Professional Documents
Culture Documents
H ni 2008/07/18
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Bi 1
I. T VNG
<watashi> : ti
<watashitachi>: chng ta, chng ti
<anata> : bn
<anohito> : ngi kia
<anokata> : v kia
<minasan> : cc bn, cc anh, cc ch, mi ngi
<san> : anh , ch
<chan> : b ( dng cho n) hoc gi thn mt cho tr con ( c nam ln n)
<kun> : b (dng cho nam) hoc gi thn mt
<jin> : ngi nc
<sensei> : gio vin
<kyoushi> : gio vin ( dng ni n ngh nghip)
<gakusei> : hc sinh, sinh vin
<kaishain> : nhn vin cng ty
<shain> : nhn vin cng ty
<ginkouin> : nhn vin ngn hng
<isha> : bc s
<kenkyuusha> : nghin cu sinh
<ENJINIA> : k s
<daigaku> : trng i hc
<byouin> : bnh vin
<denki> : in
<dare> : ai (hi ngi no )
<donata> : ngi no, v no (cng ngha trn nhng lch s hn)
: <sai> : tui
<nansai> : my tui
<oikutsu> : my tui (Dng lch s hn)
<hai> : vng
<iie> : khng
<shitsurei desu ga> : xin li ( khi mun nh ai vic g )
<onamaewa> : bn tn g?
<hajimemashite> : cho ln u gp nhau
: rt hn hnh c lm quen
<kochirawa san desu> : y l ngi
<kara kimashita> : n t
<AMERIKA> : M
<IGIRISU> : Anh
2
<INDO> : n
<INDONESHIA> : Indonesia
<kankoku> : Hn quc
<TAI> : Thi Lan
<chuugoku> : Trung Quc
<DOICHI> : c
<nihon> : Nht
<FURANSU> : Php
<BURAJIRU> : Brazil
<sakura daigaku> : Trng H Sakura
<fuji daigaku> : Trng H Ph S
IMC: tn cng ty
<BAWA-denki> : tn cng ty in kh Power
<BURAJIRUEA> : hng khng Brazil
AKC: tn cng ty
II. NG PHP
Mu cu 1: _____<ha>_____<desu>
* Vi mu cu ny ta dng tr t <ha> (c l <wa>, ch khng phi l <ha> trong bng ch
- y l cu trc cu-.) T ch ny v sau s vit l <wa> lun, cc bn c hiu khi vit s l vit
ch <ha> trong bng ch
* Cch dng: Dng ni tn, ngh nghip, quc tch ( tng t nh ng t TO BE ca ting
Anh.
* y l mu cu khng nh
Vd:
<watashi wa MAIKU MIRA- desu>
( ti l Michael Miler)
Mu cu 2: _____<wa>_____<ja>/<dewa>
* Mu cu vn dng tr t <wa> nhng vi ngha ph nh. mu cu ny ta c th dng
<ja> hoc <dewa> i trc <arimasen> u c.
* Cch dng tng t nh cu trc khng nh.
3
LL
cc TThhuunn
Vd:
()
<SANTOSU san wa gakusei ja (dewa) arimasen.>
( anh Santose khng phi l sinh vin.)
Mu cu 3:_____<wa> _____<desu><ka>
* y l dng cu hi vi tr t <wa> v tr t nghi vn <ka> cui cu
* Cch dng: Cu hi dng ny c dch l _______ c phi khng? ( ging vi To BE ca
ting Anh)
Vd:
<MIRA- san wa kaishain desu ka>
( anh Miler c phi l nhn vin cng ty khng?)
[/color]( anh Santose cng l nhn vin cng ty)
<iie, watashi wa daigakusei ja arimasen. (Watashi wa) Kaishain desu.>
(Khng, ti khng phi l sinh vin i hc, ti l nhn vin cng ty.)
CH : i vi cc cu c qu nhiu ch ng watashi wa hoc cc cu hi trng lp ta c th
lc b bt cho cu vn ngn gn.
IMC
<MIRAsan wa IMC no shain desu>
(Anh Michael l nhn vin cng ty IMC)
<TERESA chan wa nansai (oikutsu) desu ka>
(B Teresa bao nhiu tui?)
<TERESA chan wa kyuu sai desu>
(B Teresa 9 tui)
() ()
<ano hito (kata) wa dare (donata) desu ka>
(Ngi ny (v ny) l ai (ngi no) vy ?
<ano hito (kata) wa kimura san desu
(Ngi ny (v ny) l anh (ng) Kimura.)
