng ca acetylcholin, l th th muscarinic v th th nicotinic. Acetylcholin c to t Acetyl CoA cc nhnh tn ca dy thn kinh (tin xinap) v cholin t dch ngoi bo. Sau khi tc ng ln cc receptor c hiu mng t bo hu xinap, Acetylcholin s b thu phn bi men acetyl cholinesterse (AChE). Nu tc phn hu chm s gy s ng Acetylcholin dn n gy c v ph hu nghim trng h thn kinh, c th cht. S phn hu Acetylcholin c xc tc bi men Acetylcholinesterase. Trn mt hot ng ca men cholinesterase c 2 trung tm: trung tm anion (-) c tc dng hot ho phn in tch dng (+) ca phn t Acetylcholin. Trung tm este thc hin thu phn Acetylcholin thnh Acid Acetic v cholin. Phospho hu c khi vo c th s gn vi AChE thnh phc hp phosphoryl ho bn vng v lm mt hot tnh ca ChE, lm gim hoc mt tc dng ca men cholinesterase, do vy phn ng phn gii Acetylcholin b gim st hay nh tr v dn n ng c. Hu qu l Acetylcholin tch t ti cc xinap thn kinh. S tch t ny gy ra s kch thch lin tc qu mc cc receptor hu xinap (lc u), sau l giai on kit xinap c h thn kinh trung ng v thn kinh ngoi bin. S kch thch dn ti hi chng cng cholin cp v s kin synapes dn n nhng thay i sinh l v chuyn ho khc nhau biu hin ra ngoi thnh cc triu chng bnh cnh ng c cp PPHC. C hai loi receptor: muscarinic ( hu hch ph giao cm) v nicotinic ( hch thn kinh thc vt v cc im ni thn kinh c vn - cc bn vn ng) chu tc ng ca acetylcholin. V vy cc triu chng lm sng rt phc tp v tp trung thnh cc hi chng bnh l khc nhau. Enzym acetylcholinesterase (AChE) b c ch bng phosphoryl ha enzym. Acetylcholine (ACh) tch t li gy ri lon: - im ni thn kinh c c trn v t bo bi tit s gy co c v tng tit, - im ni thn kinh c- xng gy kch thch co git, - no, ACh lm tng ri lon cm gic v hnh vi, suy gim chc nng vn ng. * Trong c th c 2 loi men ChE: - Enzym acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cn c gi l enzym Cholinesterase tht tn ti trong hng cu (v vy cn gi l enzym ChE hng cu), trong h thn kinh trung ng v cc c, ch yu l thy phn acetylcholin thnh cholin v acid acetic. e. c tnh v c lc

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c tnh ca cc hp cht phospho hu c c lin quan n cu trc ha hc ca chng v loi gia sc, gia cm. Cc gc alkylamin R1 v R2 (phn cu trc ha hc) cng di th c tnh cng cao. Gc acid v c R3 cng mnh th c tnh cng cng cao (khi HCN gn vo R3 s rt c). Thay nguyn t oxygen bng Se2+ c tnh tng nhng b gim i nu thay bng sulfur. Dithiophosphat t c hn thiophosphat v cht ny li t c hn phosphat. * Liu gy c v liu cht ca mt s hp cht PPHC gia sc, gia cm - Dipterex (triclorfon): Liu gy c p.o. b l 5 - 10 mg/kg, b 75 - 100 mg/kg, d cu 100 - 200 mg/kg, ngng 50 mg/kg th trng. LD50 g mi l 80 mg/kg, liu 120 mg/kg th trng gy cht hng lot. Liu 35 mg/kg th trng per.ose. lin tc nhiu ngy c th gy cht ngng. - Parathion: Liu ti thiu gy cht p.o. ln l 25 mg/kg; cu 20 mg/kg; b v b 25 - 50 mg/kg th trng. Liu cht nga l 5 mg/kg, g gi 3,13 mg/kg th trng. - Malation: B di 2 tun tui, p.o. 20 mg/kg gy bin i cho c th; liu 50 mg/kg th trng gy cht. Liu ti thiu gy c b l 100 mg/kg th trng. G gi 3 tun tui, LD50 = 200 - 400 mg/kg th trng. Ch c kh nng chu ng tt hn (3500 mg/kg th trng khng gy cht). - Diazinon: Liu gy c b di 2 tun tui, p.o. 2,5 mg/kg, trn 1 nm tui 25 mg/kg th trng, d 300 mg/kg; nga 20 mg/kg th trng. Liu cht vt l 14 mg/kg th trng. Theo Gary D. Osweiler, mt s PPHC dng thng phm nh phorate, fonofos, carbofuran c c lc rt cao, liu gy ng c cp l trong khong 1 - 20 mg/kg. Nng ca hot cht l 5% - 50%. Cn ch l nu dng phi hp cc thuc bo v thc vt cng mt lc, chng c th tc dng hip ng lm tng c tnh. V d nu dng phi hp parathion vi bromofos-etyl lm gim LD50. Dng phi hp bromofos - etyl vi lindan hoc heptalclor, s tc dng i khng v LD50 tng ln. Nhiu cht khi dng phi hp s lm tng c tnh ca hp cht PPHC: - Thuc trn tnh phenothiazin lm tng c tnh ca PPHC. - Haloxon, 1 loi thuc PPHC tr k sinh trng thng qua c ch c ch men chE cng c tc dng hip ng vi PPHC. - Levamisol l thuc tr k sinh trng thng qua phong ta thn kinh c loi nicotinic lm tng tc dng nicotinic ca PPHC. Nicotin v curare cng lm tng c tnh. - Thuc khng sinh nhm aminoglycosid phong b dn truyn xinap thng qua c ch gii phng men chE hoc phong b thn kinh c sau xinap. Cc men cm ng vi MFOs lm tng qu trnh oxy ha phosphoryl ha PPHC. - Malation lm tng tc dng c ca triclorfon do c ch men phn hy DDVP, ko di v duy tr tc dng ca DDVP. Nhiu hp cht PPHC c dng trong chin tranh ha hc. l: Tabun c LD50 l 0,35 - 0,40 mg/kg; Soman LD50 = 0,1 mg/kg; Sarin LD50 = 0,04 - 0,1 mg/kg th trng; Tamerin - este c LD50= 0,01 - 0,1 mg/kg th trng

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Thi gian c php s dng cc sn phm nng nghip sau khi dng PPHC l 1 - 56 ngy, ty loi thuc. Hm lng d cn cho php l 0,1 - 2 ppm. * mn cm ca gia sc gia cm vi PPHC Trong cc loi gia sc, mo thng mn cm hn so vi ch. Gia cm km dung np vi mt s PPHC hn gia sc. f. Chn on ng c Khi sc vt b ng c PPHC, c th da trn cc triu chng lm sng v cc kt qu xt nghim trong phng th nghim chn on. * Cc triu chng lm sng Khi sc vt b ng c PPHC, cc receptor muscarin, receptor nicotin v cc receptor ti h thn kinh trung ng b kch thch, nu phn tch theo c ch sinh bnh, c th phn triu chng lm sng ca ng c phospho hu c thnh cc nhm sau: - Cc triu chng Muscarin: Do tc ng ca acetylcholin kch thch hu hch ph giao cm, tc dng ch yu ln cc c trn gy co tht rut, ph qun v c trn bng quang, co ng t v gim phn x ng t/nh sng, kch thch cc tuyn ngoi tit: tng tit nc bt, dch rut, m hi, nc mt, dch ph qun... Bnh sc au bng, nn, a chy, a i khng t ch, kh th dn n suy h hp, nhp tim chm. - Cc triu chng nicotin: Do s tch t ca acetylcholin cc bn vn ng dn n ri lon s kh cc ca cc c vn gy co git, co cng c, lit c bao gm c cc c h hp. - Cc triu chng thn kinh trung ng: Trung tm h hp v tun hon b c ch dn n suy h hp, tru mch, co git, hn m su. - Cc triu chng thn kinh ngoi vi mun: Xy ra 8 - 14 ngy hay mun hn sau ng c cp PPHC. Cc triu chng bao gm: yu c, lit c, chng mt mi, chut rt, c th tin trin n lit ton thn v cc c h hp gy suy h hp v t vong. Bnh thoi trin sau vi thng n vi nm, teo c nhiu, phc hi chm v khng hon ton. C ch sinh bnh l do cht cc si trc thn kinh. Trong ng c cp PPHC, triu chng muscarin thng n sm nht v lun lun xy ra. c th vi giy sau nhim ng h hp, vi pht n vi gi sau nhim c ng tiu ho; nhim c ng da mc nh c th n mun hn. Triu chng nicotin v triu chng thn kinh trung ng xy ra khi nhim c trung bnh hoc nng. Sc vt thng cht trong nhng ngy sau, nguyn nhn trc tip l suy h hp. Suy h hp trong ng c PPHC l do tng tit dch v co tht ph qun, lit c h hp, c ch trung tm h hp, bi nhim phi. Triu chng ng c cc loi gia sc nh sau: Sau khi b ng c qua ng ming 15 - 30 pht, qua da 4 - 6 gi a s cc loi sc vt (tru, b, nga) b ri lon chc nng thn kinh trung ng nghim trng: Lc u con vt trng thi bn chn, khng yn, chy nc ri, nhu ng rut tng (au bng) a chy, ng t mt co nh, tim p lon nhp, huyt p bin ng ( nhng con ci c cha c th sy thai) tip c run ry, co git, suy c, sau lit cc c h hp. Lc u con vt th gp, mnh, sau chm v yu, phn x nghe, nhn v xc gic tng.Thn kinh trung ng b nhim c, co git ton thn ri n cc triu chng hn m. Con vt cht trc tip do ngt h hp (c h hp lit), thy thng phi, nhp tim nhanh v yu, tm tht cha cng y mu, khng y mu i c.

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- Tru, b: Chy nhiu nc di, th li ra ngoi, bn chn kh chu, cong lng, cong ui, mt nhn s hi, kt mc , thn nhit bnh thng hoc tng nh (39,50C), mch chm, th th bng a chy, b n, tot m hi, co git. Hm lng AChE trong mu gim, s lng bch cu tng hoc bnh thng. - Nga: Bn chn, chy nhiu nc di, au bng, phn lng, th nhanh v kh, co git, mch chm v yu, thn nhit hi tng (39,50C trong trng hp nga b bnh nu th nhanh th thn nhit s tng). - Cu: Chy nc di, a chy, thn nhit tng nhanh (410C), mch chm, th kh, co git, ng t mt co, run c v c th b lit. - Ln: yu ton thn, chn khng ng thng c, phn lng, th kh, co git. - Ch: Chy nhiu nc di, a chy, th nhanh v kh, co git. - Gia cm: Chy nhiu nc di, x cnh, u ngho v pha sau, a chy, th nhanh v kh. Sau khi xut hin triu chng u tin 15- 20 pht th con vt cht. Ng c mn tnh: in hnh l cc biu hin sau: Hot ng cc tuyn tng, a chy, c suy yu c nhng biu hin ca ri lon trao i nc v cc cht in gii. Hm lng lipid huyt thanh cao (hyperlipemia) do m cc ni d tr trong c th b phn hy (lipolisis). H thng min dch ca c th b ph hoi nn k pht cc bnh nhim trng, truyn nhim d dng. C nng ca cc tuyn h no ri lon nn s sn sinh ra cc corticosteroid cng gim thp. T , thn b ri lon. Trng thi ri lon mn tnh c th ko di nhiu tun. Nu iu tr kp thi v y , con vt c th hon ton hi phc. Tc dng c thn kinh giai on cui c lin quan ti s thoi ha ca cc axon ca cc t bo thn kinh. Do qu trnh myelin ha ca cc si thn kinh t ct sng i ra (phn lumbago i ra), gia cm b lit phn sau c th. ng vt c v, cc chi sau cng lit (atropin khng c tc dng iu tr hu qu ny). * Chn on qua cc kt qu xt nghim - Xt nghim men cholinesteraza (ChE): c hai loi ChE acetyl cholinesterase c trong t chc thn kinh v trong hng cu (cn gi l enzym tht v lin quan trc tip n triu chng kch thch ph giao cm trong NC PPHC), butyro cholinesterase c trong huyt tng do gan sn xut ra (cn gi l enzyme gi). Tuy nhin, v hm lng butyro cholinesterase thay i tng i ph hp vi din bin lm sng ca ng c cp PPHC li d xc nh nn c dng chn on v theo di tin trin ca ng c cp PPHC. Hm lng men ChE trong no gip chn on sau khi sc vt cht. - Xc nh s c mt ca PPHC v sn phm chuyn ha: Tn d ca PPHC trong m thng rt thp v cho kt qu m tnh. C th tm cht c, trong cht cha d dy, d c, trong mu bng phng php sc k lp mng v sc k kh. Trong nc tiu c th pht hin sn phm chuyn ha ca PPHC. - Cc tn thng bnh l: thng hn ch v t c gi tr chn on. C th quan st thy tch nc phi. ng tiu ha gin rng v cha nhiu dch. Ngoi cc triu chng, kt qu xt nghim nu trn, mt s ti liu cho bit: - Cc hp cht phospho hu c cn c ch cc enzym khc nh trypsin, kymotrypsin, cytocromoxydase, carboalhydrase, carbooxydase, aminase, dehydrogenase.

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- Cc hp cht phospho hu c lm tng cng sn xut catecolamin v sn xut cc steroid ca thng thn. Mt s cht trong nhm ny cn th hin nh hng r rt n hot ng ca h thng trc hypothalamus - hypophisis v thng thn. Thymus teo i. ng huyt v hm lng lipid trong mu tng ln. - Khi ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c, cc bin i ca c tim (myopathia) cng c th xy ra. Trong cc b c c xut huyt v hoi t. - Phn ln cc hp cht phospho hu c c tc dng gy t bin. V d: Malation gy qui thai phi g. methyl v ethyl-paration gy qui thai ca phi g g v chim ct. - Gia sc c cha, nu nhim cp tnh mt lng ln cc estephosphat th thai c th b ng c, thai cht, sy thai, non. - Nu nhim c lin tc ko di 3 thng s xut hin hi chng thch ng. S tng hp acetylcholinesterase tng. Cc triu chng ng c khng r. iu ny gip gii thch s khng thuc ca cn trng, k sinh trng. * Tn thng bnh l Cc gia sc cht v ng c phospho hu c, khng c cc bnh tch in hnh, c trng. C du hiu cht do ngt th, cc mch mu ni tng gin to, d dy v rut vim, phi thy thng (thng gp gia cm), b c thoi ha khng bo cc t bo thng b tiu cu thn. C th thy hoi t cc ng tit niu, cc nhn t bo bt mu kim km. Mao mch no v nim mc cha y mu. Nu ng c ko di thy hin tng myelin ha cc si thn kinh. * Chn on phn bit: - Vi ng c carbamat: cng gy kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm nhng triu chng thng nh hn, iu tr ch yu bng atropin, khng dng APM. Phn bit nh xt nghim c cht tm carbamat trong nc tiu. - Vi thuc tr su clo hu c: triu chng thn kinh - c l ni bt vi ri lon thc, co cng c, run c, co git. Xt nghim c cht tm clo hu c trong nc tiu. g. iu tr: Trong iu tr ng c cn theo cc nguyn tc sau: Hn ch cht c tip tc hp thu vo mu; Dng cc cht i khng; iu tr b sung, tng cng th lc; phng k pht cc bnh truyn nhim. * Cc bin php hn ch hp th: - Khi phi nhim cht c qua da: Sc vt c tm bng x phng hoc cht ty nh v nc sch. C th dng natri hydrocarbonat 5% ra. Ch gia sc cn lu trnh b nhim c. -Khi phi nhim cht c qua ng h hp: a ngay bnh sc ra khi khu vc nhim c, t ni thong gi. - Khi phi nhim cht c qua ng tiu ha Cho ung than hot hp ph cht c trong ng tiu ha. gy nn ln v ch. Ra d dy nu khng gy nn c v sau khi gy nn, ra n khi nc trong. Nga v b (nu s lng t) ra d dy. C th dng cc loi du c ngun gc khong vt (Paraffinum liquidum) y phn than hot hp ph cht c ra ngoi. Nu gia sc a chy th khng dng du parafin. C th cho ung natri hydrocarbonat 5% v phn ln cc phospho hu c b gim c tnh khi tc dng vi cht kim. Cht c vo mt ra bng natri hydrocarbonat 3%.

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*iu tr bng cc cht khng c Atropin l thuc cha cc triu chng muscarin, lm gim cc tnh trng: tng tit ph qun, nc bt, m hi, lm mt au bng, bun nn, nhp chm v lm gin ng t. Liu dng t 0,5 - 1 mg/kg, tim nhc li sau 6 gi, khng dng qu liu, s gy c. Khi tim nhc li ch nn tim di da hoc tim bp. An ton nht l tim tnh mch 1/4 liu, ch 15 pht quan st tc dng, phn liu cn li tim bp hoc tim di da. Theo di ng t mt, khi ng t gin tr li mc bnh thng th ngng tim atropin. Atropin khng c tc dng trn lit c v suy h hp bnh sc ng c nng. Cn lu l mch nhanh, gin ng t c th l triu chng nicotin. Khi gia sc b ng c hng lot, cn cp cu nhanh, tim bp 2- 3 v tr khc nhau, lm tng tc hp thu atropin. Tc dng ca atropin c th c tng cng bng cch dng phi hp vi papaverin hydroclorid: 0,3 mg atropin sulfat + 4 mg papaverin hydroclorid cho 1 kg th trng. Diphenhydramin dng cho ung 4mg/kg, 3 ln/ngy cha triu chng nicotin. Khng dng phi hp vi atropin. Pralidoxime l thuc khng c c hiu theo c ch trung ho cht c. Ngy nay tng hp c mt s cht nh oxime hoc acide hydroxamine. Trong s chng 2 - PAM (2 pyridine aldoxime methyl iodua hoc clorua, l dn cht ca Pralidoxime) c tc dng tt. 2 PAM s gn vng bn vi PPHC, gn lng lo vi ChE to thnh phc hp b 3, enzym tch ra li phn phosphoryl - oxime s tip tc thu phn cho cc sn phm thoi ho ca PPHC v axit phosphoric. Nh vy PAM kh phosphoryl v ti hot ho ChE. PAM cn c tc dng phng c bng cch kh c cc phn t PPHC cn li trong mu. ngi, PAM hiu qu hn khi c dng trong 24 - 48h u, song n vn c hiu qu 4 - 6 ngy sau nhim c, nht l nhng bnh nhn nhim c nng, do mt s thuc tr su (parathion) lm men ChE chm lo ho (slow aging) . Liu lng 2 - PAM - clorid dng cho tiu gia sc l 20 mg/kg th trng. C ti liu cho bit c th dng 25- 50 mg/kg th trng pha thnh dung dch 20% v truyn chm tnh mch (5 - 6 pht). Liu ti a l 100 mg/kg th trng. Cho tiu gia sc 20 - 50 mg/kg th trng, pha thnh dung dch 10% tim bp hoc tim chm tnh mch. LD50 ca 2 - PAM - clorid th l 95 mg/kg th trng, ch l 190 mg/kg th trng. Dng qu liu s gy ng c. Triu chng: th dc, nn, mt phn x, co git. Obidoximclorid (toxogonin) c tc dng nhanh hn 2 - PAM - clorid. Liu iu tr 2 8 mg/kg th trng. Liu ti a l 20 mg/kg th trng. Pha thnh dung dch 25% tim tnh mch. Nu cha ht triu chng c th sau 2 gi tim nhc li. Qu liu toxogonin cng gy c v triu chng c ging nh 2 - PAM - clorid. gii c khi b ng c alkylphosphat, ta dng ng thi 2 th atropin v oxim s c hiu qu tt. * iu tr b sung - B sung nc v cht in gii: Do ng c, con vt b toan huyt v mt nc, mt cht in gii (do a chy), cn b sung cc dung dch in gii. B sung vitaminB, polyvitamin. - Chng vi trng k pht: dng khng sinh sulfamid iu tr b sung. Chng vim bng cc ch phm cortizon phi hp vi khng sinh. - Tng cng tun hon, h hp: Digitalis, ephedrin, simpetamin. - Trong y t s dng bin php kch hot enzym microsom: phenolbarbital natri, liu thp lm tng cng phn hy v thi tr PPHC. Liu lng phenobarbital natri 5 - 30 mg/kg th trng cho ung lin tc nhiu ngy.

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2.2. Ng c cc hp cht carbamat a. Cu trc ho hc v tnh cht Cc hp cht carbamat s dng trong nng nghip l dn xut ca cc acid carbamic, thiocarbamic, v dithiocarbamic. HO C NH2 HO C NH2 HS C NH2

O Acid carbamic

S Acid thiocarbamic

S Acid dithiocarbamic

Sau y l mt s hp cht carbamat thng c dng Vit Nam: * Carbaryl: Tn gi khc: Sevin. - Tn ha hc: 1 - Naphtylmethylcarbamat. - Cng thc ha hc: C12H11O2N. - Tnh cht: Sevin tinh khit l mt cht kt tinh trng, khng mi. Nhit chy 1420C. Tan t trong nc, tan tt trong cc dung mi hu c. nhit thng sevin bn vng i vi nc, nh sng v oxy ca khng kh, ph hy nhanh mi trng kim to anaphtol v khi un si sevin vi acid. - c tnh: Sevin cng nh cc dn cht khc ca acid carbamic c tc dng gy c ch cholinesterase ng vt mu nng nhng tc dng c ch ny c th hin chm hn v yu hn cc loi phospho hu c. Liu ng c cp tnh i vi chut cng l 560 mg/kg th trng. Trong c th ng vt sevin c thy phn nhanh v o thi qua nc tiu di dng a - naphtol hoc c th di dng a - naphtylglucoronic, sn phm trng ngng ca a naphtol vi acid glucoronic. Phn ng vi dung dch NaNO2 0,5% trong H2SO4 long: nu c sevin s xut hin mu vng, chuyn thnh da cam khi thm dung dch NaOH n phn ng kim. Phn ng vi dung dch FeCl3 1% cho mu hng. * Isoprocard: Tn gi khc: Mipcin, MIPC, Etrofolan. - Tn ha hc: O - Cumenylmethylcarbamat. - Cng thc ha hc: C11H15NO2. - Tnh cht: thuc k thut dng tinh th, khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu loi dung mi hu c, khng bn vng trong mi trng. LD50 = 485 mg/kg. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. Isoprocard tc dng tip xc, dng tr nhiu loi su ming chch ht hi la, cy hoa mu v cy cng nghip. * Fenobucarb: Tn gi khc: Bassa, BPMC, Fenobcarb, Baycarb, Osbac. - Tn ha hc: 2 - sec - Buthylphenylmethylcarbamat. - Cng thc ha hc: C12H17NO2. - Tnh cht: thuc k thut 95 - 98% dng dung dch c st, loi < 95% c st v ng c nhit thp: tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, khng bn vng trong mi trng kim v trong acid m c; thuc nhm c II. Thuc c c trung bnh i vi c v vi ong mt. Fenobucarb tc dng tip xc v v c, dng tr su c ming chch ht.

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* Butocarboxim: Tn gi khc: Drawin 755. - Tn ha hc: 3- (methylthio) butanone - O - methylcarbamoyloxime. - Cng thc ha hc: C7H17N2O2S. - c tnh: thuc k thut th lng (85%) cha 2 ng phn (E) v(Z), tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, bn vng trong mi trng trung tnh; tng i bn trong nc, nh sng v khng kh; khng n mn kim loi. Thuc tc dng ni hp, tip xc, c hiu lc cao vi rp phn trng hi cam, rp hi thuc l, cy cnh. * Cartap: Tn gi khc: Padan, Cartap clo ha l Cartaphydroclorua. - Tn ha hc: S, S - 2 - Dimetylaminotrimetylenbis (thiocarbamt) hydroclorua. - Cng thc ha hc: C7H16N3O2S2. - c tnh: thuc k thut (97%) dng tinh th, tan trong nc (20%), cn etylic v metylic; bn vng trong mi trng acid, nhng thy phn trong mi trng trung tnh v kim; ht m mnh; khng n mn kim loi. Cartaphydroclorua tc dng tip xc, v c v thm su hiu lc xng hi yu. Thuc c dng dit nhiu loi su hi la, rau mu, v cy cng nghip. b. ng hc (toxicokinetic) Cc hp cht carbamat trong c th b phn hy nhanh v cc sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh phn hy b thi tr nhanh chng ra khi c th. Carbamat b phn hu theo 2 cch: (1) Do tc dng trc tip ca cc esterase; (2) Do cc enzym ca microsom, lc u b oxy ha sau b thy phn. Rt nhiu sn phm phn hy c hnh thnh, trong c 1 naftol. V mt ha hc, carbamat khng c tch ly. c. C ch gy c Carbamat c ch men cholinesterase l do acetylcholin tch ly li nhiu ni: Thn kinh trung ng, th th nicotin v muscarin. V vy, trn lm sng c th thy cc triu chng tng t nh ng c phospho hu c. Tuy nhin c s khc nhau trong c ch tc dng ca 2 nhm thuc tr su ny: * Ester carbamat N- metyl s carbamyl ha AChE lm tch ly acetylcholin tng t nh phosphor hu c. Tuy nhin qu trnh carbamyl ha ny c th hi phc c, enzym li c gii phng. Nguyn nhn l do carbamat ch dnh vo b mt ca enzym, gn mt cch lng lo, thun ty vt l, khng c phn ng ha hc vi enzym. Cn tc dng ca phospho hu c l khng hi phc.Thi gian nhim c ngn. Mt s nghin cu d xc nh, carbamat khng c ch cc hot ng ca acetylcholinesterase trong huyt thanh, m ch tc dng vi enzym ny gan v hng cu. V vy tc dng phong b enzym ch trong thi gian ngn v bn thn cholinesterase cng nhanh chng tch ra khi s phong ta ca carbamat. S tch ly sinh hc tc dng ca carbamat khng c nh phospho hu c. Thc nghim trn chut tim 10 mg/kg th trng carbaril, sau kim tra s phn b ca n trong c th, bng phng php phng x nh du v kt qu cho thy: mt ngy sau cho thuc, n phn b gn nh u khp trong cc kh quan. C nhiu hn mt cht xng, thnh d dy v rut, no v cc tuyn sa. Trong d dy ca gia sc non b sa cng c carbamat.

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Tuy vy n vn c th gy nn ng c cp tnh. Carbamat c ch cc enzym microsom trong gan. Nu cho carbamat ko di v tng dn liu lng ln th cc enzym sau y b gim hot lc: NADPH - cytocromC reductase; aldolase, phosphofructokinase, glucozo - 6 - phosphatase ng thi s lng cytocrom P450 trong gan tng ln. d. c tnh v c lc Khong cch gia liu gy ng c v liu cht ca cc hp cht carbamat ln hn cc hp cht phosphor hu c. LD50 ca carbaril chut, cho ung l 500 - 800 mg/kg th trng; b cho n 200 ppm trong thc n, lin tc trong 30 ngy, khng thy nhng biu hin lm sng th hin c. Cho n 400 ppm trong 2 tun cng khng c. Nhng cc carbamat khc c hn carbaril nhiu ln. V d pyrolan c cha hot cht l dimetyl - carbamat, nu cho b c n thc n c cha 0,1 - 0,05% sau 10 pht ng c nng v sau 20 pht c th cht. LD50 cp tnh ca alkylsevin gia cm l 942 mg/kg th trng; ca carbofuran loi nhai li l: cu 2,5 mg/kg th trng, b 0,25 mg/kg th trng. Carbamat rt c vi cn trng, c v cc ng vt sng trong t, ong mt cng rt mn cm vi. e. Chn on ng c. * Cc triu chng lm sng Tng t ng c phosphor hu c nhng nh hn. Sc vt b ng c cc hp cht carbamat thng c cc triu chng: lng x xc, chy ri (tng tit nc bt), chy nc mt, tot m hi, nn, b n, a chy, co ng t, ri lon th gic, th kh, suy c, lon nhp tim, run c, co git. Nng hn na l ph phi cp. Trc khi cht, con vt mt ht nhn bit. Ng c xy ra nhanh, cc trng hp qua khi cng hi phc nhanh. Cc thuc tr su loi carbamat c tc dng nh n s pht trin ca thai. C th thy carbamat c mt trong nhau thai, trong thai, trong sa v trong ng vt s sinh. Ngoi ra, carbamat cn kch thch nim mc. - Nhiu tc gi cho rng, hp cht carbamat cn c tc dng: Gy tn thng c quan ni tit; C kh nng gy ung th; nh hng n di truyn. * Tn thng bnh l Cc tn thng bnh l thng khng in hnh. C th pht hin thy t huyt nim mc d dy, rut, cc mch mu ni tng gin to. C cc biu hin cht do ngt. Ng c trng din c hin tng hoi t cc ng tit niu (c th gii thch l do ATPase v succinyldehydrogenase b gim hot tnh). Thc nghim cho thy: nh lng hot tnh ChE tht khng c gi tr trong chn on nhim c carbamat. f. iu tr ng c. *Phi nhim cht c qua da: ra bng nc x phng. Cht c vo mt th ra bng nc. *Phi nhim cht c qua ng tiu ho: - Gy nn i vi ln, ch, mo thi tr cht c trong d dy. - Cho than hot tnh hp ph cht c v dng thuc ty sulfat (tr trng hp sc vt b a chy khng dng thuc ty). - iu tr bng thuc khng c l atropin sulfat. Cm s dng cc thuc c tc dng khi phc cholinesterase nh toxogonin, TMB-4, PAM v nhng thuc ny lm tng tc dng gy c ca carbamat. Thng tim atropin l , rt t khi dng n Pralidoxim.

