Nhac Ly Trung Hoc Pho Thong

HC L THUYT M NHC
NGUYN KHNH HONG

SU TM - BIN SON
L THUYT
M NHC
Tp 1
TI LIU HC NHC
DNH CHO HC SINH PH THNG THCS
Ti liu phc v ging dy c nhn

Khng lu hnh
Qung Ngi, thng 9 nm 2008
Ti liu hc nhc dnh cho hc sinh THCS Nguyn Khnh Hong su tm v bin son
HC L THUYT M NHC
MC LC
m thanh .. 03
Khung nhc ..... 04
Kho nhc .. 05
Tn nt nhc .. 06
Hnh nt nhc 07
Cch ghi nt nhc trn khung .. 08
V tr cc nt nhc trn khung ... 10
Du ho .. 11
Cung ... 16
Nhp ............ 18
Phch .. 19
S ch nhp.. 20
Du lng . 22
Du ni, du luyn, du chm di, du chm ngn ... 23
Du nhc li, du hi tu, khung thay i .. 25
Nhp ly . 27
Gam trng, ging trng ... 28
Gam th, ging th ... 30
Ging ho thanh, ging giai iu ......... 31
Hp m .. 33
Dch ging .. 35
Ging song song 36
o phch, nghch phch . 37
Ph lc 38
HC L THUYT M NHC
BI 1
M THANH
m nhc l mt b mn ngh thut dng m thanh, nhp iu din t t tng
tnh cm ca i sng con ngi. m thanh dng trong m nhc phi c 4 yu t
sau y:
1.Cao :
L cao thp (trm bng) ca m thanh.
2.Trng :
L ngn di ngn ca m thanh.
3.Cng :
L mnh nh ca m thanh.
4. m sc:
L tnh cht ring bit ca tng loi ging, tng vt cht pht ra m thanh.
*Cu hi:
1.m nhc dng cht liu g phn nh t tng tnh cm ca con ngi?
a) mu sc, ng nt.
b) m thanh, nhp iu.
2.m thanh dng trong m nhc phi c my yu t ?
a) 3 yu t.
b) 4 yu t.
3.Nu nhng yu t ca m thanh dng trong m nhc ?
.
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
BI 2
KHUNG NHC
Khung nhc l mt h thng gm 5 dng k v 4 khe nm song song v cch
u nhau theo phng nm ngang.
Th t dng v khe m t di ln
Khung nhc gip ta nhn ra cao ca m thanh ghi ln .
C nhng nt nhc cao hn hoc thp hn khng th ghi ln khung nhc chnh
nn ngi ta thm vo nhng dng ph v khe ph.
Dng, khe ph trn
Dng, khe ph di
Nhng dng v khe ph ch k nh ghi nt nhc v ch xut hin khi cn

thit.
Th t dng v khe ph m t khung nhc chnh m ra.
*Cu hi:
1.Khung nhc gm bao nhiu dng v khe?
a) 5 dng 5 khe.
b) 5 dng 4 khe.
2.Th t ca dng v khe chnh m t:
a) m t di ln.
b) m t trn xung.
3. Th t ca dng v khe ph m t:
a) m t di ln.
b) m t trn xung.
c) m t khung nhc chnh m ra.
4.Khi no th xut hin dng v khe ph ?
a) Lc no cng xut hin.
b) Ch khi no cn ghi nt nhc thp hn hoc cao hn khng th ghi trn khung
nhc chnh.
HC L THUYT M NHC
BI 3
KHO NHC
Kho nhc l mt hnh v nm u mi khung nhc. Kho nhc gip ta nhn
ra tn cc m (tn nt nhc) trn khung nhc.
C nhiu loi kho nhc nhng thng dng nht l kho Son v kho Pha.
Nhng ca khc thanh nhc (bi ht) thng ch dng kho Son.
Kho Son c ming kho m t dng 2. Tn nt nhc nm dng 2 l nt Son.
T nt Son ta tnh c cc nt khc trn khung.
Kho Son
Nt Son
Son
Son
La
Si
Mi
Pha
Mi
Si
*Cu hi :
1.Kho nhc nm v tr no trn khung nhc ?
a) Nm u khung nhc.
b) Nm gia khung nhc.
c) Nm cui khung nhc.
2.Kho Son c ming kho m dng no ?
a) Dng 2.
b) Dng 3
c) Khe 2.
3.Trn khung nhc c kho Son, nt nhc dng 2 l nt g?
a)Nt Son
b)Nt Mi
c)Nt La
HC L THUYT M NHC
BI 4
TN NT NHC
(HAY CAO CA M THANH)
ghi li cao thp ca m thanh ngi ta dng 7 m, th t t thp n cao
l:
Vit tt :
R Mi Pha Son La Si
C
D
E F
G
A B
7 m c bn c sp xp trn khung nhc nh sau:
Mi
Pha
Son
La
Si
*Cu hi :
1.Cao ca m thanh l :
a) di, ngn ca m thanh.
b) cao thp ca m thanh.
c) mnh nh ca m thanh.
2.Nu tn 7 m c bn trn khung nhc theo th t t thp n cao.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
BI 5
HNH NT NHC
phn bit c thi gian ngn di ngn ca m thanh, ngi ta qui nh mt
s hnh nt nhc sau:
C 7 loi hnh nt nhc:
-Hnh nt trn:
-Hnh nt mc n:
-Hnh nt trng:
-Hnh nt mc kp:
-Hnh nt en:
-Hnh nt mc tam:
-Hnh nt mc t:
Hnh nt trn c thi gian ngn di gp hai ln hnh nt trng.