Mu cu 5: _____ <wa>___<no>
- y l cu trc dng tr t <no> ch s s hu.
- C khi mang ngha l ca nhng c khi khng mang ngha cu vn hay hn.
Vd:
IMC .
<IMC no shain>
(Nhn vin ca cng ty IMC>
<Nihongo no hon>
(Sch ting Nht)
5
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cc TThhuunn
<Yamada san wa oikutsu desu ka?>
(Anh Yamada bao nhiu tui vy?)
<Yamada san wa yonjuugo sai desu>
(Anh Yamada 45 tui)
S m:
<ichi>
<ni>
<san>
<yon> (<shi>
<go>
<roku>
<nana> (<shichi>
<hachi>
<kyuu>
<juu>
<juuichi>
<juuni>
<nijuu>
<nijuuichi>
<nijuuni>
6
<issai> 1 tui
<nijuu issai> 21 tui
<hatachi> 20 tui
<ano kata wa donata desu ka>
(V ny l ngi no vy?)
Cc im ch thm:
Khi gii thiu tn mnh khng bao gi c ni thm ch <san> hoc <sama> ( c
ngha l ngi, gi mt cch tn knh) v trong ting Nht c s t nh l ngi Nht lun t h
mnh trc ngi khc. Khi gii thiu tn ngi khc th phi thm ch <san> hoc
<sama> ( khi gii thiu ngi ln tui c a v x hi cao)
Mu cu 8:__A___
+ ___A__ _____
LL
cc TThhuunn
Mu cu 9: ___A__ ___1_____2__
+ ___A__ __1(2)___
- y l dng cu hi chn la trong hai hay nhiu s vt, s vic khc nhau.
- Ngha l ___A__ l _____ hay l _____?
Vd:
- A san wa ENGINIA desuka, isha desuka. ( A l k s hay l bc s ?)
+ A san wa isha desu. ( A l bc s
Mu cu 10: ___A__
_____
A
- y l cu hi v bn cht ca mt s vt, s vic
- Nghi l: A l _____ g?
Vd:
-Kono hon wa nanno hon desuka. ( cun sch ny l sch g?)
+ Kono hon wa Nihongo no hon desu.( cun sch ny l sch ting Nht)
Mu cu 11: ___A__
A
- y l cu hi vi t hi:
- Ngha ca t hi ny l A l Ci g?
Vd:
- Kore wa nandesuka. (y l ci g?)
+ Kore wa NOTO desu. (ay l cun tp)
Mu cu 12:
A
y l cu hi lch s.
- y l cu hi dng hi tn.
- Ngha l Tn ca bn ____ l g?
Vd:
- Onamae wa. ( hoc shitsure desu ga, onamaewa hoc Anatano namae wa nandesuka) ( Tn bn
l g?)
+ watashi wa A desu. Tn ti l A
8
Mu cu 13:
- y l cu hi dng hi qu hng ca ai . Dng Nghi vn t hi ni chn
- Ngha l Qu ca _____ u?
Vd:
- Inaka wa doko desuka ( Qu ca bn u?)
+ watashi no inaka wa CANTO desu.( qu ti Cn Th)
Bi2
I. T Vng
: <kore> y
: <sore>
: <are> kia
: <kono> ~ny
: <sono> ~
: <ano> ~kia
: <hon>Sch
: <jisho> T in
: <zasshi> tp ch
: <shimbun> bo
: <NOTO> tp
: <techou> s tay
: <meishi> danh thip
: <KA-DO> card
: <TELEHONKA-DO> card in thoi
: <embitsu>vit ch
: <BO-RUPEN> Vit bi
: <SHA-PUPENSHIRU> vit ch bm
: <kagi> ch kho
: <tokei> ng h
: <kasa>Ci d
: <kaban> ci cp
: <KASETTO TE-PU> bng ( casset)
: <TE-PUREKO-DA->my casset
: <TEREBI>ci TV
: <RAZIO> ci radio
: <KAMERA> ci my chp hnh
9
LL
cc TThhuunn
: <KOMPYU-TA-> my vi tnh
: <jidousha> xe hi
: <tsukue> ci bn
: <isu> ci gh
: <CHOKORE-TO> ko scla
: <KO-HI-> c ph
: <eigo> ting Anh
: <nihongo> ting Nht
: <~go> ting ~
: <nan> ci g
: <dou> th no
: <chigaimasu> khng phI, sai ri
: <sodesuka> th ?