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- iu tr b sung: tng t nh ng c cc hp cht PPHC. 2.3. Ng c cc hp cht clo hu c Clo hu c l nhng hp cht c dng u tin dit su b sau chin tranh th gii th 2. Trong hai thp k 50 v 60 nhiu cht c s dng ph bin, in hnh l DDT. Clo hu c c tnh tch ly sinh hc, tn ti rt lu trong mi trng gy nhim t v ngun nc. (thi gian bn hu di). V vy, t nhng nm 90, nhiu cht b cm s dng nh DDT, Lindan, Toxaphene, mt s t cht khc c s dng hn ch. Da theo cu trc clo hu c chia thnh cc nhm sau: - Hp cht diphenyl alphatic: DDT, methoxyclor, Perthane, difocol. - Nhm aryl hydrocarbon: lindan (tictak), mirex, kepone, paradichlorobenzen. - Nhm cyclodiene: Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin c lordan, Heptaclor, toxaphene. Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) l mt clo hu c c s dng rt ph bin trong nhng nm 60 - 70 sau b cm dng M v Ty u nhng n nay n vn c tip tc s dng cc nc nng nghip ngho. Vit Nam DDT v cc clo hu c khc c s dng mt s vng nng nghip di nhiu dng nh: dng bt, dung dch, phun m... Clo hu c c th thm nhp vo c th qua da, qua ng ht, c bit l ng ung gy ng c cp hoc mn tnh. Ng c cp thng c chn on v x tr, ng c mn thng t c pht hin do thng tn thng tin trin mn tnh nhng c th dn n cc thng tn trm trng nh suy gim chc nng cc c quan, ung th... Hin nay mt s clo hu c c bit nguy him c tnh cao b cm s dng nh: Aldrin, Diedrin, Endoufungal, Kepone,.. Cc clo hu c khc c c tnh thp hn vn cn c s dng nh DDT v cc sn phm c cu trc lin quan vi DDT nhng t c hn nh Dicofol, Methocyclo, c bit l Chlordane c s dng thng dng trong dit kin, mi,... Trong nhm ny c cc cht ph bin sau y: DDT, hexaclorbenzol, dieldrin v aldrin l nhng cht c tch ly mnh, heptalclor tch ly mc trung bnh, g- HCN v metoxiclor th t tch ly hn. Do s dng nhiu, rng ri cc thuc nhm ny nn d lng ca n tn ti trong t, trong cy trng kh cao v lu. t gy nhim c cho ngi v gia sc. Trong c th gia sc, tn d ca DDT cao nht t chc m, thn, bung trng, no. Ngi ta chng minh rng vic dng DDT lm nh hng n s sinh sn ca cc loi chim. Trong ng vt c v, n ph hoi kh nng d tr vitamin A ca gan. Cho chut n thc n c cha cc cht ny, thy gan b nhim c, bch cu tng v mt s bnh khc. Trong m c 7- 11 ppm DDT. Mc nhim ny cng gn vi mc ngi b nhim ni trn. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Koil J.E v cng s, gia hm lng DDT trong mu v hot lc ca enzym gluco-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase (G6PD) c tng quan r rt. G6PD l mt yu t di truyn. Hot ng ca n c tc dng cn tr hm lng DDT trong huyt thanh. Nh vy, s tch ly DDT, kh nng chu ng DDT ca mi loi ng vt mang tnh di truyn. Trong t, DDT phn hy rt chm, dn n gy nhim cc ngun nc. V th nhiu nc cm s dng DDT t lu (Hungari cm s dng t 1/1/1968). DDT b cm dng cn v tnh quen thuc, khng thuc ca su b i vi hp cht ny. nhiu ni, phi

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tng tht cao liu lng DDT mi dit c su. Liu cao gy ng c d dng cho cc ng vt khc v tch ly nhiu, lu trong t. nc ta, t nm 1993 c vn bn chnh thc ca Nh nc cm s dng DDT trong bo v thc vt v tnh cht c hi ca n. a. Cu trc ha hc v tnh cht Sau dy l l ha tnh ca mt s hp cht clo hu c * DDT: Tn khoa hc: 4, 4 diclodiphenyltriclorometymetan. Tnh cht. DDT l cht kt tinh trng khng mi, khng v. Nhit nng chy 108,5 - 1090C. Hu nh khng tan trong nc, trong cc acid v trong kim. Tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c v m. Sn phm cng ngh c cha 75 - 76% ng phn 4,4 v 24 - 25% cc ng phn khc. Ch c ng phn 4,4 mi c tc dng dit su. *Hexaxyclohexan (666 hexancloran) C6H6Cl6 Tnh cht Hexaxyclohexan sn xut trong k ngh l hn hp tng i phc tp ca cc ng phn ca xyclohexan u l nhng cht kt tinh, chng khc nhau v nhit chy v ha tan trong dung mi hu c. Ni chung cc ng phn u ha tan tt trong mt s dung mi: benzen, toluen, metanol, etanol, ete Chng bn vng vi cc acid c nh H2SO4, HNO3, HCl v cc cht oxy ha. Trong s cc ng phn ch c ng phn g ca hexaxyclohexan gi l lindan c gi tr nht. Trong nng nghip lindan c dng ch yu dit nhng cy c hi, trong y t lindan c dng tr chy, rn ngi. *Lindan l cht kt tinh, nhit c nng chy l 112,80C. Khng tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c. C mi kh chu. * Thiodan: Tn gi khc: Endoufan. - Tn ha hc: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10a - hexaclo1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a - hexahydro - 6, 9 - metano - 2, 4, 3 - benzodioxathiopin - 3 - oxit. - Cng thc ha hc: C9H6Cl6O3S. - c tnh: Endoufan nguyn cht khong tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh clorofoc, xylen, bn khi bo qun, thuc nhm c I. Thuc t gy hi k sinh c ch, nhng rt c i vi ong mt, c v chim. Endoufan l loi thuc tr su v c v tip xc, dng tr cn trng v nhn hi bng, ng, la m, khoai ty, cy n qu... * Chlordan: (octachlor, C10H6Cl3) - L cht lng sng mu, khng mi, c hn DDT 4 - 5 ln. * Aldrin: (C12H8Cl6), Dildrin (C12H8Cl60). - L cht bt trng hoc mu ghi nht, c mi ca naphtalein v chloroform.

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Hnh 4.4: Cu trc ho hoc ca mt s thuc tr su clo hu c b. ng phi nhim - Qua ng tiu ho: do sc vt n phi thc n (cy, c) c phun thuc su. - Qua da: Dng thuc Clor hu c dit ngoi k sinh trng cho gia sc. c. ng hc - Hp thu: Cc hp cht ny do tan trong du m nn hp thu d dng qua da v nim mc. Hp thu qua ng h hp t c ngha v cc hp cht ny khng bay hi. - Phn b: C th tm thy OC trong gan, thn v no. Cc cht ny hp thu rt nhanh vo trong cc t chc m. C kh nng xm nhp qua mng t bo nn tch t nhiu trong cc t chc m v t chc thn kinh ca c th, d gy ra nhim c mn tnh vi cc triu trng thn kinh l ch yu. Trong gan v trong thn cng c mt lng ng k. - Chuyn ha: Cc hp cht clo hu c thuc nhm cyclodien chuyn ha thnh dng epoxide bi cc men MFOs. Cc cht chuyn ha gii phng chm t cc kho d tr m n khi t c hm lng cn bng trong mu. Cc cht chuyn ha thng c hn cht m. T ng tiu ho clo hu c c hp th rt mnh vo mu ri phn phi vo cc m c th c bit l m m, no v cc m c quan khc nh: thn, c, phi, tim, gan,... ri t li ti phn b vo mu gy ng c ko di. Thi gian bn hu c th thay i t vi ngy ti vi thng tu loi. Clo hu c c chuyn ho qua gan thng qua qu trnh xy ho nh: Chlordane chuyn thnh Oxychlordane, Aldrin chuyn thnh Dieldrin vn gi

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nguyn c tnh ri c thi tit ch yu qua mt nn n c chu k gan rut. Sn phm bin i cui cng ca DDT trong c th l acid 4, diclorodiphenylacetic (DDA). - Thi tr: ng o thi chnh l qua mt. C thy chu k gan rut. Clo hu c o thi chm qua thn. Thi gian bn thi ca diphenyl aliphatics (DDT) v cyclodien dao ng trong khong vi ngy n hng tun. S o thi d lng ca OC c th c miu t bng m hnh 2 ngn, pha 1 rt nhanh, pha 2 l rt lu. Nhng con vt ang cho sa thi OC vo trong m sa. + DDT (diclorodiphenyl tricloro etan) c dng rng ri trn th gii t 1939, thi tr qua nc tiu di dng DDA. DDT o thi ra khi c th ng vt qua phn, nc tiu v sa. Thuc tch ly trong m v thi tr rt chm. + Cc dn xut ca indan: aldrin, clodan... c chuyn ha trong c th di dng epoxide (c hn) ri c hydroxyde ha v thi tr qua nc tiu. + Cc dn xut ca cyclohexan: hexaclorocyclorohexan (HCH, 666), lindan... tch ly trong m rt lu v thi tr rt chm. + Cc dn cht clor ca tinh du terebenthin v ca long no (toxaphen) t tch ly hn, v thi tr nhanh. Cc thuc BVTV nhm ny c th hp thu qua ng tiu ha, qua da v qua ng h hp. Cc thuc ny t tan trong nc nn trong rut n t c hp thu; nhng nu c m ha tan hoc c cc dung mi ha tan sn ( dng s dng trong sn xut c dung mi sn), n s c hp thu rt nhanh v nhiu. Trn da cng tng t nh vy. Lipoit v lipofil gip cho thuc hp thu qua da nhanh chng. Thi tr qua phn (dng khng bin i) v qua thn (dng bin i). Mt phn thi qua sa, qua mt, mt phn nh qua cc tuyn. S thi tr din ra qua 2 bc: u tin thi tr kh nhanh, sau l giai on thi tr rt chm. + Phn ln lng DDT, chloran, Dildrrin, mt phn HCH v tocxaphran thi qua sa. + Tch ly trong m, gan, thn v ty xng. DDT v HCH gi trong c th 3 thng, chng gy tn thng gan v thn. d. C ch gy c. Vi thn kinh ng vt: C ch gy c ca clo hu c do lm thay i hot ng ca knh Na+, K+, qua mng t bo. Di tc ng ca DDT Na+ c vn chuyn d dng qua mng t bo trong khi K+ b chn li lm c ch h thng bm Na+ K+ ATPase v Calmoduline lm gim ti kh cc ca t bo dn n cc biu hin thn kinh, co git. Cyclodine, hexachloro, cyclohexan gy ng c thn kinh do kch thch receptor aminobutyric acid (GABA) ca h thn kinh trung ng. Trong h thng lymbic, lindane c th kch thch trc tip neuron v gy cc cn co git. Vi thn kinh thc vt: S chuyn ha ca cc amin sinh hc no cng ri lon, dn ti hm lng acetylcholin v serotonin no thay i, khng cn mc sinh l bnh thng, do gy nhng ri lon thn kinh. Cc thng tn tim mch thng l lon nhp do clo hu c lm halogene ho hydrocacbon lm tng tnh nhy cm ca c tim vi catecholamin gy lon nhp c bit khi dng catecholamin ngoi sinh. Gan l ni chuyn ho clo hu c, cc thng tn ti gan tu theo mc ng c c th tng men gan n thun n hoi t t bo gan.

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Clo hu c trc ht l cht c thn kinh, ngoi ra n c ch men carboanhydrase (c trong hng cu, ty sng, thn, tuyn nc bt, d dy) c vai tr trong cc qu trnh trao i khi to HCl trong d dy. C kin cho rng hin tng co git l do kt qu ca s c ch men carboanhydrase. e. c tnh v c lc. Ng c clo hu c ch yu qua ng tiu ho, ng c qua da hoc qua ng h hp gp t hn v cng t trm trng hn. Trong ng c cp, clo hu c tc dng ch yu ln thn kinh trung ng (tiu no v v no vng vn ng). - Nhm cyclodien l c nht. LD50 ch l 15- 65 mg/kg th trng, ln v tru b l 20- 100 mg/kg th trng. Mo l loi vt mn cm nht: v d LD50 ca endrin l 3- 6 mg/kg th trng. - DDT l cht c i vi h thn kinh trung ng. LD50 i vi mt vi ng vt khong 250 - 400 mg/kg. - c tnh ca hexaxyclohexan tng t nh ca DDT nhng t c hn DDT 4 - 5 ln do n c o thi ra khi c th ng vt mu nng nhanh hn DDT. Cng nh DDT v cc dn xut c cha clor khc, hexacloran cng bn vng trong thin nhin v c tc dng tch ly trong c th ng vt mu nng v ngi. l nguyn nhn gy ng c trng din ca hexacloran. Hin nay t c dng trong nng nghip cng nh trong y t. - Cc dn xut ca indan v cyclohexan c hn DDT. Sau y l liu gy c v liu cht ca mt s hp cht clo hu c. * Lindan (Hexaclor - Cyclorhexax): liu gy cht chut qua ng tiu ha l 125 200 mg/kg th trng, th l 60 - 200 mg/kg th trng, ch 40 - 200 mg/kg th trng, nga khong 50 mg/kg th trng. ng vt non mn cm vi lindan hn ng vt trng thnh. Lindan pha trong nc nng 0,05% tm cho b di 2 thng tui dit k sinh trng gy ng c v cht. Nu dng lindan dng xng khi, nng trong khng kh 0,0002%, sau khi xng khi 30 pht - 2 gi, gia cm ng c v cht. Lindan thi tr rt chm khi c th. 54% thi qua nc tiu, 13% thi qua phn. * Toxaphen policlorcamphen (C10H10Cl8): Liu cht per.os: chut 40- 125 mg/kg, mo 60 mg/kg, ch 15- 60 mg/kg, d 100- 200 mg/kg, b 50 mg/kg th trng. Liu ti thiu gy c b di 2 thng tui l 5 - 40 mg/kg, b 35 mg/kg, d trng thnh 25 mg/kg th trng. * Metoxiclor (p - p ,- dimetoxi - diphenyl - trychloretylen): Liu cht per.os chut 5000 - 7000 mg/kg th trng. B ang b m 500 - 1000 mg/kg th trng gy ng c nng. Cu c th chu c liu 1000 mg/kg th trng khng gy ng c. - Nga mn cm nht vi hexacloran: + Liu gy c 10 mg/kgP; Liu gy cht 20 mg/kgP. * Lindan: liu gy cht ch l 10 - 100 mg/kgP per os. * Hexacloran:

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+ Cu: 100 mg/kgP per os, 35 ngy gy cht. PPHC tch ly trong m m 8 thng khi cho tru, b, ln, th PPHC Liu 0,01 - 0,5 g/kgP. * DDT: - Liu gy cht per os: tru, b: 0,2 g/kg; b 0,44 g/kgP; cu 0,1 g/kgP; th (mn cm nht) 0,05 g/kgP; g 0,5 g/kgP gy c v 1 g/kgP gy cht. Ln t mn cm hn cc loi vt khc vi DDT v HCH, chu c liu 0,5 g/kgP per os m khng gy c. Nu phun tr k sinh trng DDT 1,5% v HCH 5% nhc li nhiu ln s gy c. - Nu bi ngoi da Tocophen, cloran v kcylol 1,5% gy cht cu non, d v b. - Liu cht per os ch: + Aldrin 59 - 105 mg/kgP; + Dildrin 65 - 95 mg/kgP. Sc vt bo mn cm hn vi Clor hu c so vi con gy v nhng cht ny tch ly nhiu trong m v rt chm thi tr. Sc vt non v b i mn cm hn nhng con ln v no. Dung dch DDT v HCH trong du v m c hn nhiu so vi dng dng bt bi ngoi da. f. Chn on ng c * Triu chng lm sng. - Ng c qua ng tiu ho + Cc triu chng sm ti ng tiu ho: Tit nc bt, nn ma, au bng, a chy. + Cc biu hin thn kinh, c: Bn chn, s hi, run ry, run c, kch thch qu mc, mt iu ha. Yu c, gim vn ng, gim ng tc th lc. Lm ng tc kh v d mt c (trng hp in hnh) do ri lon bm Na+ K+ ATPase. + Biu hin h thn kinh trung ng: Ri lon thc: vt v, kch ng... Nng: hn m. Co git: co git kiu cn ng kinh ton th. + Biu hin tim mch: Ngoi tm thu tht. Tn thng nng gy cn nhp nhanh, rung tht, tru mch l du hiu tin lng nng. + Biu hin ti gan: Tn thng nng biu hin ca bnh cnh vim gan nhim c: vng da, gan to... (gan l ni chuyn ho ch yu ca clo hu c). Sau y l triu chng ng c cc hp cht clo hu c cc loi gia sc, gia cm: Tru, b Ng c HCH: Xy ra vi gi sau khi n phi thc n c c; thn nhit tng (0,7-1,20C) tim p mnh v nhanh, tng nhp th, gim n, khng nhai li, chy nhiu nc di, nghin rng, n vo vng d c gy au. Sau 1-2 ngy quan st thy con vt b lit d c hon ton, vim d dy - rut, tng nhu ng rut dn n b a chy, phn lng ln cht nhy, con vt b suy sp. - Con vt bn chn, run ry, co git n co cng c, trc khi cht ng t mt gin.

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- Xt nghim mu: s lng bch cu tng v nghing t, lympho gim, lng Hb gim, tiu cu tng, fibrinogen tng, thi gian mu ng gim 50%, nc tiu c ng v albumin. Ng c DDT: Triu chng xut hin sau 12-24 gi b nhim c. - Con vt bn chn khng yn, run c c bit l c vng lng v chn sau. - B v cu co git, mt thng bng sau b lit chn, b n, a chy, cht sau khi suy sp do co git. Nga Ng c HCH: Bn chn, au bng do co tht, co git kiu tetanos, s hi, th nng v nhanh, nhu ng rut tng, v m hi v tng xc gic. Ln Ng c HCH: r, i ng siu vo (mt iu ha), co git v cht. Ng c DDT: Kch thch v no, nhp th gim v ri lon, run c v cht. - Dng mn tnh: tn thng gan cc mc khc nhau. Gia cm B n, run c dn n co git, lit v cht. Ng c mn: L giai on sau ng c cp nng hoc do thng xuyn tip xc vi clo hu c. Sau nhiu ngy mi xut hin cc triu chng ng c. Con vt lc u run nh, sau mi co git. Gia cm b ng c mn tnh khng c triu chng thn kinh, thng b n, nm gc mt ch, lng x xc, rng. Thymus v tuyn gip trng ph i. Nhiu trng hp c thp khp cp. Mt s cht gy hin tng porfirin c nhiu trong mu (Delta-ALA-sylterase b kch hot). Trong nc tiu v trong phn c nhiu sn phm chuyn ha ca porfirin. * Tn thng bnh l Ng c HCH: Xut huyt di da, phi v mng phi, lon dng (distrophia) gan, thn, phi, m xung quanh thn c mi HCH. Ng c DDT: Gan sng nhim m, hoi t phn gia tiu thy. Hoi th thn v c chn sau. M nhum mu vng. tru, b cn thy b xut huyt lan trn nim mc d dy, rut v c tim. * Tin lng: Sc vt b ng c DDT thng b cht sau 24 - 36 g. Sc vt b ng c cc loi Clo hu c khc thng b cht sau 4 - 10 ngy. C th b nhm ln vi ng c mui n, phospho hu c, vim no virus gia cm. * Chn on qua cc xt nghim: - Trong trung hp gia sc b ng c cp: nh lng clo hu c trong mu v nc tiu bng phng php sc k. nh lng cht chuyn ho ca clo hu c trong mu xc nh chn on. - Trong trung hp gia sc b ng c mn: Tm clo hu c trong m m, sa. - Kt qu xt nghim cc ch tiu huyt hc cho thy: Hm lng cc men SGOT, SGPT tng, Bilirubin mu tng v CPK mu tng.

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g. iu tr ng c. * Cc bin php hn ch hp thu: + Phi nhim cht c qua da: Tm ra bng x phng, nc hoc cht ty ra. Cc con vt lng di cn c ct bt. Ngi chm sc bnh sc cn mc o ma bo h. + Phi nhim cht c qua ng tiu ha: Ngng s dng thc n c c. - Ra d dy (nga), diu (gia cm); Cho n than hot tnh (500 - 1000 g/ngy) i vi i gia sc. - Ln: tim thuc gy nn (veratrin 0,02 - 0,03 trong 5 - 10 ml cn hoc 1 - 3 ml chormotonin 0,1%). Sau dng thuc ty (Natri hay Magie sulphat). - Chng tn thng gan: Truyn dung dch glucose 30% t 500 - 800 ml cho GS, cho GS v 30 - 80 mg cho TGS. Tim thm vitaminB1 600 mg. Ng c DDT: bt buc tim VitaminB2 5 - 10 mg cho ln, ch. Nu khng c VitaminB2 th cho men bia hoc men bnh m 0,4 - 1 kg/ngy cho GS. Cho polyvitamin B1, B2, C, A, E, K. Canxigluconat 40-80 g pha trong dung dch glucoza 10% cho GS. - Chng run c v co git: chm lnh vo ma h, tim chm tnh mch Natribromid 10%, liu 30 ml/100 kgP v 1% Novocain cho GS. Uretan 0,1 mg/kgP cho tiu gia sc. - Chng co git: Uretan, mui bromid, luminal natri: 0,06 - 0,07 g/kgP: s.c hoc i.v. cho ch. Pentotal natri 13 - 17 mg/kgP pha long thnh dung dch 2% tim tnh mch cho GS v TGS. Chloralhydrat 4 - 6 gam, cn etynic 330 100 ml tim tnh mch cho GS. Khng c cht khng c c hiu. * Phng bnh: Ch khi cho sc vt n thc n l c, cy sau khi ngng phun thuc t nht 20-30 ngy, c bit trong trng hp tri ma nh. Cho n thc n chua an ton hn. 2.4. phng ngi v gia sc nhim c ho cht bo v thc vt phng nhim c cc thuc BVTV cn thc hin nhiu bin php ng b. Ngi phun thuc tr su phi tun theo cc quy nh: Khng c dng tay trc tip khuy trn thuc tr su khi pha dung dch phun. Cn phi s dng cc phng tin phng h lao ng trong qu trnh phun: eo gng tay cao su, eo khu trang. Khi phun phi i git li, ngc theo chiu gi. Thay qun o v tm sau khi phun. * Yu cu v sinh khu bo qun v vn chuyn thuc tr su. - Kho cha thuc tr su phi xa im dn c, xa khu chn nui v xa ngun nc t nht l 200 m. - Kho cha thuc phi c kha. Thuc tr su phi ng trong cc bao b c bit, c dn nhn. Phi x l bao b cn thn chng tr thnh v hi: un bao b bng kim loi hoc thy tinh vi nc vi, bao b bng giy hoc g th em t. - Trong kho khng c thc phm, thc n chn nui. - Vn chuyn thuc tr su trn nhng xe ring. Nghim cm dng xe chuyn ch thuc tr su ch ngi, sc vt, thc phm, thc n chn nui... Sau khi chuyn ch xong phi ra xe bng nc vi, nc javel... ri ra sch bng nc. Bo v khng kh khi b nhim c bi cc thuc tr su c ngha quan trng trong phng nhim c. Nng thuc tr su trong khng kh khng c vt qu nng cho php vi tng cht ni lm vic, chung tri...

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Ngi lao ng phi c trang b y cc phng tin bo h lao ng. Phng tin phng h ng h hp l quan trng nht: dng mt n phng c, nu khng c mt n phng c th phi dng khu trang... Bng 4.2: D lng cho php ca mt s ha cht bo v thc vt Tn ha cht 1. Lindan 2. Clorofot (Diptrex) 3. DDVP 4. DDT 5. Kentan 6. Melatinon 7. Metofot (Volfatox) 8. Sevin (Cacbavil) 9. Thiofot (Cha phn hu) 10. Thiofot ( phn hu) 11. Metafot ( phn hu) Thc phm - Sa, du, m, trng - Thc phm khc - Sn phm thc vt - Sn phm ng vt - Bt m - Cc loi khc - Tt c cc loi thc phm - Cc sn phm thc vt - Cc loi qu v ht - Mi thc phm - Cc loi qu - Mi thc phm - Mi thc phm - Mi thc phm D lng cho php (mg/kg) 0,0 1,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 1,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,0 5,0

* D lng HCBVTV trong t: cha c ch tiu cho php. Bng 4.3: Tc phn hu mt s hp cht phospho hu c trong t Ha cht Cacbafot DDVP Metafot (Volfatox) Thiofot Thi gian phn hu (ngy) 1 1 7 14 T l % b phn hu 97 87 95 35

* D lng HCBVTV trong nc: D lng HCBVTV trong nc rt nguy him i vi sc kho ca ngi v gia sc c bit l khu vc nh my sn xut thuc tr su. Nc thi nh my vo cng rnh ra sng ngi lm nhim ngun nc. 3. Thuc dit chut Thuc dit chut (Rodenticide, Rat poison) l mt ho cht, hay bt k sn phm no c tc dng dit chut bao gm: Chut nh, chut cng, chut ti vng, squirrels... Thuc chut theo ng ngha ca n l ch dit chut m khng c vi ngi v sc vt, tuy nhin loi ny hin nay vn cha nghin cu sn xut c.

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3.1. Phn loi thuc dit chut. Hin nay c trn 28 loi thuc chut v c phn loi nh sau: a. Phn loi theo bn cht ho hc *Cc hp cht v c: Arsenic, thallium, phosphorus, barium carbonate v zinc phosphide. *Cc hp cht hu c: Sodium fluoroacetate, ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea), warfarin, red squill, strychnine, norbormide v PNU (N-3 pyridylmethyl-N-p-nitrophenyl urea). b. Phn loi theo c lc * Thuc dit chut c c tnh cao (nguy him): Gm cc cht c liu gy cht (LD50) < 50mg/kg. Khi ngi hoc sc vt b ng c, triu chng xut hin t 1 - 24 gi v b cht trong ngy u tin. l cc cht Thallium, Sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA 1080), Sodium monofluoroacetamide (1081), strychnine, zinc phosphide, yellow phosphorus, arsenic, barium, PNU. * Thuc dit chut c c tnh trung bnh: Gm cc cht c liu gy cht (LD50) trong khong t 50 mg - 500 mg/kg. Bao gm: ANTU alpha - Naphthyl Thiourea, cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). * Thuc dit chut c c tnh thp: Gm cc cht c liu liu gy cht (LD50) trong khong 500 mg - 5000 mg/kg. Gm: Red squill (trc o), norbormide (dicarboximide), bromethalin, warfarin, prolin, indandiones (Pindone, Pivalyn). 3.2. Mt s thuc dit chut. Cc thuc dit chut c sn xut di dng bt, nc, ht trn vo mi (b) d s dng. Cc b mi thng c nng thuc chut trong 0,1% - 10% tu loi c cht gy ng c cp. Cc mi ny ngi ta thng vo nhng ni chut chy qua. Mu ca thuc chut c th l khng mu, hoc mu xanh, hoc mu en hay . Cng c dng xng khi nh cc khi thuc tr su, hydrogenecyanide methyl bromide, carbon monoxide v phosphine thng c dng cc dng aluminium phosphide, calcium v sodium cyanide c dng rng ri. Sau y l mt s thuc dit chut c c tnh cao: Nhng cht ny c quy nh vi liu n thun LD50 < 50 mg/kg gy cht ngi, cn phi thng bo r trn nhn bao gi. a. Sodium fluoroacetate - SMFA v fluoroacetamide (hp cht 1080 v 1081) Fluoroacetate l loi thuc dit chut c tnh cao, thng gp Vit Nam nhp qua ng bin gii Bc-Trung Quc t nhiu nm ca thp k 90. Fluoroacetic acid l thnh phn c chnh ca mt loi cy Dichapetalum cymosum Nam Phi, loi Palicourea Nam M v loi gastrolobium, oxylobium v Acacia Chu c. SMFA l mt cht khng mu, khng mi, khng v, c th ho tan tinh th trong nc. * Cu trc ho hc: FCH2 - C - O (Na) FCH2 C - NH2 Ch cha hon chnh! Sodium monofluoroacetate - SMFA Fluoroacetamide (1081) trifluoroacetamide

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* ng hc v chuyn ho: Fluoroacetate hp th qua ng tiu ho, ng ht th v nim mch, khng thm qua da nguyn vn m c th qua vt thng h. Qu trnh chuyn ho cha bit r c th nhng c th tng o thi qua lc mu. Khi sodium fluoroacetate b nng ln phn hu thnh khi sodium v fluorine c tnh rt cao. cha c cng b v tim nng gy ung th ca tc nhn ny. * C ch gy c: Fluoroacetate gy c bng cch c ch chu k acid citric. Fluoroacetate kt hp vi oxaloacetate thnh dng fluorocitrate, cht ny c ch men aconitase trong chu trnh Krebs, c ch cnh tranh, qu trnh chuyn citrate thnh isocitrate b nh tr gy gy nn nh tr h hp t bo c bit t bo thn kinh trung ng v t bo tim, gy t vong. * c tnh v ng c: - Ch mo: Liu gy cht rt gn vi liu gy c, LC = 0,05 - 1,0 mg/kgP. Triu chng ng c ch rt in hnh, th hin bn chn, si bt mp, nn. Tip theo l a i lung tung, chy, sa v nn lin tc, co git kiu tetanus. C th hn m v cht trong vng 2-12 gi sau khi sau khi b ng c. mo triu chng ng c thng l nn v lon nhp tim. - Nga v tru b: Liu gy cht < 1,0 mg/kgP. Triu chng ni bt l lon nhp tim v cht t ngt. - Gia cm: Liu gy cht trong khong t 0,1 n 1,0 mg/kgP. - chut: Liu gy cht trong khong t 5 n 8 mg/kgP. - Cc xt nghim sinh ho cho thy cc hin tng: toan huyt, tng ng mu, suy thn, tng cc men transaminase, h Ca mu, tng acid uric mu. - Phn tch c cht: Phn tch dch c th v t chc c th pht hin thy fluoride v citrate ch khng thy fluoroacetate. - Cc k thut: Sc k lng, kh v sc k lng cao p (HPLC - gas - liquid choromatography) c kh nng pht hin fluoroacetate trong mu sinh hc. *iu trng c: Khng gy nn - Ra d dy: Ra d dy 3 - 5 lt nc c pha mui (5g/l). Cn ra ngay loi b s lng ln cht c trong gi u. Cho ung than hot tnh. - Gim qu trnh fluoroacetat chuyn ho thnh fluorocitrat bng cch: (1) Tim bp glyceryl monoacetate liu 0,55 g/kgP tng gi n khi t tng liu l 2 - 4 g/kgP; (2) Cho ung ethanol 50% v acid acetic 5% mi ln 8 ml/kgP. Hin nay cha c cht khng c c hiu nn hi sc tch cc v chm sc l quan trng. Truyn dch, chng ri lon nhp, chng suy h hp khi thy cn. b. Strychnin Strychnine l alcaloid ca cy m tin (Strychnos nux vomica). c s dng trong iu tr th y nh thuc kch thch thn kinh trung ng. Ngoi ra cn l thuc dit chut c c tnh cao. LD50 i vi cc loi vt nui nh sau: mo - 2 mg/kgP, ch - 0,75 mg/kgP, tru b, nga, ln - 0,5 mg/kgP, g - 5 mg/kgP v chut l 3 mg/kgP. Con vt b ng c strychnin thng co git d di, lin tc, b cht do suy h hp v hu qu ca co git. C ch gy c do strychnin tranh chp vi glycin, amin ca qu trnh c ch dn n kch thch qu mc thn kinh trung ng.