Hnh nt trng ngn di gp hai ln hnh nt en.
Hnh nt en ngn di gp hai ln hnh nt mc n.
Hnh nt mc n ngn di gp hai ln hnh nt mc kp.
Hnh nt mc kp ngn di gp hai ln hnh nt mc tam.
*Cu hi:
1.Hnh nt l k hiu xc nh:
a) cao thp (cao ) ca m thanh.
b) di ngn ca m thanh.
2.Hnh nt nhc no c thi gian ngn di nht ?
a) Hnh nt en.
b) Hnh nt mc t.
c) Hnh nt trn.
3.Theo em, cc loi nhc c sau, nhc c no c ting vang di nht:
a) Ting trng con.
b) Ting chung.
c) Ting m.
4.Hy nu tn cc hnh nt theo th t t nt ngn ngn nht n nt di nht.
..
..
..
..
..
..
HC L THUYT M NHC
BI 6
CCH GHI NT NHC TRN KHUNG
vic ghi chp nhc c p, thng nht, ngi ta qui nh cch ghi chp cc
hnh nt nhc nh sau:
1.Cch ghi ui nt khng c du mc:
-Nt nhc quay ln, ui nt vit bn phi.
-Nt nhc quay xung, ui nt vit bn tri.
2.Cch ghi ui nt c du mc:

Cc nt nhc c du mc cch ghi hng ui cng nh trn nhng hng ca
du mc bao gi cng pha bn phi:
3.Cch ghi nhc bi ht mt b:

-Nhng nt nhc t v tr tr ln ui nt vit quay xung.
-Nhng nt nhc t v tr La tr xung ui nt vit quay ln.
-Nt nhc vit dng 3 (nt Si) vit tu .
4.Cch ghi nhc bi ht hai b (tham kho)
-Tt c cc nt b trn ui nt vit quay ln.
-Tt c cc nt b di ui nt vit quay xung.
HC L THUYT M NHC
5.Gch ngang trng :

Thng thng khi vit mt ca khc, cc nt nhc c tch ri ng vi li ca.
i vi cc bn nhc khng li, cc du mc i lin nhau c th c thay bng
cc du gch ni gi l gch ngang trng .
*Cu hi:
1.Cch ghi ui nt khng c du mc ?
a) Nt nhc quay ln, ui nt vit bn phi. Nt nhc quay xung, ui nt vit
bn tri.
b) Vit tu
2.Cch ghi ui nt c du mc ?
a) Hng ca du mc bao gi cng pha bn phi ui nt nhc.
b) Hng ca du mc bn tri ui nt nhc.
c) Hng ca du mc bn tri hoc bn phi ui nt nhc u c.
3.Nu cch ghi nhc bi ht mt b ?
..
..
..
..
..
..
HC L THUYT M NHC
10
BI 7
V TR CC NT NHC
TRN KHUNG NHC KHO SON
Theo th t 7 tn nt (, R, Mi, Pha, Son, La, Si) v tr nt nhc trn khung
nhc kho Son nh sau:
Mi
Pha
Son
La
Si
Mi
Pha
Son
La
Si
Mi
Pha
Son
La
Si
*Bi tp :
Tp c tn cc nt nhc trn khung :
Yu cu :
c xui, c ngc v c cch qung khng theo th t :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HC L THUYT M NHC
11
BI 8
DU HO
Du ho l k hiu cho bit s lm thay i cao ca nt nhc ln cao hoc
xung thp hn vi khong cch l 1/2 cung so vi v tr n ang ng. C 3 loi du
ho thng dng:
1.Du thng (
) nng cao nt nhc ln 1/2 cung:
2.Du ging (
1/2 cung
Pha - Pha
) h thp nt nhc xung 1/2 cung:
1/2 cung
Mi - Mi
3.Du bnh (du hon) ( ) hu b tc dng ca du thng hoc du ging:
Hu b nh hng ca du thng
Hu b nh hng ca du ging
Ngoi ra cn c 2 loi du ho kp:
1.Du thng kp c tc dng nng cao nt nhc ln 1 cung:
1 cung
2.Du ging kp c tc dng h thp cao nt nhc xung 1 cung:
1 cung
HC L THUYT M NHC
12
NH HNG CA DU HO
Tu theo v tr, du ho c tc dng v tn gi nh sau:
A.DU HO THEO KHO:
Du ho theo kho vit u mi khung nhc. Du ho ny nh hng n tt
c nt nhc no mang tn du ho .
Tt c cc nt Pha trong bi nhc u phi nng cao ln 1/2 cung do nh hng