: <anou> .. ( ngp ngng khi ngh hoc suy ngh 1 vn )
<honnokimochidesu> y l cht lng thnh
: <douzo> xin mi
: <doumo> cm n
: <doumo arigatou gozaimasu> Xin chn thnh
cm n
: <korekara osewa ninarimasu> T nay mong c gip
<kochirakoso yoroshiku> chnh ti mi l ngi mong c gip .
II. Ng Php - Mu cu:
_____ <_____wa nanno~ desuka>
- ngha: _____ l ci g?
- Cch dng: y l mu cu dng hi v th loi hay thuc tnh ca mt s vt, hin tng.
Ta cng c th dng hi vi ngha l s hu khi thay i t hI <nan> bng t hi
<dare> m sau ny chng ta s hc ti!
- V d:
Kore wa nanno hon desuka?
(y l sch g?)
+ kore wa Nihongo no hon desu.
(y l sch ting Nht)
Hm nay l th my?
+Kyou wa kayoubi desu.
Hm nay l th ba
b. KURISUMASU wa nanyoubi desuka.
NOEL l th my?
+ KURISUMASU wa suiyoubi desu.
NOEL ngy th T.
<kore>
<sore> <wa nan desuka?>
<are>
- ngha: Ci ny/ci / ci kia l ci g?
- Cch dng:
a. Vi <kore> th dng hi vt gn mnh, khi tr li phi dng <sore> v khi vt xa
ngi tr li
b. Vi <sore> dng hi vt gn ngi ni chuyn vi mnh, khi tr li phi dng <sore>
c. Vi <are> dng hi vt khng gn ai c nn tr li vn l <are>
- V d:
Kore wa nanno hon desuka?
y l sch g?
+ Sore wa Kanjino hon desu.
l sch Kanji
- ngha: ~ny/~/~kia l ~ g?
- Cch dng tng t mu cu s 4 nhng c nhn mnh hn!
11
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cc TThhuunn
- V d:
Sono zasshi wa nanno zasshi desuka?
cun tp ch l tp ch g?
+ kono zasshi wa KOMPU-TA- no zasshi desu.
cun tp ch ny l tp ch v Vi tnh.
Phn ph lc:
<nanyobi> th my
<getsuyoubi> th Hai
<kayoubi> th Ba
<suiyoubi> th T
<mokuyoubi> th Nm
<kinyoubi> th Su
<doyoubi> th By
<nichiyoubi> Ch Nht
<nannichi> ngy my
Nht trong 10 ngy u ngi ta c cch c khc i so vi cc ngy cn lI, v chng ta c
th dng cho c hai trng hp l ngy ~ hoc ~ngy
<tsuitachi> ngy 1 ( hoc 1 ngy)
<futsuka> ngy 2 ( hoc hai ngy)
<mikka> ngy 3 (//)
<yokka> ngy 4 (//)
<itsuka> ngy 5 (//)
<muika> ngy 6 (//)
<nanoka> ngy 7 (//)
<youka> ngy 8 (//)
<kokonoka> ngy 9 (//)
<to-ka> ngy 10 (//)
Cc ngy cn li ta m bng cch rp cch m s vi ch <nichi> l c (vd:
jyuuichinichi=ngy 11.) nhng c 1 s trng hp c bit sau: v tng t cho cc s cn li
( vd: nijyuu yokka= ngy 24)
<jyuu yokka> Ngy 14
<jyuu kunichi> ngy 19 (im khc bit so vi m s thng thng ca s ny
l s chn khng c trng m, ku thay v kuu
<hatsuka> ngy 20 ci n ch c 1 ln thi!!! Khng lp li nha!!!
Bi 3
12
I. T Vng
<koko> y
<soko>
<asoko> kia
<doko> (nghi vn t) u
<kochira> ( knh ng) y
<sochira> (//)
<achira> (//) kia
<dochira> (//)(nghi vn t) u, hng no
<kyoshitsu> phng hc
<shokudo> nh n
<jimusho> vn phng
<kaigishitsu> phng hp
<uketsuke> quy tip tn
<ROBI-> i snh (LOBBY)
<heya> cn phng
<TOIRE (ote arai)> Toilet
<kaidan> cu thang
<EREBE-TA-> thang my
<ESUKARE-TA-> thang cun
<(o) kuni> quc gia ( nc)
<kaisha> cng ty
<uchi> nh
<denwa> in thoi
<kutsu> i giy
< NEKUTAI> Cravat ( neck tie)
<WAIN> ru ty (wine)
<tabako> thuc l
<uriba> ca hng
<chika> tng hm
<ikkai> tng 1
<nankai> (nghi vn t) tng my
<~en> ~ yn ( tin t Nht bn)
<ikura> (nghi vn t) Bao nhiu ( hi gi c)
<hyaku> Trm
<sen> ngn
<man> vn ( 10 ngn)
<sumimasen> xin li
<(~o) misete kudasai> xin cho xem ~
13
LL
cc TThhuunn
II. Ng php - Mu cu
<koko>
_____ <soko wa _____ desu>
<asoko>
- ngha: y l/ l/kia l _____
- Cch dng dng gii thiu, ch cho ai mt ni no
- VD:
Koko wa uketsuke desu. (y l bn tip tn)
<koko>
_____
- VD:
a. koko wa doko desuka? (y l u?)