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iu tr ng c: Bnh sc c a vo ch ti, trnh nh sng, ting ng v mi kch thch. Hp ph cht c bng than hot tnh (2 g/kgP). Khng gy nn v lm tng co git. Dng thuc an thn va gin c: pentobarbital, methocarbamol (150 mg/kgP). Cho th oxy v h hp nhn to nu cn thit. Khng c cht khng c c hiu. c. Thallium sulfate (Tl2SO4) Thallium sulfate khng mi khng v, d hp thu qua ng h hp, ng d dy, rut, qua da, sc vt c th b ng c do n ng vt b ng c thallium. Hin nay trn th gii d cm dng do c tnh ca n. - C ch gy c: Tl kt hp vi nhm sulfhydryl ty lp th gy cn tr qa trnh phosphoryl oxy ho. - Triu chng ng c: Xy ra trong khong t 0,5 ngy n 2 ngy vi cc triu chng tiu ho nh au bng, nn, bun nn, nn ra mu, a chy c mu. Triu chng thn kinh xut hin sau 2 - 5 ngy nh au u, yu c, mt xu, au v yu chi, mt iu ho (ataxia), gin ng t co git, tr tr v hn m. Nu ngi hoc vt khng cht ngay thng li cc triu chng thn kinh ko di. Liu gy cht l 14 mg/kg.

Cu hi n tp 1. Trnh by c ch gy c ca cc hp cht phospho hu c v carbamat? 2. Nu cc phng php chn on ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c v carbamat v cc bin php phng, tr? 3. Trnh by c ch gy c ca hp cht clo hu c? 4. Nu cc phng php chn on ng c clo hu c v cc bin php phng, tr? 5. Trnh by c ch gy c ca cc thuc dit chut c c tnh cao (strychnin, Thallium sulfate, Sodium fluoroacetate v fluoroacetamide). 6. Nu cc bin php phng v iu tr ng c strychnin, Thallium sulfate, Sodium fluoroacetate v fluoroacetamide.

Chng V Ng c thuc th y
Hin ti s khc nhau gia thc n - thuc - cht c trong cuc sng hng ngy vn cha tht r rng. Thuc l con dao hai li, nu dng ng n c tc dng cha bnh, ngc li l cht c. Khi nng thuc trong c th cao ( mu cao thng do nhim c cp; trong t chc cao thng do nhim c mn tnh) u gy ra trng thi ng c thuc. Chng ny khng cp n cc trng hp s dng thuc qu hn, km phm cht. Cng khng bn n trng hp tu tin, hay do trnh chuyn mn km, bo qun, pha ch khng ng qui cch...dn n ng c thuc th y. Ch yu phn ny cp n nhng vn sau - Ng c thuc c lin quan n bn thn cc dng thuc s dng. - Hin tng d ng thuc - Tc dng ph ca rthuc

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- c tnh ca thuc khng sinh v cc thuc ho hc tr liu trong chn nui th y. Do nhu cu thuc phng tr bnh cho ng vt ngy cng tng, s lng v chng loi s dng ngy cng nhiu. Tnh trng s dng nhm thuc a ti ng c l khng th trnh khi. Chn nui theo kiu cng nghip pht trin, s u gia sc, gia cm nhiu, vic s dng thuc phi tin hnh i tr, ng lot, do vy s gp cc trng hp ng c sau: Nhng c th c mn cm vi thuc cao cng tn ti trong n. Nhng con c sn cc yu t bnh l v gan, tim, thn... lm gim sc chu ng vi thuc Khi tim vacin cng lm gim kh nng chu thuc gy ng c. S dng thuc khng ng qui nh: qu liu do pha trn khng u, ch nhiu, ch t... 1. i cng 1.1. Nguyn nhn Do liu lng thuc: qu liu, sai liu lng, liu trnh. Ngc li c th do gim liu trong qu trnh iu tr hay dng qu lu mt loi thuc. Cng c th do s tng tc gia cc thuc dng khi iu tr. C th ng vt b bnh v gan, thn nn gim kh nng o thi thuc. ng a thuc khng thch hp, sai chu k dng thuc. Do tc dng ph c hi ca thuc: Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) mt phn ng c hi ca thuc khng c nh trc v xut hin liu phng, tr lm thay i mt chc nng sinh l (tc dng c hi xut hin liu dng thuc cho php). ADR khng bao gm nhng phn ng do dng sai thuc, sai liu ca nguyn nhn mt. Nguy c xut hin RDA l hu qu khng th trnh khi ca vic dng thuc. Hu nh tt c cc thuc c hiu lc, d c dng khn kho n my u c th gy RDA. 1.2. Bin php phng Tu theo nguyn nhn gy ra c bin php phng nga thch hp. Vi nguyn nhn th nht ch yu l do thao tc k thut ca cn b chuyn mn. Khi gia sc b trng c do nguyn nhn nay, ta nhn bit c ngay, c bin php khc phc kp thi. Gan, thn l hai ni chuyn ho tha tr cht c ch yu. T bo gan to enzym gip cho qu trnh chuyn ho thuc bng cc phn ng: oxy ho kh, thu phn, kt hp... bin thuc thnh nhng sn phm khng hay t c thi ra ngoi qua thn, hay tan trong dch mt theo phn ra ngoi. Mun c nng ca gan c tng cng trong khi ng c thuc cng nh cc cht c hi khc cn ch : Dng cc vitamin, nht l nhm vitamin tan trong du: vitamin A, D, E v cc acid amin khng thay th: methionin, L- lysin, cystein... Qu trnh kh c ca thuc cn nng lng, tn glucoza, cn tip thm glucoza 5%, hay 10%. Dung dch ny va cung cp nng lng va tng li tiu, tng thi cht c. Dng cc thuc kch thch qu trnh li mt, to mt: colagonum, cao actiso, cao gan Tim cc cht kch hot sn sinh enzym P450 hay cc cht chelat ho cht cng cua to phc khng cho thuc ngm qua vch t bo. Dng thuc i khng: i khng ho hc, vt l, hay tc dng dc l. Khi a thuc vo c th s lm gim nng thuc c trong mu v t chc.

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i khng ha hc, vt l: khi b cao sn b ng c toan (aceton huyt do n nhiu tinh bt) cn b sung NaHCO3 trung ho lng acid trong mu. Khi ng c cc kim loi nng: Cu, Hg, Fe, Pb... dng EDTA - cht cng cua gii c. Cht DETA s gn cht vi kim loi nng, gi khng hp thu c, ri thi ra ngoi. Dng thuc i khng dc l: ng c thuc m, thuc ng dng cc thuc kch thch h thn kinh trung ng: caphein, strychnin, long no hay ngc li. Ng c cc thuc tr ni, ngoi k sinh trng: Mebendazol, Levamyzol, Detomax... dng Atropin. 1.3. Hin tng d ng thuc D ng thuc c xu hng ngy cng tng do c nhiu loi thuc mi ra i. Trong lm sng li s dng thuc ba bi, khng c nguyn tc c bit l thuc khng sinh. Khi iu tr mt ca bnh c th hay kt hp nhiu thuc cng mt lc, nu khng nm r c ch tc dng, dc ng hc, nht l cc tnh tng k ca chng ...rt hay gp d ng thuc. a. Nhng yu t nh hng n pht sinh d ng Theo Del - Rio - Navario B.E phn thnh - Thuc v thuc: Tnh cht l ho ca thuc (cc thuc thuc nhm b - lactam, nhm thuc h st, gim au, novocain v cc acid aminosalicylic, sulfadiazin v cc sulfamid khc cc cht ny c nhng thnh phn cu trc ho hc tng t nhau..). Thuc l mt hapten, khi vo c th s kt hp vi protein ca huyt tng hay ca m bo. Khi thuc c vai tr nh mt khng nguyn. Do vy c kh nng kch tch c th sinh khng th gy d ng. Phn ng d ng c th xut hin vi thuc c cu trc khng nguyn ging vi thuc gy mn cm. - Ph thuc ng a thuc: D ng thuc hay gp khi cho ung vi nhng c th c bit, shock phn v c th xy ra khi dng thuc by k ng no nhng nu tim gp nhiu hn, nht cc thuc thuc nhm b - lactam khi tim hay vi ch mo tim B - comlex vo di da rt d gy d ng. - Cch s dng thuc: Dng thuc ko di, dng nhiu thuc cng mt lc, dng thuc ngt qung cng d gy d ng thuc. - Yu t gia sc: loi, tui, tnh trng bnh l thng gia sc non, con qu gi u mn cm vi thuc hn. T l di ng thuc nhm gia sc ny cng c hn do cc men chuyn ho, ging ho thuc gan ca chung cha c hon thin hay cng nng ca gan, thn km.... - C a v tin s d ng. Hay gp nhng ngi c c a d ng atopy khi dng thuc d b d ng hn. Nhng ngi c tin s d ng thuc th bn thn ngi v cc con u d b d ng thuc khi dng li thuc .

b. C ch:
D ng thuc thuc d ng typI theo phn loi ca Gell v Coombs, gm 3 giai on: * Giai on 1:. K t khi d nguyn (thuc) vo c th. D nguyn c cc t bo khng nguyn trnh din tip nhn ri truyn thng tin ny n t bo Th2. Th2 di tc ng ca IL4 v IL13 (Interleukin 4 v 13) lm t bo lympho B bit ho thnh plasmocyte. T bo ny s tng hp khng th IgE. Cc IgE s gn ln mng mastocyte nh cc receptor c hiu. * Giai on 2: Giai on sinh ho bnh. Khi d nguyn ln 2 vo c th, d nguyn ny s kt hp vi khng th c sn gn trn mng mastocyte nh cc receptor c hiu. S kt hp ny lm t bo mastocyte tn thng, gii phng ra cc cht trung gian ho hc (mediators): histamin, serotonin, bradykinin, leucotrien

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* Giai on 3: Sinh l bnh. Cc cht trung gian ho hc trn tc ng h thng nim mc ca cc c quan. H h hp: ph qun, ph nang, mi, hng... H thng tim mch, c bit mao mch di da...gy nn d ng: hen, mi m day, ph Quincke, vim mi d ng, shock phn v c. Triu chng lm sng Hi chng lm sng ca d ng thuc rt a dng, biu hin ch yu ngoi da, nim mc ming mi, mt, km theo nhng tn thng cc c quan khc nhau: gan, thn, phi, mu... * Sc phn v: L d ng nghim trng nht, d gy t vong. Thng xut hin sau 30 pht. Xut hin cng sm, bnh cng nng. Cc thuc hay gy ra shock phn v: Cc khng sinh: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxim, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Citrimmoxazol, Cloramphenicol, Chlortetracyclin, Streptomycin, Cephalosporidin, Lincomycin... Cc thuc c phn t ln: huyt thanh, vaccin, globulin, dextran Thuc gy t: Procain, Lindocain. Thuc chng vim physteroid: Indomethacin, Salicylat, Anagin Cc vitamin tim tnh mch: Vitamin C, vitamin B1; Cc loi m: Moriamin, Alvesin, plasma, Beotamin Cc thuc khc: Optalidon, Pamin, Seda, Insulin, hormon ACTH... Ch nhng din bin mun xy ra sau shock phn v: vim c tim d ng, vim thn, vim cu thn, vim ph qun, my ay, ph quicke ti pht nhiu ln. Mi ng a thuc u c th gy ra nhng nng nht khi tin tnh mch. Mo, ch tim B - comlex di da hay tnh mch. Lc u c th mi m day, ph Quincke. Tng tun hon, huyt p, th nhanh. Sau chuyn nhanh sang ri lon h hp, tun hon, tm ti, tt huyt p...Tiu ho au bng, nn ma, tiu chy ran mu... * My ay: Cng hay gp khi d ng thuc. Cc loi thuc u c th gy d ng, nhng hay gp cc thuc khng sinh, thuc chng vim physteroid (CVPS), vitamin, huyt thanh... Sau khi dng thuc vt c cm gic nng, nga. Xut hin cc m ban sng to, dy di da gy nga rt kh chu, cng gi cng sng to, ph nhanh. i khi km theo au bng, du khp, chng mt, nn, st... * Ph Quincke: Nm 1882 tc gi Quincke m t: trong da, t chc di da xut hin tng m sng, ph n, ng knh 2 - 10 cm trn da mt lng, khp, nhiu nht m mt v mi. Mu sc da c th bnh thng hay hi ti, hoc hi hng. Ming, thanh qun sng, ph n, gy kh th. Cc thuc hay gy d ng: Penicilin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclin, Chloramphenicol, Sulphamid, Cc thuc chng vim physteroid, heparin, hormon tuyn yn, insulin... Quincke c th xut hin sau vi pht, vi gi hay vai ngy. Ph Quincke nu bn trong nim mc ng h hp, tiu ho tit niu.. Quincke thanh qun nguy him nht gy t vong. * Hi chng (Stevens - Jhnon syndrome): Gy vim lot da v nim mc do thuc nht l thuc khng sinh: Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycllin, Chloraphenicol.. cc thuc chng vim physteroid: Anagin, Paracetamol

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* Hen ph qun do thuc: Cn kh th xut hin sau khi tip xc vi thuc. Nghe phi y ran rt, ran ngy. Nhiu thuc c th l yu t sinh hc gy hen ph qun d ng: Penicillin, Sulphamid, Hydrothiazid, Methotrexat... 1.4. Tc dng ph ca thuc Trong lch s dng thuc c nhng cht c cuc i lm thuc rt di: Morphin, Digitalis, Aspirin... C nhng cht c dng lm thuc rt tt nhng trong qu trnh theo di, iu tr bnh pht hin ra cc tc dng ph nguy hi n sc kho cng ng, sc vt nn mc d vn cn hiu lc cha bnh nhng b loi ra khi dnh mc thuc: Santonin, Pyramidon, cc sulfamid c in, Phenacetyl, Chloramphenicol, cc n xut ca bc, asen trong tr k sinh trng ng mu... Cc nguyn nhn gy tc dng ph ca thuc gm: * Thuc v ng vt: ng vt nui qu mn vi thuc (shock phn v), liu iu tr khi tim naganol phng tr k sinh trng ng mu cho tru b nhng vn c con b d ng vi thuc, chim khong 0,02%. Vt nui b d ng vi thuc khng sinh, c bit nht l nhm b - lactame. * Thuc v dng thuc, ng a thuc: ng dng thuc khc nhau nh Vitamin nhm B, C, tim tnh mch gy chong phn v, nhng nu ung khng gp phn ng ny. * tinh khit ca thuc Mt th thuc d hon ho n my cng khng th l cht siu sch l tng c. Tp cht trong thuc c nhiu ngun gc khc nhau: (1) Do nguyn liu ban u tng hp hay ch bin nhng cha loi ht. Tp cht l cc hot cht ph c trong dc liu khi chit xut i km theo hot cht chnh. Tp cht c hnh thnh trong qu trnh bo qun thuc iu kin bt li. (2) Do qu trnh bo ch, sn xut, xy ra nhiu phn ng ho hc khc khng cn thit. (3) Tng tc gia cc thuc vi nhau. 2. c tnh ca mt s thuc th y Thuc vo nc ta bng nhiu ng khc nhau cha kim sot c. Trong khi li c hng trm c s v cng ty kinh doanh, sn xut, xut nhp khu thuc th y ln nh ng trn c nc. Cng thm vo trnh hiu bit ca dn cn cha y , nn d c nguy c xut hin cc phn ng c hi ca thuc. tin theo di, trnh nhng sai lm ng tic trong lm sng, khi dng thuc cn ch n c tnh ca thuc. Tu loi thuc, tu loi ng vt m c tnh ca chng biu hin trong lm sng c khc nhau. 2.1. Thuc khng sinh a. Nhm beta-lactam - D ng: hay gp trn ln ngoi: chong phn v, tru tim mch, kh th, ni m ay, c khi pht ban hay bng nc. - Lon khun ng rut hay gp g chn nui cng nghip hay ln con t 1 - 21 ngy tui khi ung Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. ng vt nui s b tiu chy nng sau khi dng thuc. Ampicillin trn ch, mo v b c th gp: ri lon vn ng, tng huyt p, kh th. Liu c ca Penicillin G gp 2700 ln so vi liu iu tr trn gia sc. Khi dng thuc cn lu dng Procain - penicillin chm v cc thuc bn tng hp: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin,

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Oxacillin... . Penicilin G trn nga, ch, b gp tng huyt p, d ng, kch thch thn kinh trung ng, nn, co git. Vim thn c th gp trn nga. Bi nhim nm ng tiu ha gp trn b Cc thuc tng hp thuc nhm Cephalosporidin trn g cng nghip v chim ct. Cc thuc ny cng gy tc dng ph ging nh trn ln ngoi: shock phn v, d ng, tiu chy, ri lon qu trnh to mu b. Nhm aminoglycozid. Cc thuc thuc nhm ny gm: Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin... Khi b ng c cp gy lit trung khu h hp, vn mch g con, g ty, thu cm, nht l vt con rt nhy cm vi Streptomycin. Nu tim c vt con d cht rt nhanh. Ng c cp tnh hay gp vi cc loi d day n v nhng ng vt c bnh vim thn, suy thn do kh nng thi tr cc Amynoglucozid km s gy hin tng v niu hay thiu niu. Vt cht trong tnh trng hn m do c t tch li nhiu trong mu. Trng hp shock ca thuc trong nhm ny rt t, nhng nhng con b c t l cht rt cao. Theo di trn lm sng c ti 6/10 ng vt b cht khi shock do dng thuc thuc nhm Amynoglucozid. Ng c mn s lm lit thn kinh c - xng, ng vt nui c b, ln, ch, mo u b mt thng bng, ri lon vn ng, ph, lit thn kinh thnh gic gy ic ngi. C bit trn ln v ch khi dng Erythromycin tim, c con b au do ni tim vim. Ri lon v thn kinh thnh gic gp trn ch nghip v do tin nh b nhim c trc c tai, gy chng mt ri lon vn ng, mt thng bng do no b ph, tch nc, tai ch b ri ic. Tc dng xy ra trong khi dng thuc lu ngy (dng thuc qu 10 ngy), v ko di khi ngng thuc 7 ngy c khi hng thng. Hay cng c th xy ra do trc khi dng nhm Amynoglucozid dng cc thuc c c vi thnh gic: Furosemid hay Vancomycin. - c vi thn. Cc Amynoglucozid thi ra ngoi nguyn vn qua thn. Nu thn b suy s gy tch lu v thn (nng thuc trong thn cao gp 20 - 30 ln so vi huyt tng) hay gp ng vt d dy n c tin s v bnh thn. Gy vim cu thn cp n n v niu. Khi c th mt mui, nc c tnh thuc cn tng ln. - Lm gin c vn. Thuc c tc dng hip ng vi nhm curare (thuc gy mm c khi phu thut). Nu dng lu c th gy lit c h hp. c vi thai, nht l ch gy sy thai k 3. c. Nhm tetracycline. Vi loi nhai li (b), sau khi tim tnh mch Tetracyclin hay gp cc triu chng: lo u, bun chn, c nhng biu hin kh chu, nhng li d b kch ng, nc bt chy nhiu. Sau khu h vi sinh vt ng rut b ri lon, nht l loi nhai li. Khi tim bp Oxytetracyclin cho nga, cu hay gp vim ti ch. Cn lm tng lng trombocyt, leucocyt trong mu gy nh hng n qu trnh ng mu. Trn b nu tim bp qu liu (c bit ngay liu iu tr) gy ng c cp s mt thng bng, suy sp, kh th b lit trung khu h hp, vn mch, gy tn thng gan, ri lon qu trnh to xng ca ng vt. Mt vi trng hp c th gy methemoglobin khi tim mch - Gn vo xng: thuc tham gia chelat ho vi ion Ca++ gim s to xng, km pht trin khung xng gy ci xng. - Ri lon tiu ho, vim ming - li - hu - thc qun. C th gy tiu chy do lon khun (thng 3 ngy). Khi dng thuc lu ngy r gy bi nhim nm ng tiu ha, vt s b mt thng bng, r, chn n, c th b st t vi ngy n vi tun.

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Liu cao gy tn thng gan, suy thn (triu chng r khi sc vt c thai). Vi g v gia sc sinh sn nu dng Doxycyline lm gim sn lng trng, gim kh nng th thai, gim s con trn la , gim sn sinh tinh trng v hot lc tinh trng. Trn thi trng c loi Tetra-eggs dng cho g trng hay sc vt sinh sn thnh phn c cha chlo hay oxy tetracycline l nhng loi t hay khng c phn b trong bung trng v dch t cung, dch hon == khng c cho ng vt sinh sn. Ch : Nu tim bp cng c th gy au do b vim. Mo c th gy st do thuc khong 2 ngy sau khi ngng thuc. Khng dng khi gia sc b nhc c, mang thai, khai thc sa, suy gan, thn. d. Nhm lincosamid Gy tiu chy mt nc v cht in gin nng do rut b vim th mng gi, st, xut huyt nim mc. Nn, nga hu mn (gia sc, nht l ch, no hay quay li lim hu mn), vim xoang ming, li, li. Nu dng phi hp Lincomycin vi Spetinomycin trn b c th gp shock qu mn xy ra ngay sau khi tim. Phi hp lincimycin vi Neomycin tim cho loi linh trng s b shock qu mn xy ra ngay tc khc 5 -10 giy ging nh shock ca penicilin trn ngi. e. Nhm polypeptid Khi s dng Polymycin B tr bnh cho ch s gp hin tng tng BUN. f. Nhm quinolone (c th h I v II) - H tiu ho: Gy ri lon tiu ho, tch thc, au bng, c th nn. - Liu cao gy co git, lm tn thng m sn == nh hng n tc pht trin. Ch : khng dng khi gia sc c cha k I v k III, ang khai thc sa (dng sa cho b con b); hay khi b bnh suy gan, thn. g. Nhm nitro - imidazole - Trn h tiu ho gia sc c hin tng chn n, bun nn, vim ming v li, giai on sau li b en, ri b tiu chy. - Gy ri lon hot ng thn kinh khi dng liu cao, lu ngy do cc dy thn kinh thnh, th gic v thn kinh ngoi vi b vim == ri lon vn ng, t khi gp. Ch : Khng dng khi c cha k I, ang nui con, hay b bnh cc c quan to mu. h. Cc sulfamid Biu hin mn cm: hay gp trn d dy n: ch, mo, ln ... Gy vim da bng nc, bong biu b, tn thng nim mc mi, ming. Nu bi trn da gy vim da do tip xc. Hin tng rng lng gp nhiu trn ch, mo. - Gy tn thng thn loi d dy n do hin tng acetyl ho thnh cc sn phm khng tan trong mi trng a xit gy si mu xanh, tm trong b thn, bng quang, gan, ng mt. Vi ch gp: kh i tiu (i dt), sau chuyn v niu, hm lng BUN tng cao, mu khng ng. Vi loi linh trng li tn lu trong t bo - Gy ri lon tiu ho, khng nhai li (b), thc n tch trong thc qun hu (nga), sau chn n vi ngy ri tiu chy. K pht vim phc mc sau chuyn vim dnh ton bng. Gy thiu mu do thiu a xid folic to t bo mu. Vng da do gan b bnh hay b tc ng mt.

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Ch : khng dng cho gia sc b suy gan, thn, c thai, cho con b, ng vt non. Cn thn khi dng cc sulfamid chm: Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethoxypyzidazin = SMP hay Co trimoxazole c cha Sulfamethoxazole, Fan - sidar c cha Sulfadoxine. i. Thuc chng nm AmphotericinB: c vi thn, gy gim K+ v Mg++ trong mu, st vim tnh mch huyt khi. Trn ch hay gp co git c, st do thuc. C mo v ch u c hin tng tng BUN. Ketoconazole: gy ri lon tiu ho, d ng ngoi da, c vi gan, ri lon sinh dc, gim kh nng sinh tinh trn con c. Khng dng khi c thai hay cho con b. Miconazole: ri lon tiu ho, d ng, vim tnh mch, gim bch cu v lipid/mu, lon nhp tim (nu tim tnh mch). Khng dng khi c thai hay ang nui con. Fluconazole: gy ri lon tiu ho, sng phn, d ng trn da. Khng dng khi c cha v cho con b. Sau y l bng cc thuc cm dng hay dng cn ch .

Bng 5.1: S dng thuc trong iu tr bnh cho ng vt c cha STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Thuc cm dng Chloramphenicol Dapsone Dehydroemetine, emitine Erythromycin estolate Furazolidone Griseofulvin Mefloquine Nitrofurantoin Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Oxamniquine Primaquine Cc sulfamid Cc tetracycline Co-trimxazole (Bactrim) Cc quinolone c 2 th h Dng thn trng Cc aminoglucozid Amphotericin B Clindamycin Ethambutol Fluconazole Imipenem Idoquinol Isoniazid Ketoconazol Mebendazole Miconazole Piperazin Pyrazinamide Pyrimethamine Quinacrine Quinine

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17

Cc nitro - imidazol nh Metronidazole

Rifampicin Thiabendazol Vancomycin Trimethoprim

Sau y l bng danh sch cc thuc c o thi qua sa m. Trong giai an khai thc sa hay nui con cn lu phng c cho ngi v u sc. Bng 5.2.: Thuc ho hc tr liu thi ra qua sa S sai khc gia l thuyt v thc nghim L thuyt Mi trng a cid Penicillin G Cloxacillin Ampicillin Amoxycillin Cephaloridin Sulfadimethoxine Sulfamethazine 2,7 2,7 2,7; 7,2 2,7; 7,2 3,4 6,0 7,4 6,8 6,8 6,8 6,8 6,8 6,6 6,6 Mi trng kim Erythromycin Tylosin Lincomycin Trimethoprim Amynoglucozid Spectinomycin 8,8 7,1 7,6 7,6 (7,8) 8,8 6,8 6,8 6,5 - 6,8 6,5 - 6,8 6,5 - 6,9 7,5 0,4 6,1 3,0 2,8 2,8 - 5,3 8,7 3,5 2,0 - 5,6 2,9 - 4,9 0,20 - 0,80 0,20 0,20 0,26 0,26 0,25 0,19 0,55 0,24 - 0,28 0,23 0,59 0,13 - 0,26 0,25 - 0,30 0,24 - 0,30 Thc nghim

Tn thuc

pKa

Milk pH

Dng bt nguyn cht, t nhin Chloramphenicol Oxytetracyclin Doxycyline 6,5 - 7,1 6,5 - 6,8 6,5 - 6,8 (1,0) 1,1 0,75 1,53

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k. Tc hi ca tn d khng sinh * i vi sc kho. nh hng ca cht tn d khng sinh n sc kho ca gia sc, con ngi c th trc tip hay gin tip: Chloramphenicol gy qui thai, suy tu, ri lon h vi sinh vt ng rut... * Cc phn ng d ng: c bit i vi nhng c th mn cm, s c mt cc cht tn d trong thc phm c ngun gc ng vt c th gy ra phn ng d ng trn ngi mn cm. Nhng ngi c sn c a d ng vi nhm b - lactam, khi ung sa b hay dng cc sn phm cn tn lu nhng thuc khng sinh thuc nhm ny s b d ng mi m ay hay tiu chy. * Gy ri lon khu h vi sinh vt ng rut: Chng c nh hng xu theo 2 cch: - Bin i thnh phn h vi sinh vt, git cht vi khun c li, to iu kin thun li cho vi khun khng thuc pht trin. c rt nhiu bng chng v vi khun khng thuc c th truyn t ng vt sang ngi. iu ny gy kh khn trong vic chn on, chn thuc iu tr s bnh. S truyn tnh khng thuc ca vi khun gy bnh ng vt sang ngi c th do tip xc trc tip hay qua ng tiu ho khi dng thc n b nhim vi khun khng thuc hay do nhim vi khun khng thuc ti cc bnh vin. Vic ny li do vic s dng khng sinh ba bi, tu tin trong c nhn y v th y, nht l vic dng khng sinh vi mc ch kch thch tng trng. - Cht tn d ca cc tc nhn khng khun trong thc phm (tn d thuc ho hc tr liu trong c khng sinh) c nng cao hn LMR - Limite Maximale Residuc s gp phn to vi khun khng thuc trn ngi. * Tc hi v mt cng ngh Cc tn d khng sinh cn tr vic ln men trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm: sa chua, phomat, ch xc xch... 2.2. Cc cht st khun Cht st khun l nhng cht dng vi mc ch st trng ti ch, cc b, ni tip xc vi c th vt nui (cht st trng ngoi da, vt thng, cc cht ung vo vi mc ch chng nhim khun, lon khun ng tiu ha); cc cht kh trng, ty u toa tu, xe vn chuyn vt nui, nn chung, sn chi... Ti nhng ni thuc tc dng vi t chc ca c th liu qu cao s gy hoi t t bo. Thng qua vt thng, chng c hp thu vo mu gy ri lon chc nng sinh l ton thn. Cht st khun cn bao gm c nhng cht cho vo thc phm vi mc ch c ch hay tiu dit cc vi sinh vt lm h hng thc phm trong qu trnh thu hoch, ch bin, bo qun. Nh m ko di kh nng s dng nhng vn bo m cht lng ca thc phm. Thuc nhm ny gm c cc acid mnh, kim mnh v cc mui kim loi cng c coi l cc cht c do tip xc. Trong cc acid v c, acid clohydric, acid sunphuric, acid nitric, acid photphoric l nhng acid thng gy c cho ng vt. Trong chn nui khi dng cc premix khong b sung theo ng tiu ha, nu dng qu liu s gy ng c acid hay kim ty dng thc n v loi vt nui. Cc acid hu c: acid lactic, acid acetic, acid oxalic hay gy ng c cho loi nhai li. * S hnh thnh ng c v cc dng ng c

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Khi b nhim khun ng tiu ha thng dng cc cht st khun, hay acid long cho vt nui ung. Cc acid clohydric, acid acetic c th bay hi qua ng h hp gy hi cho c th. Cc acid nng cao, m c u gy phn ng vi mi loi t bo ca c th do lm bin i nguyn sinh cht. Mc bin i t l thun vi nng ca acid. Nng cng cao s tn ph t bo cng nng. Xong nng cao, cc acid c tc dng ti ch l chnh do lm bin cht ng kt cht protein nn ngn cn khng cho acid tip tc hp thu vo mu gy nhim c ton thn. Ngc li nng thp cc acid c hp thu t t vo mu d gy nhim c ton thn. * Tc dng cc b: ti ni tip xc vi acid, t chc thng b bin mu. Vi acid clohydric, t chc s c mu xm; acid sunphuric cho mu nu en, acid nitric c mu vng. Ring vi acid acetic m c ch gy hoi t b mt, cn acid mercuric gy cc lot trn b mt da. Khi ung cc acid ( nng nht nh tr lon khun ng tiu ha) nu nim mc ng tiu ha b vim chng s ph hy lp c di nim mc d dy - rut, tip l qu trnh nhim trng k pht. Hu qu nng n nht ca nhim c acid ng tiu ha l gy vim phc mc. Do acid kch thch nim mc ng tiu ha d a ti nn e, thc n c th trn sang ng h hp gy vim phi, co tht ph qun, thy thng phi, vt cht do ngt th. Cng c th do tc dng ca cc acid, ton b ng tiu ha, d dy, rut b xung, xut huyt. * Triu chng ton thn: thng gp vi cc acid v c. Acid v c c nng long v yu d hp th, d trng c hn cc acid hu c. Khi hp thu vo mu qu ngng bnh thng s gy toan huyt (acidosis). Vi hm lng thp do c h thng m c th t iu chnh nn pH khng c bin i. Nhng nu c tip tc hp thu, s cn bng toan - kim trong mu b ri lon, pH v kh O2 gim, lng kh CO2 tng, thn kinh tr nn mm cm gy co git. Vt cht do hn m. Bn cnh nhng triu chng chung ni trn cc acid khc nhau cn c mt s triu chng c trng ring bit. - Acid acetic - CH3COOH : c dng trong ch bin, bo qun thc phm v chng lon khun ng tiu ha. C tc dng c ch men vi sinh vt gy hi trong ng tiu ha. - Acid focmic - HCOOH: S dng bo qun thc phm. i vi ch nu cho n theo khu phn 10% tng ng 50 mg/kg th trng gy methemoglobin trong mu ko di 10 ngy l do acid focmic c ch men catalaza. Nu cho n liu thp khong 0,5 g acid focmic/ngy, n hng ngy, ch vn khng pht hin thy c. - Hexa-metylen-tetramin - (CH2)6N4: Trong mi trng acid hoc du cc hp cht hu c v protein, Hexa-metylen-tetramin b thy phn dn dn thnh amoniac hoc focmon, do tnh cht gy c cng ging nh focmon: gy ng vn ng lot protein, kch ng nim mc. Focmon c nh hng n vic tng hp protein ca c th. ng thi cn gy t bin trn ging rui Drosophila. c tnh trn chut cng trng: nu tim di da lp li nhiu ln dung dch Hexametylen-tetramin 35 40% s thy saccom cc b trn 2/3 s chut th nghim.

