[Type text] MC LC

LI NI U

Hin nay trong cuc sng hng ngy thng tin lin lc ng mt vai tr rt quan trng khng th thiu c, n quyt nh nhiu mt hot ng ca x hi, gip con ngi nm bt nhanh chng cc gi tr vn ho, kinh t, khoa hc k thut rt a dng v phong ph. Bng nhng bc pht trin thn k, cc thnh tu cng ngh in T Tin Hc Vin Thng lm thay i cuc sng con ngi tng gi tng pht, n to ra mt tro lu "in T Tin Hc Vin Thng " trong mi lnh vc th k 21. Lnh vc Thng Tin Di ng cng khng nm ngoi tro lu . Cng vi nhiu cng ngh khc nhau Thng Tin Di ng ang khng ngng pht trin p ng nhu cu thng tin ngy cng tng c v s lng v cht lng, to nhiu thun li trong min thi gian cng nh khng gian. Chc chn trong tng lai Thng Tin Di ng s c hon thin nhiu hn na tho mn nhu cu thng tin t nhin ca con ngi. Trn c s nhng kin thc tch lu c qua 5 nm hc tp chuyn ngnh in T Vin Thng ti trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni v hn mt thng thc tp ti phng k thut cng ty thng tin di ng VMS, ti hon thnh bn bo co thc tp tt nghip ny. hon thnh bn bo co ny ti xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS Phm Cng Hng tn tnh hng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc tp tt nghip.

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Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n s gip nhit tnh ca trng phng V Anh cng cc cn b phng k thut trong sut qu trnh thc tp.

CHNG 1. CU HNH MNG GSM 1.1 Gii thiu chung v mng thng tin di ng GSM 1.1.1. Vi nt lch s v mng GSM H thng thng tin di ng t lu l mt c m ln ca con ngi, v c m ny tr thnh hin thc ngay khi k thut cho php. S thc hin u tin bng sng v tuyn c thc hin t cui th k 19. Tuy nhin vic a h thng thng tin di ng vo phc v ch c thc hin sau chin tranh th gii ln th 2, khi m cng ngh in t cho php. l mt dch v thng tin c bit, n cho php ni thng cc cuc gi khng cn dy dn. Ngay ngay c khi di chuyn, cc thu bao di ng vn trao i thng tin c vi nhau. Do s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh in t v thng tin, mng thng tin ngy cng ph bin, gi c ngy mt h v tin cy ngy cng tng ln. Qu trnh pht trin ca mng thng tin tri qua cc giai on sau: - Giai on th nht: Sau 1946, kh nng phc v nh, cht lng khng cao, gi c dt. - Giai on th hai: T 1970 1979, cng vi s pht trin ca cc thit b in t t hp c ln v cc b vi x l, ta c th thc hin c mt h thng phc tp hn. Bi v vng ph sng ca anten pht ca cc my di ng b hn ch nn h thng c chia thnh mt vi trm nhn cho mt trm pht.

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- Giai on th ba: T1979 -1990, l mng t ong tng t. Cc trm thu pht c t theo cc t ong. Mng ny cho php s dng li tn s v cho php chuyn giao gia cc trong cuc gi. Cc mng in hnh l: + AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): c a vo hot ng ti M nm 1979. +NMT ( Nordic Mobile Telephone): l h thng ca cc nc Bc u v c a vo s dng vo thng 12/1981. +TACS ( Total Access Communication System): c a vo phc v ti Vng quc Anh nm 1985. Tt c cc mng trn da trn mng truyn in thoi tng t bng iu ch tn s. Chng s dng tn s 450 hoc 900 Mhz. Vng ph sng ca n ch mc quc gia v phc v c vi trm thu bao. H thng ln nht Anh l TACS t hn mt triu thu bao vo nm 1990. - Giai on th t: T u nhng nm 1980, sau khi cc h thng NMT hot ng thnh cng th n cng biu hin mt s hn ch. Mt l do yu cu cho dch v di ng qu ln vt qua con s mong i ca cc nh thit k h thng nn h thng ny khng p ng c. Hai l cc h thng khc nhau ang hot ng khng th phc v cho tt c cc thu bao chu u, ngha l thit b ca mng ny khng th truy nhp vo mng khc. Ba l nu thit k mt mng ln phc v cho c chu u th khng mt nc no c th p ng c v vn u t qu ln. Tt c nhng hn ch trn dn n mt nhu cu l phi thit k mt h thng loi mi c lm theo kiu chung c th dng cho nhiu nc. Nm 1988, vin tiu chun vin thng chu u ETSI (Europe Telecommunication Standard Institute) thnh lp nhm c trch di ng GSM (Groupe Special Mobile). GSM cn c ngha l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu (Global System for Mobile Communication). GSM l tiu chun in thoi di ng s ton chu u s dng di tn s 900Mhz. Nm 1990, Vng quc Anh a ra h thng DCS (Digital Cellular System). DCS da trn h thng GSM vi vic s dng tn s 1800Mhz. Hin nay, p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng v cc dch v vin thng mi, cc h thng thng tin di ng ang tin ti th h th ba. th h th ba ny, cc h 3

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thng thng tin di ng c xu th ho nhp thnh mt tiu chun duy nht v c kh nng phc v tc ln n 2Mbit/s. Vit Nam, h thng thng tin di ng s GSM c a vo t nm 1993, hin nay ang c hai cng ty VMS v GPC khai thc rt hiu qu. Trong nm 2004 ny cng ty Vietel cng s cung cp dch v ny. 1.1.2. Cc ch tiu k thut ca mng GSM H thng thng tin di ng GSM cho php chuyn vng t do ca cc thu bao trong chu u, c ngha l mt thu bao c th thm nhp sang mng ca nc khc khi di chuyn qua bin gii. Trm di ng GSM MS (GSM Mobile Station) phi c kh nng trao i thng tin ti bt c ni no trong vng ph sng quc t. V kh nng phc v : - H thng c thit k sao cho MS c th dng c trong tt c cc nc c mng. - Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s linh hot ln nht cho cc loi dch v khc lin quan ti mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN). - To mt h thng c th phc v cho cc MS trn cc tu vin dng nh mt mng m rng cho cc dch v di ng mt t. V cht lng phc v v an ton bo mt: - Cht lng ca thoi trong GSM phi t nht c cht lng nh cc h thng di ng tng t trc trong iu kin vn hnh thc t. - H thng c kh nng mt m ho thng tin ngi dng m khng nh hng g n h thng cng nh khng nh hng n cc thu bao khc khng dng n kh nng ny. V s dng tn s: - H thng cho php mc cao v hiu qu ca di tn m c th phc v vng thnh th v nng thn cng nh cc dch v mi pht trin. - Di tn s hot ng l 890-915 v 935-960 Mhz. - H thng GSM 900Mhz phi c th cng tn ti vi cc h thng dng 900Mhz trc y. 4

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V mng: - K hoch nhn dng da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. - K hoch nh s da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. - H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l tnh cc khc nhau khi c dng trong cc mng khc nhau. - Trung tm chuyn mch v cc thanh ghi nh v phi dng h thng bo hiu c tiu chun ho quc t. - Chc nng bo v thng tin bo hiu v thng tin iu khin mng phi c cung cp trong h thng. 1.2. Cu trc h thng GSM Mt h thng GSM c th c chia thnh nhiu phn h sau y: - Phn h chuyn mch (SS: Switching Subsystem) - Phn h trm gc (BSS: Base Station Subsystem) - Phn h khai thc (OSS: Operation Subsystem) - Trm di ng (MS: Mobile Station)

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SS ISDN VLR

AUC HLR EIR

PSPDN

MSC

OSS

CSPDN PSTN PLMN BSS

BSC BTS

MS

Hnh 1. M hnh h thng GSM

1.2.1. H thng con chuyn mch SS H thng con chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc. H thng con chuyn mch SS bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: - Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng (MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center). - B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR: Visitor Location Register) - B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR: Home Location Register) - Trung tm nhn thc (AUC: Authentication Center) - B nhn dng thit b (EIR: Equipment Identity Register) - Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng cng (GMSC: Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center)

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1.2.1.1. Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng cng MSC SS, chc nng chuyn mch chnh c MSC thc hin. Nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi vic thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip vi phn h BSS, mt khc n giao tip vi mng ngoi. MSC lm nhim v giao tip vi mng ngoi c gi l MSC cng. Vic giao tip vi mng ngoi m bo thng tin cho ngi s dng mng GSM i hi cng thch ng (cc chc nng tng tc IWF: Interworking Function). SS cng cn giao tip vi mng ngoi s dng cc kh nng truyn ti ca cc mng ny cho vic truyn ti s liu ca ngi s dng hoc bo hiu gia cc phn t ca mng GSM. MSC thng l mt tng i ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc. kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc, cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny c gi l cc chc nng tng tc IWF (Interworking Function) bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. N cho php kt ni vi cc mng: PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Network: mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi), hay CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network: mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh), n cng tn ti khi cc mng khc ch n thun l PSTN hay ISDN. IWF c th c thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp hai th giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m. thit lp mt cuc gi n ngi s dng GSM, trc ht cuc gi phi c nh tuyn n mt tng i cng GMSC m khng cn bit n hin thi thu bao ang u. Cc tng i cng c nhim v ly thng tin v v tr ca thu bao v nh tuyn cuc gi n tng i ang qun l thu bao thi im hin thi (MSC tm tr). vy trc ht cc tng i cng phi da trn s thoi danh b ca thu bao tm ng HLR cn thit v hi HLR ny. Tng i cng c mt giao din vi cc mng bn ngoi vi mng GSM. V phng din kinh t, khng phi bao gi tng i cng cng ng ring m thng c kt hp vi MSC.

