Chng 6.

Cc cu trc b lc s
Ts.Ng vn S i hc Bch Khoa Nng.

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Gii thiu
Trong cc chng trc nghin cu l thuyt v cc h thng ri rc trong cc min thi gian v tn s. Chng ny bt u s dng cc c s l thuyt x l cc tn hiu s. x l cc tn hiu cn phi thit k v thi hnh cc h thng c gi l cc b lc. Vic thit k lc c phn chia tu theo cc thng s
Loi b lc: IIR hoc FIR Dng thi hnh b lc: structures Cc cu trc khc nhau dn n cc chin lc thit k

Gii thiu
Cc b lc IIR c c trng bi p ng xung v hn. C th c m hnh ho bng:
Cc hm h thng hu t. Cc phng trnh sai phn Cc b lc ARMA hoc qui

Cc b lc FIR s c kho st ring v phng php thit k cng nh thi hnh.

Gii thiu
Do cc b lc l cc h thng LTI , cn c 3 phn t c bn sau biu din cho b lc.
B cngr B nhn (Khuch i) B tr (dch hoc nh)

x1(n) x2(n)

x1(n)+x2(n)

x(n)

ax(n)

x(n)

1/z

x(n-1)

Cc cu trc b lc IIR
Hm h thng ca b lc IIR c vit :

B( z ) H ( z) = = A( z )

n =0

an z n

n =0 N

bn z n

b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM z M = ; a0 = 1 1 N 1 + a1 z + L + a N z

Bc ca b lc IIR l N nu aN 0. Phng trnh sai phn biu din cho b lcIIR filter nh sau:
M N

y ( n) =

m =0

bm x(n m) am y(n m)
m =1

Ba dng cu trc c th s dng thi hnh lc IIR

Dng trc tip
Trong dng ny, c hai phn ca b lc, phn chuyn dch u (moving average part) v phn qui (recursive part) (hoc cc phn t thc v mu thc(numerator and denominator parts)) Hai phin bn: dng trc tip I v dng trc tip II

Dng ghp tng

Hm h thng H(z) c tha s ho thnh cc khu lc bc hai , c gi l biquads. H(z) khi y c biu din l tch ca cc biquads. Mi biquad c thc hin theo dng trc tip, v ton b hm h thng c thc hin nh ghp tng ca cc khu biquad .

Dng song song

H(z) c biu din bng tng cc khu lc bc hai hoc b hn. Mi khu lc c thc hin theo dng trc tip Hm h thng tng qut c thc hin nh mt mng song song ca cc khu lc.

Cu trc dng trc tip I

Phng trnh sai phn c th c thi hnh thng qua cc b tr, b nhn v b cng. minh ho, cho M=N=2, ta c phng trnh v h thng sau:

y (n) = b0 x(n) + b1 x(n 1) + b2 x(n 2) a1 y (n 1) a2 y (n 2)

x( n) 1/ z 1/ z b2 H z) 1( b0 b1 - a1 - a2 1/ z 1/ z y( n)

H z) 2(

Cu trc dng trc tip II

x( n) b0 - a1 - a2 1/ z 1/ z 1/ z 1/ z b2 H z) 1( b1 y( n)

Theo tinh cht giao hon ca tch chp

x( n)

H z) 2(

b0 - a1 - a2 1/ z b1

y( n)

1/ z b2 H z) (

Direct Form II structure

Thi hnh vi Matlab

Trong Matlab cu trc dng trc tip c m t bi cc vector hng: b cha cc h s {bn} v a cha cc h s {an} Cu trc c thi hnh bng hm filter trong chng 2.

Dng ghp tng

dng ny hm truyn h thng H(z) c vit di dng tch of cc khu lc bc 2 vi cc h s thc. iu ny c thc hin bng cch phn tch thnh tha s cc t thc v mu thc theo cc nghim ca chng v t hp cp nghim phc lin hp hoc hai nghim thc bt k thnh cc a thc bc 2.

Dng ghp tng

Gi s N l chn . Ta c
b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bN z N H ( z) = 1 + a1 z 1 + L + a N z N = b0
b 1 + b1 z 1 + L + bN z N b0 0

1 + a1 z 1 + L + a N z N
K

= b0

1 + Bk ,1 z 1 + Bk , 2 z 2 1 + Ak ,1 z 1 + Ak , 2 z 2

k =1

Trong , K bng N/2, v Bk,1, Bk,2, Ak,1, Ak,2 l cc s thc biu din cc h s ca cc khu lc bc 2.