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- Formol (HCHO): Trc y hay dng trong bo qun thc phm, hin nay b cm. Trong lm sng cn dng cho tru b ung khi b chng bng y hi, nu dng qu liu s gy c. - Acid socbic - CH3 - CH = CH - CH = CH - COOH v cc mui natri, kali socbat: c s dng trong bo qun thc phm vi mc ch c ch men mc v cc vi khun c hi. Hot cht dit mc c tng ln trong mi trng acid hoc natri clorua vi pH = 4,5. Thuc c c hi trn chut cng trng v ch. Hng ngy cho n vi liu 5% trong thc n (tng ng 2500 mg /kg th trng/ngy) cha c hi. Vi liu 8% thy trng lng gan ca chut cng trng to hn l i chng nhng cha thy bin i v bnh l. - Acid benzoic - C6H5COOH v mui natri benzoat C6H5COONa: Dng lm cht st khun trong bo qun thc phm chng men, vi khun v mc. Tc dng dit khun tng ln mi trng acid. Nu chut n vi liu 1090 mg/kg th trng cha thy biu hin c. Nhng liu cao 8% Natri benzoat trong thc n, 13 ngy sau c 50% s chut cht; s chut cn li trng lng ch bng 2/3 so vi l i chng. Chut cht c bnh tch trong gan thn. Vi ch liu 1 g/kg th trong cha c biu hin c, nhng vi liu cao hn ch b ri lon thn kinh nh co git, ng kinh ri cht. Acid salicylic: S dng lm thuc st khun, bo qun thc phm.Trong th y cn dng lm thuc h st, gim au v chng vim (tronng nhm thuc chng vim physteroid). Nu dng liu cao trn vt nui s gy hin tng dn mch ngoi vi, h thp hm lng protrombin trong mu, ni mn ngoi da, gan hoi t v xut huyt. Acid Boric - H3BO3 v mui natri borat - Na2B4O7.10H2O: c dng lm cht st khun chng vi khun. Nu chut cng trng, ch mo n ngn ngy s c hin tng chm ln, tn thng gan. Chut cng trng n di ngy vi liu 100 mg/kg th trng/ngy c hin tng teo tinh hon gy v sinh. Anhydric sunfure - SO2: Trong thc t hay dng cc mui ca acid sunfur nh: Natri sunfit Na2SO3, Natri sunfit kt tinh vi 7 phn t nc: Na2S2O5.7H2O, Natri meta bisunfit Na2S2O5, Natri bisunfit NaHSO3. Tc dng c hi ca cc mui trn ph thuc vo nng , hm lng v tc gii phng kh SO2. c dng rng ri chng men mc vi khun trong bo qun thc phm v st khun. Trn th vi liu 1 - 3g/ngy ko di lin tc 127 - 185 ngy c hin tng st cn, chy mu d dy. Vi chut cng trng liu 0,1% Natri sunfit c ch s pht trin do ph hy vitamin B1 trong thc n. Do vy khng c dng SO2 v cc mui ca n bo qun cc thc n c nhiu vitamin B1 nh tht, ng cc, u ht, sa v cc ch phm. Cc acid khc khi b nhim c nh acid clohydric v acid acetic gy dung huyt, dn ti huyt niu. Khi nhim c acid lactic cc t chc nhu m ca gan tim b thoi ha. Nhim c acid oxalic s nh hng n hot ng ca thn nh vim thn, si thn. c bit i vi ng vt d dy n. Khi acid oxalic xut hin nhiu trong mu chng s kt hp vi canxi to canxi oxalat lng ng trong thn a ti hng lot cc ri lon tip theo. c bit khi thn b c si ct ngang thn quan st vng ty thy c nhng m, nhng vt xm di 1 - 2 mm. l nhng m Canxi oxalat lng ng to nn. * iu tr Trn da: khi b dy acid nn dng bng hay vi gc lau sch ri ra bng nc Natri bicacbonat trung ha ht acid.

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Trong ng tiu ha: khi b nhim c nn dng dung dch Magi oxyt trung ha. Khng c dng hydrocacbonat hoc cc ch phm khc cha cacbonat cho ung trung ha acid trong ng tiu ha. Khi di tc dng ca axit, mt lng ln CO2 s c hnh thnh. Kh CO2 ny s lm gin on vic ty ra cc b ti ch axit ng tiu ha. Khng c ra d dy v gy nn. gim au c th dng morphin v cc piopat khc. Cho ung nhiu nc pha long acid. phng k pht cc bnh truyn nhim, dng cc thuc chng vi trng. C th dng atropin gim co tht c trn ng tiu ha do tc dng ca acid gy nn. Chng toan huyt dng dung dch Natri hydrocarbonat 2 - 4% tim tnh mch. Tt nht dng dung dch glucoza 5 - 10% truyn tnh mch. Trng hp ng c acid oxalic mt mt phi trung ha acid, mt khc phi b sung canxi duy tr hm lng canxi huyt, bng cch cho ung hoc tim cc dung dch c cha cc ion Canxi. ng thi phi tin hnh iu tr triu chng. 2.3. Thuc h st, gim au v chng vim Vi mu: gy dung huyt. Liu cao gy methemoglobin gim kh nng vn chuyn o xy ca t bo hng cu. Lm toan huyt. Tn thng gan nht l nhm anillin hay cc thuc thuc dn xut ca salicylat, pyrazolon. Gim bch cu cc thuc thuc nhm pyrazolon - Hay gy quen thuc, nghin thuc, + Khng dng kt hp cc ancaloid ca nm ca g (Ergot de seigle, Secale cornutum, Claviceps purpurea) gm: Ergotamin, Ergotoxin kt hp vi cc thuc gy co mch qun ngoi vi s lm hu hoi t chc: hoi t u cc chi, ui, tai, mi... cu hi n tp 1. 2. 3. 4. Nguyn nhn, bin php phng ng c thuc cho vt nui? C ch v cc tc nhn gy d ng thuc? Nguyn nhn gy tc dng ph ca thuc? c tnh ca cc nhm khng sinh v thuc ho hc tr liu trong chn nui th y?

Chng VI c t nm mc
Chng 6 trnh by nhng kin thc v mt s loi nm mc v c t nm mc gy bnh cho gia sc, gia cm. Cc triu chng bnh do nhim c t nm mc v cc bin php phng, tr cng c cp n trong chng ny. 1. Mt s loi nm mc gy c cho gia sc, gia cm 1.1. Nm mc ng rung trc v trong thu hoch a. Pithomyces chartarum Ch yu l loi hoi sinh, gp trn cc ng c, cc cy h ho tho v cc cy h u cht kh. Loi nm ny hnh thnh nhng tng mu en, hnh chm, ng knh ti 0,5mm. Sinh trng tt nht 240C, m tng i gn 100%. Nm Pithomyces chartarum sn sinh ra 3 c t: sporidesmin, sporidesminB, sporidesminC.

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b. Stachybotrys alternans L mt loi nm hoi sinh v c coi nh mt trong nhng loi ch yu ph hoi xenluloza. Thng pht trin trong t, trn nhiu c cht, c bit a rm r. Sinh trng tt nht 20-250C, nhng c th mc c 20C v 400C. Tu loi chng sinh c t c tn l stachybotryotoxin. c. Fusarium (nm lim) Loi nm ny kh ph bin, c trong t, trn cc loi cy trng v cc loi ht ng cc. Khun lc c nhiu mu sc nh pht hng, vng, tm, trng... Fusarium a pht trin nhit thp. Nhit thch hp cho sn sinh c t l 80C. c t gm T2 - toxin , fusarenol, nivalenol... 1.2. Nm mc trong qu trnh bo qun. Nhng loi nm mc ny thng xut hin trong lng thc, thc phm c bo qun. Chng c c im chung l phn hu xeluloza km, a p sut thm thu cao, c kh nng chu nhit cao v lm axit ho c cht. C 2 loi hay xut hin nht, sn sinh c t rt nguy him cho ngi v vt nui: loi Penicillium v Aspergillus. a. Loi Penicillium Khun lc c nhiu mu sc, ph bin l mu xanh khi, mt tri c mu vng chanh, thng mc nhiu ng, kh du lc, u tng, cm... Loi ny a nhit trung bnh (10400C), ti u khong 250C, sinh trng tt nht m gia 95 v 100% HR. b. Loi Aspergillus Aspergillus gm 78 loi v nhiu chng, trong A. flavus ng c quan tm nht. Aspergillus flavus pht trin thch hp m 85%, nhit 25 - 300C, pH = 5,5. Nhit ti u sn sinh c t l 270C. 2. c t nm mc v bnh c t nm mc. 2.1. nh ngha c t nm mc v bnh c t nm mc c t nm mc l sn phm ca s chuyn ho th cp trong qu trnh pht trin ca mi loi hoc ca mi chng nm mc nht nh. Bnh c t nm mc l bnh ca ngi v ng vt c cn nguyn do c t nm mc. bnh ny thng c mt s c im chung nh sau: - y l mt bnh khng ly. iu tr bng ho hc tr liu t hoc khng c hiu qu. - Bnh thng bng n theo ma. S bng n ca bnh thng lin quan n loi thc n c bit. - Mc nhim bnh chu nh hng ca tui, gii tnh v trng thi dinh dng ca c th. - Khi kim tra thc n, c du hiu ca nm mc. Nhng theo Neuhold, 1982, trong thc n c th khng pht trin nm mc, vn cha c t, v ngc li c th tm thy nm mc trong thc n m khng c c t.

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Nhng c t nm mc chu cc bin i ho hc do nh hng qua li gia cy, vi sinh vt v khng xc nh c bng nhng phng php phn tch bnh thng c gi l c t ngu trang (masked mycotoxin). Trong qa trnh tiu ho nhng c t ny d c gii phng v gy c cho c th. hm lng cao, c t nm mc gy bnh cp tnh v gy cht, hm lng thp gy hng lot ri lon chuyn ho ca c th (khng hoc c km theo bin i bnh l). Bng 6.1: Mt s ri lon chuyn ho do c t nm mc gy ra H chuyn ho 1. Cc h chuyn ho - Chuyn ho Carbohydrat - Chuyn ho lipid Aflatoxins, OchratoxinA, PhomopsinA Aflatoxins, OchratoxinA, T-2 toxin, citriain, rubratoxinB - ng ho vitamin - Tng hp protein - H hp ty lp th 2. H ni tit 3. H xng Aflatoxins, Dicoumarol Aflatoxins, Trichothecenes toxins Aflatoxins, OchratoxinA Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, Ergot alcanoids Aflatoxins, OchratoxinA c t

Theo nhiu tc gi v Biro, 1985 hm lng thp c t nm mc lm suy gim min dch, to tin cho cc bnh nhim khun. Bng 6.2: Mt s bnh tng nng do cng nhim c t Aflatoxin v T-2 toxin
Loi gia sc, gia cm 1. G Bnh Candidiasis, Coccidiosis, Infectious brouchitis, Infectious bursal diseases, Mareks disease, Salmonellosis. Pasteurellosis, Salmonellosis Erysipelas, Salmonellosis Clostridial infection 4. Tru b Fascioliasis Intramammary infections

2. G ty 3. Ln

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c t nm mc gy c cho gia sc, gia cm, lm nh hng n nng sut chn nui v hiu qu kinh t. Chng cn gy c trc tip cho ngi ( thc phm b nhim nm mc) hoc gin tip (t nhng c t tn d trong thc phm). 2.2. C ch chnh ca s hnh thnh c t nm mc Chuyn ho s cp l cc phn ng to thnh cc cht cn thit, m bo cho s sng v pht trin t bo. Cn chuyn ho th cp l cc phn ng, cc qu trnh to thnh cc cht m vai tr sinh l ca chng cha c r, cha tht cn thit cho s tn ti ca chnh t bo . S chuyn ho th cp ph thuc kh cht ch vo mi loi, chng nm mc nht nh v thng xy ra cui giai on pht trin ca t bo nm mc (giai on cui ca tng hp protein trong t bo). Cc c t nm mc c tng hp t nhiu ng chuyn ho khc nhau. V d: dn cht ca polyaceto acid gm c Aflatoxin v mt s c t khc, khi kt hp vi acid amin c ochratoxin.., cn trichothecen l dn cht ca cc terpen. Dn cht ca polyaceto acid l cc c t thng gp trong lng thc, thc phm v c c lc rt cao. 2.3. Mt s c t nm mc gy bnh vt nui (Mycotoxin) v bnh c t nm mc (Mycotoxicosis) a. Stachybotrytoxin v Stachybotrytoxicosis * Stachybotrytoxin L c t do nm Stachybotrys alternans (nm mui than, n en) sn sinh. C 7 loi stachybotrytoxin: loi A, B, C, D, F, G, H. Stachybotrytoxin A tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c, tan trong nhng li ta trong ether petrol. y l steroit, c cng thc ho hc C25H34O6, phn t lng 430,3, gy phn ng mnh trn da th nn s dng nghim php ny chn on bnh. Stachybotrytoxin B c mu vng nu, t c hn, t tan trong dung mi hu c, cng thc l C26H38O6, trng lng phn t 446,3. c t H thuc nhm sesquiterpen. Cc c t ny tn ti lu v kh bn vng trng thin nhin (trong thc n n 30 nm), chu nhit tt, khng b dch tiu ho ph hu, c phn ng mu vi resorsin. Tia X v UV cho bc x hunh quang. * Stachybotrytoxicosis c t nm mui than gy chy nc mt, vim kt mc, vo ng h hp gy ho, ng tiu ho gy vim rut nh (r nga), b nh hn. Gy vim rt r xung quanh ming ln con. Khi chng b sa, lm vim quanh nm v ln m. Sau khi hp thu vo mu, c t c a i khp c th, ph hoi cc t bo ang phn chia, nht l tu xng v nim mc, gy xut huyt, tn ph tu xng nh tc ng ca tia X v tia phng x. Stachybotrytoxin lm gim kh nng to khng th chut. N lm gim hemaglutinin, cn tr thymus v ti fabricius. Do , sc khng ca c th b gim, con vt rt d mn cm vi cc bnh truyn nhim k pht. Kt qu xt nghim cc ch tiu huyt hc cho thy, h thng min dch b suy thoi, s lng bch cu gim t 6000 - 8000/mm3 cn 1000 - 2000/mm3. S lng tiu cu gim r, t 300 - 400 nghn/mm3 cn 100 - 200 nghn/mm3, lm xut huyt cng trm trng.

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Do nh hng ca c t, cc vi khun c bit l bacterium pyosepticum pht trin mnh, gy c trc tip. Vit nam, c trng hp ngng nhp ni b nhim c t ny v k pht bnh t huyt trng. Nu dch tiu ho c pH kim th s hp thu c t gim, v vy b b nhim c thng nh hn nga, ln. chn on bnh ng c nm mui than cn phn lp tm nm trn thch saboro c mantoza. Quan st trn knh hin vi, nm c hnh bu dc. Thc hin cc nghim php th sinh hc: nghim php da th, nghim php th trn tch g, nghim php th trn Paramecium caudatum. Khi pht hin bnh cn loi b tt c rm r, vt b nhim nm, khng cho tip xc vi sc vt. iu tr triu chng, nng cao sc khng. Dng liu php khng sinh phng bnh k pht. b. Ochratoxin v Ochratoxicosis * Ochratoxin - Ngun gc: Ochratoxin l cc c t c sn sinh bi cc chng nm Penicillium: P. cyclopium, P. viridicatum, P. commune, P. variabile, P. purpurescens, P. palitans v cc chng nm Aspergillus: A. ochraceus, A. sulfureus, A. melleus, A. sclerotiorum, A. alliaceus, A. ostianus, A. petrakil. - Tnh cht l ho: Nhm gm 7 c t. Ochratoxin A l sn phm ca chng nm Aspergillus ochraceus. c t c dng tinh th khng mu, di nh sng ca tia UV, bt mu xanh hunh quang. dng mui d tan trong nc, dng axit tan trong cc dung mi hu c c phn cc (chloroform, methanol).

R Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Ochratoxin C (Ochratoxin A ethyl ester) Ochratoxin A methyl ester Ochratoxin B ethyl ester Ochratoxin B methyl ester H H C2H5 CH3 C2H5 CH3

R1 Cl H Cl Cl H H

R2 H H H H H H

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4-Hydroxyochratoxin A

Cl

OH

Cc Ochratoxin rt a m , thng c trong c cht vi m > 16%. c t c sn sinh nhiu nht nhit t 20 - 250C, nhng qu trnh ny c th bt u t nhit thp hn nhiu, khong - 20C. - Hp thu, chuyn ho, thi tr: Ochratoxin A c hp thu ch yu trong d dy. Trong rut pht hin thy Ochratoxin, sn phm ca phn ng thu phn ca h vi sinh vt ng rut. Sau khi hp thu vo c th, c t c phn b nhiu nht trong thn, sau l gan, c v cc t chc m. Ngoi ra, Ochratoxin A cng c gn vi albumin huyt thanh. Ochratoxin xut hin trong nc tiu v phn chut c tim Ochratoxin A vo xoang bng. Bng phng php nh du phng x xc nh c t c thi ch yu qua nc tiu, thi t qua phn. ln, hm lng c t tn d trong thn nhiu nht, t hn mt cht trong gan, ri n c v t chc m. g, cng quan st thy s tn d tng t, khng tm thy c t trong trng. * Ochratoxicosis C quan tc dng ch ca c t Ochratoxin l thn. C hin tng thoi ho, vim x t bo ng thn. Xt nghim cc ch tiu huyt hc thy hm lng glycogen gan gim nhng li tng trong tim. Hot tnh men gan (phosphorylase) tng. Ochratoxin khng gy bin d, ung th ngi v ng vt. - Ochratoxicosis sc vt nhai li: D c l ni Ochratoxin c thu phn thnh Ochratoxin alpha, mt cht t c hn nhiu. V vy, tru b trng thnh t mn cm vi c t hn so vi b ngh (chc nng d c cha hnh thnh y ). Ochratoxin tim tnh mch, hm lng c t tm thy trong nc tiu nhiu hn 20 - 30 ln nu cho ung cng liu c t. - Ochratoxicosis ln:Triu chng ch yu nhim c Ochratoxin mn tnh l bnh v thn. Nu ng c cp tnh, ngoi nhng tn thng thn cn thy hin tng ph quanh thn, c biu hin bng cc triu chng nh: tch nc di da, mt iu ho, u ngt v pha sau, gim trng lc c bng v t l cht t 40 - 90%. Xt nghim vi th cho thy, thoi ho t bo dn n teo biu m ng thn, c hin tng x ho v thn v hyaliniza mt s cu thn. - Ochratoxicosis gia cm: Tn thng ch yu khi gia cm b ng c Ochratoxin c tm thy gan v thn. G con b nhim c b vim rut cata, mt nc, gy rc i n n gim tng trng. S lng cc thnh phn mu hu hnh v hm lng hemoglobin u gim. Protein tng s v lipid gim. thanh thi thn cng gim. g , sn lng trng gim, trng lng c th cng b gim v tng tiu tn thc n. c. Trichothecene v Trichothecene toxicosis * Trichothecene - Ngun gc: Hin nay, pht hin hn 60 c t trichothecene t mi trng nui cy cc chng nm trichothecene. - Tnh cht l ho: Cc c t trichothecene tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh acetone, chloroform, acetonitrile, ethanol v methanol, khng tan trong nc v petrol.

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Hnh 6.1: Cu trc ho hc ca mt s c t trichothecene * Trichothecene toxicosis Tt c cc trichothecene toxin u gy c trn da, c trng bi nhng nt da b thng v phn ng vim cc t chc b nhim c. Liu ti thiu c tc dng dao ng t 5 g (T-2 toxin, verucarin) n 40 g (deoxynivalenol). Nn l mt triu chng in hnh ca trichothecene toxicosis ngi v ng vt. Liu c t ti thiu (mg/kg, tim di da) gy nn nh sau: T - 2 toxin - 0,1 (mo), diacetoxyscirpenol - 0,2 (ngng) v 2,4 (ngi i.v.), nivalenol - 1,0 (ngng), deoxynivalenol 13,5 (ngng), 0,05 (ln i.p.) v 0,1 (ch i.v.). - Trichothecene toxicosis sc vt nhai li Hu ht cc trichothecene u kch thch, lm ty da. Vim mi, mm thng km theo cc vt lot v tit nhiu nc bt. Nu c t vo ng tiu ho cng gy vim, lot. Mt v ng c xy ra New Zealand do tru b n phi ng nhim nm Fusarium culmorum. Sc vt b bnh thng b n, a chy, mt iu ho v gim sn lng sa. Triu chng nng hn l xut huyt lan trn di da, c v nim mc. Nguyn nhn c th do c t c ch qu trnh tng hp vitamin K ca vi sinh vt d c. C trng hp con vt khng chu n, c l do v ng ca trichothecin. T-2 toxin c bit c vi b, gy ngng nhu ng d c. - Trichothecene toxicosis ln Hai biu hin c trng ca nhim c trichothecene ln l khng chu n v hi chng nn, dn n chm ln, gim tng trng. Nguyn nhn c th do mt cht chuyn ho trong ng nhim nm F. roseum. - Trichothecene toxicosis gia cm - T-2 toxin gy ri lon thn kinh

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G con 1 ngy tui n thc n cha 4 - 16 mg/kg T-2 toxin s thy nhng biu hin nh r cnh, yu chn, lo o. Ngng nhim c t, u, cnh run, lng x, chm chp v chuyn ng kh khn. Trichothecene do nm Stachybotrys alternan sn sinh l nguyn nhn gy bnh stachybotrytoxicosis ln v gia cm. d. Zearalenon v tc hi ca zearalenon i vi vt nui * Zearalenon - Ngun gc: Zearalenon l c t do mt s chng nm Fusaria tng hp - Tnh cht l ho: c t ny khng tan trong nc tan trong nc kim v cc dung mi hu c nh benzen, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile v cn.

Hnh 6.2: Cu trc ho hc chnh ca mt s c t Zearalenone R1 Zearalenone Alpha-and beta-zearalenol 6,8-Dihydroxyzearalene 8-Hydroxyzearalenone 7-Dehydrozearalenone 5-Formylzearalenone H2 H2 OH OH H H2 R2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H H2 R3 =O OH OH =O =O =O R4 H H H H H CHO

* Tc hi ca zearalenon vt nui - Tru b: dch chit ca nm F. graminearum lm gim kh nng sinh sn tru b c th tinh nhn to. Zearalenone gy sng, ph cc c quan sinh sn. - Ln: Zearalenone thng gy hi chng ri lon sinh sn ln. Triu chng th hin l vim m h, m o, tip theo l vim t cung, sng ph c, sng t cung e. Aflatoxin v Aflatoxicosis *Aflatoxin - Ngun gc:Aflatoxin l nhm c t do nm Aspergillus flavus v Aspergillus parasiticus sn sinh ra trong nhng iu kin nhit , m thch hp. - Cu trc ho hc

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Hnh 6.3: Cu trc ho hc ca Aflatoxin

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Trong cu trc ho hc ca Aflatoxins c mt khung ho hc ging cc dn cht ca coumarin (dimethoxy - 5 - 7 coumarin, dimethoxy - 5 - 7 - cyclopenten coumarin v Sterigmatocystin). V vy, ngi ta coi Sterigmatocystin l tin thn ca Aflatoxin. n nay, pht hin c 12 loi Aflatoxin. Cc Aflatoxin c gi tn l B1, B2, G1, G2 da vo mu hunh quang ca chng: B (blue) - vt hunh quang mu xanh da tri; G (green) - vt hunh quang mu lc. Aflatoxin B2 v G2 c cu trc gn ging nh Aflatoxin B1 v G1, ch khc ch ni i cch trong nhn hydrofuran tn cng ca B1 v G1 b kh. Aflatoxin M1, M2 (M = milk) l sn phm oxy ho ca Aflatoxin B1 v B2, c thi qua sa v c kh nng gy ra vt con nhng ri lon tng t nhng ri lon do Aflatoxin. Khi phn tch nc tiu ca kh n Aflatoxin B, Dalezios, Wogan v Weinreb, 1971 pht hin c Aflatoxin P1, dn xut phenolic ca Aflatoxin B1. y l mt sn phm trao i cht, l kt qa s kh metyl ca Aflatoxin B1. - Chuyn ho, trao i cht v bi tit S chuyn ho v o thi Aflatoxin trong c th ng vt n phi chng l mt vn rt quan trng. S hiu bit v vn ny s gip cho chng ta c bin php phng, chng, gp phn bo v sc kho ngi v gia sc. Theo thng bo ca Allcroft v Carnaghan (1962 - 1963) trong sa ca b n bt kh lc c Aflatoxin B1, cha mt cht c gy cht vt tng t nh Aflatoxin B1. Cht ny ch c trong phn casein kt ta. Aflatoxin B1 i qua sa chuyn ho thnh Aflatoxin M c c tng t Aflatoxin B1. Khi cho chut ung v tim vo phc mc Aflatoxin B1 cng pht hin trong gan chut c c Aflatoxin B1 v Aflatoxin M1. S chuyn ho Aflatoxin B1 cc ng vt khng c v ch yu l s hydroxyl ho, song cng thy mt nhm metyl, to ra nhng sn phm nh Aflatoxin P1 t c hn nhiu. Th nghim ca Wogan v cng s, 1967 chut c Fischer tim vo mng bng Aflatoxin B1 c nh du bng C14 trn gc methoxy bn (I) hoc trn mt carbon ca nhn vng (II), 24 gi sau khi tim cho thy t s bi tit ra C14 nhiu nht nh sau: Mu Nc tiu Phn Rut Gan I 26,10 14,10 11,80 5,90 II 14,80 69,80 3,30 7,70

trng hp I, s chuyn ho thoi bin Aflatoxin B1 l mt nhm metyl, phn b mt metyl s hon ton b oxy ho thnh CO2. Trong trng hp II, rt t carbon gn trong cc vng b chuyn ho thnh CO2. Tc bi xut Aflatoxin B1 nh du bng 14C carbon trong cc vng qua ng rut l quan trng nht (xut pht ch yu t s bi xut qua mt, th nh l qua ng nc tiu). Sn phm chuyn ho Aflatoxin M1 c th c kh hot bng lin hp vi taurocholic v glucuronic acids dn n thi tr qua mt hoc nc tiu. Hai dng chuyn ho khc nh Aflatoxin P1 v Q1 cng c kh hot theo hng ny. S chuyn ho Aflatoxin B1 trong gan thnh Aflatoxicol, Aflatoxicol H1 v Aflatoxin Q1 khc vi s chuyn ho sinh hc c xc tc bi cc enzymes microsome gan l c s tham gia ca NADH - dependent dehydrogenase bo tng. S hnh thnh Aflatoxicol c th b c ch bi 17 - Ketosteroid hormon.