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1.2.1.2. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR L c s d liu quan trng nht ca mng GSM, lu tr cc s liu v a ch nhn dng cng nh cc thng s nhn thc ca thu bao trong mng. Cc thng tin lu tr trong HLR gm: nhn dng thu bao IMSI, MSISDN, VLR hin thi, trng thi thu bao, kho nhn thc v chc nng nhn thc, s lu ng trm di ng MSRN. HLR cha nhng c s d liu bc cao ca tt c cc thu bao trong GSM. Nhng d liu ny c truy nhp t xa bi cc MSC v VLR ca mng. 1.2.1.3. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR VLR l c s d liu th hai trong mng GSM. N c ni vi mt hay nhiu MSC v c nhim v lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng v ng thi lu gi s liu v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn mc chnh xc hn HLR. Cc chc nng VLR thng c lin kt vi cc chc nng MSC. 1.2.1.4. Trung tm nhn thc AUC AUC qun l cc thng tin nhn thc v mt m lin quan n tng c nhn thu bao da trn mt kho nhn dng b mt Ki m bo ton s liu cho cc thu bao c php. Kho ny cng c lu gi vnh cu v b mt trong b nh MS. B nh ny c dang Simcard c th rt ra v cm li c. AUC c th c t trong HLR hoc MSC hoc c lp vi c hai. Khi dng k thu bao, kho nhn thc Ki c ghi nh vo Simcard ca thu bao cng vi IMSI ca n. ng thi kho nhn thc Ki cng c lu gi trung tm nhn thc AUC to ra b ba thng s cn thit cho qu trnh nhn thc v mt m ho: - S ngu nhin RAND - Mt khu SRES c to ra t Ki v s ngu nhin RAND bng thut ton A3 - Kho mt m Kc c to ra t Ki v s ngu nhin RAND bng thut ton A8 8

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1.2.1.5. B ng k nhn dng thit b EIR Qun l thit b di ng c thc hin bi b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR. EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n phn thit b di ng ME ca trm di ng MS. EIR c ni vi MSC thng qua ng bo hiu kim tra s c php ca thit b bng cch so snh tham s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) ca thu bao gi ti khi thit lp thng tin vi s IMEI lu gi trong EIR phng trng hp y l nhng thit b u cui b nh cp, nu so snh khng ng th thit b khng th truy nhp vo mng c. 1.2.2. Phn h trm gc BSS BSS thc hin nhim v gim st cc ng ghp ni v tuyn, lin kt knh v tuyn vi my pht v qun l cu hnh ca cc knh ny. l: - iu khin s thay i tn s v tuyn ca ng ghp ni (Frequency Hopping) v s thay i cng sut pht v tuyn. - Thc hin m ho knh v tn hiu thoi s, phi hp tc truyn thng tin. - Qun l qu trnh Handover. - Thc hin bo mt knh v tuyn. Phn h BSS gm hai khi chc nng: b iu khin trm gc (BSC: Base Station Controller) v cc trm thu pht gc (BTS: Base Transceiver Station). Nu khong cch gia BSC v BTS nh hn 10m th cc knh thng tin c th c kt ni trc tip (ch Combine), ngc li th phi qua mt giao din A-bis (ch Remote). Mt BSC c th qun l nhiu BTS theo cu hnh hn hp ca 2 loi trn. 1.2.2.1. Trm thu pht gc BTS Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b pht thu, anten v x l tn hiu c th cho giao din v tuyn. C th coi BTS l cc Modem v tuyn phc tp c thm mt s cc chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adapter Unit: khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc ). TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh, y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b 9

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phn ca BTS, nhng cng c th t cch xa BTS v thm ch trong nhiu trng hp c t gia BSC v MSC. BTS c cc chc nng sau: - Qun l lp vt l truyn dn v tuyn - Qun l giao thc cho lin kt s liu gia MS v BSC - Vn hnh v bo dng trm BTS - Cung cp cc thit b truyn dn v ghp knh ni trn giao tip A-bis 1.2.2.2. B iu khin trm gc BSC BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn qua cc lnh iu khin t xa BTS v MS. Cc lnh ny ch yu l cc lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao (Handover). Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca SS. Trong thc t, BSC l mt tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton ng k. Mt BSC c th qun l vi chc BTS tu theo lu lng cc BTS ny. Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia n vi BTS l giao din A-bis. Nhn vin khai thc c th t trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC np phn mm mi v d liu xung BSC, thc hin mt s chc nng khai thc v bo dng, hin th cu hnh ca BSC. BSC c th thu thp s liu o t BTS v BIE (Base Station Interface Equipment: Thit b giao din trm gc), lu tr chng trong b nh v cung cp chng cho OMC theo yu cu. 1.2.2.3. B chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU Trong GSM, tn hiu thoi trn giao din v tuyn c m ho tc 13Kbps s dng m ho tin nh tuyn LPC. thch ng tc ny cc tc mng hi thoi c nh PSTN cn c b chuyn i m TRAU chuyn i gia 13Kbps PCM gia MS v MSC. TRAU c th c t ti BTS, BSC hoc ti MSC. gim thiu chi ph truyn dn, thng TRAU t MSC. Khi cn thm bo hiu b xung vo ting thoi 13Kbps truyn thng tin iu khin t b chuyn i m t xa dt BTS n TRAU. 10

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1.2.3. Trm di ng MS Trm di ng l thit b duy nht m ngi s dng c th thng xuyn nhn thy ca h thng. MS c th l: my cm tay, my xch tay hay my t trn t. Ngoi vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v x l cho giao din v tuyn MS cn phi cung cp cc giao din vi ngi s dng (nh micr, loa, mn hin th, bn phm qun l cuc gi) hoc giao din vi mt s cc thit b khc (nh giao din vi my tnh c nhn, Fax). Hin nay, ngi ta ang c gng sn xut cc thit b u cui gn nh u ni vi trm di ng. Ba chc nng chnh ca MS: - Thit b u cui thc hin cc chc nng khng lin quan n mng GSM. - Kt cui trm di ng thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truyn n giao din v tuyn. - B thch ng u cui lm vic nh mt ca ni thng thit b u cui vi kt cui di ng. Cn s dng b thch ng u cui khi giao din ngoi trm di ng tun theo tiu chun ISDN u ni u cui, cn thit b u cui li c th giao din u cui modem. My di ng MS gm hai phn: Module nhn dng thu bao SIM ( Subscriber Identity Module) v thit b di ng ME (Mobile Equipment). ng k v qun l thu bao, mi thu bao phi c mt b phn gi l SIM. SIM l mt module ring c tiu chun ho trong GSM. Tt c cc b phn thu, pht, bo hiu to thnh thit b ME. ME khng cha cc tham s lin quan n khch hng, m tt c cc thng tin ny c lu tr trong SIM. SIM thng c ch to bng mt vi mch chuyn dng gn trn th gi l Simcard. Simcard c th rt ra hoc cm vo MS. Sim m nhim cc chc nng sau: - Lu gi kho nhn thc thu bao Ki cng vi s nhn dng trm di ng quc t IMSI nhm thc hin cc th tc nhn thc v mt m ho thng tin. - Khai thc v qun l s nhn dng c nhn PIN(Personal Identity Number) bo v quyn s dng ca ngi s hu hp php. PIN l mt s gm t 4 n 8 ch s, c np bi nh khai thc khi ng k ln u.