ca du ha pha thng u kho.
Tt c cc nt Si trong bi nhc u phi h thp xung 1/2 cung do nh hng

ca du ho Si ging u kho.
*Lu : Ch c 2 loi du ho l du thng v du ging c s dng lm du
ho theo kho.
*Khi sng tc bi ht hoc bn nhc, vic la chn xy dng bi ht, bn nhc
trn mt gam no tu thuc vo ch ca tc gi. Nu xy dng trn gam
trng hoc La th th khng xut hin du ho theo kho. Cn nu xy dng trn
mt gam khc 2 gam trn th bt buc phi s dng du ho theo kho. C th cc em
s c tham kho nhng bi sau. y xin trnh by cng cc em mt s gam v
trnh t xut hin du ho theo kho:
1.Gam Son trng v Mi th:
2.Gam R trng v Si th:
3.Gam La trng v Pha thng th:
4.Gam Mi trng v thng th:
5.Gam Si trng v Son thng th :
HC L THUYT M NHC
6.Gam R thng trng v Si thng th :
7.Gam thng trng v La thng th :
8.Gam Pha trng v R th:
9.Gam Si ging trng v Son th:
10.Gam Mi ging trng v th:
11.Gam La ging trng v Pha th:
12.Gam R ging trng v Si ging th:
13.Gam Son ging trng v Mi ging th:
14.Gam ging trng v La ging th:
13
HC L THUYT M NHC
14
*Trnh t xut hin du thng:

Pha--Son-R-La-Mi-Si
*Trnh t xut hin du ging :
Si-Mi-La-R-Son--Pha
*Cch tnh ging vi ho biu c du thng :
T du thng cui cng tnh ln qung 2 th (0,5cung) ta c ging trng, tnh
xung qung 3 th (1,5 cung) ta c ging th song song:
VD: T du thng nt tnh ln -R:Ta c ging R trng, tnh tip
xung -Si-La ta c ging La th.
*Cch tnh ging vi ho biu c du ging :
T du ging cui cng tnh xung qung 4 gim (2,5cung) ta c ging trng,
tnh xung qung 3 th (1,5 cung) ta c ging th song song:
VD: T du ging nt Mi tnh xung Mi-R--Si:Ta c ging Si ging
trng, tnh tip xung Si ging-La ging-Son ta c ging Son th.
i vi cc ho biu c 2 du ging tr ln, ly tn nt c du ging p t chnh
l tn ca ging trng.
Du ging nt p t nt Mi: Ging Mi ging trng.

B.DU HO BT THNG:
Du ho bt thng khng c v tr c nh, thnh thong xut hin trong bn nhc
nn gi l du ho bt thng.
Du ho bt thng t ngay trc nt nhc v ch nh hng trong mt nhp.
Ch c 2 nt nhc trn chu nh hng ca du ho. Cc nt Si pha trc cng

nhp v cc nt Si khc sau khng cng nhp khng chu nh hng ca du ho.
*Tt c 5 loi du ho: thng, thng kp, ging, ging kp, du bnh u c
dng lm du ho bt thng.
*Cu hi:
1.Du ho dng lm g?
a)Thay i cao nt nhc ln 1/2 cung.
a)Thay i cao nt nhc xung 1/2 cung.
c)C 2 trn.
2.Tc dng ca du thng:
a)Nng cao nt nhc ln 1/2 cung.
b)H thp cao nt nhc xung 1/2 cung
c)Hu b tc dng ca du ging.
3.Tc dng ca du ging:
HC L THUYT M NHC
15

c)Hu b tc dng ca du thng.
4.Tc dng ca du hon (du bnh):
c)Hu b tc dng ca du thng v du ging.
5.Cc du ho sau y c tc dng nh th no?
6.Du ho theo kho xut hin v tr no trong bn nhc?

a)Ghi u mi khung nhc v c tc dng n tt c cc nt mang tn du ho
.
b)Ghi trc nt nhc v ch c tc dng n cc nt nhc mang tn du ho
trong 1 nhp.
7.Du ho bt thng xut hin v tr no trong bn nhc?
a)Ghi u mi khung nhc v c tc dng n tt c cc nt mang tn du ho
.
b)Ghi trc nt nhc v ch c tc dng n cc nt nhc mang tn du ho
trong 1 nhp.
HC L THUYT M NHC
16
BI 9
CUNG, QUNG
1.Cung:
Trong 7 tn nt, khong cch cao ca chng khng ng u nhau, c khong
cch 1 cung, c khong cch na cung. Cc khong cch cao c ghi nh sau:
1c
1c 1/2c 1c 1c 1c 1/2c
R Mi Pha Son La
Si ()
*Do nh hng ca du ho nn c 2 loi na cung nh sau:

a) Na cung Diatonic (na cung d):
L tn gi na cung ca 2 nt nhc khc tn nhau. Na cung Diatonic c to ra
gia 2 bc lin k nhau ca hng m.
VD:
1/2c
MiPha
1/2c
1/2c
# R SonLab
1/2c
Si
b) Na cung Crmatic (na cung ng):