b. ROBI- wa doko desuka? (i snh u?)
c. SANTOSU san wa doko desuka? ( Anh SANTOSE u?)
+ SANTOSUSAN wa kaigi jitsu desu. ( Anh SANTOSE phng hp)
_____
<kochira>
<_____wa sochira desu.>
<achira>
Bi 4
I) T VNG
<okimasu> : thc dy
<nemasu> : ng
<hatarakimasu> : lm vic
<yasumimasu> : ngh ngi
<benkyoushimasu> : hc tp
<owarimasu> : kt thc
<DEPA-TO> : ca hng bch ha
<ginkou> : ngn hng
<yuubinkyoku> : bu in
< <toshokan> : th vin
<bijutsukan> : vin bo tng
<denwabangou> : s in thoi
<nanban> : s my
<ima> : by gi
<ji> : ~gi
<fun> <pun> : pht
<han> : phn na
<nanji> : my gi
<nanpun> : my pht
<gozen> : sng (AM: trc 12 gi)
<gogo> : chiu (PM: sau 12 gi)
<asa> : sng
<hiru> : tra
<ban> : ti
<yoru> : ti
<ototoi> : ngy hm kia
<kinou> : ngy hm qua
17
LL
cc TThhuunn
<kyou> : hm nay
<ashita> : ngy mai
<asatsute> : ngy mt
<kesa> : sng nay
<konban> : ti nay
<yuube> : ti hm qua
<yasumi> : ngh ngi (danh t)
<hiruyasumi> : ngh tra
<maiasa> : mi sng
<maiban> : mi ti
<mainichi> : mi ngy
<PEKIN> : Bc Kinh
<BANKOKU> Bangkok
<RONDON> Lun n
<ROSANZERUSU> : Los Angeles
<taihendesune> : vt v nh
<bangouannai> : dch v 116 (hi s in thoi)
<otoiawase> : (s in thoi) bn mun bit / hi l
<(o) onegaishimasu> : lm n
<kashikomarimashita> : hiu ri
II) MU CU - NG PHP
Ng Php
ng T
ng t chia lm 3 lai :
- ng t qu kh
- ng t hin ti
- ng t tng lai
a) ng t hin ti - tng lai
C ui l ch masu
V d :
watashi wa kuji ni nemasu ( ti ng lc 9 gi )
ashita watashi wa RONDON e ikimasu (Ngy mai ti i Lun n)
( Ch e cu trn vit l he nhng c l e v y l ng php )
b) ng t qu kh
C ui l ch mashita
V d : nemashita ( ng)
tabemashita ( n)
Hin ti sang qu kh : masu - mashita
( b ch su thm ch shita vo )
Tr T theo sau ng t c nhiu tr t, nhng y l 3 tr t s cp :
a) he (c l e) : Ch dng cho 3 ng t
- ikimasu : i
- kimasu : n
- kaerimasu : tr v
b) o (ch o th hai) : Dng cho cc tha ng t
c) ni : dng cho cc ng t lin quan n thi gian nh
- nemasu : ng
- okimasu : thc dy
- yasumimasu : ngh ngi
- owarimasu : kt thc
c Bit : aimasu ( gp )
V d :
Bi 5
I.T VNG
<ikimasu> : i
<kimasu> : n
<kaerimasu> : tr v
<gakkou> : trng hc
<SU-PA-> : siu th
<eki> : nh ga
<hikouki> : my bay
<fune> : thuyn/tu
<densha> : xe in
19
LL
cc TThhuunn
<chikatetsu> : xe in ngm
<shinkansen> : tu cao tc
<BASU> : xe but
<TAKUSHI-> : xe taxi
<jidensha> : xe p
<aruite> <(ikimasu)> : i b
<hito> : ngi
<tomodachi> : bn
<kare> : anh y
<kanojo> : c y
<kazoku> : gia nh
<hitoride> : mt mnh
<senshuu> : tun truc
<konshuu> : tun ny
<raishuu> : tun ti
<sengetsu> : thng trc
<kongetsu> : thng ny
<raigetsu> : thng ti
<kyonen> : nm ri
<kotoshi> : nm nay
<rainen> : nm ti
<~gatsu> : thng ~
<nangatsu> : thng my
<ichinichi> : mt ngy
<nannichi> : ngy my
<itsu> : khi no
<tanjoubi> : sinh nht
<futsu> : thng thng
<kyuukou> : tc hnh
<totsukyuu> : ha tc
<tsugino> : k tip
<arigatou gozaimashita> : cm n
<dou itashimashite> : khng c chi
<~bansen> : tuyn th ~
II. MU CU
Mu Cu 1
20
Cu trc :
__
<__wa nani o shimasuka>
V d :
<anata wa nani o shimasuka>
(Bn ang lm g ?)
