Tm hiu v b kch t my pht in-AVR

B iu khin kch t my pht - B iu chnh in p t ng AVR c cc nhim v sau: iu chnh in p my pht in. Gii hn t s in p/tn s. iu chnh cng sut v cng my pht in. B tr in p suy gim trn ng dy. To suy gim in p theo cng sut v cng, cn bng s phn phi cng sut v cng gia cc my vi nhau trong h thng khi my vn hnh ni li. Khng ch dng in khng do thiu kch thch, nhm to s n nh cho h thng, khi my ni li. Cng hnh kch thch khi c s c trn li * iu chnh in p ca my pht in B iu chnh in th t ng lun lun theo di in p u ra ca my pht in, v so snh n vi mt in p tham chiu. N phi a ra nhng mnh lnh tng gim dng in kch thch sao cho sai s gi in p o c v in p tham chiu l nh nht. Mun thay i in p ca my pht in, ngi ta ch cn thay i in p tham chiu ny. in p tham chiu thng c t ti gi tr nh mc khi my pht vn hnh c lp (Isolated) hoc l in p thanh ci, in p li ti ch vn hnh ha li (Paralled) * Gii hn t s in p / tn s Khi khi ng mt t my, lc tc quay ca Rotor cn thp, tn s pht ra s thp. Khi , b iu chnh in p t ng s c khuynh hng tng dng kch thch ln sao cho in p u ra nh tham chiu theo gi tr t hoc in p li. iu ny dn n qu kch thch: cun dy rotor s b qu nhit, cc thit b ni vo u cc my pht nh bin th chnh, my bin p t dng... s b qu kch thch, bo ha t, v qu nhit. Thng tc my pht cn t n 95% tc nh mc. B iu chnh in p t ng cng phi lun theo di t s ny iu chnh dng kch thch cho ph hp, mc d in p my pht cha t n in p tham chiu. * iu khin cng sut v cng ca my pht in Khi my pht cha pht in vo li, vic thay i dng in kch t ch thay i in p u cc my pht. Quan h gia in p my pht i vi dng in kch t c biu din bng 1 ng cong, gi l c tuyn khng ti. (c tuyn V-A) Tuy nhin khi my pht in c ni vo mt li c cng sut rt ln so vi my pht, vic tng gim dng kch thch hu nh khng lm thay i in p li. Tc dng ca b iu p khi khng cn l iu khin in p my pht na, m l iu khin dng cng sut phn khng (cn gi l cng sut v cng, cng sut o) ca my pht. Khi dng kch thch tng, cng sut v cng tng. Khi dng kch thch gim, cng sut v cng gim. Dng kch thch gim n mt mc no , cng sut v cng ca my s gim xung 0, v s tng li theo chiu ngc li (chiu m), nu dng kch thch tip tc gim thm. iu ny dn n nu h thng iu khin in p ca my pht qu nhy, c th dn n s thay i rt ln cng sut v cng ca my pht khi in p li dao ng. Do , b iu khin in p t ng, ngoi vic theo di v iu khin in p, cn phi theo di v iu khin dng in v cng. Thc cht ca vic iu khin ny l iu khin dng kch thch khi cng sut v cng v in p li c s thay i, sao cho mi lin h gia in p my pht, in p li v cng sut v cng phi l mi lin h hp l. * B tr in p suy gim trn ng dy

Khi my pht in vn hnh c lp, hoc ni vo li bng 1 tr khng ln, Khi tng ti, s gy ra st p trn ng dy. St p ny lm cho in p ti h tiu th b gim theo tng ti, lm gim cht lng in nng. Mun gim bt tc hi ny ca h thng, b iu p phi d on c kh nng st gim ca ng dy, v to ra in p b tr cho st gim . Tc ng b ny gip cho in p ti mt im no , gia my pht v h tiu th s c n nh theo ti. in p ti h tiu th s gim i cht so vi ti, trong khi in p ti u cc my pht s tng i cht so vi ti. c dc tc ng ny, ngi ta a thm 1 tn hiu dng in vo trong mch o lng. Dng in ca 1 pha (thng l pha B) t th cp ca bin dng o lng