L tn gi na cung ca 2 nt nhc cng tn nhau. Na cung Crmatic c to
ra trong mt bc c bn vi s nng cao hoc h thp chnh n.
VD:
1/2c
SonSon #
1/2c
RRb
1/2c
La#-La
1/2c
b-
2.Qung :
Qung l s lin kt gia hai hoc nhiu m thanh pht ra cng mt lc (hay pht
ra ln lt). Nt thp nht ca qung gi l nt nn, nt cao ca qung gi l nt
nh.
Tm li : Khong cch cao gia hai nt nhc c gi l qung.
V d : Nt Son v nt La c khong cch l qung 2, nt vi nt l qung
1, nt R vi nt Pha l qung 3...
C hai loi qung l qung giai iu v qung ho thanh
-Qung giai iu l qung m cc nt nhc pht ra ln lt nt n n nt kia.
-Qung ho thanh l qung m cc nt nhc pht ra ng thi cng mt lc.
HC L THUYT M NHC
17
*Cu hi:
1.Trong 7 tn nt, khong cch cao gia cc m lin bc c ng u nhau
khng?
a)C ng u.
b)Khng ng u.
2.Hy nu nhng khong cch gia cc m lin bc c khong cch 1 cung?
a)Qung -R; R-Mi; Pha-Son; Son-La; La-Si.
b)Qung -R; R-Mi; Si-; Pha-Son; Son-La.
3.Hy nu nhng khong cch gia cc m lin bc c khong cch 1/2 cung ?
a)Qung Si-; Mi-Pha; Son-La.
b)Qung Si-; Mi-Pha.
4.Em hy cho bit th no l na cung ng (Crmatic)?
a)L khong cch na cung gia 2 nt nhc cng tn nhau.
a)L khong cch na cung gia 2 nt nhc khc tn nhau.
5.Em hy cho bit th no l na cung d (Diatonic)?
a)L khong cch na cung gia 2 nt nhc cng tn nhau.
a)L khong cch na cung gia 2 nt nhc khc tn nhau.
6.Em hy cho bit tn gi ca 2 na cung sau l na cung ng hay na cung d?
Si-Si#:
-Rb:
7.Hy cho bit qung l g? Qung giai iu l g? Qung ho thanh l g?
..
8. Cc qung sau y l qung my: -Mi; Son-Pha, Si-R, Pha-R, Mi-?

..
HC L THUYT M NHC
18
BI 10
NHP
Khi nghe mt bn nhc hay mt bi ht, ta thng thy cch mt khong thi gian
u nhau no c mt ting m mnh (hay mt ting trng m theo). Khong
thi gian u nhau gia ting mnh trc vi ting mnh sau gi l nhp.
phn bit nhp n vi nhp kia ngi ta dng mt vch thng ng trn
khung nhc gi l vch nhp.
Nhp
Vch nhp
- Khong cch gia 2 vch nhp gi l nhp hoc nhp trng canh.
- Khi kt thc 1 on nhc hay thay i kho nhc, thay i nhp, ngi ta dng 2
vch nhp, gi l vch kp.
- Chm dt bi nhc ngi ta dng vch kt thc bao gm 1 vch bnh thng v
1 vch m hn pha ngoi.
*Cu hi:
1. phn bit nhp n vi nhp kia ngi ta dng k hiu g?
..
2.Khi no th ngi ta dng vch nhp kp?