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1.2.4. Phn h khai thc OSS Phn h khai thc OSS thc hin ba chc nng chnh sau: Khai thc v bo dng mng: Khai thc l cc hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh: ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai , nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng ca dch v m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi x l cc s c. Khai thc cng bao gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin ti, chun b lu lng cho tng lai, tng vng ph. h thng vin thng hin i, khai thc c thc hin bng my tnh v c tp trung mt trm. Bo dng c nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c hng hc. N c mt s quan h vi khai thc. Bo dng cng bao gm c cc hot ng ti hin trng nhm thay th thit b c s c. H thng khai thc v bo dng c th c xy dng trn nguyn l TMN (Telecommunication Management Network: Mng qun l vin thng). Lc ny, mt mt h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng ( cc MSC, BSC, HLR v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS, v thm nhp n BTS c thc hin qua BSC). Mt khc, h thng khai thc v bo dng li c ni n mt my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi my. Theo tiu chun GSM, h thng c gi l OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center: Trung tm khai thc v bo dng).

Qun l thu bao:

Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v xa thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b sung. Nh khai thc phi c th thm nhp c tt c cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi. Cc ph phi c tnh v gi n thu bao. Qun l thu bao GSM ch lin quan n HLR v mt s thit b OSS ring chng hn mng ni HLR vi cc thit b giao tip ngi my cc trung tm giao dch vi thu bao. Simcard cng ng vai tr nh mt b phn ca h thng qun l thu bao. 12

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Qun l thit b di ng:

Qun l thit b di ng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin. EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra s c php ca thit b. Mt thit b khng c php s b cm. Trong h thng GSM, EIR c coi l h thng con SS.

CHNG 2. V TUYN S GIAO TIP V TUYN S

2.1. V tuyn s tng qut phn ny cp n vic s dng thit b v tuyn truyn thng tin gia trm di ng v mng PLMN GMS thay v dng dy. Mt s vn quan trng khi quy hoch tn s l s hn ch bi i lng nhiu ca h thng t ong. 13

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2.1.1. Suy hao ng truyn v pha inh Suy hao ng truyn l qu trnh m tn hiu thu yu dn o khong cch gia trm di ng v trm gc tng m khng c mt cn gia anten pht v thu. Suy hao trong khng gian t do: Ls d2.f2 Ls (dB) = 33,4 (dB) + 20logF(MHz) + 20logd(km) d: l khong cch gia anten pht Tx v thu Rx. f: tn s pht (Cng thc trn ch ng vi cc h thng v tuyn di ng gn BS.) Mi trng s dng ca MS thng c chng ngi vt gy hiu ng che ti lm gim cng tn hiu thu. Khi di ng cng vi i di ng cng tn hiu gim v tng d gia Tx v Rx c hay khng c chng ngi. Hiu ng ny gi l pha inh chun log. Thi gian gia 2 ch trng pha inh khong vi giy khi my di ng MS l loi lp trn xe v chuyn ng.

MS

Phainh chun logarit Trong trng hp mi trng thng tin c mt thu bao dy v nhiu chng ngi ta c pha inh nhiu tia hay raile, xy ra khi tn hiu truyn nhiu ng t anten Tx n Rx. hin tng pha inh raile, tn hiu thu c l tng cc tn hiu phn x khc pha, khc bin . Nhng tn hiu ny khi cng li nh cc vct to nn mt vct tng gn bng khng c nghi l cng tn hiu bng 0. y l ch trng pha

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nghim trng. Khong thi gian gia hai ch trng phainh ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng v tn s pht.

MS

Phainh Raile mt khong cch nht nh (x mt) so vi anten pht Tx, tn hiu thu c minh ho nh sau:
Gi tr trung bnh chung Gi tr trung bnh cc b

D tr padinh

Ch trng padinh

nhy my thu
X X + 10 X + 15

Cng tn hiu thu (Rx), Fc = 900MHz

nhy my thu l mc tn hiu vo yu nht cn thit cho mt tn hiu ra qui nh. Khi quy hoch h thng, chng li pha inh th gi tr trung bnh chung c ly ln hn nhy my thu lng Y(dB) bng ch trng pha phainh mnh nht, Y(dB) c gi l d tr phainh.

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2.1.2. Phn tn thi gian Hin tng ny c ngun gc t phn x t mt vt xa anten thu Rx vi km. N dn n giao thoa gia cc k hiu ISI tc l giao thoa gia cc k hiu ln cn vi nhau. GMS tc bit l 270kB/s, mi bit tng ng vi 3,7s v tng ng vi khong cch l 1,1km. Khi c phn x t 1km pha sau trm di ng th tn hiu phn x phi qua gng ng di tr tn hiu i thng 2km. Tn hiu mong mun s c trn vi tn hiu 2bit. H thng GSM c thit k c th hn ch phn tn thi gian nh s dng mt b cn bng m c th thc hin cn bng mt s nht nh tn hiu phn x nhng khng phi l tt c. B cn bng ca GSM c th t c s cn bng cho cc tn hiu phn x chm khong 4 bt so v tn hiu n trc tip, tng ng vi 15 s. Tuy nhin nu tn hiu phn x m n tr hn th th b cn bng khng th p ng c. Giai on m b cn bng c th p ng c gi l m s thi gian. Trong ca s thi gian s tng cng tn hiu n trc tip. Tng cc tn hiu phn x c th nh hn 15 s phi t nht nh hn 9 ln tng cc tn hiu trong ca s. T s ny gi l t s sng mang trn sng phn x (C/R). C/R c tnh bng t s gia nng lng trong ca s v nng lng ngoi ca s ca b cn bng. C/R cng nh th cht lng cng km. V tr t BTS nh hng rt ln n t s ny nn t khng hp l s gy nn phn tn thi gian ln. Cc vng c a hnh nh min ni, thnh ph nhiu nh cao tng, vng h xy dng nhiu thm, bc thng c t s C/R nh. Thng thng tn hiu phn x phi i qua qung ng ln hn 4,5 Km so vi tn hiu trc tip th mi c tr hn 1,5 s tuy nhin nu tn hiu phn x khng mnh tc l t s C/R ln hn 1 s cho php th khng nh hng n vng sng phc v. Ngc li nu tn hiu phn x mnh nhng tr vn thuc ca s th s tng mnh ca tn hiu i thng. Ch khi C/R nh phn tn thi gian ln th mi c yu cu thay i vi tr BTS, hoc dng phng php t thm BTS ph tr. Khi st vn 16

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ny cn phi cn c vo cc v tr cn i gia MS v BTS bi v mi v tr d l cch nhau khng ln th c th C/R cch nhau rt ln. * Nhiu ng knh: Nhiu giao thoa ng knh l nhiu do tn hiu thu khng mong mun c cng tn s v tn hiu thu mong mun. T s gia mc sng mang khng mong mun l t s nhiu giao thoa ng knh (C/I). T s ny ph thuc vo nhng yu t nh: + Mu s dng li tn s: khong cch gia hai Cell cng tn s nh hng ln nhau. + V tr a hnh. + Cc vng phn x a phng. + Kiu Angten, tnh nh hng, chiu cao Angten. + Cc sng gy nhiu a phng c cng tn s. T s ny gy nh hng rt mnh n cht lng tn hiu, dn n sai tn hiu, gii m sai gy nn st cuc gi hoc tht bi trn ng ni v tuyn. Tiu chun GSM cho php C/I nh nht l 10. Ngoi ra trong thng tin v tuyn tn hiu cn b nh hng cc knh ln cn l cc knh gn tn s vi tn hiu thu, di tn ca chng trng ln nhau mc ln. Trong trng hp ny cng gy nhiu gi l nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn (C/A) trong thc t cc tn s ca cc BTS cng v tr thng gy nh hng cho nhau. Tn hiu thu c khi o c thng gm rt nhiu loi tn hiu v nhiu nh k trn. Khi o c ta c th xc nh t s C/(I+R+A), nh gi mc hoc li c th xc nh c t s ny phi nh n cc my o chuyn dng

1 0

0 BTS

17

Phn tn thi gian

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2.1.3. Cc phng php phng nga suy hao truyn dn do phainh ci thin my thu v cht lng ca tn hiu thu, c 4 phng n thc hin nh sau: Phn tp anten (phn tp khng gian): Do 2 anten thu t c nguy c b ch trng phainh su cng mt lc, nn ta s dng 2 anten Rx c lp thu cng tn hiu ri kt hp cc tn hiu ny li ta s c mt tn hiu ra khi b kt hp t b phainh hn. Khong cch gia hai anten phi ln tng quan gia cc tn hiu hai anten nh.
Tn hiu 1 Tn hiu 2