Khu lc bc 2
1 2 Yk +1 ( z ) 1 + Bk ,1 z + Bk , 2 z , k = 1,2, L , K H k ( z) = = 1 2 Yk ( z ) 1 + Ak ,1 z + Ak , 2 z

with Y1 ( z ) = b0 X ( z ); YK +1 ( z ) = Y ( z )
c gi l hm truyn ca khu lc bc 2 th f ( k-th biquad). Tn hiu vo ca khu lc th k l tn hiu ra ca khu lc th k-1, v tn hiu ra ca khu lc th k l tn hiu vo ca khu lc th k+1.Mi khu lc bc 2 c th c thi hnh theo cu trc dng trc tip II.
Yk( n) =XK+1( n) - Ak, 1 - Ak, 2 1/ z Bk, 1 1/ z Bk, 2 Yk+1( n)

Ton h thng c thc hin bng cch ghp tng cc khu lc bc 2

x( n) - A1, 1 - A1, 2 1/ z B1, 1 1/ z B1, 2 b0 - A2, 1 - A2, 2 1/ z B2, 1 1/ z B2, 2 y( n)

Cascade form structure for N=4

Thi hnh bngMatlab

Cho cc h s {bn} v {an} ca b lc dng trc tip Dng hm [b0,B,A] = dir2cas(b,a) tnh cc h s b0, {Bk,i}, v {Ak,i}. Dng ghp tng c thc hin bng hm casfiltr Hm y = casfiltr(b0,B,A,x) Hm cas2dir chuyn i dng ghp tng thnh dng trc tip. Hm [b,a] = cas2dir(b0,B,A) Examples: 6.1

Dng song song

dng ny, hm h thng H(z) c vit di dng tng ca cc khu lc bc 2 bng cch khai trin.
B ( z ) b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM z M H ( z) = = A( z ) 1 + a1 z 1 + L + a N z N b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM z N M N = + Ck z k 1 + a1 z 1 + L + a N z N 10 24 k= 4 3
only if M N

=
k =1

Bk , 0 + Bk ,1 z 1 1 + Ak ,1 z + Ak , 2 z
1 2

K=N/2, and B,A are real numbers

M N

Ck z k k= 10 24 4 3
only if M N

Cc khu lc bc 2
Bk , 0 + Bk ,1 z 1 Yk +1 ( z ) H k ( z) = = , k = 1,2, L , K 1 2 Yk ( z ) 1 + Ak ,1 z + Ak , 2 z with Yk ( z ) = H k ( z ) X ( z ), Y ( z ) = Yk ( z ), M < N

L hm truyn ca khu lc th k. u vo l chung cho tt c cc khu lc, k c phn b lc FIR nu M>=N u ra ca cc khu lc c cng li thnh u ra ca b lc. Mi khu lc c th c thi hnh bng dng trc tip II.

Cu trc dng song song

C 0 B1, 0 - A1, 1 x( n) - A1, 2 - A2, 1 - A2, 2 1/ z B1, 1 1/ z B2, 0 1/ z B2, 1 1/ z y( n)

Parallel form structure for N=4 (M=N=4)

Thi hnh bng Matlab

Hm dir2par chuyn i cc h s dng trc tip {bn} v {an} thnh cc h s dng song song {Bk,i} v {Ak,i} Cc hm c s dng:
[C,B,A] = dir2par(b,a) I = cplxcomp(p1,p2) y = parfiltr(C,B,A,x) [b,a] = par2dir(C,B,A)

Examples 6.2

Cu trc b lc FIR
Mt b lc p ng xung hu hn vi hm h thng c dng:
H ( z ) = b0 + b1 z + L + bM 1 z
1 1 M

M 1 n =0

bn z n

Nh vy p ng xung h(n) l bn 0 n M 1 h( n) = else 0 V phng trnh sai phn l

y (n) = b0 x(n) + b1 x(n 1) + L + bM 1 x(n M + 1)

Chnh l tch chp tuyn tnh ca cc dy hu hn. Bc ca b lc l M-1, trong khi chiu di ca b lc l M

Cu trc b lc FIR
Dng trc tip:
Phng trnh sai phn c thc hin bi mt dy lin tip cc b tr do khng c ng phn hi. Xem hnh 6.10 Do mu thc bng n v nn ch c mt cu trc dng trc tip duy nht.