Mu Cu 2
Cu trc :
__
<__wa dare to nani o shimasuka>
V d : A
<A san wa tomodachi to nani o shimasuka>
(A ang lm g vi bn vy)
A
<A san wa tomodachi to satsuka- o shimasu>
(A ang chi banh vi bn)
Cch dng : Dng hi ngi no ang lm g vi ai
Mu Cu 3
Cu trc :
__
<__wa doko de nani o shimasu ka>
V d : B
<B san wa kouen de nani o shimasu ka>
(B ang lm g cng vin vy ?)
B
<B san wa kouen de TENISU o shimasu>
(B ang chi tenis cng vin)
Cch dng : Dng hi mt ngi no ang lm g mt ni no .
Mu Cu 4
21
LL
cc TThhuunn
Cu trc :
__
<__dare to nan de doko e ikimasu>
V d :
<watashi wa koibito to densha de kouen e ikimasu>
(Ti cng vi ngi yu i xe in n cng vin) (^_^)
Cch dng : Dng ni mt ngi no cng vi ai, i n u bng phng tin g.
Mu Cu 5
Cu trc :
__
<__ wa nani o doushi ka>
V d :
<kinou anata wa eiga o mimashitaka>
(Ngy hm qua bn c xem phim khng ?)
<hai, mimashita>
(C)
<iie, mimasendeshita>
(Khng)
Cch dng : y l dng cu hi c, khng hi ai v mt vn g .
D nhin l trong cc mu cu trn cc bn c th thm vo thi gian cho ph hp vi cu v
ng t.
Ghi ch :
<dare> : ai
<doko> : u
<nani> : ci g (dng cho danh t)
<nan> : ci g (dng cho ng t)
<doushi> : ng t
<shimasu> : chi, lm
Ph ch :
Cc th trong ng t :
a) Th khng nh
22
ui ca ng t l <masu>
V d : <ikimasu>
<kaerimasu>
b) Th ph nh
ui ca ng t l <masen>
V d : <ikimasen>
<kaerimasen>
c) Th nghi vn
Thm t <ka> vo sau ng t
V d : <mimasuka> : C xem khng ?
d) Th khng nh trong qu kh
ui ca ng t l <mashita>
V d : <mimashita> : xem ri
e) Th ph nh trong qu kh
ui ca ng t l <masendeshita>
V d : <mimasendeshita> : khng xem
f) Th nghi vn trong qu kh
Nh th nghi vn ca ng t hin ti
V d : <mimashitaka> : C xem khng (trong qu kh ?)
Ch : trong cu khng nh v nghi vn c ng t khng dng <desu> cui cu,
<desu> ch dng cho danh t.