Anten

CTH SS

Nhy tn: Vi pha inh raile, mu phainh ph thuc vo tn s ngha l ch trng phainh xy ra cc v tr khc nhau i vi cc tn s khc nhau. Nh vy ta c th

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thay i tn s sng mang trong mt s tn s khi cuc gi ang tin hnh, khi gp ch trng phainh ch mt phn thng tin b mt. M ho knh: truyn dn s ngi ta o cht lng ca tn hiu c ch yu bng s lng cc bit thu c chnh xc, dn n biu din t s bit li BER. BER khng th bng khng do ng truyn dn lun lun thay i. Ngha l ta phi cho php mt lng li nht nh v c kh nng khi phc thng tin ny hoc c th pht hin trnh s dng thng tin li. BER quan trng vi pht s liu hn Voice. phng php m ho knh ta phi pht i mt lng thng tin c s bit ln hn nhng s t an ton chng li cao hn. M ho knh c th pht hin v sa li tng bit thu. V d: Khi mun gi mt bit 0 hay 1 c bo v ta b xung thm ba bit nh sau: Thng tin 0 1 B xung 000 111 Gi i 0000 1111

Khi m 0000 s ng vi 0 v 1111 s ng vi 1. T l l 1:4, bo v s xy ra nh sau: Thu c : 0000 Quyt nh: 0 hin l li. Mi knh kim tra li c chia thnh m khi v m xon. m khi, mt s bit kim tra c b xung vo mt s bit thng tin nht nh. Cc bit kim tra ch ph thuc vo cc bit thng tin khi bn tin. m ho xon, b m ho to ra khi cc bit m khng ch ph thuc vo cc bit ca khi bn tin hin thi c dch vo b m ho m cn ph thuc vo cc bit ca khi trc. 0010 1 0110 0 0111 x 1110 1

Ring cm 0110 khng xc nh c c th, trm 0111 v 1110 c pht

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M ho khi thng c s dng khi c bo hiu nh hng theo khi v s dng pht hin li khi thc hin Yu cu t ng pht ARQ. M ho xon lin quan nhiu hn n sa sai li. C hai m ny c s dng GSM. Hai bc m ho c dng cho c ting v s liu. Ghp xen: Cc li bit thng xy ra theo tng cm do cc ch trng phainh lu lm nh hng nhiu bit lin tip. gii quyt hin tng li bit qu di ta dng phng php ghp knh xen tch cc bit lin tip ca mt bn tin sao cho cc bit ny gi i khng lin tip.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Cc khi bn tin ghp xen

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 Cc khi bn tin

c ghp xen

Mt khung

Khi truyn dn khung 2 c th mt nu khng ghp xen ton b khi bn tin s mt nhng ghp xen s m bo ch th th hai tng khi l b mc li: 1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4 1 x 3 4

M ho knh c th khi phc li thng tin ca tt c cc khi. GMS b m ho knh cung cp 456 bit cho tng 20ms ting v oc ghp xen to ra cc khi 57bit. 2.1.4. Phng php chng phn tn thi gian M hnh truyn dn:

My pht Knh

My thu ti u

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My thu ti u l my thu hiu r knh. Ta lp m hnh ton hc ca knh v iu chnh my thu n m hnh. Knh c xt nh mt b lc v c kch thch bi mt tn hiu bit trc. So snh u ra vi u vo ta c p ng xung ca b lc. p ng xung ca b lc cho ta bit c tn hiu ra i vi tn hiu vo, nh vy ta c th tm c p ng xung ca knh v lp m hnh knh khi phn tch mt tn hiu thu c. p ng xung khi khng c phn x (a) v c mt phn x (b).

(t)

(a) Khng c phn x

(b) c mt phn x

Xt nguyn l lm vic ca mt b cn bng: Sau khi lp m hnh knh ta s phi to ra tt c cc chui bit c th c ri a chng qua m hnh knh chui u vo m t nhn c chui u ra ging n nht gi l chui nguyn thu hay chui pht. Theo quy nh ca GMS, mt b cn bng cn c kh nng x l mt tn hiu phn x tr n 14,8s tng ngvi thi gian ca 4bit. Lc ny ngay c tn hiu phn x cng b nh hng bi phainh raile, nhng do tn hiu ny c mu phainh c lp so vi tn hiu i thng nn n c li dng t hiu qu cao hn. Vy

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vi cc tn hiu phn x tr di 15 s n cho ta thm nng lng ci to tn hiu thu. Trn thc t di chui N thng ln ln phi c thc hin nhiu so snh v mt nhiu thi gian tnh ton gy mt s chm tr khng cho php. khc phc kh khn ny ngi ta phi s dng n thut ton Viterbi m khng cn phi th tt c cc chui. Nguyn l l khi tnh ton ta loi b cc t hp khng c kh nng l tn hiu vo nh gim c s lng tnh ton cn thit. 2.1.5. Truyn dn s v tn hiu tng t Trong trng hp truyn ting ni l dng sng lin tc khc vi truyn s liu ta phi thc hin ly mu tn hiu tng t, lng t v m ho tn hiu dng s 1 v 0. Cc mu tng t c trnh by bng mt tp hp hu hn cc mc c xc nh bi s cc bit ta cn s dng trnh by mt mu. h thng vin thng s chn s mc ri rc ho =256 mc (8bit) vi mi mu ta trnh by gi tr tng t bng mt gi tr c lng t ho 8bit. Vi tc ly mu 8kHz ta c tc bit: 8000mu/s x 8bit = 64kb/s. Qu trnh ny c gi l iu ch xung m PCM gm 3 bc:

Lng t Ly mu

M ho

ng truyn PCM 64 kb/s

Ta t nhiu knh trn cng mt ng truyn PCM (ghp knh) trnh lng ph. Nu ghp 32 knh trn mt ng truyn PCM th tc bit ca n l 32x64kb/s=2,048Mb/s. Thit b ghp knh iu khin vic gn cc khe thi gian 0,1 gi i khe 1,...Trong 32 knh truyn th knh 0 dng cho ng b, knh 16 dng cho bo hiu cn 30 knh cn li dng cho ting thoi. Phn trnh by trn l v d v a thm nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. 22

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Mt phng php khc vi TDMA l FDMA (a thm nhp phn chia tn s) c dng qung b v tuyn, mi knh c dnh cho mt bng tn ring. K thut ny c s dng h thng di ng t ong tng t, mi cuc gi mt s dng mt bng tn (hai bng khi truyn song cng). Sau y l so snh gia TDMA v FDMA:

MS1 MS2 FDMA

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

MS2 TDMA

MS5

ng b thi gian: Khi s dng TDMA v tuyn, mi trm di ng s dng khe thi gian Ts ca mnh nhng khi khong cch gia MS v BS tng ln gy tr thi gian truyn tn hiu v tr ny ln qu th thng tin pht i t MS khe Ts n s trng vi tn hiu thu c ca BS ti khe Ts n+1 ca MS khc. kim tra thi gian n v cc lnh c gi n MS ta c qu trnh nh trc thi gian mi khi MS di chuyn ra xa. M ho ting: mt s h thng di ng t ong FDMA khong cch gia cc knh l 25kHz (NMT, TACS) v GMS khong cch ny bng 200kHz. So snh TDMA 200kHz v FDMA 25kHz ta c hiu qu s dng tn s nh nhau. Khi s dng phng php iu ch pha ti thiu Gauss (GMSK) rng bng thng b chim s rt ln. m 23

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bo bng tn cho php ta gim ti thiu tc bit cho tng knh ting bng cch m ho ting (Vocodes) v m ho theo dng sng. M ho theo kiu pht m Vocodes gip ta nhn bit c ting ni nhng rt tng hp v ta kh nhn ra ai pht m. S dng m ho sng (m ho PCM ng u) thng tin trc tip chnh thc dng sng c pht i vi tc i hi cao v cho ta mt cht lng cng rt cao. Tc bit b m ho dng sng thay i gn t 16kb/s n 64kb/s i vi b m ho PCM ng u. Ngoi ra ta cn c cc b m ho cho php c m t nh mt s pha trn gia Vocodes v m ho dng sng. Cc b m ho lai ghp lp kn ch trng gia cc b m ho Vecodes v dng sng vi tc bit t 5kb/s, cht lng theo tc bit. GMS s dng b m ho ghp lai gi l m ho tin nh tuyn tnh-Tin nh thi gian di-kch thch xung u: b LPC-LPT-RPE. 2.2. Nguyn tc khi chia knh theo khe thi gian 2.2.1. Khi nim knh Mng GSM/PLMN dnh 124 sng mang song cng di tn: - ng ln (MS BTS): 890 915Mhz - ng xung (BTS MS): 935 960Mhz Khong cch gia sng mang 200Khz, trn mi sng mang thc hin ghp knh theo thi gian ng vi mi khung TDMA, mi khung gm 8 khe thi gian (Time Slot). S knh GSM l 124x8(khe) =922knh. 2.2.1.1. Knh vt l Mt khe thi gian mt tn s v tuyn dnh truyn ti thng tin ng v tuyn ca GSM. Mi mt knh tn s v tuyn c t chc thnh cc khung TDMA di 4,62ms gm c 8 khe thi gian (mi khe di 577 s). Ti BTS, cc khung TDMA cc knh tn s c ng ln v ng xung u c ng b, tuy nhin khung ng ln tr 3 khe so vi khung ng xung. Nh c tr ny m c