Thi hnh bng Matlab

Hm: y = filter(b,1,x)

Cu trc b lc FIR
Dng ghp tng:
H ( z ) = b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM 1 z1 M b1 1 bM 1 1 M = b0 1 + z + L + z b b0 0 = b0 (1 + Bk ,1 z 1 + Bk , 2 z 2 ); K = M / 2 k =1
K

Xem hnh 6.11

Thi hnh bng Matlab Hm : dir2cas, cas2dir

Cu trc b lc FIR
Dng pha tuyn tuyn tnh
i vi cc b lc chn tn, ngi ta mong mun c p ng pha l hm tuyn tnh theo tn s. Ngha l

H (e jw ) = w, < w , = 0 or 2

i vi b lc FIR nhn qu c p ng xung trong khong [0,M-1] , th cc iu kin tuyn tnh l

h(n) = h( M 1 n); = 0, 0 n M 1 h(n) = h( M 1 n); = / 2, 0 n M 1

Symmetric impulse response vs. antisymmetric impulse response

Dng pha tuyn tnh

Xt phng trnh sai phn vi p ng xung tuyn tnh
y (n) = b0 x(n) + b1 x(n 1) + L + b1 x(n M + 2) + b0 x(n M + 1) = b0 [ x(n) + x(n M + 1)] + b1[ x(n 1) + x(n M + 2)] + L

Hnh 6.12: M=7(l) and M=6(chn) Thc hin bng Matlab

Cu trc pha tuyn tnh v dng trc tip ch khc nhau cc h s nhn. Do vic thi hnh trn Matlab cng tng t dng trc tip

Dng ly mu tn s
Trong dng ny chng ta s dng s kin l hm h thng H(z) ca b lc FIR filter c th c khi phc t cc mu ca n trn ng trn n M 1 M v

1 z H ( z) = M
k

H (k ) 1 W k z 1 k =0 M

WM

are the roots (k = 0, L , M 1)

H (k ) are the residues(k = 0, L , M 1)

Ch rng b lc FIR c m t bi phng trnh trn c dng qui tng t b lc IIR bi v n cha c cc im cc v im khng.

Dng ly mu tn s
Hm h thng dn n cu trc song song nh Hnh 6.15 vi M=4. Vn t ra vi cu trc hnh 6.15 l phi thc hin cc php tnh s hc phc. S dng tnh cht i xng ca DFT v cc h s (WMk) .
1 z M L H (0) H ( M / 2) + H ( z) = 2 | H ( k ) | H k ( z ) + 1 1 z 1 z 1 M k =1 L = M21 for M odd ; L = M 1 for M even 2

t p1 = WM-k = exp(-j*2*pi*k/M) = cos(2*pi*k/M) + jsin(2*pi*k/M) Hk = magHk*exp(j*phaHk) = magHk*(cos(phaHk)+jsin(phaHk)) * Ta c : Hk Hk H k ( z) = + * 1 1 1 p1 z 1 p1 z

cos(H k ) z cos(H k 2k / M ) = 2 | Hk | * 1 2 z 1 cos(2k / M ) + z 2

1

Figure 6.16

Cc hm MATLAB v v d
Ch kiu cu trc [C,B,A]=dir2fs(h) nh textbook Vn thc t: khng n nh, trnh vn ny cn ly mu H(z) trn ng trn |z|=r. Ex6.6 tm dng ly mu tn s Ex6.7 Trong v d ny, dng ly mu tn s c phc tp tnh ton b hn dng trc tip.

Cu trc b lc mt co
Cc b lc lattice thng c s dng trong x l ting ni v thc hin cc b lc thch nghi. l mt dng tin nh thc thi cc cu trc lc FIR hoc IIR bi trong phn tch ting ni v tng hp ting ni mt s t cc h s cho php m hnh ho thi gian thc mt s ln cc formant.
All-zeros lattice l biu din lc FIR ca b lc lattice. B lattice ladder l th hin b lcIIR .