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Hnh 6.4: S chuyn ho ca Aflatoxin B1 trong c th

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Homogenate gan mt s loi chim v gm nhm kch thch mnh qu trnh chuyn ho Aflatoxin B1, v G1 thnh cc Hemiacetals - Aflatoxin G2a v Aflatoxin B2a. Cc cht chuyn ho ny gn cht vi protein v gy ra nhim c cp tnh. S hnh thnh cc epoxides ca Aflatoxin B1 v G1 l dng hot ho quan trng hn. Khi c t m c vi microsome gan, mt cht chuyn ho c hnh thnh v tn ti tm thi, c hot tnh mnh, gn ng ho tr vi DNA v sn sinh t bin h vi khun th nghim. th kt lun: Cc epoxides ca Aflatoxin B1 l t bin vi khun v l nhn t chnh gy ung th. G c nui g bng thc n nhim Aflatoxin trong tht v gan c th pht hin Aflatoxin tch tr n ngy th 8 k t sau khi ngng cho Aflatoxin. Tm li, Aflatoxin o thi phn ln di dng cc sn phm ca s hydroxyl ho (Aflatoxin U, M), sn phm ca s kh metyl (Aflatoxin P1) dng t do hoc dng lin kt. ng o thi ch yu qua phn, nc tiu, c th c trong gan, sa, thn... * Aflatoxicosis - C ch tc dng v mt ho sinh hc ca Aflatoxin Bn thn nhn dihydrofurofuran trong cu trc ho hc ca Aflatoxin B1 khng gy ung th. Kh nng sinh ung th ph thuc vo s cng tn ti ca nhn trn dihydrofurofuran v phn d - lacton cha no. C th c mt s epoxi ho phn t, do c ni i phn tn cng difuran trong cng thc cc Aflatoxin B1, G1 v M1. Ni i ny khng c cc Aflatoxin B2 v G2, do vy hot tnh ca chng km i. Cng c ngi cho rng Aflatoxin B1 ch l mt cht tin sinh ung th v c chuyn thnh mt hp cht sinh ung th c l nh cc enzym. Cliford v Rees 1967 s ho cc giai on k tip nhau ca tc ng ho sinh hc ca Aflatoxins tm cc t bo gan, m mi giai on l kt qu ca giai on trc. - Tc ng qua li vi ADN v c ch cc polymeraza chu trch nhim tng hp ADN v ARN: Tc ng qua li vi ADN ch yu xy ra vng purin. ADN chui n cng c th phn ng vi Aflatoxin, kh nng ny c th gii thch s c ch qu trnh tng hp ADN v ARN. - nh ch s tng hp ADN: ADN mt kh nng nhn i bi cc Aflatoxin l do s c mt ca cc chc quinon v amin cho php phn t c th xen vo vng xon kp ca ADN v tr mang guanin. Khng c g thay i ch adenin v thymin. Vai tr ca cc Aflatoxin lm mt hot tnh cc h enzymes, km theo vic nh ch tng hp ADN c nhiu tc gi nhn mnh. - Tiu gim s tng hp ARN v c ch ARN truyn tin: Cc Aflatoxin tc ng ln s tng hp ARN bng cch ngn cn sao chp ADN bi ARN polymenaza, c ch hon ton hot ng ca ARN cht t bo, ARN ca nhn cng b ri lon. - Bin i hnh thi ca ht nhn S bin i hnh thi ca ht nhn c lin quan n s c ch cc hot tnh enzyme, th hin bng mt s tch ht nhn. - Tiu gim s tng hp protein

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y l hu qu cui cng ca cc giai on trn.

Hnh 6.5: C ch gy c ca Aflatoxin B1 mc t bo gan Mt s cht chuyn ho ca Aflatoxin thng hay gy c, gy ung th v qui thai hn l bn thn Aflatoxin . Nhim c cp tnh Aflatoxin B1 c lin quan n s chuyn ho ca Aflatoxin B1 thnh 2,3 - dihydrodiol (Aflatoxin B1 - dhd) trong gan. Dn xut ny c ch qu trnh tng hp protein. iu nygp phn gii thch hin tng hoi th gan dn n cht ngi v ng vt. Aflatoxin G1 cng c th to thnh 1 Schiffs base. Nhng Aflatoxin B2 v G2 khng trc tip to thnh cc dn xut dihydrodiol (trc tin chng phi c oxyho), v vy chng km c hn. Lng Aflatoxin gn vi AND (in vivo) phn nh tnh mn cm ca cc loi ng vt vi qu trnh ung th do Aflatoxin gy ra. Bn cht ca s chuyn ho cha c gii thch r, c th do dn xut 2 - 3 epoxide (cht c hot tnh) c hnh thnh mt cch tm thi (in vivo). Hoc Aflatoxin B1 - dhd c sinh ra mt cch gin tip qua cht trung gian 2 - 3 epoxide.

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Aflatoxin B1 (c mt na vinyl - ether) c th hnh thnh mt cch trc tip epoxide, cn Aflatoxin B2, G2 ch hnh thnh cc cht chuyn ho tng t mt cch gin tip.

Hnh 6.6: C ch gy c cp tnh ca Aflatoxin B1 Bnh Aflatoxicosis mt s loi gia sc, gia cm mn cm vi Aflatoxin ca cc loi gia sc, gia cm c xp theo th t gim dn nh sau: Gia cm > ln > tru, b > d, cu Trong cc loi gia cm: Vt con > g ty > ngng > tr > g gi Patterson (1981) xc nh LD50 ca Aflatoxin B1 theo bng sau: Bng 6.3: LD50 ca Aflatoxin B1 mt s loi ng vt Loi gia sc, gia cm Th Vt con Mo Ln Ch Chut lang Cu Kh LD50 (mg/kg) 0,30 - 0,50 0,30 - 0,60 0,55 0,62 1,00 1,40 - 2,00 2,00 2,20

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G 6,50 - 16,00 Chut nht 9,00 Chut ng 10,00 Nhim c Aflatoxin c th dng cp tnh hoc mn tnh. Khi nhim c cp tnh, con vt c th cht nhanh hoc chm tu theo s mn cm c trng ca tng loi. Kim tra bnh tch thy gan mu vng nht, sng, thu gan bn tri b nh hng nhiu hn. C hin tng tng sinh v thoi ho t bo gan, xut huyt rut v hoi t lp biu m tiu cu thn. Sc vt b nhim c Aflatoxin mn tnh th hin cc triu chng: Km n, chm ln, gim tng trng. Gan b bin i nhiu nht (t mu, c nhng vng chy mu v hoi t). gia sc, vt con, g ty c nhng c trng l tng sinh biu m ng dn mt. * Aflatoxicosis ng vt nhai li Triu chng ni bt tru b b nhim c Aflatoxin l gim tng trng. B 15 - 8 tun n thc n nhim Aflatoxin B1 (2000 ppb) sau mt thng thy gim tng trng so vi i chng. Sau ba thng, nhng con b nhim c thy c cc hin tng sau: kh mi, lng dng, da x x. T 16 - 25 tun tui xut hin cc triu chng: nghin rng, cc vt thng bng, a chy phn ln mu v nim mc. B b nhim c Aflatoxin hm lng 700 - 1000 ppb u gim tng trng, khi lng gan, thn tng. Cc tn thng gan b ch yu l x gan c bng km theo ph thng ni tng. Khong thng th t b nhim c c biu hin hoi t trung tm cc t bo gan, tng sinh ng mt v tc tnh mch gia tiu thu. Cc bin i ho sinh quan trng nht l tng hot ca phosphataza kim trong huyt thanh trong 12 tun u. tru b, trong d c, Aflatoxin lm gim s phn hu celuloza, gim rt r t l acid acetic/acid propionic trong qu trnh ln men (in vitro) ca c kh trong dch d c. Tru b v cc ng vt nhai li trng thnh khc c sc khng tt nht vi Aflatoxin. Chng ch b cht khi nhim c hm lng Aflatoxin B1 c bit cao (60 mg/kg). Sn lng sa b ci ch b nh hng khi thc n b nhim c t 2,5 mg/kg. * Aflatoxicosis ln Nhim c th cp tnh xy ra khi cho ln ung Aflatoxin vi liu vt qu 0,2mg/kg th trng. Quan st thy ccc biu hin lm sng sau: Suy nhc c th, c yu, chi run ry, b n, kht ko di, chy mu trc trng v cht. Th nhim c mn tnh, biu hin dng lm sng v h lm sng. Ln c cho n thc n cha 0,5 mg/kg s chm ln, gim tiu ho thc n nhng cha c cc bin i gan. Tn thng gan c pht hin nhng trng hp nhim c do thc n cha 0,8 mg Aflatoxin/kg. Nhng giai on cui ca nhim c mn tnh con vt lng un cong, gc u, r v vng da. Nhng con nhim c Aflatoxin dng nh c th kh pht hin. Cc triu chng c trng ln nhim c Aflatoxin gm ataxia (mt iu ho c), sa nim mc trc trng, st vng, bing n v st cn khi liu Aflatoxin vt 0,1 mg/kg. Trong nhim c thc nghim thy c hin tng nhim m gan, tng sinh ng mt, x ho quanh t bo dn n nhn khng l v cui cng l tng sn nt nh. Xt nghim huyt hc cho thy, hot ca cc enzym phosphataza kim, GOT, dehydrogenaza, huyt thanh u tng, hm lng lipid tng, lng vitaminA gim.

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* Aflatoxicosis gia cm Mc nhim Aflatoxin gia cm ph thuc vo loi, lng Aflatoxin tiu th v thi gian nhim c. Khi b bnh con vt thng bing n, chm ln, rng lng t hoc lng v. G n thc n c Aflatoxin B1 mc 225 ppb v 300 ppb t mt ngy tui th khi lng g gim i r so vi i chng, gim t l , gan b thoi ho m. Aflatoxin B1 c ch qu trnh tng hp protein, dn n gim tng trng g. Khi g b nhim Aflatoxin, cn bng enzym ca tuyn tu b thay i, lm gim amylaza v lipaza, kh nng tiu ho v hp thu dinh dng km, t gim tng trng. Gan ca g, vt b nhim c khng b x ho. T bo nhu m gan thoi ho km theo tng sinh biu m ng dn mt. Thn b mu v xut huyt. C hin tng vim rut non chy nc. Gan g nhim c Aflatoxin sng to, nht mu, xut huyt im v c th b hoi t nhng con nng. Thymus v Fabricius teo nh r rt, c vn nht mu. C con b tn thng khp chn. Nhng bin i v cc ch tiu huyt hc: s lng hng cu gim gy thiu mu gia cm do Aflatoxin lm gim hp thu st. c vt v g broiler khi b nhim c Aflatoxin, % lm ba cu b gim. Hot men SGOT v SGPT g nhim c tng cao. Aflatoxin lm thoi ho gan g , lm gim hm lng lipid ca lng , hm lng albumin gim cn hm lng cc globulin th tng. G khi cho n thc n c 250 - 500 ppb b gim sc khng vi cc bnh truyn nhim do Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp., virus gy bnh Mareks, cu trng, bnh Gumboro. Nguyn nhn gy gim min dch c th do khi nhim Aflatoxin con vt km n, gim tng hp protein v kh nng khng th cng b gim. Hot ng ca b th b ngn cn v p ng min dch qua trung gian t bo cng b gim c g broiler v g ty. Mc globulin min dch (IgG v IgA) b gim khi g n thc n nhim Aflatoxin. Ti Fabricius, tuyn c v lch b teo, nh hng n qu trnh p ng min dch (min dch dch th v min dch qua trung gian t bo). 3. Cc bin php phng chng c hi ca c t nm mc 3.1. Cc bin php hn ch s pht trin v lan nhim ca nm c trong lng thc, thc phm, thc n chn nui a. K thut canh tc trn ng rung. Vic phng trit lan nhim nm mc trong lng thc, thc phm rt kh thc hin iu kin kh hu nng m nh nc ta. Tuy nhin vn c mt s bin php phng chng nm ngay trn ng rung. Cc bin php ny gm c: - Chn t trng thch hp v thc hin lun canh. Trnh gieo trng qu dy. - Chn ging c sc khng vi nm mc. - Bn phn hp l. Thu hoch ng thi v. Ngoi ra cn c th x l ho hc t. Vic x l ny c ngha quan trng i vi s tin ho ca h nm trong t. b. K thut bo qun, ch bin

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Sau khi thu hoch, ht phi c phi kh, qut sch, bao gi kn. Kho tng cn thng thong, dit chut, b, mi, mt... Gm c nhng bin php c th sau: * Bin php vt l - Nhit : C th phi kh (dng nng lng mt tri), sy kh bng cc nhin liu khc nhm m bo m ca lng thc ni chung di 12%, lc di 9%. y l mi trng khng thch hp cho nm mc pht trin v sn sinh c t. - Chiu x: cc tia gamma (g), tia cc tm (UV) tiu dit nm mc liu t 4 - 5 KGY. Theo quy nh ca FAO, IAEA v WHO (1970), liu dng cho khoai ty l 0,1 KGY, cc loi ht nh cc khc - 0,75 KGY. Cn lu liu ny c th kch thch s pht trin v sn sinh Aflatoxin Aspergillus Flavus. - S dng cc loi kh: (1) Kh CO2 nng 20% nhit 170C v 40% nhit 250C bo qun c lng thc, thc n gia sc ng trong cc ti polyetylen kn. 2) Kh ozon 10 mg/m3 khng kh ngn cn c nm mc pht trin trn lng thc. (3) Kh methylbromid 120 mg/l/4 gi hoc 40 mg/l/24 gi tiu dit c nhiu loi nm mc. * Bin php ho hc + Cc acid hu c: Do tnh cht d tan, c thp, mt s acid hu c mch ngn c s dng ngn cn s pht trin ca nm mc. - Acid Sorbic: tc dng chng nm ca acid sorbic tt nht pH = 5. Nng 1% acid Sorbic hoc mui Sorbat u c ch hon ton sn sinh c t Aflatoxin - Acid Propionic: L loi acid tan trong nc, cn v chloroform. nng 0,5 n 1,0% acid propionic hoc Natri propionat gi cho ng khng b nhim nm mc trong 17 tun. - Acid benzoic: Acid benzoic v natri benzoat u c ch rt mnh Aspergillus flavus sinh c t. Acid benzoic v natri benzoat nng 1% c ch sn sinh c t t 23,2 - 23,6%. liu t 1 - 3% cc acid hoc mui Na v Ca ca cc acid Sorbic, propionic, acetic, benzoic c th c ch s pht trin ca nm mc trong mt thi gian kh di. Mt s hp cht hu c khc nh cc Thiosulfid - Na2SO3, KHSO3, NaHSO3, Na2S2O5, hiabendazol, Diphenyl u c tc dng c ch nm. * Mt s ch phm c tc dng chng nm: - Natamycin (pimaricin) l loi khng sinh c tc dng dit nm rt tt, c cho php dng bo qun lng thc, thc phm cc nc chu u. Natamycin 100 ppm (0,01%) c ch s pht trin ca nm Aspergillus flavus trn phomat. Natamycin 1,0 ppm (0,0001%) c ch yu A. flavus nhng hn ch c 25% vic sinh c t. - Khng sinh Nisin (nystatin) liu lng 5 v 125 ppm hn ch pht trin ca nm Aspergillus parasiticus. - Dichlorvos liu lng 20 ppm (0,002%) c ch hon ton s sn sinh c t Aflatoxin t nm A. flavus v A. parasiticus mc trn go, ng, lc t

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- Quixalud c th c ch s pht trin ca nm mc hm lng rt thp (0,05 v 0,1%).. . Ch phm Mold - Zap (cha 60% acid propionic, 15% amonium hydroxid (NH4OH) v cc acid acetic, sorbic v benzoic) b sung vo ng m c tc dng chng mc tt. * Mt s dc liu c tc dng chng nm Aspergillus flavus Cht O - methoxycinnamaldehyd chit t bt qu hm lng 100mg/ml (0,01%) c ch hon ton s pht trin ca nm A. flavus v A. parasiticus. Dch chit ca cy inh hng, tinh du thym ( nng = 0,4 mg/ml ~ 0,04%)c ch hon ton nm A. flavus. Ethanol extract ca ht anit 0,2% c ch pht trin tt c cc loi nm. Tinh du cam, chanh, bi c tc dng c ch pht trin v sinh c t ca Aspergillus flavus. Cc loi tinh du hi, tinh du ti, bc h u c tc dng chng nm. 3.2. Cc bin php kh c t nm mc. a. Kh c t trong lng thc, thc phm v thc n chn nui. * Bin php vt l - Nhit : Aflatoxin rt bn vng nhit cao. m l yu t gip cho nhit lm gim hot Aflatoxin. Thc n cha 30% m un nng nhit 1000C trong 2,5 gi lm gim c lc ca 85% c t. iu ny c th c gii thch l mun m nhn lacton ca phn t phi c s thu phn v c th c s mt nhm carbocyl. Nhng nhit lm gim phm cht ca cc protein, c th l lng Lyzin. - Hp ph: C th hp ph Aflatoxin B1 trong cc cht lng, Aflatoxin M1 trong sa bng Bentonit. * Bin php ho hc - Loi b Aflatoxin bng dung mi: Cc dung mi chit xut, loi b c t l aceton, benzen, cloroform. - Cc cht lm gim hoc v hot Aflatoxin: Cc cht ny lm bin i cu trc ho hc ca Aflatoxin, da vo qa trnh oxyho, hydroxyl ho phn t Aflatoxin, ph v ni i nhn furan u cng cc Aflatoxin B1 v G1. Trong s cc cht 3 - aminopropanol, natri glycin, 1 - amino - 2 propanol, trinatriphosphat, acid phosphoric, vi v amon carbonat c hiu lc trung bnh. Cc cht methylamin, ethanolamin, trimethylamin, xt, cholin cho hiu qu cao. Aflatoxin thng b gim c lc bi cc acid mnh v kim mnh. Na2SO3,NaHSO31% hoc 2% c tc dng lm v hot Aflatoxin. C th kh Aflatoxin trong thc n bng NaOH, NaHCO3, NH3. Bm kh NH3 vo cc bao thc n kn. * Bin php chuyn ho sinh hc - Nm v vi khun: Loi Absidia repens v Mucor griseo - cyanus lm bin i Aflatoxin B1 thnh mt cht c tnh c km i 18 ln. Cc loi Aspergillus niger, Penicilium roistricki v nht l Flavobacterium aurantiacum (chng NRRL B. 184) c kh nng lm thoi bin cc Aflatoxin. Cy cc loi vi khun ny vo thc n b nhim c (kh lc, la m, sa, du cha lc) sau 44 gi, phn ln cc Aflatoxin b ph hu. Flavobacterium aurantiacum ph hu c Aflatoxin B1, G1 v M1.

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Mt s loi thuc ging Rhizopus lm bin i Aflatoxin G1 thnh mt cht chuyn ho l Aflatoxin B3. Cc hydroxy - ng v khng gian tch c t Aflatoxin B1 do kh chc keton trn vng cyclopentan trong cu trc Aflatoxin B1. - ng vt nguyn sinh: Loi ng vt nguyn sinh Tetrahymena pyriformis lm thoi bin 58% Aflatoxin B1 (trong 24 gi) thnh mt hp cht hunh quang mu lam ti. l Aflatoxin R0 do gc carbonyl ca nhn cyclopentan b bin i thnh nhm hydroxyl. Loi cn trng Trogium pulsatorium cng lm thoi bin cc Aflatoxin G1 v G2 . Chuyn ho sinh hc l mt gii php tt, khng lm bin cht protein, khng lm h hi n cc yu t cu thnh gy nh hng n gi tr lng thc, thc phm. a vo ng dng cn phi c mt qu trnh thc nghim lu di v chnh xc. b. Kh c lc ca Aflatoxin trong c th ng vt. * Bin php vt l: C th kh hot Aflatoxin trong c th ng vt bng cch gn chng vi cc cht hp ph. - Cc cht khong st (Clay minerals): Cc cht khong st l cc cht khong th cp c hnh thnh do qu trnh phong ho ca cc loi silicat v c trng bi cu trc tng lp. Cht khong st 3 lp - montmorrilonite - c kh nng hp ph cao, c tnh khng c hiu v ph thuc vo th tch ca mng hp thu. Cc phn t c cht b ht ti mng v b cn li. Lin kt ny khng phi l c nh ho hc, ch l mt phc hp sng, da trn cu ni H-O-H (lc ht Van - der - waal) trong mng hp thu, n c th m nu mi trng thch hp. Cc cht khong st l nhng cht hp ph r tin v c nhiu u im. Tuy nhin chng ht c cc vitamin v cht dinh dng. - Cc cht khong Zeolit: Zeolit l cc cht khong th cp c cu trc tinh th. C c Zeolit thin nhin v tng hp. Trn b mt ca Zeolit c mt vt tch in c bit. Zeolit ht cc phn t nc cng nh cc phn t khc. Kh nng ht c t Aflatoxin ca cc Zeolit ph thuc vo ngun gc ca chng. V kch thc ca cc phn t l mt yu t quan trng trong s lin kt, loi Zeolit hp ph Aflatoxin cng hp ph cc phn t cht dinh dng c cng kch thc. - Cc cht trng phn nh Polyvinylpolyrrolidone: Polyvinyl-polyrrolidone l mt homopolymer ca N - vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon. L cht bt trng mn, c trng lng phn t cao, tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c. Cc cht trng phn ny c c ch tc dng tng t nh clay minerals. Cc thnh phn polymer ht cc phn t nc, cc lin kt cu ni hydro hnh thnh mt mng hp thu. Nh c mng ny, cng vi cc phn t nc, cc thnh phn phn cc khc cng b hp ph. Kh nng hp ph ca cc cht trng phn tt nhng chng c nhc im rt ln l cc phn t phn cc c cng kch thc nh vitamin d b hp ph. Nhng phn t c t nm khng phn cc s khng b hp ph. - Than hot tnh: L cht bt mu en, khng mi, khng v, khng tan trong nc v nhiu dung mi khc. Than hot tnh c t t g, mu, xng ng vt v cc vt cht hu c khc. c tnh quan trng nht ca than hot l c kh nng hp ph rt cao. Khc vi mt s cht hp ph khc, than hot hp ph tt c cc phn t mang in tch dng v in tch m. * Bin php ho hc

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Khi c t Aflatoxin vo trong c th ngi v ng vt th bin php ho hc thng t c gi tr. Trn thc t, khng c cht i khng c hiu gii c Aflatoxin. Mt khc, cc cht ho hc dng gii c u c cc tc dng ph khng c li cho c th. * Bin php sinh hc - Ch phm sinh hc Mycofix Plus do hng Biomin (Austria) sn xut c b xung vo thc n gia sc gia cm, c tc dng lm v hot cc c t nm mc, trong c Aflatoxin. C ch tc dng ca Mycofix Plus mt mt thng qua s hp ph mycotoxin, mt khc ph hu cu trc ho hc ca mycotoxin da trn cc men c trong ch phm. Qu trnh hp ph mycotoxin xy ra trn mng hp thu do cht hp ph to ra. Cc phn t Aflatoxin v mt s mycotoxin phn cc khc b ht ti mng, c nh trn b mt mng v tr ln hon ton v hot. Cc khong xc tc trn mng hp thu iu chnh in th ring ca a s cc nhm mycotoxin to nn cch hp ph c bit ca Mycofix Plus. Qu trnh ny bt u t khoang ming khi con vt tit nc bt (hoc ngay trong thc n trc khi c tiu ho), tip tc d dy v rut. Cc c t b c nh bi Mycofix Plus khng hp thu c vo trong mu. Hp cht Mycofix Plus v mycotoxin c hp ph cng thi ra ngoi theo phn.

Hnh 6.7: C ch hp ph Aflatoxin ca Mycofix Plus: Cc mycotoxin khng phn cc hon ton b cc men c trong Mycofix Plus ph hu. Men epoxydase ph cu trc ca nhm chc nng 12, 13 - epoxy (phn c nht ca Trichothecenes).

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Mycofix Plus lm v hot Aflatoxin B1 vi cc liu lng: 400 v 1000 ppb Aflatoxin, 2kg Mycofix Plus/1 tn thc n b xung trong thc n ca g cng nghip. - Tc dng ca 1,2 - dithiole - 3 - thione (DTT), mt cht cm ng enzym n chc nng n qu trnh hnh thnh cc lin kt Aflatoxin - ADN trong gan chut. Cc lin kt ADN chnh nh Aflatoxin B - N7 guanin thi theo nc tiu chut c cho ung DTT gim i rt ng k. T rt ra kt lun DTT l cht c th chng li ung th do Aflatoxin gy ra. Ch phm Oltipraz c trong nhn y chng ung th do nhim c Aflatoxin. Tc dng ca ch phm curcumin c ch s hnh thnh 50% cc mi lin kt Aflatoxin B1 - ADN. N c th hn ch qu trnh ung th do cc cht ho hc thng qua vic iu chnh chc nng ca cytochrom P450. Cc thuc lm tng cng bi tit cht c, tng cng cng nng gii c gan, hn ch c hi do Aflatoxin gy ra cho c th trong c cy Actiso. Tc dng hn ch c hi do Aflatoxin gy ra ca Actiso l tc dng nhiu mt. Trong thnh phn ca Actiso c hot cht cyranin, quyt nh tc dng thng mt, li tiu, nhun gan dn n tng cng cng nng gii c ca gan. Mt khc cc hot cht c trong Actiso nh Silymarin, mt loi antioxydant flavonoid (cn c gi l anti - hepatoxic) c tc dng hn ch ung th gan thc nghim. Cng c tc dng nh vy l 2 loi triterpen hydroxyd: Taraxasterol v fradiol c chit t hoa Actiso. Cu hi n tp 1. Nu tn cc loi nm mc v c t gy c cho vt ? 2. Gii thch c ch gy c ca aflatoxin? 3. Ng c c t nm vt nui? 4. Trnh by cc bin php phng chng nm mc v c t nm mc trong thc n chn nui?

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chng VII cht c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt

Chng ny gm hai phn chnh: cht c c ngun gc thc vt v cht c c ngun gc ng vt. Cht c c phn loi theo nhm v gii thiu nhng cy c, nhng c t ng vt m vt nui hay b trng c. Cc nhm cht c cng nh cy c u c gii thiu v ngun gc, nguyn nhn, triu chng, bnh tch trn c s ra bin php phng tr Thc t mt cht c c th tn ti trong nhiu cy tu hm lng, thi gian pht trin ca cy, b phn dng hay loi sc vt nui. C cy c vi loi vt nui ny nhng li khng c cho loi khc. Hay thm ch cc cy cha cng mt cht c nhng khi b ng c li c nhng triu chng, bnh tch khc nhau trn cc loi sc vt. 1. Cht c ngun gc thc vt. 1.1. Phn loi. a. Alcaloit. Alcaloid l cc hp cht hu c c tnh kim nh - kim thc vt. a s c ngun gc t thc vt. Cc alcaloid c dc tnh rt mnh. Hin nay c khong > 3000 loi alcaloid khc nhau, trong c khong 3% nghin cu k v c s dng rng trong c nhn y, th y v nng nghip (cc thuc tr su t).