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th s dng mt khe thi gian c cng s th t c ng ln ln ng xung truyn tin bn song cng. V mt thi gian, cc knh vt l mt knh tn s c t chc theo cu trc khung, a khung, siu a khung, siu siu khung nh sau: Mt siu siu khung = 2048 siu khung = 2715648 khung (3h28 53 760ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 2042 2043 2045 2046 2047

1 siu khung = 1326 khung TDMA (6,12s) 0 1 2 3 0 1 4 7 4 8 24 49 50 25

1a khung = 26 khung(120ms)

1 a

49

5 0

khung = 51 khung(235ms) Hnh 2. T chc khung, a khung

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 khung = 8 khe

Mt siu siu khung c chia thnh 2048 siu khung vi thi gian l 6,12s. Siu khung li c chia thnh cc a khung, c hai loi a khung: - a khung 26 khung cha 26 khung TDMA. a khung ny c s dng mang TCH (v SACCH cng FACCH). 51 a khung ny to nn mt siu khung.

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- a khung 51 khung cha 51 khung TDMA. a khung ny s dng mang BCH v CCH. 26 a khung ny to nn mt siu khung. 2.2.1.2 Knh logic Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS. Knh logic c chia lm hai loi: Knh lu thng (TCH): mang ting c m ho hoc s liu ca ngi s dng, gm hai dng knh: - Bm hay knh ton tc TCH mang thng tin tc 22,8Kbps. - Lm hay knh bn tc TCH mang thng tin tc 11,4Kbps. Cc knh iu khin: mang tn hiu bo hiu hay s liu ng b, gm ba loi sau: - Cc knh qung b (BCH): + Knh hiu chnh tn s (FCCH): mang thng tin hiu chnh tn s ca MS. + Knh ng b (SCH): mang thng tin ng b khung (s khung TDMA) ca MS v nhn dng BTS (BSIC). + Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH): pht qung b thng tin chung trn c s mt knh cho mt BTS. - Cc knh iu khin ring (DCCH): + Knh iu khin ring ng mt mnh (SDCCH): c s dng bo hiu h thng khi thit lp mt cuc gi trc khi n nh mt TCH. Knh ng ln/xung, im n im. + Knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH): lin kt vi mt TCH hay mt SDCCH, l knh s liu lin tc mang thng tin lin tc nh cc thng bo o c t trm di ng v cng tn hiu thu t hin thi v cc ln cn. Thng tin ny cn cho chc nng chuyn giao. Knh ny cng c s dng iu chnh cng sut ca MS v ng b thi gian. Knh ng ln/xung, im n im.

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+ Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh (FACCH): l knh lin kt vi TCH. FACCH lm vic ch ly cp bng cch thay i lu lng ting hay s liu bng bo hiu. - Cc knh iu khin chung (CCCH): + Knh tm gi (PCH): c s dng tm gi MS. + Knh thm nhp ngu nhin (RACH): MS s dng knh ny yu cu dnh SDCCH hoc tr li tm gi, hoc thm nhp khi khi u, hoc ng k cuc gi MS. + Knh cho php thm nhp (AGCH): c s dng dnh mt SDCCH hay trc tip mt TCH cho mt MS. 2.2.2. Cm Cm l mu thng tin mt khe thi gian trn knh TDMA, c 8 khe thi gian mt ln knh TDMA c pht i th c 1 cm ca mt loi thng tin. v FCCH.
TB Cc bit c mt m Chui hng dn Cc bit c mt m TB GP 58 26 58 3 3 8,25
0,577 ms 156,25 bit

- Cm

bnh thng ( NB): mang thng tin TCH v cc knh iu khin tr RACH, SCH

+ Cc bit c mt m gm 57bit s liu hay ting v mt c ly cp. + Chui hng dn l mu bit bit trc b cn bng c th thnh lp mt m hnh knh. + Cc bit ui TB lun l 0,0,0 gip b cn bng xc nh u v cui mu bit. + Khong bo v GP l mt khong trng cho php my pht dch ln hay dch xung trong gii hn do khuyn ngh GMS qui nh.

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- Cm hiu chnh tn s(FB): iu chnh tn s ca MS, n tng ng sng mang cha b iu ch. Lp li ca mt cm gi l FCCH.
TB 3
Cc bit c nh 0 142 0,577 ms 156,25 bit

TB GP 3 8,25

- Cm ng b (SB): Dng ng b thi gian ca MS

TB Cc bit c mt m Chui ng b Cc bit c mt m TB GP 39 64 39 3 3 8,25

+ Khi ng b di d dng nhn bit v mang thng tin s khung TDMA cng m nhn dng trm c s BS. Lp li ca cm gi l SHC. S khung TDMA gip MS bit loi knh lgc no ang c truyn knh iu khin. Mt chu trnh nh s khung l 3,5 gi vi mi khung TDMA thi gian l 6,615ms. - Cm thm nhp (AB): S dng thm nhp ngu nhin v c GP dnh cho pht cm t trm di ng.

TB 3

Chui ng b 41

Cc bit c mt m TB GP 36 3 8,25

- Cm gi: c pht i t BTS v khng cha thng tin khun mu ging nh cm bnh thng vi cc bit mt m c thay bi cc bit hn hp c mu bit xc nh.

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2.2.3. Chia knh logic theo khe thi gian Xt mt BTS vi n sng mang (song cng) k hiu l C0, C1,, Cn, mi sng mang c 8 khe thi gian ln lt l Ts0, Ts1,, Ts7. Cc knh logic c sp xp C0 nh sau: - Cc knh iu khin BCCH, FCCH, SCH, PCH, AGCH c sp xp trn Ts0 ng xung, cn knh RACH Ts0 ng ln. Chu k lp 51 Ts. - Ts1 c s dng sp xp cc knh iu khin ring SDCCH v SACCH, chu k lp 102 Ts. - T Ts2 n Ts7 l cc knh lu thng TCH, chu k lp 26Ts. Cc sng mang khc (C1 Cn): ch c s dng cho knh lu lng TCH, ngha l Ts0 n Ts7 u l TCH.

0 1 2 . .

7 0 1 2 . .

7 0 1 2 .. TDMA

Cc khung

F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C BCH CCCH ng xung Hnh 3. Ghp cc BCH v CCCH Ts0 F (FCCH): ti y trm di ng ng b tn s ca mnh S (SCH): trm di ng c s khung TDMA v BSIC B (BCCH): trm di ng c cc thng tin chung v ny C (CCCH): c th tm gi mt trm di ng v dnh mt SDCCH 0 1 2 . . 7 0 1 2 . .
51 khung lin tip

7 0 1 2 ..

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R R R R R R R R R .. RACH ng ln Hnh 4. Ghp RACH Ts0 Cc Ts 2-7 ca C0 s dng cho cc knh lu thng TCH c sp xp cc knh vt l nh hnh 5. Hnh v TS2, ng xung C0. Thng tin Ts 2 to thnh mt TCH. Tt c c 26 Ts. Sau Ts trng li bt u li. T (TCH): cha ting hay s liu c m ho. A (SACCH): nm Ts 13, l bo hiu iu khin.

Cc khung TDMA

0 1 2 . 7 0 1 2 . 7 0 1 2 .

TCH ng xung

26 TS

T T T T T A T T ...

Hnh 5. Ghp TCH Cu trc ng ln cng tng t nh ng xung. im khc nhau duy nht l s dch v mt thi gian, Ts2 ng xung khng xy ra ngthi gian nh cng Ts2 ng ln. Thi gian dch l ba khe thi gian.
xung

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ng ln

30
S khung TDMA

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45Mhz

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

Hnh 6. Dch gia TCH ng ln v xung.