s c chy qua mt mch in R v L, to ra cc st p tng ng vi st p trn R v L ca ng dy t my pht n im m ta mun gi n nh in p. in p ny c cng thm vo (hoc tr bt i) vi in p u cc my pht o lng c. B iu p t ng s cn c vo in p tng hp ny m iu chnh dng kch t, sao cho in p tng hp ni trn l khng i. Nu cc cc tnh ca bin dng o lng v bin in p o lng c ni sao cho chng tr bt ln nhau, s c: Ump Imp (r + jx) = const. Nh vy chiu u ni ny lm cho in p my pht s tng nh khi tng ti. tng tng i c tnh trn t s gia tng phn trm ca in p my pht khi dng in tng t 0 n dng nh mc. Th d khi dng in my pht =0, th in p my pht l 100%. Khi dng in my pht = dng nh mc, in p my pht l 104% in p nh mc. Vy tng tng i l + 4%. tng ny cn gi l b (compensation). b ca b iu p cng cao, th im n nh in p cng xa my pht v cng gn ti hn Trong cc nh my in ni chung v nh my thu in ni ring, vn duy tr in p u cc my pht n nh (lin quan n tn s pht) v bng vi gi tr in p nh sn l rt quan trng, h thng kch t my pht phi m bo iu ny bng cch thay i gi tr ca b b tng tr khi my pht vn hnh hoc cch ly vi h thng v cc my ct ng dy truyn ti ng hoc m. Thnh phn quan trng nht trong h thng l cc cu chnh lu thyristor v b t ng iu chnh in p (AVR- Automatic Voltage Regulator). * Tnh nng ca h thng kch t Mi t my Tuabin - my pht c cung cp mt h thng kch t hon chnh kiu in t k thut s, c th c gim st bi h thng SCADA ti phng iu khin trung tm, bao gm c b iu chnh in p t ng tc cao. u ra ca b kch t tnh phi c u ni n vnh gp ca my pht thng qua hp u dy lp t trn khung my pht. H thng kch t c cp ngun t h thng in t dng t my v my bin p kch t. Kch t ban u trong thi gian bt u t kch ngun (mi t) c ly t mt trm c qui t dng 220VDC (hoc 110VDC) . Gi tr dng in v in p kch t thng ln hn cc gi tr nh mc ti thiu l 20% v l0%. Qu trnh "mi t" kt thc, my pht t kch t khi in p u cc my pht gn t n gi tr nh mc, qu trnh thung din ra khong 20-30 chu k in (0.51s) H thng kch t cung cp ngun mt chiu to t trng cho my pht ng b t c phm vi cng sut my pht nh quy nh v n nh in p my pht vn hnh ph hp trong h thng in m my pht c ni vo. Trong trng hp tn s my pht gia tng ti gi tr tng ng vi s gia tng tc ln nht do my pht mt ph ti, h thng kch t s nhanh chng phc hi in p n gi tr nh mc v gi n nh. H thng kch t c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng chnh xc trong khong thi gian c cc nhiu lon qu , v d nh ngn mch trn h thng in cao p, thng thng thit b bo v s gii tr s c trong 0,125s. Thm vo , n sn sng gia tng kch t (ch cng hnh) nu c yu cu. in p trn ca h thng kch t khng nh hn 2 ln gi tr tng ng vi in p u cc my pht nh mc vi cng sut pht nh mc v h s cng sut 0,85 qu kch t hoc km kch t. S tt dn ca cc dao ng gia my pht v h thng in c gi tr tch cc ti mi thi im v di tt c cc iu kin vn hnh trong kh nng ca my pht. H thng kch t s chi phi s suy gim dao ng di cc iu kin nh vy v cc tn hiu phn hi l tn hiu n nh