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Trong cy alcaloid tn ti di 3 dng: alcaloid thc; alcaloid gi v cc dng tin alcaloid. Hm lng alcaloid trong cy cng rt khc nhau t 0,2% n 2 - 5% hoc nhiu hn. Mt cy c th cha mt vi loi alcaloid, thm ch cn ti hn 20 loi khc nhau nh nha thuc phin, r cy da cn, v canh k na, ht cy vng nem - Erythrina americana, E. breviflora (Sotelo. 1993). Mt s alcaloid gy c hay gp trong lm sng. + Cy thuc phin (Papaver somniferun L), trong nha c khong hn 20 loi ancaloit khc nhau, trong ch yu l: mocphin, codein, papaverin, naxein.... + Cy u (Aconitum fortunei Hemsl) r c rt c do c cht aconitin. Ch cn 2 - 3 mg gy cht ngi; 5 mg gy cht nga. thng do ung qu liu hay do cch ch bin cha lm gim c c cht theo qui nh. + Cy m tin (Strychnos nux vomica L) trong ht c strychnin, bruxin. + Cy c c dc (Dutura metel L) trong l c atropin, hyoscyanin. + Cy thuc l (Nicotiana tabacum L) trong l c nicotin c tnh rt mnh, tc dng nhanh. L c s dng ch vitamin PP. + Cy l ngn (Gelsemium elegans Benth) ton co c gelsemin, kumin, kuminidin...l ancaloit c c tnh rt mnh, ch dng u c hay t t. Khng dng lm thuc + Pyrrolzidine

3. Structure a. Pyrrolizidine nucleus

b. Alkaloid base ( necines ) ( Cc ancaloid baz c gc necines )

CH2OH

CH2OH

N Lindelofidie

N Supinidine

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CH2OH OH N heliotridine OH N

CH2OH

Retronecine

c. The base must have the following characteristics to be toxic: (1) Double hydroxyl groups ( c hai nhm hydrroxyl) (2) Double bond in basic ring ( c ni i trong vng ) (3) Be esterified with a necic acid ( b este ho vi acid necic) d. Typical structure of active alkaloids ( cc dng cu trc tiu biu ca alcaloid c hot tnh )

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H3C CH H H3C OH C H C = C CH2 CH C CH3 H3C CO CO N O CH2 - O Heliotrine ( single esterified ) N Senecionine ( double esterified) CH HO

CH3

CH2 O CO CH CH3 HO OCH3

a. N oxide

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H3C CH HO CH2

CH3

O - CO

- C - CH HO OCH3

CH3

N O Heliotrine (1) Amount varies in the plant ( Hm lng bin thin ph thuc vo loi cy ) (2) More palatable ( D n hn ) (3) Toxicity is slightly less ( C c tnh t hn )

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+ Ankaloid baz (necines) gm: - lindelofidine; Supinidine khng c (non toxic) - Playnecine, Heliotridine v Retronecine l cc cht c. + Dng ankaloid baz rt c khi trong cng thc phn t c: - Hai nhm hydroxin - OH (double hydroxyl groups) - C ni i trong vng c s (nhn chung). - dng esther vi gc a xit. + Cc kiu cu trc khc c tc dng gy c ca ankaloid - Senecionine ( double esterfied) - Heliotrified (single esterified) + N - oxyde - Heliotrine - K c mi dng varies trong cy - Cn phi c n qua ming. - c khng biu hin r (khng biu hin cc triu chng in hnh)
b. Glycozit. Glucozid l hp cht hu c c ngun gc thc vt, cu trc gm 2 phn: phn oza v genin. Ch c phn genin m c tc dng dc l c trng. Tu theo cng thc, tc dng dc l, cha thnh cc nhm glucozid khc nhau. Thuc glucozid c gm 4 nhm: glucozid cha cyanide, glucozis cng tim - cardiac glycosides, saponin v thioglucozid. * Glucozit cha Cyanide - cy c cha Cyanide + Cc cy c cha cyanogenetic - Cy thuc h Sorghum halpense - Graminaceae. H c di c ht c c c di c ht - Johnson grass. Phn ln cc cy la mim (cy k) thuc chi Sorghum Vulgare. Nhng cy ny ch c c t trong iu kin c sng mui, kh hn. - Sroghum vulgare - cy c cho ht thng ging nh cy la min.. Nhng cy chnh: Sroghum hegarie, S. milo. - Cy la min c cha cht nhy Sroghum vulgare var sudanesis. C Sudan grass ngoi c t l a cid cyanhydric, trong c cn cha nhiu cht nht, c bit c non. C ba l trifolium repens hay trifolium pratense. - Cy cho c c cha tinh bt: cy sn - Triglochin maritima. Arrow grass - H trc o Prunus spp . P. demissa - western choke cherry - cy anh o mc min ty, trong nc l cy m, mn v o - P. sertonia - wild black cherry - cy anh o mc

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hoang - P. virginiana - choke cherry. Chng ch tr thnh c t khi cy b ct v lm ho trn bi chn th, Ht cy anh o cng c c t. - H bng - Linum usitatissimum. Flax - cy bng, cy lanh - Cc cy cho g mu pht : Cercocarpus spp. Mountain mahogany, Rocky mountain States - cy di nga . Cy mc vng ni cao, ni t, . Chng ch tr thnh c khi loi nhai li, nht l cu, hu...n phi trong trng hp cy b b hay ct ho. - Cy - Suckleya Suckleyana cht c l suckleya. - Cy c lng mn - Holcus lanatus. C tai gu - Vevet grass (Verbascum thapsus), hay rau tu bay - Gynura crepidioides; c git mui - mosquito grass, cy hng nhu xanh - Ocimum veride. - H to - Malus sp. Ht to gy c cho ngi. * C ch: Trong c th, khi c gii phng ra, nhm cyanide tc dng vo men h hp ni bo (cytochrome oxidase) ca hng cu, gy MetHb. Hng cu khng th vn chuyn c oxy ti cc t bo, mu ng vt chuyn thnh mu en. Hu nh mi loi ng vt u mn cm vi cyanide, nht l u sc v tr nh. Kh nng gy c tu thuc lng cyanide, tc gii phng cyanide ra khi dng lin kt trong ng tiu ho, kh nng hp thu cng nh mn cm ca tng loi vt nui. * Liu c: Liu gy c ti thiu (MIC) trn ng vt t 2 - 2,3 mg/kg th trng (Humpherys 1988). Liu ny cn ph thuc ngun gc v kh nng thu phn glucozid cha cyanide ca tng loi vt nui. Nu ng vt n nhiu, vi tc hp thu nhanh (ch vi loi c d dy n), ch cn 4 mg/kg th trng git cht vt nui. Ch khong 20 mg acid cyanhydric/100 gam thc n s gy nguy him cho ng vt. xc nh chnh xc ng c do cyanide nn kim tra lng cyanide trong gan v cht cha d dy. Khi b ng c hm lng cyanide trong gan ti thiu l 1,4 mg/g (th mn tnh); trong d c phi c t 10 mg/g tr ln (th cp tnh). * Triu chng: Th cp tnh do n qu nhiu thc vt c cha cyanide gy trng thi MetHb cho vt nui. C th gy cht ngay lp tc, thng vt cht sau mt vi pht n vi gi vi cc biu hin: co git, si bt mp, hn m, gin ng t mt. Vt thiu t ch, tiu tin ba bi. Nim mc mt, mi, ming tm ti, dch nhy chy ra mi ni: ming, mi v c cc t chc di da. Ngng th trc khi ngng tim. ng vt mc chng kh tiu, tch thc. Vt cht nhanh trong trng thi ngt th. Th mn tnh do sc vt n thng xuyn, vi lng t nn gy ng c cho gan. Gan b c do phi oxy ha kh cyanide nh cc a cid amin cha lu hunh thnh dng t c hn - thioglucozid. trong c th, cht thioglucozid li c ch s ng ho, hp thu iode ca tuyn gip trng. Nu tch nhiu thioglucozid vt s b bu c. * Bnh tch: Xc cht khng c s bin i tr mu en, long vn chy ngay c khi xc cht kh ==mu khng ng. * Chn on phn bit: Kim tra nhng cy nghi c cha cyanogenetic. - Kim tra lng cyanide trong cht cha d dy. Nu nghi vt b trng c bi cy cha cyanide, ta cn phi ly mu ca cht cha trong d dy bng cch t ng thng d dy. Kim tra lng cyanide trong cht cha ca d dy.

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* Cha tr: Truyn vo tnh mch 75 - 150 ml dung dch gm: 1% mui nitrat natri v 25% thiosulphat natri. * C ch gii c: ferricytochrome + CN === Ferricytochrome oxidase cyanide (Respiratory enzyme) NaNO2 + Hb MetHb + CN ===== ( R.E. inhibited) Methemoglobin (Temporary tie -up of cyanide) Na2S2O3 + CN + O===SCN (Sodium thiocyanata) + Na2SO4 (Permanent tie - up of cyanide)

==== Cyanmethemoglobin

- S dng dung dch thiosulphat a vo d dy loi tr acid cyanhydric trong d y. Cch pha ch dung dch gm 30% thiosulphat natri v 2% nitrite natri. Liu dng t 30 50 ml/ai gia sc; 10 - 20 ml/tiu ga sc (cu, hu). - Chuyn ng vt ra khi khu vc ng c c cc cy c. * Glucozid cng tim - cardlac glucozid. L cy dng a hong cha digitalis. L cy trc o Nerium oleander cha nerionin. Cy sng d, sng tru gm ton cy, nht l ht cha Strophantin. Trong ht cy thng thin Thevetia yellow oleander cha thevertin Cng thc phn t ca glucozid cng tim gm 2 phn, phn ng oza v phn khng phi ng l genin hay glycon. Phn genin c tc dng c hiu trn tim. Phn ng quyt nh ha tan v khi lng phn t. Cy khc nhau cha cc glucozid khc nhau nhng li c tc dng tng t nhau trn tim - kch thch hot ng ca tim. * Thioglucozid L glucozid c trng cho loi thc vt hoa ch thp. Trong cy, tu theo loi, tu b phn: thn, l, ht hm lng thioglucozid khc nhau. y l dng glucozid c cha lu hunh trong phn t. Nhm ny c cu trc phn t lun thay i tu loi thc vt. Hin c khong trn 50 loi thioglucozid khc nhau, nhng loi gy c tp trung trong 2 loi: Isothiocianat (ITC) v Viniloxolidotion (VTO). Glucozid thuc nhm ITC nu trong phn t c cha nitril c tc dng c ch sinh trng mnh hn gp 10 ln so vi loi khng cha nitril. Loi VTO c khuynh hng gy bu c rt mnh, nn cn gi thyreostatikus VTO - glucozide. Cht ny c tc dng c ch, ngn cn s hp thu iod ca tuyn gip to thyroxin. Thioglucozid rt nhy cm vi ng vt ng vt non. Loi VTO glucozid c th qua mng thai vo tun hon bo thai, gy cht thai hay d tt. Trng hp ny gp trn cu ci cha n nhiu ci bp, ci du. Cht nay lm thai chm pht trin hay b bu c khi cn trong bo thai. ng vt trng thnh n nhiu gy bu c. Khi con c th b cht hay qui thai. Cht c bn u tin gy c l glucozinolat. Khi chn th gia sc trn ng c c nhiu loi thc vt thuc h hoa ch thp (h hoa ci) hay gp s c dung huyt (hemolysis) nghim trng, nc tiu mu nu hay mu nc vi do huyt sc t ca mu b ph hu. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng nay do trong thc vt c

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cha cc a cid amin bt thng c lu hunh trong phn t. Khi hp cht S - methyl cystein - sulphoxide trong d c s b phn gii thnh Dimethyl - disulphide. Cht ny rt c, c tc dng gy dung huyt theo phn ng sau.

O 2CH3-S-CH2CHNH2COOH+H2 == CH3-S-S-CH3 +2CH3-CO-COOH+ NH3 S methylcysteine- sulphoxide Dimethyl disulphide a cid pyruvic Trong h ci c ging green brassicas c cha 10 - 20 g S - methylcysteinesulphoxide/kg cht kh. B n 15 g/100 kg th trng/ngy s b trng c do dung huyt. Nu n 10 g/100 kg th trng/ngy s b thiu mu nh. Qui nh trong khu phn ca loi nhai li, nht l b, lng thc n thuc h hoa ch thp khng c qu 1/3 tnh theo vt cht kh trnh nhim c. Ngoi ra trong cc cy thuc h ci ny cn mt cht c na l nitrat gy c cho sc vt. Bng 7.1: S phn b cc thio - glucozid trong thc n thc vt Tn Glucozid Gluconapin Brassiconapin Progoitrin Loi thc vt C hoa bng ch thp, ci c. Ci bp Ci ngng trng, en v ht ca n. ng Glucoza Glucoza Glucoza Aglycan ISO-thiocynat, H2SO4 Sinapin, nitril, H2SO4 Vinioxolidonthion H2SO4 (VOT)

V cay c trng ca tinh du ci l a cid erukanic. Do c S - methylcysteine- sulphoxide hay thio - glucozid, ngi ta hn ch s dng kh du ci trong chn nui. hn ch tc hi ca cc cy h ci k trn, trong chn nui s dng cc bin php sau: - Hin nay, vi nhng tin b ca cng ngh gen, di truyn v lai to ging,... Ngi ta to ra c ging ci trong du ca n c t a cid erukanic nn lm gim lng thio - glucozid. Khi s l bng nhit hng ngoi (mirozinase) kh u ca chng th enzyme glucozinolase b ph hu v cng cha rt t thio - glucozid. T c th dng cho tt c mi loi ng vt n c. * Cc saponozid Phn khng ng ca glucozid c cha saponozid rt d gy bt, khi gia sc n vi lng ln s gy c do hin tng ln men sinh hi dng bt kh trong d c (loi nhai li), hay manh trng (nga) v cc ng vt khc. Saponozid phn b kh rng ri trong thc vt, i vi sc vt nui cn ch cc cy sau: c Konkoly - c lc vc mc ln trong la, khi lm c la nh v cho tru b n. Nu ht c ny ln nhiu trong cc ht ng cc > 0,5% cng gy c. Ngoi ra mt s c h u nh c alfalfa sp. Nhng c non mc v ma xun, dy khoai lang, l dm bt... loi nhai li n qu nhiu. Do kh nng d to bt, th n c, c bit th nhai li trong ng tiu ho c nhiu vi sinh vt ln men, sinh hi. Khi hi sinh ra b cc cht nhy trong cy to bt kh. Kt qu th khng c hi. Bnh chng bng, y hi ca gia sc pht sinh.

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Cht saponozid trong c alfalfa sp cn l cht khng dinh dng (antinutritive). Cht chit ra t c alfalfa sp c ch s sinh trng i vi g, ln, b. Dch chit t c alfalfa sp cng cha c ch tiu ho (antiproteinase). c. Cc acid amin khng protein (non protein amino acid) Cc acid amin nay c tn khc acid amin bt thng. C trong cy h u c nh m (nitrogen - fixing trees). Trc tin nitrogen lin kt vi cc hp cht hu c to cc alkaloid hay nhng acid amin bt thng. Cc cht ny tch lu li trong cy, to sn phm th cp khng hi cho cy. Cc acid amin ny c cng thc ging nhng acid amin khng thay th (acid a min cn thit) rt cn cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca vt nui. Nhng khi vo c th, chng khng gi c vai tr sinh hc, tr thnh yu t i khng vi acid amin cn thit gn ging n. Khi ng vt n phi, n s c hp thu vo c th lm thay i v gy ri lon qu trnh trao i cht, gy c. Nhiu cy thuc h u nhit i cha a cd amin bt thng nh cy u chm Indigofera spicata, cy Lathyrus cicera. Bng 7.2: S phn b ca acid amin bt thng trong ht cy h u Acid amin bt thng b - cyanoalanine b - (N-oxalylamino) alanine a, g - diaminobytiric a cid Cc ging cy h u Neurolathyrogens Vicina sativa Lathyrus sativa Lathyrus latifotius Arginine analogues Canavalia ensiformis Gliricidia sepium Canavanine Robinia pseudoacacia Indigofera spicata Vicia Villosa Indospicine Homoarginine Indigofera spicata Lathyrus cicera Aromatic Mimosine Leucaena leucocephala 145,0 51,0 40,0 98,0 9,0 29,0 20,0 12,0 1.5 25,0 16,0 Hm lng (g/kg)

* Cht mimosin. * S phn b: Mimosin c nhiu trong cy h u nhit i, nht l cy bnh linh Leucaena.

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* C ch: Do c cng thc tng t nh thyrosine v DOPA (3,4 - Dihydroxyphenylamine) - cht chuyn ho ca thyrosine. Mimosin c ch trao i thyrosine, cht Iodothyrosine (MIT, DIT- cht ban u ca qu trnh tng hp thyrosine T3 v T4) khng c to thnh. Khi gia sc n nhiu l cy c cha mimosin s gy ra bu c. * Tc ng gy c ca mimosin trn cu: Hm lng mimosin trong cy bin i tu theo ging, ma v trong nm. Liu gy c ca mimosin i vi cc th rt khc nhau. Theo D.J.Hamphrys 1988; v Szska & Ter Meulen, 1984. liu gy c ca mimosin tnh theo g/ngy/kg bng ng ung: loi nhai li tru, b, d: 0,18; cu: 0,14; th: 0,23; g: 0,16. Nu n qu nhiu l cy binh linh > 30% s gy bu c, gim hot ng ca tuyn gip loi nhai li. Vi g, khi cho n khu phn c 150g l bnh linh/kg thc n khng nh hng n sinh trng. Khi b xung thm st hay nhm trong thc n c l binh linh s lm gim kh nng hp thu cc kim loi trn, do mimosin lin kt vi chng ng tiu ho. Trong khu phn c b xung 5% bt l bnh linh, g chm ln; t 8 - 10% g s b rng lng, to tuyn gip. Bng 7.3: nh hng ca cht mimosin trn cu ly lng ng a thuc Tim tnh mch liu 20 mg/kg Tim tnh mch 8 g/con/2ngy tng ng liu 77 - 96 mg/kg Tim tnh mch 24g/4 ngy tng Gim dai ca lng. Tri lng, km n, chy nhiu ng liu 147 mg/kg. nc bt. Thanh qun b vim, hoi t, cht. Cho ung liu 450 - 600 mg/kg Rng lng nh hng ca mimosin Khng gy nh hng Rng lng, gim dai ca lng

* Cc cht ging arginine: canavanin, indospicrine, homoarginine Arginine c vai tr quan trng trong vic chuyn ho 0rnithine - arginine tng hp ln ure. Khi chu trnh ny b canavanin v cc cht tng t thay th vo v tr arginine, sc vt s b ri lon chuyn ho. V th chng c coi l c t khng dinh dng ca a cid amin arginine. Acid amin cn thit c cng thc gn ging vi arginine l lysine. Arginine v lysine l yu t i khng vi canavanine. C ba a cid amin ny c phn b kh rng vi hm lng cao trong cy h u. Canavanine li d dng hp thu ng tiu ho gia sc, gia cm, nhanh xut hin trong mu nh hng n sinh trng, kh nng tiu ho m ca ng vt. * Cht neurolathyrogens Thuc nhm ny gm: b - cyanolanine; b - (N - oxalylamino) alanine v a, g diaminobytiric a cid. y l nhng sn phm chuyn ho c lin quan n qu trinh trao i cht ca mt s loi c nhit i. Nhng ging c lathyrus khc nhau, c lm lng BOAA cng khc nhau. Gia sc n thng xuyn c ny s b ng c do cht lathyrogenic a cid. Lathyrogenic a cid c tc dng khng dinh dng i vi cc a cid amin gn ging n. Gia cm con rt mn cm. Cn trn ng vt v ngi, n l cht gy c thn kinh (neurotoxic).

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Bng 7.4: c tnh ca lathyrogenic amino acid trn h thn kinh gia cm Lathyrogenic Loi g ng dng v liu lng Triu chng b - cyanolanine G con, d TA (0,75 g/kg) hay tim di Co git tetanos, cht LD50 = da 70 mg/kgP G con, d Phc mc 20 mg/con BOAA a,g diaminobutiri c acid G trng thnh 30 mg/con 100 mg/con 12,9 mgl/kgP u v c co git Cht Ng c Cha c triu chng ng c Tng hm lng glutamin trn no

G con, d Phc mc 3,2- 6,5 mgl/kgP

* Cht Fluoroacetic acid. Cng l cht th cp c nhiu trong cy: Acasia, Oxylobium v Gastrolobium thuc h u. N c 2 dn xut c Fluoroacetate v Fluoroacetamide, tn ti dng bt, tan trong nc, khng v c c tnh cao vi loi gm nhm, ngi v ng vt. C ch gy c: Cht Fluoroacetat c ch men aconitase, khng p ng c cc bc tip theo trong chu trnh citrar, tricarboxylic acid. Gy hu qu citrate b tch lu, khng phn gii, dn n trng c toan. (Peters 1054). d. Nhng hp cht cha phenolic * Tanin. Trong cy tn ti di 2 dng; tanin thu phn (hydrolysable - HTs) v tanin khng thu phn (condensed - CTs). tanin l nhng cht c cha phenolic ho tan, phn t lng > 500. C kh nng kt ta gelatin, protein, kim loi nng. Tanin phn b rng ri trong cy, nht l cc chi non. N gy nh hng ln cho ng vt chn th, nht l cc cy c hm lng tanin cao 15 - 30% cht kh. Tanin - cht khng dinh dng, do lm gim tnh thm n, thay i khu h vi sinh vt trong ng tiu ho, nht l loi nhai li (toxicity). Tanin c nh hng ln ti tnh ngon ming, kh nng tiu ho hp thu. * Nhng hp cht phenolic Bn cht ho hc ca phenolic l mt vng nhn thm phenol c cha nhm hydroxyl, phn b kh rng trong thc vt. Khi thu phn tanin s c acid phenolic. Phenolic chim 20% trng lng l kh trong cc loi cy thn bi nhit i (Lowry, Thahar, 1983), dao ng t 13 - 50%. Trong chng mc phenolic c tnh c v n kch thch hoc bo mn t chc. Trong cy, n lin kt vi tanin thnh dng khng ho tan (Conjugeted Tannin: CT). Mt khc, phenolic cn c tc dng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt thng qua tc ng bt kn cc trung tm hot ng ca enzyme. Nu va c tanin, va c acid phenolic, tc dng gy hi cng nhiu v tanin lm co cc t bo nim mc, bin tnh cht nim dch, gim ng k s hp thu, cn phenolic th c ch men tiu ho, kt qu cui cng l gim ng k s tiu ho thc n.

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S lin kt, gii c phenolic vi glyxin, acid glucoronic hoc sulfat... nhng gii hn khi s dng thc n c lng phenolic cao cng l nhng vn c cc nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu s dng tt nguc thc n ny. e. Nhng cht khng enzyme tiu ho protein (Proteinase Inhibitors) Thc n c cht khng enzym tiu ho protin kh phong ph. Trong sa u c antitrypsine chng li s hot ng ca men trypsin v chymotrypsin. Do vy lng khng th trong sa m mi chuyn sang cho con. Trong cc ht ca cy h u u c cha antitrypsine, nhiu nht l u nnh, c ve, sau n cc ht u khc: H Lan, nga, ht lanh, u phng... cng c nhng t hn. Th nghim ca Chan v Lume 1982 trn chut n u sng winged liu 280 g/kg khu phn. Chut gim trng lng v cht sau 12 ngy. M khm thy tuyn tu pht trin to hn bnh thng. Cng loi u ny, hp chn n liu 300 g/kg chut vn pht trin bnh thng. J.P.F D`Mello th nghim trn g a ra kt qu tng t nh trn chut, tuyn tu ca g tht n u sng cng to hn. Cc th nghim trn th, cho vt nui n u nnh sng s tng trng ch bng 1/3 so vi n u nnh chn. Thnh phn cht khng enzyme tiu ho protein trong u nnh + Glycinin - l dng protein, cht ny c ch s tit men, lm gim hot ng cu men trypsin, chymotrypsin v amylase. b li s thiu ht men, buc tuyn tu phi lm b. Kt qu, tuyn tu b phnh to (hypertrophia). Cht ny c tc dng trn mi th nui, nht l g con, chut, heo khi cho n u nnh sng. + Lectin hay protein lectin, c c tnh gy dung huyt, ngng kt hng cu hemagglutinin. Cht ny c tc dng c ch s sinh trng ca ng vt non, nht l chut, ln v g con... + Soyin c ch s hot ng ca trypsin v lipase, lm gim s tiu ho m v m. C ba cht trn u l cht khng dinh dng (antinutritiv), chng rt nhy cm vi nhit , ging nh men urease cng c nhiu trong ht u nnh sng. Chng b dit 105 110 0C /10 - 30 pht. f. Cc cht nhy cm quang hc - phostosensitive compounds. * Nguyn nhn Cc cht nhy cm quang hc c nhiu trong mt s cy dng lm thc n chn nui: Cc cy thuc h kiu mch c Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum - gy c cho loi nhai li trong mn cm nht l b sa. Vi ln, nu n thng xuyn c alfalfa ch c ln ngoi do thiu sc t da nn b vim. Cn vi ln ni da mu chng khng c biu hin vim da. Cht ny cng c nhiu trong ht ca thc vt ammi visnaga v ammi majus - gy c cho gia cm: vt, g, ngan, ngng. Trong g ty mn cm nht do trn c th c nhiu da khng c lng che ph.

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Khi th nui n c ny nhiu xut hin loi bnh c triu chng rt in hnh, ngi ta dng tn ny t tn cho bnh - fagopirizmus. *C ch: Sau khi c hp thu vo mu, chng c chuyn n di da ni khng c sc t bo v. Di tc dng ca tia t ngoi, trong nh sng mt tri vi bic sng 540 610 nm lm cho da ng ln, gy au, nga, sau vim dp da. * Triu chng Trn th: s vim nhim ny hay thy xung quanh mt, c, cc khp chn, cc ngn chn thy au. Nu c tip tc cho n, gia sc s b vim dp, bong trc da. ng vt b kch ng mnh, rt kh chu, thch chui ch ti, mt. Do trao i cht b ri lon, gim kh nng chuyn ho thc n, gim sc sn xut. Vi b sa s b gim lng m trong sa, mi v v ca sa cng khng bnh thng. Bnh nng c th cht. Vi b khng nn cho n c Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum qu 10kg /con/ngy. Trn gia cm triu chng rt r, da xung quanh m, mp, tch, mo, tai v bn chn u b vim. G ty b rt nng do phn da tip xc vi nh sng nhiu. T l cht c th ti 20%. Ngoi ra cn gy gim sc sn xut: gim , chm ln. *Phng tr Mun tr bnh ny, phi trnh khng cho vt nui tip xc vi nh sng mt tri. Nht vt nui trong bng ti hay nu cn chn th ni no trn da khng c sc t bo v cn c che ph kn bng mu ti. Cn trnh khng cho gia sc n nhiu c Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum, gia cm n nhiu ht ht ca thc vt ammi visnaga v ammi majus, ln n thng xuyn c alfalfa. g. Cc protein ca thc vt- Toxanbunin Gm cc protein thc vt c c tnh cao nh: rixin c trong ht Thu du, croton trong ht ba u, abrin trong ht cy cam tho dy. Cc protein ny c th gy c do lm dung huyt hay hu hoi t bo nng thp. h. Cc axit hu c Trong cy n tn ti di th t do hay kt hp vi cht khc. C 2 trng thi u gy c cho ng vt nui khi n phi vi s lng ln. Trong ng ch nht l: axit oxalic c trong kh chua, chua me, cht cht...vi liu ln gy ph n, xut huyt ng tiu ho. Axt cyanhydric trong c sn, mng tre, l v ht m, mn, o. i. Cht nha Nhiu loi nha cy khi n phi c th gy tn thng ng tiu ho hoc chm phi s kch ng da hay nim mc. Cc cy mang lng nga cha a xt formic l han. Cc cy thuc loi sn manh nha c bay hi, d gy d ng do tip xc. 1.2. Mt s cy c
Cy c cha Glucozid cng tim

* Ngun gc L cy dng a hong cha digitalis. L cy trc o Nerium oleander cha nerionin. Cy sng d, sng tru gm ton cy, nht l ht cha Strophantin. Trong ht cy thng thn Thevetia yellow oleander cha thevertin * Cng thc chung

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Cng thc phn t ca glucozid cng tim gm 2 phn, phn ng oza v phn khng phi ng l genin hay glycon. Phn genin c tc dng c hiu trn tim. Phn ng quyt nh ha tan v khi lng phn t. Cy khc nhau cha cc glucozid khc nhau nhng li c tc dng tng t nhau trn tim - kch thch hot ng ca tim. Cc tc dng khc ngoi tim ca glucozid cng tim c ta ra do hiu qu tng hp ca hai tc nhn trn (phn ng v khng ng ca tng cy mt). Mi cy cn c mt kiu gy c khc ngoi tim. Cc glucozid cng tim cn c tc dng trn ng tiu ha: tu tng cy, chng c th gy vim cata hay xut huyt rut cc mc nng nh khc nhau. Mi loi ng vt u rt mn cm. ng bo da dng nhng cy c cha glucozid cng tim ny lm thuc tm tn trong sn bn th trn rng. * Triu chng: Cc glucozid cng tim u c tc dng c hiu n hot ng ca tim; ng thi vn cn tc ng khc trong c th ngoi tim. au bng, lm ging, bun nn, nn, tiu chy, co git. T chi lnh, nhit c th bnh thng hay gim thp. Mch nhanh nhng yu (trm). H hp tng c v tn s v bin (th su). Lit v cht (trc khi cht thng khng co git). Cc triu chng trn thng ko di khng qu 24 gi * Bnh tch: Xc cht c cc biu hin: Vim cp hay chy mu d dy - rut. Mu chuyn mu nu en, long khng ng cha y khp cc xoang trng trong c th. * Cha tr: Nhanh chng loi tr tt c cht cha trong d dy v rut. ng vt nh cho ung thuc gy nn sau tht ra d dy. Nga v tru, b dng thuc ty v tht ra trc trng. Loi nhai li ch n s n nh ca vi sinh vt trong d c. Hy nh rng: ch vi mt liu rt thp - mt cht l cn ng li lu trong d c c th git cht ng vt. Khng c thuc cha c hiu cho tng loi ng vt. Hin nay ang cha th nghim theo hai cch sau Ung procain 10 - 20 gam/con cu hay tru, b. C sau 4 gi li ung nhc li. Ung Kali glutamate 10 - 25 gam/con cu hay tru, b. Mt s trng hp ng c gia sc do n cy trc o. - Mt tri chn nui gia sc Bac b cht 8 con nga trong 2 tun do l ca cy Trc o ln vo c ct. Mi nga u cht t t, khng b m. Mt con nga Los Angeles b cht do n phi cc mu ct nh ca l cy trc o ln trong b c ct vn. Cy ny c ch gia sc trng lm hng ro quanh vn. - Ti Los Angeles c mt nhm b b cht rt nhanh (t t) vi cc triu chng khng in hnh. Khi kim tra tm c l ca cy Trc o trong b c kh. Cc b c kh ny li c tm thy gn hng ro, ni c cy Trc o mc. L cy Trc o ri ln trong b thc n kh. C 4 con b ci t b cht do chng n l cy Trc o khi ang rt i. Trng hp khc, mt ngi ch chn nui b cht 15 con b hu b do bi chn th v phi thc n cho gia sc cnh l t c cy trc o.
cy dng x Tn khc: cy lng kh, cu tch (bracken)

Tn khoa hc Cibotium barometz L. H lng cu ly Dicksoniaceae * c im thc vt: L kp lng chim, c hnh tam gic i xng c 3 tng. i khi mp l c rng ca hay hnh lc. R cy n su vo khe .