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CHNG 3. NGUYN TC S DNG TN S CC TRNG HP V TH TC THNG TIN

3.1. Nguyn tc s dng tn s theo chia 3.1.1. S dng tn s Thng tin di ng b hn ch v tn s, v vy s dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn l yu t quan trng nht phc v cng nhiu thu bao cng tt. Ngi ta a ra cc phng php sau s dng hiu qu tn s: - Gim rng bng tn ca mt knh cng nhiu cng tt. - S dng hiu qu cc knh v tuyn bng cch to ra kh nng cho nhiu u cui s dng chung nhiu knh v tuyn trong mt v tuyn. - S dng li tn s dng trong mt vo mt v tuyn bng cch gi cc ny cch nhau ln hn mt khong cch nht nh. - Cc tiu ho kch thc . 3.1.2. S ti s dng tn s trn mng 3.1.2.1. C s l thuyt Nguyn l c s khi thit k cc h thng t ong l cc mu c gi l cc mu s dng li tn s. Theo nh ngha th mu s dng li tn s l s dng cc knh v tuyn trn cng mt tn s mang ph cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi c cch nhau c li ln mi nhiu giao thoa ng knh chp nhn c.

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Nu c th bit trc, mt c bit s s dng nhng knh m cng c dng trong nhng khc, ti mt khong cch s dng li. iu ny c ngha l nhng m s nh hng bi s nhiu ca mt h thng knh t khc s dng cng nhng knh ny. Tm li mc bao ph c bn c gii hn bi iu ny nhiu hn nhiu t tn hiu trng ngoi. Mt vn trong thit k h thng Cellular l iu khin nhiu ny n mc chp nhn c. N c th lm c bng s iu khin khong cch ti s dng knh. Khi khong cch ny cng ln suy ra mc nhiu cng t. Mc tn hiu thu c C ca sng mang mong mun s cao hn mc nhiu I ca tt c cc knh v mc nhiu A ca cc knh ln cn. S hot ng ca tn hiu thu mong mun s cao hn s hot ng ca tn hiu phn x R. Nhng gi tr c tin c h thng GSM l : C/A> -9 dB ; C/I 10dB. C/A: Khi 1 tn s c ti s dng nh m hnh 3/9 th mt s nng lng ca tn s ln cn s lt ra ngoi phc v v l nguyn nhn nhiu. S lin h gia tn hiu nhiu v tn hiu hu ch l t s C/A. 3.1.2.2. Mu s dng li tn s S dng li tn s l s dng cc knh v tuyn cng mt tn s mang ph cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi c cch nhau c ly ln mi nhiu giao thoa ng knh chp nhn c. Nu ton b s knh quy nh N c chia thnh F nhm th mi nhm s cha N/F knh. V tng s knh N l c nh nn s nhm tn s F nh hn s dn n nhiu knh hn mt nhm v mt i trm. V vy vic gim s lng cc nhm tn s s cho php mi i trm tng lu lng nh vy gim tng s cc i trm cn thit cho ti lu lng nh trc. Tuy nhin gim s lng cc nhm tn s v gim c ly ng knh s dn n phn b C/I trung bnh thp hn h thng. C ba kiu mu s dng li tn s ph bin l: 7/21, 4/12 v 3/9 s dng cho cc trm gc c anten pht 3 hng, mi hng dnh cho mt v gc phng v phn cch nhau 1200. Mi s dng cc anten pht 600 v hai anten thu phn tp 600

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cho mt gc phng v. Mi c xp x ho l hnh lc gic, c bn knh R (bng cnh hnh lc gic v bng 1/3 khong cch gia cc trm). Ta coi lu lng phn b ng nht cc . Bnh thng kch thc c xc nh nh l khong cch gia hai trm ln cn. S 3/9 s dng cc nhm 9 tn s, trong mt mu s dng li tn s 3 i trm:

Hnh 6. Mu 3/9

S 4/12 s dng cc nhm 12 tn s, trong mt mu s dng li tn s 4 i:

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Hnh 8. Mu 4/12 S 7/21 s dng cc nhm 21 tn s, trong mt mu s dng li tn s 7 i nh sau:

Hnh 7. Mu 7/21 Trong thc t, do s tng trng dung lng khng ngng trong mt no ti mc cht lng phc v gim st qu mc, ngi ta phi thc hin vic chia tch 35

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thnh cc nh hn. Vi chng, ngi ta dng cng sut nh hn v mu s dng li tn s c dng t l xch nh hn. Thng thng cc cuc gi c th khng xong trong mt (1 cell), v vy h thng thng tin di ng t bo phI c kh nng iu khin, chuyn mch chuyn giao cuc gi t ny sang khc m cuc gi c chuyn giao khng b nh hng g. Yu cu lm cho mng di ng c cu trc khc bit vi cc mng c nh. 3.2. Cc trng hp v th tc thng tin 3.2.1. Tng quan Trc khi kho st cc th tc thng tin khc nhau, hy kho st cc tnh hung c bit ca 1 PLMN c tt c cc thu bao di ng, v th ta quan st MS mt s tnh hung sau: - Tt my: Mng s khng th tip cn n my v MS khng tr li thng bo tm gi. N s khng bo cho h thng v vng nh v (nu c) v MS s c coi l ri mng. - MS bt my, trng thi ri: H thng c th tm gi MS thnh cng, MS c coi l nhp mng. Trong khi chuyn ng, MS lun kim tra rng n c ni n mt knh qung b c thu pht tt nht. Qu trnh ny c gi l lu ng(Roaming). MS cn thng bo cho h thng v cc thay i vng nh v, qu trnh ny c gi l cp nht v tr. - MS bn: Mng v tuyn c mt knh thng tin (knh ting) dnh cho lung s liu ti v t MS trong qu trnh chuyn ng MS phi c kh nng chuyn n mt knh thng tin khc. Qu trnh ny c gi l chuyn giao (Handover). quyt nh chuyn giao h thng phi din gii thng tin nhn uc t MS v BTS. Qu trnh ny c gi l nh v. 3.2.2. Lu ng v cp nht v tr: 36

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Coi rng MS trng thi tch cc, ri v ang chuyn ng theo mt phng lin tc MS c kho n mt tn s v tuyn nht nh c CCCH v BCH TSo. Khi MS ri xa BTS ni vi n cng tn hiu s gim. mt thi im no khng xa bin gii l thuyt gia hai ln cn nhau cng ti mc m MS quyt nh chuyn n mt tn s mi thuc mt trong cc ln cn n. chn tn s tt nht n lin tc o cng tn hiu ca tng tn s trong s tn s nht nh ca ln cn. Thng MS phi tm c tn s BCH/CCCH t BTS c cng tn hiu tt hn tn s c. Sau khi t kho n tn s mi ny, MS tip tc nhn thng bao tm gi cc thng bo qung b chng no tn hiu ca tn s mi vn tt. Quyt nh vic thay i tn s BCH/CCCH s c thc hin m khng cn thng bo cho mng. Ngha l mng mt t khng tham gia v qu trnh ny. Kh nng chuyn ng v nh ng thi vi vic thay i ni thng MS giao tip v tuyn ti thoi im cn thit m bo cht lng thu c gi l lu ng Roaming. - Khi MS chuyn ng n gia hai cell thuc 2 BTS khc nhau: Ta bit rng MS khng h bit cu hnh ca mng cha n. gi cho MS thng tin v v tr chnh xc ca n h thng gi i nhn dng vng nh v (LAI) lin tc giao tip v tuyn bng BCCH. Khi i vo cell thuc BSC khc MS s nhn thy vng mi bng cch thu BCCH. V thng tin v v tr c tm quan trng ln nn mng phi thng bo v s thay i ny, in thoi di ng qu trnh ny c gi l ng k cng bc. MS khng cn cch no khc l phi c gng thm nhp vo mng cp nt v tr ca mnh MSC/VLR. Qu trnh ny c gi l cp nht v tr. Sau khi pht v tr mi ca mnh ln mng, MS tip tc chuyn ng trong vng mi nh m t trn. - Khi MS chuyn ng gia hai vng phc v khc nhau: Trong trng hp c mt cuc gi vo cho MS, vic chuyn t mt vng phc v MSC/VLR ny sang mt vng phc v MSC/VLR khc c ngha l tuyn thng tin i qua mng cng s khc. tm c nh tuyn ng, h thng phi tham kho

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b ghi nh v thng tr HLR v th MSC/VLR s phi cp nht HLR v v tr ca MSC/VLR cho MS ca chng ta. Qu trnh cp nht v tr nh sau:
(5) xo v tr HLR MSC VLR
(1) Yu cu nht v

(6) tip nhn xo (2) Yu cu cp nht v tr VLR MSC

(3) tip nhn v tr

tr

(4) Cng nhn cp nht v tr

Sau khi cp nht v tr thnh cng HLR h thng s hu b v tr c, HLR thng bo hu b v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR c xo v tr c ca MS c lin quan. 3.2.3. Th tc nhp mng ng k ln u Khi MS bt my n s qut giao tip v tuyn tm ra tn s ng, tn s m MS tm kim s cha thng tin qung b cng nh thng tin tm gi BCH/CCCH c th c. MS t kho n tn s ng nh vic hiu chnh tn s thu v thng tin ng b V y l ln u MS s dng nn phn mng chu trch nhim x l thng tin ti / t MS hon ton khng c thng tin v MS ny, MS khng c ch th no v nhn dng vng nh v mi. Khi MS c gng thm nhp ti mng v thng bo vi h thng rng n l MS mi vng nh v ny bng cch gi i mt thng bo Cp nht v tr mng n MSC/VLR. T gi tr i MSC/VLR s coi rng MS hot ng v nh du trng d liu ca MS ny bng 1 c nhp mng c ny lin quan n IMSI.