nhn c t gc quay gia rotor v my pht hoc l cng sut my pht phi c cung cp cho h thng kch t. Trong trng hp c s thay i nhanh cng sut tuabin do b iu tc lm vic, s bin i in p u cc my pht nh tc ng ca cc tn hiu phn hi c hn ch khng vt qu 2% khi my pht c ni vo h thng in. * Thnh phn chnh ca h thng kch t Thit b kch t bao gm my bin p kiu kh, cc b chnh lu thyristor, b iu chnh t ng in p AVR, b phn dit t, thit b bo v qu p v tt c trang thit b cn thit cho vic iu khin, bo v h thng kch t v my pht trong cc iu kin vn hnh bnh thng v s c. Thit b kch t ban u s cung cp dng kch t nh mc thch hp, m bo chc chn v n nh pht xung m c cu chnh lu thyristor. Thit b cho php kch hot cc thit b kch thch t cc ngun tm thi bn ngoi vi cng sut dng kch t lin tc ti l,2 ln cng sut nh mc v c th iu chnh lin tc vi cc bc iu chnh l0% n 100% in p u cc my pht, kim sot s bo ho my pht v th nghim c tnh tr khng trong thi gian vn hnh. Tt c cc tnh nng iu khin, bo v v hot ng ca thit b tng thch vi ch iu khin t xa t phng iu khin nh my. iu khin t xa c gii hn trong mt vi iu khin, chng hn ch vi chc nng nh "khi ng-dng" v "tng-gim" thng qua b iu chnh t ng in p v iu khin bng tay bin tr tng-gim. Thit b kch t c thit k c kh nng khi ng v vn hnh ng vi cng sut ngun hn ch v phi c lp vi ngun t dng xoay chiu AC ca nh my. B t ng iu chnh in p Mi h thng kch t ca my pht c trang b mt b t ng iu chnh in p (Automatic Voltage Regulator - AVR). B AVR c u ni vi cc bin in p mt pha ll0V ring bit nhau nm trong t thit b ng ct my pht. B AVR p ng c thnh phn pha th t thun ca in p my pht v khng ph thuc vo tn s. B AVR l loi in t k thut s, nhn tn hiu u vo l in p 3-pha ti u cc my pht, s dng nguyn l iu chnh PID theo lch in p u cc my pht, n cng c chc nng iu chnh hng s h s cng sut v hng s dng in trng. Mt b ci t in p c s dng, thit b ny thch hp vi vic vn hnh bng tay ti t iu chnh in p v ti t iu khin ti ch t my. B ci t ny c kh nng t di in p u cc my pht trong khong 50% gi tr in p nh mc. Tt c cc b ci t gi tr vn hnh u l kiu in t k thut s. B ci t gi tr in p vn hnh bng tay v b ci t gi tr in p mu phi t ng t v gi tr nh nht khi t my dng. B AVR iu khin t ng ng hoc m mch mi kch t ban u trong qu trnh khi ng t my. Chc nng b in khng c thit k km theo cc phng php iu chnh c th b in khng trong khong ln nht l 20%. Chc nng b dng gia cc t my c thit k m bo in khng c phn b n nh gia cc my pht. C bin php ngn nga qu kch t my pht trong qu trnh khi ng v dng bnh thng ca t my. B AVR cng vi trang thit b ph c t trong t c lp trn sn my pht, ph hp vi cc t khc ca h thng kch t. Tt c trang thit b cho vn hnh v iu khin c lp trn mt trc ca t. Cc mch t hp c thit k vi tin cy ln nht c th v c kt cu d phng ph hp s c mt vi phn t iu khin s khng lm h thng kch t gp nguy him hay khng vn hnh. Tt c cc b phn s ph hp vi iu kin lm vic lin tc v di hn di iu kin nhit 00C-700C v m ti 95%. Mi cu nn dng thyristor c trang b ring mt mch iu khin xung. Mch iu khin xung c kh nng vn hnh t ng v khng t ng. Cc cng tn hiu vo v ra c th b nh hng do cc nhiu lon trong mch iu khin, do c bo v bng cc b lc nhiu hoc bng cc r le thch hp. tin cy v chnh xc ca gc pha mch iu khin xung phi m bo sao cho cc b chnh lu hot ng trong ton b phm vi p xoay chiu l 30% - 150% gi tr nh mc v tn s l 90%- 145% gi tr nh mc, thm ch c khi sng in p b mo (khng l hnh sin). B AVR c bn gm c mt vng lp iu chnh p bng cc tn hiu tch phn ti t c s n nh tm thi v n nh ng. o lng in p my pht c thc hin trn c ba pha. chnh xc ca in p iu chnh nm trong trong khong 0.5% gi tr ci t, trong cc ch