Bi 6
I/ T VNG
<tabemasu> : n
<nomimasu> : ung
<suimasu> : ht
<tabako o suimasu> : ht thuc
<mimasu> : xem
<kikimasu> : nghe
<yomimasu> : c
<kakimasu> :vit, v
<kaimasu> : mua
<torimasu> : chp
<shashin o torimasu> : chp hnh
<shimasu> : lm, chi
<aimasu> : gp
<tomodachi ni aimasu> : gp bn
<gohan> : cm
<asagohan> : ba sng
23
LL
cc TThhuunn
<hirugohan> : ba tra
<bangohan> : ba ti
<PAN> : bnh m
<tamago> : trng
<niku> : tht
<sakana> : c
<yasai> : rau
<kudamono> : tri cy
<mizu> : nc
<ocha> : tr
<koucha> : hng tr
<gyuunyuu> : sa
<MIRUKU> : sa
<JU-SU> : nc tri cy
<BI-RU> : bia
<(o)sake> : ru sake
<SAKKA-> : bng
<TENISU> : tenis
CD <CD> : a CD
<BIDEO> : bng video
<nani> : ci g
<sorekara> : sau
<chotto> : mt cht
<mise> : tim, qun
<RESUTORAN> : nh hng
<tegami> : th
<REPO-TO> : bi bo co
<tokidoki> : thnh thong
<itsumo> : thng, lc no cng
<ishshoni> : cng nhau
<iidesune> : c, tt nh
<ee> : vng
<kouen> : cng vin
<nandesuka> : ci g vy ?
<(o)hanami> : vic ngm hoa
<oosakajoukouen> : tn cng vin
<wakarimashita> : hiu ri
<ja, mata> : hn gp li
II/ NG PHP - MU CU
24
Bi 7
I\ T VNG
<kirimasu> : ct
<okurimasu> : gi
25
LL
cc TThhuunn
<agemasu> : tng
<moraimasu> : nhn
<kashimasu> : cho mn
<karimasu> : mn
<oshiemasu> y
<naraimasu> : hc
<kakemasu> :gi in
<[denwa o kakemasu]> : gi in thoi
<te> : tay
<hashi> : a
<SUPU-N> : mung
<NAIFU> : dao
<FO-KU> : na
<hasami> : ko
<FAKUSU> <(FAKKUSU)> : my fax
<WA-PURO> : my nh ch
<PASOKON> : my tnh c nhn
<PANCHI> : ci bm l
<HOCHCHIKISU> : ci bm giy
<SEROTE-PU> : bng keo
<keshiGOMU> : cc gm
<kami> : giy ( tc )
<hana> : hoa (ci mi)
<SHATSU> : o s mi
<PUREZENTO> : qu tng
<nimotsu> : hnh l
<okane> : tin
<kippu> : v
<KURISUMASU> : l Noel
<chichi> : cha ti
<haha> : m ti
<otousan> : b ca bn
<okaasan> : m ca bn
<mou> : ri
<mada> : cha
<korekara> : t by gi
<sutekidesune> : tuyt vi qu nh
<gomenkudasai> : xin li c ai nh khng ?
<irashshai>
: anh (ch) n chi
<douzo oagari kudasai>: xin mi anh (ch) vo nh
26
II\ NG PHP - MU CU
Mu cu 1:
Cu trc: <dougu> + <de> + <nani> + <o> + V <Vmasu>
Cch dng: Lm g bng dng c g .
V d:
Mu cu 2:
Cu trc: <wa> + <kongo>+ <de> + <nan desuka>
Cch dng: Dng hi xem mt t no theo ngn ng no c l g.
V d:
Good bye
27
LL
cc TThhuunn
Mu cu 3:
Cu trc: <dare> + <ni> + <nani> + <o> + <agemasu>
Cch dng: Khi tng ai ci g
V d:
Mu cu 5:
Cu trc:
+ Cu hi:
<mou> + <nani> + <o> + V <Vmashita ka>
+Tr li:
V
<hai, mou Vmashita>
<hai, mou tabemashita>
(Vng, ti n ri)
Bi 8
I. T VNG
<minikui> : Xu
<HANSAMUna> : p trai
<kireina> : (cnh) p, p (gi), sch
<shizukana> : yn tnh
<nigiyakana> : nhn nhp
<yuumeina> : ni ting
<shinsetsuna> : t t
<genkina> : khe
<himana> : rnh ri
<isogashii> : bn rn
<benrina> : tin li
<sutekina> : tuyt vi
<ookii> : to ln
<chiisai> : nh
<atarashii> : mi
<furui> : c
29
LL
cc TThhuunn
<ii> : tt
<warui> : xu
<atsui> : (tr) nng
<tsumetai> : (nc ) lnh
<atsui> : (tri) nng
<samui> : (tri) lnh
<muzukashii> : (bi tp) kh
<yasashii> : (bi tp) d
<kibishii> : nghim khc
<yasashii> : du dng, hin t
<takai> : t
<yasui> : r
<hikui> : thp
<takai> : cao
<omoshiroi> : th v
<tsumaranai> : chn
<oishii> : ngon
<mazui> : d
<tanoshii> : vui v
<shiroi> : trng
<kuroi> : en
<akai> :
<aoi> : xanh
<sakura> : hoa anh o
<yama> : ni
<machi> : thnh ph
<tabemono> : thc n
<tokoro> : ch
<ryou> : k tc x
<benkyou> : hc tp ( danh t )
<seikatsu> : cuc sng
() <(o)shigoto> : cng vic
<dou> : nh th no
<donna> : no
<dore> : ci no
<totemo> : rt
() <amarimasen(kunai)> : khnglm
<soshite> : v
<ga,> : nhng
<ogenki desu ka> : c khe khng ?