a)Khi kt thc mt on nhc.
b)Khi thay i kho nhc.
c)Khi thay i nhp.
d)Tt c cc trn
3.Ngi ta dng k hiu vch g kt thc bi nhc (bi ht) ?
a)Vch nhp kp
b)Vch n
c)Vch kt thc
HC L THUYT M NHC
19
BI 11
PHCH
Trong mi nhp ( nhp hay nhp trng canh) li chia ra nhiu qung thi gian
u nhau nh hn gi l phch.
Mi nhp u c phch mnh, phch nh. Phch mnh bao gi cng nm u
nhp. Nh c phch mnh, phch nh ta mi phn bit c cc loi nhp khc nhau.
S lng phch trong mi nhp tu thuc vo s ch nhp.
Phch
nhp (nhp)
Phch c th chia ra lm nhiu phn nh hn mt nt nhc hoc c th c nhiu
phch trong mt hnh nt nhc.
V d:
-Trong nhp 4/4, mt phch c th bng mt hnh nt en hoc 2 hnh nt n
hoc 4 hnh nt mc kp; mt hnh nt trn c 4 phch, mt hnh nt trng c 2
phch
HC L THUYT M NHC
20
BI 12
S CH NHP
S ch nhp ghi u bn nhc, sau kho nhc v ch ghi mt ln khung nhc
u tin (tr trng hp c s thay i nhp)
S ch nhp trng ging nh mt phn s
-S trn biu th s phch c trong mi nhp.
-S di biu th di ca mi phch l bao nhiu (tng ng vi hnh nt
no)
*MT S LOI S CH NHP THNG DNG:
-Nhp 2/4:
Nhp 2/4 trong mi nhp c 2 phch, mi phch c di bng 1 hnh nt en
(mi nhp c hai hnh nt en)
Phch 1 phch 2
-Nhp 3/4:
Nhp 3/4 trong mi nhp c 3 phch, mi phch c di thi gian bng mt

hnh nt en (mi nhp c 3 hnh nt en)
-Nhp 3/8:
Nhp 3/8 trong mi nhp c 3 phch, mi phch bng 1 hnh nt mc n. (mi

nhp c 3 hnh nt mc n)
-Nhp 6/8:
Nhp 6/8 trong mi nhp c 6 phch, mi phch bng 1 nt mc n. (mi nhp

c 6 hnh nt mc n)
*Nhng nhp c s bn di l 4: di ca phch l nt en.
HC L THUYT M NHC
21
*Nhng nhp c s bn di l 8: di ca phch l nt mc n.
*Cu hi:
1.S ch nhp c ghi v tr no trong bn nhc?
a)Ghi u khung nhc, sau kho nhc
b)Ghi gia khung nhc.
c)Ghi cui khung nhc.
d)Ghi gia bn nhc.
e)Ghi cui bn nhc.
2.S ch nhp ghi nh th no?
a)Ghi mt ln vo khung nhc u tin ca bn nhc.
b)Tt c cc khung nhc u phi ghi s ch nhp.
3.S ch nhp ghi ging nh 1 phn s, s trn biu th :
a)L s phch c trong mi nhp.
b)L s phch ca c bi nhc.
c)L di ca mi phch.
4.S di biu th:
a)L di ca tt c cc nt nhc trong nhp.
b)L s phch ca c bi nhc.
c)L di ca mi phch trong mi nhp.
5.Trong nhp 2/4, mi nhp c my phch, mi phch c di tng ng vi
hnh nt no?
hnh nt no?
hnh nt no?
hnh nt no?
HC L THUYT M NHC
22
BI 13
DU LNG
Trong khi trnh by mt bi ht, bn nhc, c nhng lc ta phi ngng ngh. Thi
gian ngng ngh c cc du hiu ghi li, cc du hiu gi l du lng.
ng vi cc hnh nt ch di thi gian vang ln ca m thanh, c cc du lng
ch thi gian ngng ngh nh sau:
lng trn
lng en
lng kp
lng t
lng trng
lng n
lng tam
*Cu hi:
1.Tc dng ca du lng:
a)Dng biu th m thanh vang ln.
b)Ch thi gian ngng ngh, khng n hoc ht khi c k hiu ny.
2.Hy in tn cc du lng sau:
....
..
3.Du lng sau tng ng vi hnh nt no?

a)Hnh nt trng
b)Hnh nt en
c)Hnh nt mc n
HC L THUYT M NHC
23
BI 14
DU NI - DU LUYN
DU CHM DI-DU CHM NGN
Du ni, du chm di, du chm ngn l nhng k hiu b sung tng thm
di ca m thanh.
1.Du ni thng c s dng khi tng thm di ca nt nhc cng tn nhau.
2.Du luyn l k hiu dng ni cao ca cc nt nhc khc tn nhau. Hay
ni cch khc, mun th hin mt ting ht hai nt nhc khc nhau ngi ta dng
du luyn.
3.Du chm di l k hiu tng di ca nt nhc trong cng mt nhp m tng
di ca cc nt nhc trong nhp khng vt qu s phch quy nh trong nhp
c ghi s ch nhp. Du chm di l mt chm nh nm bn phi nt nhc v
c gi tr tng thm 1/2 di ca chnh nt .
4.Du chm ngn l k hiu ghi trn nt nhc, khi gp du ny, ngi ht hoc
ngi n c th x l t do.
du ni
du luyn
du chm di
du chm ngn (du mt ngng)