Cc b lc All-zero Lattice
Mt b lc FIR c chiu di M (hoc bc M-1) c cu trc lattice vi M-1 tng.
f0(n) K0 1/z g0(n) f1(n) K1 K1 1/z g1(n) f2(n) fM-1(n) K2 K2 1/z g2(n) gM-1(n) gM(n) fM(n) KM KM y(n)

x(n)

f m (n) = f m 1 (n) + K m g m 1 (n), m = 1,2, L , M 1 g m (n) = K m f m 1 (n) + g m 1 (n), m = 1,2, L , M 1

Km: reflection coefficients

All-zero lattice filters

If the FIR filter is given by the direct form
H ( z) =
M 1 m =0

bm z

M 1 bm m = b0 1 + z m =1 b 0

And if we denote the polynomial

b M 1 AM 1 ( z ) = 1 + M 1 (m) z m ; M 1 (m) = m , m = 1, L, M 1 b0 m =1

Then the lattice filter coefficients {Km} can be obtained by the following recursive algorithm

K 0 = b0 K M 1 = M 1 ( M 1) J m ( z ) = z m Am ( z 1); m = M 1, L,1 Am ( z ) K m J m ( z ) Am 1 ( z ) = ; m = M 1, L,1 2 1 Km K m = m (m); m = M 2, L ,1

Ch rng thut ton trn sai nu |Km|=1 vi m bt k. R rng iu kin ny xy ra khi b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh. V vy b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh khng th s dng cu trc lattice.

Thi hnh bng Matlab

Cc hm: [K] = dir2latc(b) [y] = latcfilt(K,x) [b] = latc2dir(K) Example 6.8

B lc All-pole Lattice
Cu trc lattice i vi lc IIR bt buc l mt h thng allpole . C th c pht trin t mt cu trc FIR lattice .
H ( z) = 1 1 + a N ( m) z m
m =1 N

1 AN ( z )

B lc IIR c bc N c mt cu trc lattice vi N tng nh Hnh 6.20. Mi tng ca b lc c mt u vo v mt u ra lin h vi nhau theo cc phng trnh qui tun t (order-recursive equations).

B lc All-pole Lattice
x(n)=fN(n) -KN KN gN(n) 1/z K2 gN-1(n) g2(n) fN-1(n) f2(n) -K2 1/z f1(n) -K1 K1 1/z g0(n) f0(n)

y(n)

g1(n)

f N ( n) = x ( n) f m 1 (n) = f m (n) K m g m 1 (n 1), m = N , N 1, L g m (n) = K m f m 1 (n) + g m 1 (n 1), m = N , N 1, L ,1 y ( n) = f 0 ( n) = g 0 ( n)

Thi hnh Matlab

Function [K] = dir2latc(a) Cn thn khi h s K0 trong mng K b b qua. Function [a] = latc2dir(K) K0=1

Cc b lc Lattice ladder
B lc IIR ni chung c c cc im cc v im khng c th c thc thi bng cu trc kiu-lattice bng cch s dng all-pole lattice nh cc khi c bn. Xt mt b lc IIR vi hm truyn h thng
H ( z) =
k =0 N

bM (k ) z k
k =0

1 + a N (k ) z k

BM ( z ) AN ( z )

Trong , khng mt i tnh tng qut, ta gi thit rng N>=M

Cc b lc Lattice ladder
Cu trc kiu lattice c th c xy dng bng cch thc thi mt all-poles lattice trc vi h s {Km} i vi mu thc sau cng thm mt phn ladder bng cch ly u ra l t hp tuyn tnh trng s ca {gm(n)} nh hnh.6.22 vi M=N.

Cc b lc Lattice ladder
u ra ca cu trc lattice-ladder l:

y ( n) =

m =0

C m g m ( n)

{Cm} c gi l cc h s ladder xc nh cc im khng ca hm truyn h thng H(z). BM (n) =

m =0

Cm J m ( z ) Ci i (i m); m = M , M 1,L,0
M

Bm ( z ) = Bm 1 ( z ) + Cm J m ( z ); m = 0,2, L , M Cm = bm +
i = m +1

Thi hnh Matlab

Hm [K,C] = dir2ladr(b,a)
s dng hm ny, N>=M. Nu M>N, th t thc AN(z) c chia cho mu thc BM(z) s dng hm deconv tnh phn hu t v phn a thc. Phn hu t c th c thc hin theo cu trc lattice-ladder, cn phn a thc c thc hin theo cu trc dng trc tip.

Hm [b,a] ladr2dir(K,C) Hm [y] = ladrfilt(K,C,x)

c thm v cc bi tp
Textbook : pp182~217 Bi tp :
1. 6.2, 6.3 both except (e) 2. 6.2e, 6.3e, 6.8, 6.10