30
II. NG PHP - MU CU
1. Tnh t <na>
a. Th khng nh hin ti:
Khi nm trong cu, th ng sau tnh t l t <desu>
V d:
LL
cc TThhuunn
<Ho Chi Minh shi wa nigiyaka na machi desu>
(Thnh ph H Ch Minh l mt thnh ph nhn nhp.)
Quc
<Quc san wa HANSAMU na hito desu>
<Quc l mt ngi p trai >
Tc dng: Lm nhn mnh ca cu.
2 Tnh t <i>
a. Th khng nh hin ti:
Khi nm trong cu, th ng sau tnh t l t <desu>
V d:
<desu>
V d:
Tnh t <i>
4. Cc mu cu
a. Mu cu 1:
S + <wa> + <dou> + <desu ka>
Cch dng: Dng hi mt vt hay mt ngi no (t khi dng) c tnh cht nh th no.
V d:
LL
cc TThhuunn
<betonamu no tabemono wa takai desu ga, oishii desu>
<Thc n ca Vit Nam tuy mc nhng m ngon.>
Bi 9
I. T VNG
<wakarimasu> : hiu
<arimasu> : c ( vt)
<sukina>: thch
<kiraina> : ght
<jouzuna>: .....gii
<hetana> : ......d
<ryouri> : vic nu nng thc n
<nomimono> : thc ung
<SUPO-TSU> : th thao
<yakyuu> : d cu
<DANSU> : khiu v
<ongaku> : m nhc
<uta> : bi ht
<KURASHIKKU> : nhc c in
<JAZU> : nhc jazz
<KONSA-TO> : bui ha nhc
<KARAOKE> : karaoke
<kabuki> : nhc kabuki ca Nht
<e> : tranh
<ji> : ch
<kanji> : ch Hn
<hiragana> : Ch Hiragana
<katakana> : ch Katakana
<RO-MAji> : ch romaji
<komakaiokane> : tin l
<CHIKETTO> : v
<jikan> : thi gian
<youji> : vic ring
<yakusoku> : hn
<goshujin> : chng (ca ngi khc)
/ <otto / shujin> : chng (ca mnh)
<okusan> : v (ca ngi khc)
/ <tsuma / kanai> : v (ca mnh)
37
LL
cc TThhuunn
<kodomo> : tr con
( <yoku (wakarimasu)> : (hiu) r
<daigaku> : i hc
<takusan> : nhiu
<sukoshi> : mt cht
<zenzen~nai> : hon ton~khng
<daitai> : i khi
() <hayaku (kaerimasu)> : (v) sm
<hayaku> : nhanh
<~kara> : ~v, do
<doushite> : ti sao
<zannen desu ne> : ng tic tht
<moshimoshi> : alo
<ishshoni~ikaga desu ka> cng...c c khng?
() ..... <(~wa) chotto......> : th...(ng khng c)
<dame desu ka> : khng c phi khng ?
<matakondo onegaishimasu> : hn k sau
II. NG PHP - MU CU
*Ng php - Mu cu 1:
Ng php:
+ +
<mono ( vt)> + <ga> + (tnh cht) <arimasu> : c ci g ...
+ +
<mono ( vt)> + <ga> + (tnh cht) <arimasen>: khng c ci g ...
Mu cu:
+ + +
<~wa> + <mono ( vt)> + <ga> + <arimasu ka> : ai c ci g khng ?
V d:
Lan
<Lan chan wa nihongo no jisho ga arimasu ka>
(Lan c t in ting Nht khng?)
<hai, nihongo no jisho ga arimasu>
(Vng, ti c t in ting Nht)
38
Quc
<Quc kun wa jitensha ga arimasu ka>
(Quc c xe p khng?)
<iie, jitensha ga arimasen>
(Khng, ti khng c xe p)
*Ng php - Mu cu 2:
Ng php:
Danh t + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <wakarimasu> : hiu vn g ...