*Bi tp:
1.Cho bit nt trong khung nhc sau ngn di bao nhiu?
a)Ngn di 3 phch (= 3 hnh nt en)

b)Ngn di 4 phch (= 4 hnh nt en)
c)Ngn di 5 phch (= 5 hnh nt en)
HC L THUYT M NHC
2.Cho bit nt Son trong khung nhc sau ngn di bao nhiu?
a)Ngn di 2 phch (= 2 hnh nt en)

b)Ngn di 1 phch ri (= 1,5 hnh nt en)
c)Ngn di 1 phch (= 1 hnh nt en)
3.Cho bit nhng nt nhc trong khung nhc sau ngn di bao nhiu?
a)Nt La ngn di 3 phch (= 3 hnh nt en)

b)Nt La Ngn di 2 phch ri, luyn ln nt na phch.
4.Cho bit nt trong khung nhc sau ngn di bao nhiu?
a)Ngn di 2 phch.
b)Ngn di 3 phch.
c)Ngn t do.
24
HC L THUYT M NHC
25
BI 14
DU NHC LI DU HI TU
KHUNG THAY I
1.DU NHC LI:
Khi mun din tu li mt phn nhc no y ngi ta dng du nhc li khi
mt cng chp li thm mt ln na.
du nhc li
2.KHUNG THAY I:
Khi s dng du nhc li, ln 2, nu c s thay i nhng nhp cui cng
ngi ta dng khung thy i.
Ln 1: trnh din bnh thng
Ln 2: n nhng nhp trong vng nh hng ca khung thay i 1 ta phi b
qua khng trnh din, m trnh din qua nhng nhp trong vng nh hng ca
khung thay i 2 tr v sau.
Phn khc nhau

3.DU HI TU:
Khi c thm yu cu phi din li mt phn hoc ton bi nhc, ngi ta dng
thm du hi tu. Du hi tu c ghi 2 ln.
4.DU CO-A
Khi trnh by ln th hai, nu c yu cu phi b bt phn no ngi ta dng
du C-a. Du c-a cng c ghi 2 ln.
phn yu cu b bt
HC L THUYT M NHC
HNG DN CCH X L
KHI GP CC K HIU
1.K hiu du nhc li khng c khung thay i:
Th t trnh din nh sau:1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-6-7-8.

2.K hiu du nhc li c khung thay i:
Th t trnh din nh sau: 1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8.

3.K hiu du hi tu khng c du c-a:
Th t trnh din nh sau: 1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8-1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8.

4.K hiu du hi tu c du c-a:
Th t trnh din nh sau: 1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8-1-2-3-7-8.
26
HC L THUYT M NHC
27
BI 15
NHP LY
Mt nhp thng thng th s lng phch hoc hnh nt nhc c qui nh bi
s ch nhp (khng c t hn hoc nhiu hn)
Tuy nhin c khi nhp u, do ch ca tc gi bn nhc c bt u t mt
phch yu, nhp khng s phch theo qui nh. nhp gi l nhp ly .
nhp
nhp thiu: nhp ly .

*Cu hi:
1.Nhp ly l nhp nh th no?
a) nhp u tin l nhp thiu, bi ht (bn nhc) c bt u t phch yu.
b) nhp u tin l nhp s phch theo qui nh.
HC L THUYT M NHC
28
BI 16
GAM TRNG
GING TRNG
1. Gam:
Gam l h thng 7 bc m t nhin c sp xp lin bc trong mt qung 8 (ch
m n ch m)
I II III IV V VI VII (I )
2. Gam trng:
Gam trng l h thng 7 bc m c sp xp lin bc, hnh thnh da trn cng
thc cung v na cung nh sau:
I
II
III IV V VI VII (I)
1c
V d: Gam trng:
I
II
1c
V d: Gam Pha trng:
I
II
1c
1c
c 1c
1c
1c c
IV
VI VII
III
1c
III
1c
1c
IV
1c
1c
1c
(I)
VI VII
1c
1c
(I)
m n nh nht trong gam gi l m ch (bc I)

Trong Gam trng, m ch l nt . Trong gam Pha trng, m ch l nt
Pha.
3.Ging trng:
Cc bc m trong gam trng c s dng xy dng giai iu mt bi ht hay
mt bn nhc, ngi ta gi l ging trng km theo tn m ch.
V d: bi Tht l hay ca Hong Ln
HC L THUYT M NHC
29
Cu hi:
1.Th no l gam trng?
.
.
.
.
2.Th no l ging trng?
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
30
BI 17
GAM TH
GING TH
1.Gam th:
Gam th l h thng 7 bc m c sp xp lin bc, hnh thnh da trn cng
thc cung v na cung nh sau:
I
II
III
IV
V VI VII (I)
1c c 1c 1c c 1c
1c
m n nh nht trong gam gi l m ch (bc I). V d: Trong gam la th, m
n nh nht l m La.
2.Ging th:
Cc bc trong gam th c s dng xy dng giai iu mt bi ht hay mt
bn nhc, ngi ta gi l ging th km theo tn m ch.
V d: Bi ng chng ta i (nhc phim Trung Quc)
*Cu hi:
1.Th no l gam th?
.
.
.
.
.
2.Th no l ging th?
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
31
BI 18
GING HO THANH
GING GIAI IU
1.Ging trng ho thanh l ging trng c m bc VI h thp xung na cung
so vi ging trng t nhin.
V d:
Ging trng ho thanh
2.Ging th ho thanh l ging th c m bc VII tng ln na cung so vi ging