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3.2.4. Th tc ri mng Th tc ri mng lin quan n IMSI. Th tc ri mng ca IMSI cho php thng bo vi mng rng thu bao di ng s tt ngun, lc ny tm gi MS bng thng bo tm gi s khng xy ra. Mt MS trng thi hot ng c nh du l nhp mng. Khi tt ngun MS gi thng bo cui cng n mng, thng bo ny cha yu cu th tc ri mng. Khi thu c thng bo ri mng MSC/VLR nh du c IMSI ri mng tng ng. 3.2.5. Tm gi Cuc gi n MS oc nh tuyn n MSC/VLR ni MS ng k. Khi MSC/VLR s gi i mt thng bo tm gi n MS, thng bo ny c pht qung b trn ton b vng nh v LA ngha l tt c cc BTS trong LA s gi thng bo tm gi MS. Khi chuyn ng LA v nghe thng tin CCCH MS s nghe thy thng bo tm gi v tr li ngay lp tc. 3.2.6. Gi t MS Gi s MS ri v mun thit lp mt cuc gi, thu bao ny s quay tt c cc ch s ca thu bao b gi v bt u th tc ny bng cch n phm pht . Khi ny MS gi i mt thng bo u tin n mng bng CCCH yu cu thm nhp. Trc ht MSC/VLR s ginh ring cho MS mt knh ring, kim tra th loi ca thu bao b gi v nh du thu bao ny trng thi bn. Nu thu bao gi c php s dng mng MSC/VLR s cng nhn yu cu thm nhp. By gi MS s gi i mt thng bo thit lp cuc gi, tu theo thu bao b gi l c nh hay di ng s ca n s c phn tch trc tip MSC/VLR hoc gi n mt tng i chuyn tip ca mng PSTN c nh. Ngay khi ng ni n thu bao b gi sn sng thng bo thit lp cuc gi s c cng nhn, MS cng s c chuyn n mt knh thng tin ring. By gi tn hiu cui cng s l s khng nh thu bao.

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3.2.7. Gi n thu bao MS Gi s c mt thu bao A thuc mng c nh PSTN yu cu thit lp cuc gi vi thu bao B thuc mng di ng. - Thu bao A quay m ni nhn trong nc t ti vng GSM/PLMN. Ni thng c thit lp t tng i ni ht ca thu bao A n GMSC ca mng GSM/PLMN. - Thu bao A quay s ca thu bao B, s thu bao c phn tch GMSC. Bng chc nng hi p GMSC gi MSISDN cng vi yu cu v s lu ng (MSRN) n b ghi nh v thng tr (HLR) - HLR dch s thu bao ca MS c quay vo nhn dng GSM/PLMN: MSISDN IMSI - HLR ch cho MS vng phc v v gi IMSI ca MS n VLR ca vng phc v ng thi yu cu v MSRN. - VLR s tm thi gn s lu ng MSRN cho thu bao b gi v gi n ngc tr v HLR, HLR s gi n v tng i cng GSMC. - Khi nhn c MSRN ng tng i GMSC s c kh nng thit lp cuc gi n vng phc v MSC/VLR ni thu bao B hin ang c mt. - VLR s ch cho thu bao ny vng nh v (LAI) giai on qu trnh thit lp cuc gi h thng mun rng thng bo tm gi thu bao b gi c pht qung b trn vng ph sng ca tt c cc ca vng nh v ny. V vy MSC/VLR gi thng bo tm gi n tt c cc BTS trong vng nh v. - Khi nhn c thng tin tm gi, BTS s pht n ln ng v tuyn knh tm gi PCH. Khi MS trng thi ri v nghe knh PCH ca mt trong s cc thuc vng nh v LA, n s nhn thng tin tm gi, nhn bit dng IMSI v gi tr li v thng bo tm gi. - Sau cc th tc v thit lp cuc gi v sau khi gn cho mt knh thng tin cuc gi ni trn ddc ni thng n MS knh v tuyn.

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3.2.8. Cuc gi ang tin hnh, nh v By gi ta xem xt iu g s xy ra khi mt trm di ng trng thi bn chuyn ng xa dn BTS m n ni n ng v tuyn. Nh ta va thy MS s dng mt knh TCH ring trao i s liu/tn hiu ca mnh vi mng khi cng ri xa BTS, suy hao ng truyn cng nh nh hng ca phadinh s lm hng cht lng truyn dn v tuyn s. Tuy nhin h thng c kh nng m bo chuyn sang BTS bn cnh. Qu trnh thay i n mt knh thng tin mi trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi hay trng thi bn c gi l chuyn giao. Mng s quyt nh v s thay i ny. MS gi cc thng tin lin quan n cng tn hiu v cht lng truyn dn n BTS qu trnh ny c gi l cp nht. MS v mng c kh nng trao i thng tin v bo hiu trong qu trnh cuc gi c th ng b chuyn vng. Trong qu trnh hi thoi knh TCH dnh ring, MS phi tp trung ln TCH ny v th khng th mt knh khc dnh ring cho bo hiu. Mt l do khc na l s lng knh c hn nn h thng khng s dng 2 knh cho cng mt hng, vic t chc truyn dn s liu trn knh TCH sao cho cuc ni chuyn cng nh thng tin v bo hiu c gi i trn 1 knh. Lung s liu s c pht i theo mt trnh t chnh xc c MS ln BTS c th phn bit gia cuc ni chuyn v cc thng tin bo hiu. By gi ta quay li vic nh v, trc ht BTS s thng bo cho MS v cc BTS ln cn v cc tn s BCH/CCCH. nh thng tin ny MS c th o cng tn hiu cc tn s BCH/CCCH ca trm gc ln cn, MS o c cng tn hiu ln cht lng truyn dn TCH bn ca mnh. Tt c cc kt qu o ny c gi n mng phn tch su hn. Cui cng BTS s quyt nh chuyn vng. BSC s phn tch cc kt qu o do BTS thc hin TCH bn. Tm li BSC s gii quyt 2 vn : + Khi no cn thc hin chuyn vng + Phi thc hin chuyn vng ti BTS no Sau khi nh gi chnh xc tnh hung v bt u qu trnh chuyn vng, BSC s chu trch nhim thit lp mt ng ni thng n BTS mi. C cc trng hp chuyn vng sau: 41

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- Chuyn giao trong vng 1 BSC: trng hp ny BSC phi thit lp mt ng ni n BTS mi, dnh ring mt TCH ca mnh v ra lnh cho MS phi chuyn n 1 tn s mi ng thi cng ch ra mt TCH mi. Tnh hung ny khng i hi thng tin gi n phn cn li ca mng. Sau khi chuyn giao MS phi nhn c cc thng tin mi v cc ln cn. Nu nh vic thay i n BTS mi cng l thay i vng nh v th MS s thng bo cho mng v LAI mi ca mnh v yu cu cp nht v tr. - Chuyn giao gia hai BSC khc nhau nhng cng mt MSC/VLR: Trng hp ny cho thy s chuyn giao trong cng mt vng phc v nhng gia hai BSC khc nhau. Mng can thip nhiu hn khi quyt nh chuyn giao. BSC phi yu cu chuyn giao t MSC/VLR. Sau c mt ng ni thng mi (MSC/VLR BSC mi BSC mi) phi c thit lp v nu c TCH ri, TCH ny phi c dnh cho chuyn giao. Sau khi MS nhn c lnh chuyn n tn s mi v TCH mi. Ngoi ra sau khi chuyn giao MS c thng bo v cc ln cn mi. Nu vic ny thay i BTS i cng vi vic thay i vng nh v MS s gi i yu cu cp nht v tr trong qu trnh cuc gi hay sau cuc gi. - Chuyn giao gia hai vng phc v MSC/VLR: y l trng hp chuyn giao phc tp nht nhiu tn hiu c trao i nht trc khi thc hin chuyn giao. Ta s xt 2 MSC/VLR. Gi MSC/VLR c (tham gia cuc gi trc khi chuyn giao) l tng i phc v v MSC/VLR mi l tng i ch. Tng i c s gi yu cu chuyn giao n tng i ch sau tng i ch s m nhn vic chun b ni ghp ti BTS mi. Sau khi thit lp ng ni gia hai tng i tng i c s gi i lnh chuyn giao n MS.