 vn hnh t khng ti ti y ti. Mt tn hiu iu khin t bn ngoi c tc ng vo b AVR thay i lin tc gi tr iu chnh mu m khng cn bt c mt b phn quay no. Mt mch cn c th c s dng hn ch dc ca tn hiu bn ngoi, nu cn thit. B AVR c cung cp cng vi cc b gii hn gi tr kch t min, max v c th iu chnh; b gii hn cho php t my vn hnh an ton v n nh, thm ch ti cc gi tr gii hn trn v di kch t. B gii hn hot ng s tc ng iu chnh gc m cc thyristor. N c kh nng a ng cong vn hnh ca cc b gii hn cng gn vi ng cong cng sut ca t my. Do s xut hin st p tc thi hoc do ngn mch ngoi, b gii hn qu kch t s khng phn ng trong khong 1s cho php chnh xc li dng kch t cng bc. Cc gi tr o lng thch hp nh o tnh tr ca mng c ly a vo phc v ch vn hnh di kch t. Mt Mch kho gi n nh mng (hoc chng dao ng) - switchable stabilizing network c trang b gp phn dp dao dng ca t my bng cch iu khin thch hp b kch t. Tn hiu n nh c gii hn sao cho n khng th lm b kch t thay i qu l0% gi tr bnh thng trong bt c trng hp no. Tn hiu n nh s t ng ct khi dng tc dng nh hn gi tr xc nh. N c kh nng xc nh cc gi tr t 10-30% gi tr dng tc dng bnh thng v iu chnh tn hiu u ra ca kho Gi n nh mng theo thc t vi cc gi tr lin tc t 0 ti gi tr ln nht ca n. Cc thng s n nh c da vo thnh phn tch phn ca bin i cng sut tc dng. Tn hiu cng sut u vo c lc thch hp khng sinh ra gi tr b in p c nh. B AVR c trang b b iu khin p ng dy v mch b dng t my phn b ti gia cc my pht. B iu khin t ng bn dn hoc k thut s. Ngy nay, b iu khin thng cu to trn k thut s-vi x l. Mn hnh cm ng (Touchscreen) c kt ni c th ci t tham s, thut ton iu khin bv o lng cc gi tr tc thi. Mt s b iu tc cho cc my pht c ln (>15MW) b iu khin c th kt ni n h thng gim st SCADA trong nh my gim st cc thng s tc thi, biu vn hnh qu kh (trent) hoc cc s kin bi cc giao thc v mng thng tin ph thng hoc chuyn bit ca nh sn xut (Modbus, CAN bus,...) B iu chnh in p bng tay B iu chnh in p bng tay c kh nng iu chnh gc m thyristor bng mt mch c lp. ch bo s khc nhau gia iu khin bng tay v iu khin t ng, s trang b mt mch cn bng. Trong trng hp b iu chnh t ng gp s c th iu chnh bng tay phi sn sng t my tip tc vn hnh. Mt mch chuyn tip phi c cung cp cho php chuyn t ch t ng sang ch bng tay m khng c s thay i no cho b kch t. Cc thit b phc v iu khin bng tay c cung cp cho mi h thng kch t my pht. Trang thit b kha ch , chuyn mch c thit k cho t kch t ti cc t iu khin t my ti ch v ti phng iu khin c th chn la ch vn hnh ca h thng kch t l t ng iu chnh in p (AVR) hoc diu chnh bng tay. Mt b iu khin chuyn tip cng phi c thit k chuyn tip iu khin kch t t ch AVR sang ch iu chnh bng tay trong trng hp mt tn hiu t mt vi thit b o p hoc ngun vn hnh DC, AC ca h thng AVR. B pht hin tn hiu p xoay chiu s phn bit c gia s c ca mch p th cp (t mch, mt pha..) hoc s st p ca mch s cp gy ra bi cc s c ngn mch. Trang thit b iu khin bng tay c thit k lin tc v t ng t ti cc v tr tng ng vi cc gi tr m b AVR t c sao cho khng c s thay i v dng kch t no xy ra khi chuyn t ch AVR sang iu khin bng tay hoc do chn ch vn hnh hoc do b iu khin chuyn tip tc ng.