th t nhin.
V d:
Ging La th ho thanh
3.Ging trng giai iu l ging trng khi giai iu i xung bc VI v bc VII

b ging xung na cung so vi ging trng t nhin. Khi giai iu i ln cc bc
ny tr li bnh thng nh trong hnh thc t nhin
V d:
Ging Son trng giai iu
4.Ging th giai iu l ging th khi giai iu i ln c m bc VI v bc VII

tng ln na cung so vi ging th t nhin. Khi giai iu i xung, cc bc ny tr
li bnh thng nh trong hnh thc t nhin.
V d:
Ging La th giai iu
Cu hi:
1.Th no l ging trng ho thanh?
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
32
2.Th no l ging trng giai iu?

.
.
.
.
3.Th no l ging th ho thanh?
.
.
.
.
4.Th no l ging th giai iu?
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
33
BI 19
HP M
1.Hp m:
Hp m l s vang ln ng thi ca ba, bn, hoc nm m cch nhau mt qung
ba.
V d:
Hp m ba
Hp m by
*Hp m ba c 3 m chng ln nhau theo qung 3

*Hp m by c 4 m chng ln nhau theo qung 3
2.Mt s loi hp m:
a)Hp m ba:
Gm c ba m, cc m cch nhau qung 3. Hai m ngoi cng to thnh qung 5.
V d: Hp m ba
-m v m Mi cch nhau mt qung 3 trng

-m Mi v m Son cch nhau mt qung 3 th
-m v m Son cch nhau mt qung 5 ng
Tu theo cch sp xp cc qung 3 trng, 3 th m to thnh cc hp m trng,
hp m th v cc hp m khc.
V d: Hp m 3 trng, hp m 3 th.
Hp m ba trng
Hp m ba th
b)Hp m by:
Gm c 4 m, cc m cch nhau theo qung 3. Hai m ngoi cng to thnh
qung by.
V d: Hp m By
-Hp m Son 7, c 2 m ngoi cng l Son v Pha, to thnh qung 7

-Hp m Pha 7, c 2 m ngoi cng l Pha v Mi, to thnh qung 7
Hp m l mt trong nhng phng tin din t m nhc. Cc nhc s s dng
hp m th hin nhng tng, cm xc, ni dung m nhc cc tc phm nhc
n v nhc ht.
HC L THUYT M NHC
34
Cu hi:
1.Th no l hp m?
.
.
.
.
1.Th no l hp m ba?
.
.
.
.
1.Th no l hp m by?
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
35
BI 20
DCH GING
S chuyn dch cao thp ca mt bi ht cho ph hp vi tm c ging ca
ngi ht c gi l dch ging.
Khi dch ging, trn bn nhc s c s thay i ho biu v tn nt nhc nhng
mi quan h v cao v trng ca cc m khng thay i. Ngi ta ch n
hoc cao ln hoc thp xung tu thuc vo cao mun x dch c xc nh bng
m ch.
V d: Bi N ci ging trng:
Khi dch ging cao ln mt qung 4 (-Pha) bi ht N Ci s ging Pha

trng:
Khi dch ging thp xung mt qung 3 (-La) bi ht N Ci s ging La

trng:
*Khi dch ging mt bi ht hay mt bn nhc, tnh cht trng hoc th s

khng b thay i.
Cu hi:
Th no l dch ging:
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
36
BI 21
GING SONG SONG
Ging song song l mt ging trng v mt ging th c chung ho biu.
V d:
-Ging trng v ging La th l hai ging song song, ho biu khng c du
thng, du ging.
Ging trng
Ging La th
-Ging Pha trng v ging R th l hai ging song song, ho biu c du Si
ging
Ging Pha trng
Ging R th
-Ging Son trng v ging Mi th l hai ging song song, ho biu c du Son
thng.
Cu hi: Th no l ging song song?