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CHNG 4. CC DCH V CA GSM 4.1. Dch v thoi L dch v quan trng nht ca GSM. N cho php cc cuc gi hai hng din ra gia ngi s dng GSM vi thu bao bt k mt mng in thoi ni chung no. Tc truyn thoi trong GSM l 13kbps. Dch v cuc gi khn l mt loi dch v khc bt ngun t dch v thoi. N cho php ngi dng c th lin lc vi cc dch v khn cp nh cnh st hay cu ho m c th c hay khng c SIM card trong my di ng. 4.2. Dch v s liu GSM c thit k a ra rt nhiu dch v s liu. Cc dch v s liu c phn bit vi nhau bi ngi s dng phng tin (ngi s dng cc mng in thoi PSTN, ISDN,), bi bn cht cc lung thng tin u cui (d liu th, fax, videotex, teletex), bi phng tin truyn dn (gi hay mch, ng b hay khng ng b) v bi bn cht thit b u cui. Tc truyn s liu trn mng GSM l 9,6kbps. 4.3. Dch v nhn tin ngn SMS L mt loi dch v s liu. Dch v nhn tin ngn SMS cho php cc thu bao GSM gi cho nhau cc bn tin ch di khng qu 160 k t. C th s dng mt trung tm dch v mt thu bao c bn tin n . Sau bn tin s c pht n thu bao. Nu thu bao ngoi vng ph ca h thng hay tt ngun, bn tin s c lu gi v gi I khi thu bao li sn sng. C th thu hay gi i cc thng bo ngn trng thI ri hay trong qu trnh cuc gi. 4.4. Dch v Wap Dch v Wap c bt u xy dng v trin khai ln u tin cch y ba nm ( vo gia nm 1997). Dch v giao thc ng dng khng y (Wap) ngy nay tr nn ph bin. Tiu ch ca dch v rt n gin: cho php thu bao dng in 43

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thoi di ng, my nhn tin hoc nhng thit b vin thng khc c h tr Wap c th truy cp mt cch c gii hn vo cc trang wed xem thng tin v th trng chng khon, xem tin tc, gi v nhn email v.v Mc d Wap s dng cc cng ngh v khi nim t th gii wed v Internet nhng cc thit b Wap khng th truy cp trc tip vo cc ngun ti nguyn wed trn Internet m phi nh qua Wap gateway. 4.5. Cc dch v mi ca GSM 2,5G Cui nm 2003 cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi di ng Vit Nam a ra hai dch v mi trn nn GSM 2,5G l dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) v nhn tin a phng tin (MMS). Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS: General Packet Radio Service): GPRS l dch v truyn d liu chuyn mch gi c pht trin trn nn tng cng ngh GSM, cho php ngi dng c th chuyn cc gi d liu tc cao qua my di ng. Do vy GPRS s l nn tng cho vic pht trin cc ng dng thng mi di ng v dch v MMS, truy cp WAP-Internet tc cao. GPRS cho php truyn d liu c th t ti 171,2kbps. Dch v nhn tin a phng tin (MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service): Dch v nhn tin a phng tin MMS cho php nhng ngi dng in thoi di ng c th trao i nhng bc nh tnh (JPG) hoc cc hnh ng (GIF), m thanh hoc ging ni, nhng on video (Streaming video) v vn bn ln n 1000 k t. Vi dch v MMS, cc tin nhn khng ch c gi gia cc my in thoi di ng m cn t my in thoi di ng gi n email v ngc li.

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KT LUN

Mng thng tin di ng s v ang pht trin ht sc nhanh chng. N cng cc dch v khc gp mt phn khng nh trong cng cuc hin i mng vin thng Vit Nam. V vy vic nghin cu mng thng tin di ng l ht sc cn tht. Tuy nhin y l mt mng tI ln v vi thi gian thc tp hn mt thng nn ti ch mi dng mc cp tng quan. Ti hy vng s pht trin ti ny rng hn trong n tt nghip vi trng tm vo cc dch v mi ca GSM 2,5G.

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Mt ln na ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti TS. Phm Cng Hng v ton th cc k s ti phng k thut cng ty VMS gip ti hon thnh bn bo co ny.

PH LC: CC T VIT TT

AB AGCH AMPS ARQ AUC BCCH BCH BER BIE BSC BSIC BSS BTS C/A C/I

Access Burst Access Grant Channel Advanced Mobile Phone System Automatic Repeat Request Authentication Center Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Bit Error Rate Base Station Controller Base Station Identity Code Base Station System Base Transceiver Station Carrier to adjacent ratio Carrier to interference ratio

Cm truy nhp Knh cho php truy nhp H thng in thoi di ng tin tin Yu cu lp li t ng Trung tm nhn thc Knh iu khin qung b Knh qung b T s bit li B iu khin trm gc M nhn dng trm gc H thng trm gc Trm thu pht gc T s sng mang trn sng ln cn T s sng mang trn nhiu

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C/R CCCH CCITT

Carrier to reflection ratio Common Control Channel International Telegraph & Telephone Consultative Committee Circuit Switched Public Data Network Dedicated Control Channel Data Communication Subsystem Equipment Identity Register European Telecommunication Standards Institude Fast Associated Control

T s sng mang trn sng phn x Knh iu khin chung U ban t vn quc t v in thoi v in bo Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh Knh iu khin ring Phn h thng tin s liu Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh Cm hiu chnh tn s Knh hiu chnh tn s a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s MSC cng Dch v v tuyn gi chung Thng tin di ng ton cu Thanh ghi nh v thng tr Nhn dng thit b di ng quc t Nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t Mng s a dch v Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu Chc nng tng tc Vng nh v 47

CSPDN DCCH DCS EIR ETSI

FACCH FB FCCH FDMA GMSC GPRS GSM HLR IMEI IMSI

Channel Frequency Correction Burst Frequency Correction Channel Frequency Division Multiple Access Gateway MSC General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Communication Home Location Register International Mobile Equipment Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity Integrated Service Digital

ISDN ISI IWF LA

Network Intersymbol Interference Inter Working Function Location Area

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LAC LAI ME MMS MS MSC

Location Area Code Location Area Identity Mobile Equipment Multimedia Messaging Service Mobile Station Mobile services Switching Center Mobile Station ISDN

M vng nh v Nhn dng vng nh v Thit b di ng Dch v nhn tin a phng tin Trm di ng Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng S ISDN trm di ng S lu ng trm di ng Cm bnh thng in thoi di ng Bc u Trung tm bo dng v vn hnh H thng khai thc v h tr Knh tm gi iu ch xung m S nhn dng c nhn Mng di ng mt t cng cng Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng Knh truy nhp ngu nhin S ngu nhin Knh iu khin lin kt chm Cm ng b Knh ng b Knh iu khin ring ng mt mnh 48

MSISDN Number Mobile Station Roaming MSRN NB NMT OMC Number Normal Burst Nordic Mobile Telephone Operation and Maintenance Center Operation and Support OSS PCH PCM PIN PLMN PSPDN PSTN RACH RAND SACCH SB SCH SDCCH System Paging Channel Pulse Code Modulation Personal Identification Number Public Land Mobile Network Packet Switch Public Data Network Public Switched Telephone Network Random Access Channel Random number Slow Associated Control Channel Synchronization Burst Synchronization Channel Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel

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SIM SMS SRES SS TACS TCH TDMA TMN TRAU VLR WAP

Subscriber Identity Module Short Message Service Signed Response Switching System Total Access Communication System Traffic Channel Time Division Multiple Access Telecommunication Management Network Transcoder/Rate Adaptation Unit Visitor Location Register Wireless Application Protocol

Mun nhn dng thu bao Dch v nhn tin ngn Mt khu H thng chuyn mch H thng thng tin truy nhp ton b Knh lu lng a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Mng qun l vin thng Khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc Thanh ghi nh v tm tr Giao thc ng dng khng dy

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