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* Nguyn nhn: Bnh thng ng vt khng thch n, nhng do b i hay thiu thc n buc phi n cy ny trong 30 - 60 ngy hay lu hn. Khi gia sc n nhiu, trong thi gian di cy ny, s b c. ng vt b ng c dng nh thng xuyn, b quanh nm, hay gp nht vo ma kh, khi lng c gim. *Triu chng: Hay gp trn loi n c, tru, b, nga thng b ng c do thiu vitamin B1. Ln c biu hin khng r. Triu chng trn tru, cu khi ng c nh sau: Bnh tin trin rt nhanh. Xut huyt l triu chng hay gp nht. Chy mu c th nhn thy bt k ch no trn c th: tit nim dch nhy c ln mu nim mc mi, ming. Da xut huyt... Chy mu cc khoang trng trn c th. Vim rut, tiu chy ra mu. H huyt p, gim nhp tim. Kh th do dch thm xut hay xut huyt thanh qun, cc kh qun. Nhiu khi ng vt cht m cha kp quan st c cc triu chng trn do bnh tin trin qu nhanh. Thng cht sau 1 10 ngy. T l mc bnh ri m yu chim 20%. T l t vong cao. Triu chng c th b pht hin trong khong thi gian 2 - 3 tun sau khi di chuyn n gia sc ti ng c mi. * Bnh l: Nhn bit u tin i vi i gia sc l s gim cc t bo bch cu ht v tiu cu mu ngoi vi. Chng chnh l cc t bo nhn khng l (t bo i thc bo) tu xng. Gim th thc bo. Gim kh nng khng khi b nhim khun. Gim lng thrombocytes gy nn bnh chy mu. Gim kh nng sn sinh t bo hng cu, nhng xut hin chm hn bi v n c lin quan vi cuc sng lu di ca rbc mach mu ngoi vi. Bc tranh v mu khi loi n c b ng c nh sau: Gim bch cu trung tnh. Gim tiu cu mu v rbc b gim giai on sau. Vi cu: b gim hng, bch cu tng s thng gi l bnh sng mt * Chn on phn bit vi cc bnhng c sau: Bnh leptospilosis, huyt nhim khun, st pht ban, da b nhim bc x, nhim tia X, bnh say nng, nhim cc ho cht: benzen, dinitrophenol, trinitrotoluene, cc cht khng chuyn ho - chng li s trao i cht diaminopurine, mercaptopurine, cht khng vitamin - antivitamin, cc thuc: aminopterin, urethane, cc tc nhn kim sinh hc - nitrogen mustard (cy ci c nitrogen), triethylene melamone gi l myleran - chng gy sm, tm da, tc nhn trichlorethylene c chit ra t du u, mt s mui ca arsenicals. *Cha tr khi tru, b b ng c: Dng khng sinh phng bi nhim. Truyn mu, nht l cc nguyn t khong trong mu.
h c la min - orghum spp

Trong h c la min c cc ging hay gy c Sorghum vulgare - ging c lc vc; S. sudanense c sudan trng; S. halepense - c di mc hoang hai bn ng hay vng m ly. *c t: Trong cc cy c ny cha cyanogenetic glucozid tn dhurrin. Cht dhurrin l cht th cp khng gy c cho cy. Khi ng vt n nhiu, trong c th n b thy phn thnh a cid cyanhydric t do mi gy c. Trong c non cha nhiu cyanogenetic glucozid. Cht dhurrin s gim dn theo s pht trin ca cy, ri tr nn khng c c trng thnh. Nhng khi chuyn t ma kh, lnh sang ma ma, c non mc nhiu, sc vt d nhim. Nu c c trng, khng nn ct hay cho b khi cao ca c cha 50 cm. Trong c non c cha men thy phn cyanogenetic glucozid, khi ta phi c cc men ny s thy phn cyanogenetic glucozid cho ra

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acid cyanhydrac t do bay vo khng kh. Sc vt n c kh s khng b c. Nhng trong c non c khong 30% a cid cuanhydric, lng ny s gim dn v mt i sau 4 - 4,5 thng * C ch: Tru, b, cu v nga u mn cm. Khi vo c th di tc dng ca dch tiu ha v men phn gii c trng ca cyanogenetic glucozid, a cid cyanhydrac t do c gii phng. Khi a cid cyanhydrac t do kh hot tnh ca men vn chuyn in t cytochrome oxidase, c ch Fe+++ ca hng cu, gy methemogbin. Kt qu hng cu khng vn chuyn c oxygen cho cc t bo. * Triu chng: Vt s cht nhanh trong 30 pht n 2 gi, nhiu ch khng hiu l do, vt gn nh khng b m. Khi cht vt c cc biu hin: chy nc bt, di nhiu; kh th, ri lon vn ng cc chi, sau kit sc do c bp b co git lin tc, khng khng ch c. Vt cht cn do lit trung khu h hp. Vi gia sc ci gy xy thai, non. Vi u sc gy vim khp. * Kim tra cht c: kim tra nng a cid cyanhydric trong mu c ti v cht cha d dy ca sc vt. * Bnh tch: Bnh cp tnh: vim cu thn c t huyt Bnh mn tnh: vim lot i trng dng ht. Tn thng v thoi ho si thn kinh cc t sng lng, khum, tu sng Xut huyt nghim trng di da. Cc kh quan ni tng b xung huyt. Mu c mu sng. l nhng biu hin c trng khi sc vt b trng c HCN trong thc vt. Ph dc ng h hp. Dch nhy cha dy t mi, hu, thanh v cc nhnh kh qun - phi. Ch : gia ng c cyannide v c la min c s ging nhau v c ch ho hc gy ng c. Triu chng lm sng v mc tn thng. + Neuro lathyrism (dipeptide) c sn xut ra bi R - glutamyl - B - cyanoalanine. + Cyanide metabolism l sn phm tin thn ca dipeptidas. + Phn ng. L - cystine + HCN == H2S + B - cyanoalanine (R - glutamyl transferase). B - cyanoalanine ==== R - glutamyl - B - cyanoalanine. * Cha tr: Truyn vo tnh mch 75 - 150 ml dung dch gm: 1% mui nitrat natri v 25% thiosulphat natri. C ch gii c: ferricytochrome + CN === Ferricytochrome oxidase cyanide (Respiratory enzyme) NaNO2 + Hb MetHb + CN ===== (R.E. inhibited) Methemoglobin

==== Cyanmethemoglobin (Temporary tie -up of cyanide) Na2S2O3 + CN + O===SCN + Na2SO4 (Sodium thiocyanata) (Permanent tie - up of cyanide) - S dng dung dch thiosulphat a vo d dy loai tr acid cyanhydric trong d y. Cch pha ch dung dch gm 30% thiosulphat natri v 2% nitrite natri. Liu dng t 30 -50 ml/i gia sc; 10 -20 ml/tiu ga sc (cu, hu).

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- Chuyn ng vt ra khi khu vc ng c c cc cy c.

Cy m tn khc: mai, kh hnh nhn, abrricotier (Php)

Tn khoa hc Prunus armeniaca. L. H hoa hng - Rosaceae. Cy mc hoang hay c trng rt nhiu ni trong c nc: H Ty, Nam nh, Thanh Ha, Lao Cai, SapaThng trng thnh rng hay hai bn ng i. * Nguyn nhn: Ton cy, c cnh con v l u cha cht c ti bt k thi im no. L cha nhiu c t vo ma xun v gim dn trong c ma h. Mc d vy, song cng c mt vi vng li hay gp trng c vo ma h sau khi thu ht qu thng ct b cnh, ng vt b p n qu nhiu cnh non ca cy m, mn, o do thiu thc n xanh. * c t: Trong ton cy, nht l ht cha c cht amygdalin - glucozid cha cyanhydric, khi thy phn cho ra acid cyanhydric, acid andehybenzoic * C ch: Loi nhai li: Tru, b, cu hay b v cng mn cm hn cc loi vt khc, do qu trnh tiu ha cenlulo d c gii phng ra a cid cyanhydric. A cid cyanhydric c hp thu vo mu v c ch s vn chuyn st trong men cytochrome oxidaza ca t bo mu gy methemoglobin. Mu khng vn chuyn, cung cp c oxy cho t bo. Mu nu, khng ng, da tm ti. * Triu chng: ng vt c biu hin chung ging nh cc trng hp trng c nhng hp cht cha cyangenetic glucozid trong cy: kh th l triu chng in hnh, nhiu ch nh khng bit vt cht do nguyn nhn g v n khng m. Cng c th gp cc trng thi khc: mt thng bng, kit sc, suy sp v cht. Vt cht rt nhanh trong vi pht, n 1 hay 2 gi, vng phi xp xung do cc ph nang b ph hy. Khi cht t mi, hu mn mu en khng ng chy ra. * Bnh tch: Mu mu mu en khng ng chy ra t mi, hu mn. ng tiu ha b xung, xut huyt. * Cha tr: Xem phn cha tr cyanozid hay c la min.
CY RAU dn

Tn la tinh: Amaranthus reetroflexus. L. H Thu tin Amaranth * c im sinh hc: Cy c nhiu vo v xun h. Cy mc hoang hai ven ng, cnh ng, sn nui g vt, quanh nh kho Cy dn cm, dn gai, dn tm. L n, hnh tim hay hi trn, mc cch, Thn trn, mu xanh, c khi c gai mu xanh. Hoa mu xanh nht hay tm ta, mc trn ngn hay k l. * c t: Trong cy c cha c t gy ph chn ln - c t thn (nephrotoxic). Khi phi kh, trong cy cha hm lng mui oxalate ti 30%. y chnh l c t gy tch nc trong t chc v t bo. Cc cy khc cng h thu tin ny cn cha nhiu mui nitrat. y cng l mt dng c t ca cy. * C ch: Ph chn l triu chng nhn thy r nht trn ln 15 - 60 kg c nui theo kiu nht, khng th rng, t nhin trong khu phn n c qu nhiu cy Amaranthus reetroflexus ti, non. Trong th nghim c t 5 - 50% s ln b cht do n cy

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Amaranthus reetroflexus dng ti mc d qua la. Cc trng hp khc ln b m sau 2 - 3 ngy khi cho n cy Amaranthus reetroflexus c 5 - 10 ngy tu liu lng. Cht c nitrate cng hay gy c cho loi n c. Khi trn bi chn th c ln cy Amaranthus reetroflexus dng ti, non. Cng c khi gp tru, b b nhim c do cho n c non c bn qu nhiu m, phn hay sau khi tri ma qua mt vi ngy lm lng cht c, nht nitrate trong cy t nhin tng cao. * Triu chng: Mi ng vt c d dy n v d dy kp u mn cm, tuy nhin triu chng ca mi loi c khc nhau. Trc tin chng u c biu hin chn n, suy nhc, sau chuyn sang co git, mt thng bng. c bit cc chi u b sng ty v vin cc khp ngn, khp c chn b dnh cht ( ln triu chng ny rt r). Hu nh ng vt b sng, sau ko l chi sau trc ri chuyn nhanh sang trng thi lit. Cui cng hn m v cht trong trng thi nm nghing. Mt s trng hp khc li xut hin ph ni vng thp (dc bng, ym). Lc hay b ph ton thn. Nhit vn bnh thng, khng tng nhng BUN li tng. ng vt thng b cht sau 24 gi khi xut hin triu chng u tin, mt s nh cht sau vi ngy. Vi ng vt nhai li, vi sinh vt trong d c c kh nng bin nitrate trong cy thnh amoniac tng hp protein. Sau prototzoa trong d c s thc bo vi sinh vt v s dng thm cc gc adenin, guanin v uraxin tng hp nn a cid nucleic. Nh vy thng qua vi sinh vt v protozoa cng sinh trong da c, loi nhai li s dng protein cao cp. Khi hm lng nitrate trong cy cao s lm tng c tnh ca cy vi loi nhai li do lng d tha nitrate khng c vi sinh vt s dng s hp thu vo mu gy methemoglobin. Khi trong mu c khong 10% s hng cu b chuyn thnh dng methemoglobin, khi lng cyanozid tip tc hp thu vo mu bo vo b mt hng cu lm mu ca hng cu chuyn mu nu en. Kt qu ng vt cht do thiu lng oxy trong t chc t bo. * Bnh tch: c t ca cy l c t thn (nephrotoxic) tn cng ch yu vo thn. Bnh tch ch yu xut hin trn thn. Thn khng sng to nhng nht mu. V thn b xut huyt. ngs thn b vim, thoi ho. Cu thn v b thn c si khng tan hay gp ln, tru, b, t gp trn lc . Xt nghim nc tiu c nhiu t bo ng thn. Ng c nitrate cp tnh thng gy bnh tch trn nim mc mt, mi, ming v da ton c th mu tm ti. Mu mu nu en chocolat. * Cha tr: Khng c thuc cha c hiu cho chng ph chn. Cha methemoglobin bng cch tim tnh mch liu 4 ml/25 kg th trng dung dch gm 1ml natri nitrit 20% v 3 ml dung dch natri thiosulphat 20%. Cng c th dng 2 - 3 g xanh methylen/220 kg th trng pha thnh dung dch c nng 1 - 4% trong ng glucoza 5% truyn tnh mch.
Cy thng lc - tn khc: trng bt lo, kim tht nng

Tn khoa hc Phytolacca amercana L H Thng lc - Phytolacaceae. * c im thc vt: Thng lc l cy tho sng lu nm, cao khong 1 mt. Hoa chum, mu trng, hoa n thng 5 - 7. Qu mng, hnh cu dt, c 8 - 10 mi, chn vo thng 8 -10 Khi chn c mu hay tm en. Qu chn cha 8 - 10 ht. Cy mc hay c trng lm thuc tng i ph bin Vit Nam. Trong tp sch thn nng bn tho bin son u tin 200 nm trc cng nguyn cng ghi nhn r cy ny c c.

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*c t: Cht c c trong cy l do saponozid cng vi lng nh ca ancaloid v phytolaccin. Cht c c trong ton cy, nhng r cha nhiu nht. Nhiu khi chi non ca cy ny c dng lm rau xanh cho ngi. Tu trng hp, ma v, t khi thy c. Nhng cng c nhng bng chng ghi nhn c t ca cy, c bit l r. * Nguyn nhn: ng vt n c thng b nhim vo ma xun, do ma phn lm t t nho, trong khi gm c chng ko c r ca cy t di t ln. Ma h kh, thc n tt rt t khi gp sc vt nhim c. Cng c th do cy c ln trong c kh hay cc ht thc n tinh: ng, thc, u dng ch thc n cho ng vt. * Triu chng: Tru, b, cu mn cm vi cht c trong cy hn cc loi khc, nhng ngng, nga v ln cng c th b ng c. Cht c trong cy kch thch mnh nim mc ng tiu ho d dy - rut. Vt b nng, sinh rt rut, thng tiu chy ra mu. Gim sn lng sa sau vi ngy vi b. Trng hp nng gy dung huyt do saponozid. Giai on cui nhn thy vt b snh bng d di do c trn b co tht. Sc vt b cht trong 6 gi do khng th c. * Bnh tch: Bnh tch bin i r nht ng tiu ha. xung, xut huyt nim mc d day - rut r. Ph bin l hin tng thiu mu. C th b dung huyt. * Cha tr: Dng du v cc cht bo v nim mc ng tiu ha. Dng a cid acetic long trung ha c t. Dng thuc kch thch v cc thuc cha triu chng khc. C th truyn mu, cha cho tng c th ring bit khi cn. Vic lm bt buc l tm ra cy c c ln trong kho.
Cy k u nga - cocklebur

Tn khoa hc - Xanthium spp. H Cc - Composite * c im thc vt: Cy mc hoang khp mi min trn th gii v trong nc: i ni, trung du, ng bng. K gm nhiu loi: k hoa vng, k ng tin, k hoa tm, k u nga - xanthium strumarin L.... Ring k u nga Vit Nam c trong lm thuc. Cy cao 0,7 - 2 mt tu iu kin t ai, th nhng v cch chm sc. Thn c kha rnh, l gm 3 cnh, mp c rng ca, lng ngn, rm. Qu hnh thoi, cng c lng cng, hay dnh trn lng mnh gia sc. *c t: Trong cy cha glucozid-xanthostrummarin, khi thu phn cho hydroquinone l c t chnh. c t hydroquinone ch tim thy khi cy cn non, c bit c nhiu trong hai l mm khi cy mi mc khi mt t. Khi cy trng thnh khng tm tht cht c na. Liu gy cht ti thiu ca cy non (cy ging-seedling) khong 1,5% trng lng c th. Liu gy cht mt ln nng 20 kg l 500 cy con. * Nguyn nhn: Bnh thng, ng vt khng hay t n cy v qu. Cui xun, u h hay khi thi tit m t, cy canh thang mc nhiu, ng vt s b nhim. C ln, tru, b, cu, d u b nhim, trong ln mn cm nht. * Triu chng: Triu chng xut hin u tin sau khi n vi gi: vt nn ma nhiu nn suy sp nhanh, mt thng bng. Kim tra thy nhit thng di trung bnh. Vt b sinh bng d di do xut hin nhng cn c tht c trn ng tiu ho. C vn cng b co tht gy co cp t chi. Thng cht sau khi n 48 gi v khong 3 - 4 gi sau khi xut hin triu chng u tin.

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Loi nhai li: tru, b trng thnh nhn chung c sc chu ng cao hn tiu gia sc, nhng vi b, ngh li mn cm hn. B ngh thng cht sau khi n 12 gi hay cht ngay. Nhiu con b m do b kch thch qu mn, xut hin nhng cn co, git ni u, cc trn khp cc c bp l triu chng kh in hnh. *Bnh tch: D dy b kch thch mnh gy xung, xut huyt mnh. Gan xut huyt, mu vng, th nhm. Cht c ch yu tn cng vo gan. Bnh l ca gan bin i t t ging nh trng c c t nm mc. ng thn b thoi ho. Xt nghim nc tiu c nhiu t bo ng thn. Trn ln bnh s gan tin trin rt r, nhn r t bo gan b hoi t. * Cha tr: Dng cc cht gy nn v kh c l bin php hiu qu nht. Ngn cn s hp thu cht c vo c th bng cch cho vt ung du thc vt hay m ln. Ch y gi m cho c th l iu kin bt buc. Cn thit tim physostigmine vo bp liu 5 - 30 mg/con tu trng lng; tim nhc li sau 30 pht n 1 gi.
Nhng cy ging keo giu Cassia spp senna

Tn la tinh: Leguminosae. Thuc cc h Trinh n pulse hay bean family. Trong nhm ny c nhiu cy, trong d c nhng cy gy c sau: C. Fasciculata michx; C. Lindheimeriana scheele, Lindheimeriana senna; C. Occidentalis coffee senna. L; C. Tora; C. obtusifolia. L; C. sicklepod, seckle senna. * c im thc vt: Cy c sng hng nm hay lu nm: trinh n, keo du (C. Lindheimeriana scheele, Lindheimeriana senna). L kp lng chim chn gm 4-6 l ln. Hoa mc nch l hay ngn cnh mu vng, trng, tm d pht hin. Qu gic di c nhiu ht. Cy mc thng hay thnh bi t qun ln nhau hai bn ng i, t hoang, ng c. * c t: Ht ca cc cy ny cha cht c ging nh cht ty. c t trong ht tuy cha c phn loi nhng c kh nng gy c cho c trn ng tiu ha, gan. Trong l v cnh cy C.Occidentalis cng cha cht c. * Nguyn nhn: Mi loi n c u mn cm vi cht c. Hay gp vo ma h khi cy pht trin ln trong c tt. Cng c khi gp do cho n c kh. * Triu chng: Triu chng u tin: bing n, snh bng, tiu chy, rt him khi gp ng vt cht. Cy trong nhm ny: C. Occidentalis, C. perhaps, C. Tora, u cha cht c l nguyn nhn gy nn chng co tht c trn, qung g. Thn nhit khng tng l c trng in hnh trn tru, b. Ngoi ra cn c thm chng i dc, mt thng bng, hay nm nghing ri cht sau 5 -7 ngy. Tiu chy, mt tnh thm n, mt nc. Khi cht trng thi b thay i, c co git. Vi b, ngh c triu chng co git c bp, co cun t bp ny chuyn sang bp khc rt r sau s cht. Cht c ca vi cy thuc cassia spp cng c th thy trn gia cm. Cn cht c trong ht kh C. fasciculata l catharic li ch gy c cho gia sc. * Bnh tch: Cht c cu cc cy C. Occidentalis l nguyn nhn ti din hoi t cc t bo c trn ng tiu ha rt khc nhau. Cht c tn cng vo d dy - rut, gan gy thoi ha m, vim thn cp v thoi ha cc ng thn. * Cha tr: S dng thuc bo v nim mc ng tiu ho l bin php iu tr hiu qu nht. Kt hp dng thm thuc gim au, an thn - sedatives. S dng cc thuc: thuc ty, thuc lm sn, se nim mc v thuc chng co tht c trn ty theo triu chng c th ca tng

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con vt. Thng vi loi nhai li ly li s cn bng ng tiu ha phi mt khong vi tun.
Cy thu du tn khc: u ta, du sinh, t sinh.

Tn khoa hc Ricinus communis L H thu du Euphorbiaceae * c tnh thc vt: Cy c sng lu nm thn mnh, cao 1 - 2 mt (nhiu cy cao hn), l mc so sinh c cung di, phin l hnh chn vt, c nhiu thy, thng 5, 7, 9 c khi ti 11 thy. Hoa mc thnh chm trn ngn. Qu c 3 mnh v, ht hnh trng, hi dt ging sinh k sinh mu xm c vn nu hay en. * c t: c cht chnh l ricin v phytotoxin, chng c mt mi b phn ca cy, c bit nhiu trong ht. Phytotoxin v ricin l protein thc vt gy c cho t bo. C ch gy c ca n ging nh khng nguyn c kh nng to khng th trong c ch gy d ng. c t rt mnh. Liu gy cht ca ricin 0,0001 mg/kg th trng. * Nguyn nhn: Do cy c mi nn phn ln ng vt thng khng n, tr khi b thiu thc n hay b i. ng vt b nhim thng do trong thc n c ln ht b nghin nt. * Triu chng: Tt c cc loi ng vt u mn cm vi du v ht thu dn. Thng c hai dng. Dng qu mn hay b shock do c t protein thc vt l phytotoxin v ricin c trong ht. Dng tim tng thng din ra chm sau vi gi hay vi ngy trc khi c cc triu chng in hnh pht trin. Chnh phytotoxin l nguyn nhn gy c vi cc triu chng ging nh nhim c c t ca vi khun. St cao, nn, sinh bng do c trn ng tiu ha b co tht gy tiu chy, c bp co vn, sau co git, hn m ri cht. Vi nga c th cht sau 24 - 36 gi. * Bnh tch: ng tiu ha b vim cha nhiu cht nhy, chy mu d dy, rut. C nhiu nt, cc, u hch lm sinh mng treo rut. Hch mng treo rut b sng to, ph. * Cha tr: Gi m cho c th. Dng thuc chng d ng - antihistamin, thuc ty v thuc bo v nim mc ng tiu ha nh du c bit hay cc du thc vt. Dng thuc gim sinh sedatives. Tt nht l truyn huyt thanh min dch chng ricin.
Cy ba u

Tn khoa hc croton tiglium. L. H Thu du - Euphorbiaceae. Cc cy c c bao gm: C. sagittalis, C. spectabilis, C. retusa v C. giant striata. Trong s c nht l cy C. sagittalis. * c im thc vt: Ba u cy g cao 3 - 6 mt, cnh nhn, l mc so levels, hnh trng. Trong cy c mt s l mu nu trn ngn cnh. Hoa mc thnh chm u cnh. Qa gic, nang nhn, v c 3 mnh. Ht hnh trng di 10mm, rng 4 - 6 mm v ht cng, m, mu nu xm. Cy mc nhiu ng - Nam nc M, Trung Quc. Trong nc mc nhiu tnh: H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn v cc tnh min Trung B. Thu qu chn t thng 7 - 8 v tch ht hay phi c v kh dng dn. * c t: Cht c tn ti trong tt c cc thi k pht trin ca cy, nhng kh nng gy c cao nht vo cui ma h, khi sc khng ca c th km v c ma ng. Ht cha nhiu cht c nht. Ty tng loi, trong ht c khong 30 -50% du. Trong du cha crotonozid, anbumoza l protein thc vt rt c v mt ancaloit gn ging nh ricin ca ht

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thu du. Cht c gy ty mnh l croton resin. Croton chnh gm croton-anbumin v croton- globulin l protein thc vt c vi nguyn sinh cht t bo nim mc sut dc nim mc ng tiu ho t d dy n rut. i khi cn lm ng vn mu. Du ba u c c gn gp 30 ln so vi du thu du. Cht c ancaloid, monocrotaline c ly ra t C. sagittals v C. retusa rt nguy him. Cc cht ancaloid, monocrotaline va gy c cho t bo d dy - rut va gy ng vn mu. Cht chit ly ra t ht C. spectabilis t c nht, khng gy ng mu. Kh nng nhim c cng rt khc nhau iu ny cn ty thuc loi ng vt. Cht c ca C. spectabilis rt c vi gia cm, dng nng 0,05% ht s c ch tc ln ca gia cm con, nng 0,3% s c 100% g con cht sau 18 ngy. Trn g trng thnh cht sau 30 - 60 ngy. B, ngh c nng 120 - 130 kg b cht bi 0,4 kg ht trong 4 ngy. 2 gam ht lm cht mt ln 22 kg trong 7 ngy. c ca C. giant atriata thp hn. Tru, b, nga, cu, ln c th chu c nng 5% trong khu phn n. Vi gia cm li rt c ch 0,1% c biu hin ng c. Ht C. retusa c hn C. spectabilis. * Nguyn nhn: ng vt n c cng c th b nhim c do n phi cy c mc trn ng c, hai bn ng ln trong cy thc n. Cng c khi n phi ht c trong khu phn. Vi ln l c th gy c mnh hn ht do mt phn ht c trong khu phn khng c hp thu ng tiu ha. Nhng cht c c trong cy C. rentusa khi dng vi nng thp li c tc dng kch thch tiu ha, khng c biu hin c. * Triu chng: Tru, b, nga, la, cu, d, ln v gia cm u mn cm. vt nui b nhim c hai th cp v mn tnh. - Th cp tnh: Xut hin triu chng u tin sau khi n cy 24 gi, v cht sau 96 gi. Biu hin: chn n, vim ming, hng do du kch thch gy phng, rp. au bng d di do d dy rut b kch thch, tiu chy phn ln mu. Mch nhanh, yu, huyt p h. Khi cht mu vn tip tc chy ra hu mn. - Th mn tnh: Thng ko di 2 - 6 thng vi cc triu chng pht trin dn. Nga, la c th cht khong 6 - 8 thng sau khi n cy vi liu thp v c nhc li thng xuyn, c bit c con cht trong 1 - 2 tun. Triu chng bnh mn tnh: gim cn, chn n, suy sp. C tru, b, ln v gia cm u c trng thi b kch thch mnh ng tiu ha d dy, rut nn b sinh bng, tiu cha thng xuyn. * Bnh tch: Gan b x v thoi ha l biu hin u tin, nhn bn ngoi gan b sn si, ni u, cc cun ln. Do gan b bnh nn tht ln b vng. Thn tru, b b xut huyt. Theo Berry v Bras chnh ancalois ca crotalaria l c t hepatotoxic gy bnh tch ca gan. * Cha tr: Th cp tnh sau khi dng thuc ty mnh cho vt ung nc lnh hay nut cc gim kch thch ng tiu ho, gim sinh bng. Dng thuc cha triu chng nh cc thuc bo v nim mc ng tiu ha bo v gan. Cn thit c th truyn mu.
Cy mc kn - tn khc cy bm bm, may kho, sinh keyeng

Tn khoa hc Aesculus sinensis Bunge. H B hn - Sapindaceae. Trong h Aesculus spp ny c cc cy gy c sau: A. californica buckeye, A. glabra willd, Ahippocastanum L,

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* c im thc vt: Cy mc hoang hay c trng mt s tnh min ni: Lng Sn, Cao Bng, Ha Bnh, Bc Cn, Tuyn Quang, H Ty, Thi Nguyn Trong dn thng dng qu n hay p du, v cy dng thuc c. Cy g mc ph bin, cao khong 3 - 5 mt, l kp chn vt chung mt cung gm 5 - 7 l cht hnh mc thun. Khi trng c 4 - 5 nm cy s cho qu. Mt cy cho khong 25 kg. Ra hoa vo thng 3 - 4, thu qu thng 9 - 10. Qu chm, trong qu cha 1 - 3 ht, mu shocola. * c t: Trong cy cha glucozid: aesculin, fraxin, c mt saponozid c c vi c v ngoi k sinh trng, cy A. glabra willd cn c ancaloid - narcotic. C v, qu, ht v l u cha cht c. * Tri chng: ng vt n c hay b trng c t ng tiu ha: tru, b, cu, nga. Cc triu chng: nn, v thc, hong lon, dn ng t mt xut hin nhanh sau khi n. Vi c bp, lc u xut hin co git sau chuyn sang lit, hn m ri cht. Vi nga gy snh bng. * Cha tr: Ung thuc ty, than hot tnh, lng trng chng. Dng thuc kch thch h thn kinh, chng hn m.
Cy ban - tn khc in vng, in c vng, nc si, chm hng

Tn khoa hc - Hypericum japonicum Thunb. H Hoa ban Hypericaceae. * c im thc vt: Cy c nh cao 10 - 20cm, thn nhn l mc i, hnh bu dc. Hoa nh, mc n k l, mu vng. Cy mc nhiu rung nn c tn in c vng. Cy bt u mc ma xun, h c hoa, cui thu sang ng cy li. *c t: Cht c c trong cy l hypericin, l dn xut ca helianthrone. Helianthrone chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn s qu mn cm vi nh sng ca ng vt. * Nguyn nhn: Cy c ny c mi v kh chu, chnh ng vt cng khng thch n, ch khi no thiu thc n xanh, hay i, hoc ng c c cy ny mc ln. * Triu chng: Nhng ng vt n c mn cm hn: tru, b, cu, nga. Tng kh nng mn cm vi nh sng sau khi n phi c ny l biu hin u tin. Nhng vng da mu trng, pha di ca c th cng b nh hng. Trc tin xut hin ban trn da, sau s b ph. Ni ph lun di chuyn trn da. Nhng ni da hay b phng trn c nga trng. Hoi t v bong trc da l triu chng chnh. Phn cui cng ca tai c th b mt, lng khng mc li c nhng ch da b hoi t. Mt sng to, cng phng, vim gic mc, l nguyn nhn dn n m ng vt. Mt s trng hp b nga khp c th l nguyn nhn lm cho vt b cung lon sau chuyn sang co giy. ng vt c gng tm bng mt v rt mn cm khi ta s vo mnh chng hay khi lnh. T l ng vt cht thp, song y l nguyn nhn gy nhim trng k pht. * Bnh tch: Ch yu gy tn thng da do ph, da b hoi t, bong, trc. Nc bt tng tit, dch nhy, nht chy nhiu xung quanh ming. Dch nhy, nht chy ra t mi, xoang mi. Vim kt mc mt chuyn t mu tm xanh sang mu sng nht nht * Cha tr: Tm mi cch loi b cht c ca cy l bin php hng u. Sau tr triu chng cc b. Khng cho vt tip xc vi nh sng mt tri: chn th vo bui ti, trong bng mt hay che ph phn da ca c th bng cc thuc cc vi mu en hay thuc nhum mu en.
Thu tin

Tn khoa hc: Narcissus tazetta L. H Thu tin Ampicillinaryllidaceae.