.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
37
BI 22
O PHCH
NGHCH PHCH
1.o phch:
o phch l s x dch trng m t phch mnh sang phch nh v ngc li.
Bnh thng, cm gic ca con ngi thun vi mt m thanh ngn di t phch
mnh sang phch nh. Nhng khi m thanh thuc v phch nh c ngn di sang
phch mnh tai nghe s pht hin s bt thng , s bt thng gi l hin
tng o phch.
V d:
-Bnh thng, khng o phch:
-o phch:
o phch c tc dng lm cho nt nhc thm kho khon nu ta bit s dng

ng mc.
2.Nghch phch:
Do c s x dch v du nhn nn nghch phch cng to nn c nhng xo
ng mi v tit tu v gy c rung cm mi cho ngi nghe.
Khi thay th phch mnh hoc phn mnh ca phch bng du lng ta c nghch
phch.
V d:
Cu hi:
1.Th no l o phch?
.
.
.
.
2.Th no l nghch phch?
.
.
.
.
.
HC L THUYT M NHC
38
PH LC
TI LIU THAM KHO

1.Sch gio khoa Ngh thut cc lp 6, 7, 8, 9 hin hnh ca Nh xut bn Gio
dc.
2.Cun m nhc tc gi v tc phm - Trn Cng bin son v tuyn chn Nh xut bn m nhc -1996.
3.Cun Kin thc mn Ht - Nhc ph thng Trn Cng ch bin - Nh xut
bn Gio dc 1996.
4.Cun Nhc l nng cao thc hnh - Ng Ngc Thng bin son Nh xut
bn m nhc 1996.

Nhac Ly Trung Hoc Pho Thong

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HC L THUYT M NHC

NGUYN KHNH HONG

Ti liu phc v ging dy c nhn

Qung Ngi, thng 9 nm 2008

Nhng dng v khe ph ch k nh ghi nt nhc v ch xut hin khi cn

7 m c bn c sp xp trn khung nhc nh sau:

Hnh nt trn c thi gian ngn di gp hai ln hnh nt trng.

2.Cch ghi ui nt c du mc:

3.Cch ghi nhc bi ht mt b:

5.Gch ngang trng :

) nng cao nt nhc ln 1/2 cung:

Tt c cc nt Pha trong bi nhc u phi nng cao ln 1/2 cung do nh hng

Tt c cc nt Si trong bi nhc u phi h thp xung 1/2 cung do nh hng

2.Gam R trng v Si th:

3.Gam La trng v Pha thng th:

4.Gam Mi trng v thng th:

5.Gam Si trng v Son thng th :

6.Gam R thng trng v Si thng th :

7.Gam thng trng v La thng th :

8.Gam Pha trng v R th:

9.Gam Si ging trng v Son th:

10.Gam Mi ging trng v th:

11.Gam La ging trng v Pha th:

12.Gam R ging trng v Si ging th:

13.Gam Son ging trng v Mi ging th:

14.Gam ging trng v La ging th:

*Trnh t xut hin du thng:

Du ging nt p t nt Mi: Ging Mi ging trng.

Ch c 2 nt nhc trn chu nh hng ca du ho. Cc nt Si pha trc cng

b)H thp cao nt nhc xung 1/2 cung

6.Du ho theo kho xut hin v tr no trong bn nhc?

*Do nh hng ca du ho nn c 2 loi na cung nh sau:

b) Na cung Crmatic (na cung ng):

8. Cc qung sau y l qung my: -Mi; Son-Pha, Si-R, Pha-R, Mi-?

2.Khi no th ngi ta dng vch nhp kp?

Nhp 3/4 trong mi nhp c 3 phch, mi phch c di thi gian bng mt

Nhp 3/8 trong mi nhp c 3 phch, mi phch bng 1 hnh nt mc n. (mi

Nhp 6/8 trong mi nhp c 6 phch, mi phch bng 1 nt mc n. (mi nhp

*Nhng nhp c s bn di l 8: di ca phch l nt mc n.

3.Du lng sau tng ng vi hnh nt no?

du chm ngn (du mt ngng)

a)Ngn di 3 phch (= 3 hnh nt en)

a)Ngn di 2 phch (= 2 hnh nt en)

a)Nt La ngn di 3 phch (= 3 hnh nt en)

Phn khc nhau

Th t trnh din nh sau:1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-6-7-8.

Th t trnh din nh sau: 1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8.

Th t trnh din nh sau: 1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8-1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8.

Th t trnh din nh sau: 1-2-3-4-5-6-3-4-5-7-8-1-2-3-7-8.

nhp thiu: nhp ly .

m n nh nht trong gam gi l m ch (bc I)

2.Ging th ho thanh l ging th c m bc VII tng ln na cung so vi ging

3.Ging trng giai iu l ging trng khi giai iu i xung bc VI v bc VII

4.Ging th giai iu l ging th khi giai iu i ln c m bc VI v bc VII

2.Th no l ging trng giai iu?

*Hp m ba c 3 m chng ln nhau theo qung 3

-m v m Mi cch nhau mt qung 3 trng

-Hp m Son 7, c 2 m ngoi cng l Son v Pha, to thnh qung 7

Khi dch ging cao ln mt qung 4 (-Pha) bi ht N Ci s ging Pha

Khi dch ging thp xung mt qung 3 (-La) bi ht N Ci s ging La

*Khi dch ging mt bi ht hay mt bn nhc, tnh cht trng hoc th s

Ging Pha trng

Cu hi: Th no l ging song song?

o phch c tc dng lm cho nt nhc thm kho khon nu ta bit s dng