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* c im sinh vt: Cy tho sng hng nm, thn, c gi ging nh cy hnh, l hnh bn di 30-40cm, rng khong 2cm. Cm hoa trn ngn cy gm 6-8 hoa. Qu nang. Cy mc cc nc vng ng Nam : Nht bn, Trung Quc. Nc ta hin c trng lm cnh. * c t: Ton cy, c bit thn gi c cc cha ancloid: narxipotein, narxisin c cho gia sc. * Nguyn nhn: Tru, b, d, ln... u mn cm., ng vt n phi thn c ca cy do ngi o ln vt b quanh vn hay trn b rung ln trong c. * Triu chng: Triu chng xy ra nhanh ngay sau khi sc vt n phi vi cc triu chng sau: Trn ln nn, ma, tiu chy. Vi loi n c gy vim i trng, to bn. Thn nhit tng, th nhanh, sau chuyn sang suy sp ton thn, chn n, sinh bng, co git c. Sang ngy th 2 th 3 bnh nng hn. * Cha tr: Dng thuc bo v nim mc v thuc ty. Trc tin ung cc cht kt ta, hp ph cht c: t st, tanin, than hot. Sau ung thuc ty. Kt hp iu tr triu chng ca tng loi ng vt.
Cy cn c poisonhemlock cy cn ty, mi ty

Tn khoa hc Cinium maculatum L; H hoa tn Umbelliferae Trong h nay c cc cy c: C. Maculata, C. Douglasis, C. Occidentalis. * c im thc vt: Cy c sng hng nm, mc l ng hay c trng nhiu vng t thp c nc. * c t: Cht c c trong qu trnh pht trin ca cy l c - coniceine, trong hoa v qu hm lng coniien v N - methylconiine tng dn ln, ngc li hm lng c - coniceine li gim dn. Trong qu ancaloid chnh gy c l N - methylconiine. Hai ancaloid khc, conhydrine v pseudoconhydrine c hm lng rt nh. Cc cht Coniine v c - coniceine c t l nghch vi nhau trong qu trnh pht trin ca qu. Cng thc phn t ca chng ch khc nhau c 2 nguyn t hydrogen ca vng benzen. Hai ancaloid ny trong c th c ch phn ng oxy ha ca nguyn sinh cht t bo. Hm lng ancaloid trong cy t cao vo ma h, khi c ma. Coniine l ancaloid c tng hp u tin. * Nguyn nhn: ng vt b c l do n phi cy ln trong bi chn th. * Triu chng: Dng nh tt c ng vt u mn cm, nhng tru, b b nhiu hn. c t lm suy nhc h thn kinh t ng sau gy lit, co git, mt thng bng, tng tit nc bt, suy sp nhanh chng, sinh bng. Con vt thch nm nghin. Th chm, sau chuyn th khng u (th shelstock). Vt co git, th . Ngng th trc khi tim ngng p. Vt cht do khng th c. Nc tiu mu xm, mi c trng, kiu h hp, th nh nu l cc triu chng in hnh trong chn on. * Bnh tch: Thay i khng in hnh. * Cha tr: Nhanh chng ly cht c ra, dng cc thuc bo v nim mc ng tiu ha. Cho ung a cid tanic kt ta ancaloid. Dng thuc kch thch h hp, kt hp cha cc triu chng cc b. Trong kch thch h hp l bin php u tin, cn thit nht. Tm cch loi cc ancaloid c trong ng tiu ha.
Cy thuc l, thuc lo - tabacco

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Tn khoa hc Nicotiana tabacum L Thuc l, Nicotiana. rustica L Thuc lo. H C Solanceae * Nguyn nhn: Thng cy c mi nn ng vt khng n, chng b nhim c l do n phi c c cha thuc bo v thc vt. * c t: Trong ton cy cha cht c nicotin, tp trung nhiu trong l chuyn mu vng. Nicotin rt c vi ng vt mu nng. LD50 trn chut 58 - 60 mg/kg th trng. Vi ngi 20 - 60 mg tu mn cm ca h thn kinh. Liu gy cht ti thiu nga 200 -300 mg; cu 100 - 200 mg; ch, mo 20 - 100 mg/con. Liu c trn tru, b 4,5 mg/kg th trng. Tru, b trng thnh n 300 - 500 gam thuc kh c th cht. * C ch: c cht hp thu tt qua da tn thng, nim mc ng tiu ho, h hp. Thuc tc dng trc tip ln c h thn kinh trng ng v thn kinh t ng. Trn cc si thn kinh, n tc dng vo synap thn kinh. Giai on kch thch thng qua i rt nhanh v ri vo trng thi c ch. ng vt cht do b lit c h hp, gy ngt th. Nicotin tc dng mnh trn thn kinh t ng, trc tin kch thch hch ph giao cm lm tt huyt p, tng phn tit ca cc tuyn: nc bt, dch d day, rut gy tiu chy, tng tit m hi, gy co ng t. Sau chuyn sang kch thch giao cm gy tc dng ngc li: tng huyt p, dn ng t. Khi c hai hch u lit s gy co git, lm run c. * Triu chng: Vi ng vt thng xy ra rt nhanh ch vi pht sau khi nhim. Vt khng yn tnh, thi phn ba bi, chy nhiu di, nht. Bnh tch khng in hnh. * Cha tr: Khng c thuc c hiu. C th dng thuc ra d day nh thuc tm 0,1%, ung thuc ty, than hot tnh hay nc a cid acetic long. Dng thuc tr sc, tr tim.
bch hoa x Tn khc ui cng, cy chin, bm bm tch lan

Tn khoa hc Plumbago zeylanica L. H ui cng Plumbaginceae. * c im sinh hc: Cy tho, mc hoang hay c trng nhiu ni trong nc ta. Cy mc nhiu cc nc: Trung Quc, Nht Bn, , Innexia, Malaixia v cc nc Chu Phi. Cy cao khong 1 mt, nhiu cnh. L mc so sinh, hnh trng, u nhn. Hoa chm, mc k l c nhiu hoa nh mu trng. * c t: L, cnh non v r cy cha cht c plumbagin gy vim da v dung huyt. Dung dch plumbagin tim cho chut c thai s gy cht thai v ri lon s pht trin ca trng. Ti n dng plumbagin chit t bch hoa x cha khi u ung th trn chut thc nghim lm gim s pht trin ca u ti 70%. * Nguyn nhn: Thng l, r cy ny c mi hc, ng vt gm c t khi n, khi b i, chng s n. Trn da khi tip xc vi cy (dng l v r cy gi nt, p, st trn da b nm gy rng lng, bnh hi) nu p lu trn da b tn thng s gy vim , bng da. * Triu chng: Tu hm lng, khi tru, b n s gy ng c: tiu chy, n nhiu gy nn, tiu chy ra mu. ri lon vn ng, t lit na thn sau. Con ci c th gy xy thai. * Cha tr: Vi vt thng trn da dng nc hay dung dch a cid boric long ra sch. Nu c lot bi thuc m a cid boric. Khi n phi dng thuc bo v nim mc, gy nn, ra d dy hay ung than hot, lng trng trng. Khi lit na thn sau dng thuc tr sc, truyn ng glucoza. Gia sc c thai tim progesterol v vitamin E. bo v thai.

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To c (blue - green algae)

* c im ca to c: To sng di nc ty loi c dng mc rt tt, dy kn c mt nc ca ao, h, nhng cng c loi ch c mt lp vng rt mng my xanh trn mt nc. Phn ln to khng c thng lm thc n cho ng vt di nc: c, tm, cua, c...Vic nhn bit ra to c cn c chuyn mn. Thng hay gp c i vi ng vt trn cn c ung nc trong h. Trong h khi c to mc, nc thng xanh. To pht trin mnh khi nc trong h ang b cn, ni nc ng, ao t. * c t: To sn sinh ra ni c t cha trong cc t bo. ng vt ung nc c cha to, trong ng tiu ho, to cht ni c t c gii phng. c t gy cht ca to Microcystis aeruginosae l photosensitization. Khi to cn sng, khng tm thy c t. c t tng rt nhanh trong khong 18 - 20 gi sau khi b cht. Nc trong ao, h do mt nguyn nhn no lm cht to, khi mi vt sng s dng nc ung s b nhim c. Tru b mn cm nht, cht rt nhanh. Nhn dng: nc ao, h t nhin chuyn mu trong vi ngy, sau li chuyn mu hng khi ma ng xut hin. Lc u ch l cc cum to rt mng c hoa mu en xanh, sau c h c vng mng mu xanh. ng vt n tht ung nc h ny s b nhim c. Nc nhim c to thng xut hin hng nm khi ma ng ti. * Triu chng: Tt c ng vt c v, gia cm k c vt, c v chim n c u b nhim c. Trong tru, b, cu, nga mn cm nht c th cht trong khong mt gi. Cc triu chng in hnh: tiu chy ra mu, kh th, c bp b co git, mt thng bng. Cht c photosensitization ca to c th lm vt suy kit gn nh cht. * Bnh tch: Phn ln cc trng hp trn i gia sc u khng c bnh tch hay bnh tch khng in hnh. Khi m khm c th thy mu mu en, xut huyt c ni, ngoi tm mc. Phi xut huyt lm m. Gan to c vt lm m. S khc c th b vim d dy. * Cha tr: Khng c thuc c hiu. C th s dng dung dch natri nitrit 20% 10 ml v natri thiosulphat 20% 30 ml trn u, tim tnh mch c 10ml/100 kg th trng. Nn dng thm calxium gluconate ng dextrose hay xanh methylen tim mch. Dit to c trong ao, h trc khi ma ng n bng ng sulphat nng 1 ppm hay disodium endothal nng 2 - 3 ppm. 2. cht c ngun gc ng vt 2.1. Nc c ca cc ng vt sng trn cn a. Nc c ca loi rn * Nc c ca rn: C nhiu loi rn, nhng khng phi loi rn no cng c c. Thc t ch c mt phn trong chng c nc c rt nguy him cho ngi v ng vt. Cc loi rn c nc c gm: Loi rn vipers sng trong hang t khp chu lc: rn chung Crotalus sp, h mang Agkistrondon mokasen, rn lc xanh sng trn cy trong rng... Loi rn sng trong rng c Boiga dendrophila. Loi sng bin: rn hay loi nhiu mu sc sng trong hang ngm san h ca bin Micrurus euryxanthus. Loi sng di nc - rn nc Agkistrodon piscivorus. * Kh nng gy c ca rn

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Tu loi, kch thc rn. Thng cc loi rn nh (rn lc xanh), tu lng nc t nhng li c c rt nguy him. Tu thi gian b ko di k t lc b cn n khi cha. Ty loi ng vt b cn, tui, trng lng v trng thi ca ng vt khi b rn cn. S rng c (rng chnh l nc). V tr rn cn: u, mnh hay t chi. Hng tn cng ca nc c: thn kinh, sinh l h hp, tun hon... Ph thuc loi ng vt b rn cn: ch mn cm vi nc c ca rn hn mo. Ln ty thuc tng c th v v tr cn. Nu ln b cn vo phn m s khng c phn ng. Nga khng hon ton vi nc c ca rn. Bng 7.5: Bng so snh v cng nc c ca cc loi rn Loi rn H mang bnh chu Rn cp nong n Rn ui chung Nga Rn h mang chu u Rn bin i ty dng Rn h mang chu Phi Rn cp nong, nia min ng Rn ui chung bin Bc Rn hoa cng ui chung Mojave Rn ui chung trn rng ni chu Rn hoa ngn san h bin ng Lng nc/ln cn 170 - 325 8 - 20 13- - 250 30 - 70 4 - 20 130 - 200 370 - 720 75 - 160 50 - 90 40 - 72 2-6 LD50/ln tim tnh mch 0,40 0,09 0,08 0,04 0,01 3,68 1,68 1,29 0,21 10,92 0,97

Ch : kh nng tit nc/ln khai thc ca rn cng t, nc rn cng c. *. Chn on phn bit Nhn r vt cn. Nu cn chi c th b qu, sau chuyn hy hoi rt nhanh qung quanh vt cn. Vt ngt th nu b cn phn u. ng mch b vim, t bo b hu hoi. *. Cha tr Dng thuc chng d ng: nu nc rn qu c, con vt c th cht ngay tc khc. Cng c th cp cu bng adrenalin hay corticosteriods. Tim thuc khng histamin - iu ny cn ph thuc gi tr kinh t ca ng vt b cn. Ngn cn s hp thu nc c vo c th ng vt: buc garo, chm lnh, nn vt cn cho n khi ht mu chy ra, ra sch vt thng. Dng thuc cha rn cn antivenin - crotalidae - polyvalent liu 10 - 50 ml/con Tr triu chng: truyn calcium glucoza, thuc trn tnh (gim au) hay thuc kch thch (hn m). Cho th oxygen, m kh qun chng ngt nu b rn c cn vng u gy vim sng ty chn ng dn kh. Thuc chng vim: tetanus antitoxin; antihiotic. Chng chy mu: truyn calcium gluconat, truyn mu, dch hoa qu. Tr hy hoi t bo: chm lnh hay enzym proteolytic Nhng iu cn lu khi cha tr. Bin php buc garo v chm lnh rt quan trng, n s ngn chn nc c rn hp thu vo gy hy hoi t bo trn lan.

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Vt thng bn ngoi dng thuc tm ri ra ph hy nc c ca rn. Trong s cc bin php nu trn, vic dng thuc c hiu cha rn cn vn l bin php c hiu qu nht. * Nc c ca rn ui chung cn Triu chng khi b rn ui chung cn: Ph, ni ban v tr cn, cng c khi ban khp ngi, hay ch mt phn c th gn v tr cn hoc mt chi b cn. Rt au do vt cn sng ty rt nhanh, c khi sng cng cc chi. Vt rt kht nc, i ung lin tc. Shock qu mn rt quan trng vi ng vt nh, t khi gp ng vt ln. Bun nn, nn, tiu chy vi ng vt nh. Chn n do qu au. C triu chng thn kinh, hay b lit na ngi pha chi sau. Rt kh th, c bit khi b cn vo mi, mm. Nu cn mi, da mi b trc, chy nc c bt si ra l mi. M do mt sng qu to, mt nhm cht khng m c. Mu chy c khi hng gi. Sau vt cn b vim cc b Kh nng gy c ca nc rn cn ph thuc ma trong nm. Thng ma xun khi b ng rn s cn vng u, gy nguy him nht. c bit ch quan st loi rn cn c bin php tch cc, ph hp khi tm thuc cha. b. Nc c ca loi b st c 4 chi - Lizards C nhiu loi b st, trong ch s t cha nc c: loi Gila manster Helodema suspectum; loi Mexican beaded lizard c Heloderma horridum. K nhng ca Caliornia - Taricha torosa. Chu u - Triturus spp; Tai Anh - UNK c Bombia spp * c im chung ca b st c nc c. C hm rng chc, khe, trong c 4 tuyn c nm cnh 4 rng ca. c bit, tt c 4 rng c c u mc chia ra ngoi. Khi sn mi, mi loi b st u dng ming cn gi con mi. Sau khi cn, nhim v ca cc rng ca l truyn nc c ngm vo c th ng vt b. Thng thng hng ngy, nhng con c c khi sn mi hay giu mnh, nm gi cht, khng tn cng. * Triu chng: Trc tin au, ph ni cn, sau c th au, sng ton thn. Shock, nn, thn kinh trung ng b suy nhc. c. Nc c ca loi lng th Amphibian. Nhn chung cc loi lng th (sng c nc v trn cn) u c cc tuyn tit cht nhn du trong da. Mc ch gi cho da lun lun m t, mt s loi cn nui trng n thnh con ngay trn lng. C th kim tra s pht trin ca tuyn di da bng cc do hiu lc ca c t vi h tun hon. Trong s cc loi lng th, cn lu loi cc - toad. Tt c cc u c nhiu mn tuyn nm di da vi mc ch chng li s tn cng ca ng vt sn mi, c bit ch nh. Ng c thng xuyn v hay gp l ch nh. Nhng cc c cha c t: Loi Bufo alvarius c Colorado river toads. Loi Bufo marinus c Marine toads. Loi Dendrobates Spp c Arrow poison frogs (ch c sng trung tm chu M). Cht c ca cc loi cc v ch trn u cha trong tuyn di da, nhiu nht nm cnh mang tai, ngay sau mt. c t ca chng c tc dng ging nh glucozid cng tim. Tu theo loi, c loi rt c nh Dendrobates. spp ln ln bng cch n con nhi. nc ta loi cc ph bin l Bufonis melanostictus, trong cc ta, cc mt rt c. Tht cc khng cha cht c, nhng do khng bit cch lm, nha cc - thim t (rt c)

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dnh vo tht. Nha cc rt c do cha cc cht c dc tnh mnh nh: cholesterol, a cid ascocbic, cc cht gy dung huyt, tc dng trn h tim, mch, huyt p: bufogin, bufotalin, bufotoxin... * Triu chng: Trn ch. Tng tit nc bt, c th suy nhc nhanh, lon nhp tim, ph, tng huyt p, co git v cht trong khong 15 pht. * Cha tr: Ra sch mm, mi ch bng mc vi.Tim atropin c ch tit nc bt; thuc ng chng co git, truyn calxium - gluconat. Cn thit c th tim thuc chng shock d ng bng phenoxybenzamine hay propranolol cha lon nhp tim. d. Nc c ca Lp nhn - Arachnids * Cc nhn c c Nhn en ca s - lactrodectus mactans gy co tht c bp. Nhn Tarantukas - Eurypelma spp c c trung bnh. Nhn nhiu mu: en, violet, vng... loi ny rt c. Nhn sng quanh nh, trong cc t cha nn ngi v gia sc rt d b cn. Tuy vt cn nh, nhiu khi khng gy au nhng li gy st, c th suy nhc, bun nn, nn, xut huyt, mu chy khng ng. * Cha tr: Dng cc thuc cha triu chng. e. Nc c ca Lp cn trng - insects * Ong c Gm ong bp cy Black hornet - Vespula macuaat. Ong c nhiu vch en xen ln vng Wasps - Polistes spp. Ong mt (Apis honey) - Apis mellifera. Ong to mnh c lng (Bumble bee) - Bumbus californicus. * Cht c ca nc ong Apis cerana, apis mellifica Ong thng t khi tn cng gia sc, c th lm cht gia sc, gia cm, nht l ong rng. Mc mn cm ca ng vt vi nc ong khc nhau tu v tr t, s lng ong t. Vi ng vt, loi vt mn cm nht. V tr t cng gn thn kinh trung ng (vng u) cng nguy him. Thnh phn ho hc ca nc ong thay i ty theo loi ong, Ong b v, ong t c nc rt c. Thnh phn ca nc bao gm: axetylcholin, histamin, cc amino acid t do, cc protein, cc enzyme: cholinesteraza, hyaluronidaza, nhiu loi dehydrogenaza v photpholipaza - A. Cht gy c l mellitrin c tnh kim v mt lng ln a cid mercuric. Khi b ong t, di tc dng ca hyaluronidaza, cc cht c trong nc ong c phn tn rt nhanh vo t chc xung quanh vt t gy au but, rt, sng... Nu b nhiu ong t c th tt huyt p. Cht mellitrin c trong nc ong c ch h thng thn kinh, gy dung huyt. Photpholipaza - A thc y s s dung gii hng cu, gii phng hemoglobin do bin leuxitin thnh ioleuxitin gy dung huyt. * Triu chng: au, sng cc mt cn. Cng c vi trng hp gy shock, d ng

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vi sc vt nh nhng con vt qu mn cm. Khi b qu nhiu con cn, s gy sng, au ton c th, vt c th cht sau vi pht n mt gi. Phn ln triu chng trn ng vt khi b ong t, cn trng cn ch gy triu chng vim cc b. Khi b ong t, ni t ng vt c cm gic au, triu chng chung b kch thch, nng gy ri lon nhn thc, co git, tt huyt p, dung huyt. Phi b ph, ri lon hot ng siu lc thn. * iu tr: Dng thuc iu tr triu chng: adrenalin thuc gim au, thuc chng vim... f. Kin c c Kin la - Solenopsis xyloni Kin mt mui - Pogonomymex californicus. * Triu chng: Ch au, sng nt cn. Cng c vi trng hp gy shock, d ng nu con vt qu mn cm. Khi b qu nhiu con cn, s gy sng, au ton c th, vt cht sau vi pht n mt gi. 2. 2. Ng c cht c ng vt a. Ng c do n c nc fugu ocellatus C khong trn 60 loi c nc khc nhau sng vng bin m, nhiu nht vng bin n , Thi Bnh Dng. Trong s ny ch c mt s c c. C nc c do cha cc cht c: Ciguatoxin, cht ny tan c trong lipt v nc. Hai cht khc: aminopehydroquinazolin, tetrodotoxin. Cc cht c tp trung ch yu ph tng: gan, rut, trng v da bng. c ca c nc tng cao trong ma trng (t thng 2 - 7). Cc cht c ca c nc khng b nhit ph hu. Ngc li, khi nu chn lm tng thm c. Tht c nc khng cha cht c, nhng do khi sn, bt, a c vo kho bo qun lm cht c. Khi c cht hay b lm dp cc ph tng, trng c. Cht c t ngm vo tht gy ng c. Do vy khng nn n nhng con c b i, p nt. Chn con ti, loi b ht ph tng, trng v da. Triu chng trn ngi, tu theo loi, lng c c c n vo v trng thi c th. S ng c xy ra sau khi n 30 pht n 30 gi. Nn nhn thng b t trn mi, li, kin b t chi. Sau nn ma, vng u, au khp mi ni, ng t rn, lit, tt huyt p, da tm ti. Nn nhn cht do lit h hp. T l t vong cao, trn 60% trong vng 1 - 24 gi nu khng cp cu kp thi. Theo Phc in c (Nht Bn), ch n 10 gam tht c nc c th b ng c v cht. Trn ng vt, vi ch n 0,01 mg/kg cht sau 30 pht. Tim 4 mg/kg th trng cng lm cht th. b. Ng c do n phi loi nhuyn th Loi ho Mytilus oedulis c cha cht rt c mytilotoxin gy chng mt bun nn, tiu chy, t, lit tay chn, bn chn, lo lng. Sau cht do b lit c h hp. Trong loi ho cn c loi ho Mytilocongestin cha c t hng ng tiu ho gy tiu chy, xung, xut huyt ton b nim mc ng tiu ho tu lng c t n phi... Khng phi tt c loi ho u c, ch c mt s con c bit, khi n phi bit chn. Cu hi n tp 1. K tn cc cy c cha ancaloid v glucozid c hay gy ng c cho vt nui? 2. K tn cc nhm cht c chnh c trong cy v tc hi ca chng?

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3. Nguyn nhn, c ch, triu chng, bnh tch v cch cha tr khi vt nui ng c glucozid cha cyanide? nu cc cy c cha cyanide ? 4. Ngun gc, triu chng, bnh tch v cch cha tr khi gia sc trng c glucozid cng tim? 5. Ngun gc, triu chng, bnh l, cch chn on, cha tr khi gia sc ng c cy dng x, cy thng lc, c la min, cy k u nga, cc cy thuc h trinh n, cy thu du, cc cy ba u, cc cy thuc l, thuc lo, cy bch hoa x? 6. c t, triu chng, bnh tch v cch cha tr khi gia sc ng c do ung nc trong ao h c cha to c? 7. Nguyn nhn ng c cht c c ngun gc ng vt? 8. Nu cc loi cht c c ngun gc ng vt hay gp Vit Nam? 9. Trnh by cc bin php phng chng ng c cht c c ngun gc ng vt?

Ti liu tham kho chnh

1. Trn T An. Mi trng v c cht mi trng. Trng i hc Dc H Ni, 2002. 2. Curtis D. Claassen. Toxicology - the basic science of poisons. fifth edition, 1998.

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3. Nguyn Th D. T vn chn on v x tr nhanh ng c cp. NXB Y hc, 2004. 4. Gary D. Osweiler. Veterynary Toxicology. Iowa State Univercity Press/AMES, 1996 5. u Ngc Ho, L Th Ngc Dip. Nm mc v c t Aflatoxin trong thc n chn nui. NXB Nng nghip, 2003. 6. Henry J. A. H. M. Wismen. Management of poisoning. World Health Organisation, 1997. 7. Phm Khc Hiu c cht hc th y. Gio trnh Sau i hc. NXB Nng nghip, 1998. 8. Konie H. Plumlee. Clinical veterinary toxicology. Iowa State Univercity Press/AMES, 2003. 9. Trn Cng Khanh. Cy c Vit Nam. Nhim c - Gii c v cch iu tr. Nh xut bn y hc 1992. 10. Dng Thanh Lim. c cht hc. Trng i hc Nng lm TP H Ch Minh, 2001. 11. tt Li. Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Y hc, 1999. 12. Susan E. Aiello. The Merck veterinary manual. 8th edition, 1998. 13. Wallace A. Hayes. Principles and methods of toxicology. Third edition, 1998. 14. Wolfdietrich Eichler. Toxicants in food. Nguyn Th Thn dch. NXB Khoa hc k thut.

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mc lc
Trang Phn A: c cht hc i cng
Chng I mt s vn c bn v c cht hc 1. Mt s khi nim 1.1. c cht hc 1.2. Cht c 1.3. Ng c 2. ng hc ca cht c 2.1. S xm nhp ca cht c 2. 2. S phn b cht c 1.3. S chuyn ho cht c 1.4. S o thi cht c 3. C ch tc dng ca cht c 3.1. C s phn t ca tn thng t bo do ng c, nhim c 3.2. C ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc 3.3. nh hng c hi ca cht c 4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c 4.1. Cc yu t thuc v cht c 4.2. Cc yu t thuc v c th 4.3. Cc yu t mi trng Chng II
Chn on v iu tr ng c

1 1 1 2 7 8 8 10 12 14 14 15 20 23 25 26 27 31 35 35 35 35 40 43 44 44 47 49 51 51 51 51 51

1. Chn on ng c 1.1. Khi nim 1.2. Chn on ng c 1.3. Ly mu cho cc xt nghim chn on ng c 1.4. Chn on phn bit 2. iu tr ng c 2.1. Loi cht c ra khi c th 2.2. Ph hy hoc trung ha cht c bng cc cht khng c 2.3. Hi sc cp cu v iu tr triu chng

Phn b: c cht hc chuyn khoa Chng III

Cc cht c v c

1. i cng 1.1. Nguyn nhn gy nhim kim loi nng 1.2. Tc hi ca cc kim loi nng

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2. Ng c cc cht c v c 2.1. Ng c kim loi nng 2.2. Ng c cc cht c v c khc Chng IV
Ha cht bo v thc vt

52 52 65 71 71 71 73 75 75 75 85 88 95 97 97 97 100 100 100 100 101 103 103 103 108 110 112 112 112 112 113 113 114 114

1. i cng 1.1. Phn loi cc ha cht Bo V Thc Vt. 1.2. S tn lu ca ho cht bo v thc vt trong mi trng 1.3. c tnh v c lc ca ho cht bo v thc vt. 2. Ng c cc ha cht bo v thc vt 2.1. Ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c: 2.2. Ng c cc hp cht carbamat 2.3. Ng c cc hp cht clo hu c 2.4. phng ngi v gia sc nhim c ho cht bo v thc vt 3. Thuc dit chut 3.1. Phn loi thuc chut 3.2. Cc thuc dit chut Chng V
Ng c thuc th y

1. i cng 1.1. Nguyn nhn 1.2. Bin php phng 1.3. Hin tng d ng thuc 1.4. Tc dng ph ca thuc 2. c tnh ca mt s thuc th y 2.1. Thuc khng sinh 2.2. Cc cht st khun 2.3. Thuc h st, gim au v chng vim

Chng VI
c t nm mc

1. Mt s loi nm mc gy c cho gia sc, gia cm 1.1. Nm mc ng rung trc v trong thu hoch 1.2. Nm mc trong qu trnh bo qun 2. c t nm mc v bnh c t nm mc 2.1. nh ngha c t nm mc v bnh c t nm mc 2.2. C ch chnh ca s hnh thnh c t nm mc 2.3. Mt s c t nm mc gy bnh vt nui (Mycotoxin) v bnh c t nm mc (Mycotoxicosis)

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3. Cc bin php phng chng c hi ca c t nm mc 3.1. Cc bin php hn ch s pht trin v lan nhim ca nm c trong lng thc, thc phm, thc n chn nui 3.2. Cc bin php kh c t nm mc

126 126 128 132 132 132 140 153 153 156

Chng VII
cht c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt

1. Cht c ngun gc thc vt 1.1. Phn loi 1.2. Mt s cy c 2. Cht c ngun gc ng vt 2.1. Nc c ca cc ng vt sng trn cn 2. 2. Ng c cht c ng vt

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