Danh t + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <wakarimasen>: khng hiu vn g ...
Mu cu:
+ danh t + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> +<wakarimasu ka> : ai c hiu ci vn no khng ?
V d:
Bo
<Bo kun wa nihongo ga wakarimasu ka>
(Bo c hiu ting Nht khng ?)
<hai, watashi wa nihongo ga sukoshi wakarimasu>
(Vng, ti hiu cht cht>
Quc
<Quc kun wa kankokugo ga wakarimasu ka>
(Quc c hiu ting Hn Quc khng ?)
<iie, watashi wa kankokugo ga zenzen wakarimasen>
(Khng, ti hon ton khng hiu)
*Ng php - Mu cu 3:
Ng php:
Danh t +
+
Danh t +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <kirai> +<desu> : ght ci g ...
39
LL
cc TThhuunn
Mu cu:
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <suki> + <desu ka> : ai c thch ci g hay khng ?
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <kirai> + <desu ka> : ai c ght ci g khng ?
V d:
Long
<Long kun wa nihongo ga suki desu ka>
(Long c thch ting Nht khng ?)
<hai, watashi wa nihongo ga totemo suki desu>
(Vng, ti rt thch ting Nht)
A
<A san wa KARAOKE ga suki desu ka>
(A c thch karaoke khng ?)
<iie, watashi wa KARAOKE ga amari suki ja arimasen>
(Khng, ti khng thch karaoke lm)
Ch : Cc bn nn hn ch dng <kirai> v t kh nhy cm vi ngi Nht, nu cc
bn ch hi khng thch th nn dng ph nh ca <suki> l <suki ja
arimasen> cng vi <amari> gim mc ca cu ni , tr khi mnh qu ght th .
*Ng php - Mu cu 4:
Ng php:
Danh t + + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <jouzu> + <desu> : gii ci g ...
Danh t + + +
Danh t + <ga> + (tnh cht) <heta> + <desu> : d ci g ...
Mu cu:
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <jouzu> + <desu ka> : ai c gii v ci g khng ?
+ danh t + + +
<~wa> + danh t + <ga> + <heta> + <desu ka> : ai c d v ci g khng ?
V d:
B
<B san wa nihongo ga jouzu desu ka>
40
*Ng php - Mu cu 5:
Cu hi ti sao: <doushite~ka>
Cu tr li bi v:~<~kara>
V d:
A
<kesa A san wa gakkou e ikimasen deshi ta>
(Sng nay A khng n trng)
Bui ti, B sang nh hi A :
B:
B:<doushite kesa gakkou e ikimasen deshi ta ka><Ti sao sng nay bn khng n trng?>
A:
A:<watashi wa genki ja arimasen deshi ta kara>
(Bi v ti khng khe)
*Ng php - Mu cu 6:
V l do g nn lm ci g .
,
~
+ danh t + V
<~kara>, <~wa> + danh t + <wo> + <Vmasu>
V d:
<watashi wa nihongo no hon ga arimasen kara>
(Bi v ti khng c sch ting Nht>
41
LL
cc TThhuunn
*Ng php - Mu cu 7:
Ch ng + + danh t chung + + / +
Ch ng + <donna> + danh t chung + <ga> + <jouzu>/<suki> + <desu ka> : Ai c
gii/thch v mt loi ca mt lnh vc no .
V d:
A /
<A san wa donna SUPO-TSU ga suki / jouzu desu ka>
(Anh A thch/gii loi th thao no ?)
/
<watashi wa SAKKA- ga suki / jouzu desu>
(Ti thch/gii bng )
Bi 10
I. T VNG
<reizouko> : t lnh
<TE-BURU> : bn trn
<BEDDO> : ci ging
<tana> : ci k
<DOA> : ca ra vo
<mado> : ca s
<POSUTO> : thng th
<BIRU> : ta nh cao tng
<kouen> : cng vin
<kissaten> : qun nc
<honya> : tim sch
<ya> : hiu, sch
<noriba> : bn xe, bn ga, tu
<ken> : huyn (tng ng tnh ca VN)
<ue> : trn
<shita> : di
<mae> : trc
<ushiro> : sau
<migi> : bn phi
<hidari> : bn tri
<naka> : bn trong
<soto> : bn ngoi
<tonari> : bn cnh
<chikaku> : ch gn y
<tono aida> : giav
() <ya(nado)> : chng hnhay (hoc)
<ichiban> : nht
<danme> : ngn th
() <(doumo) sumimasen> : xin li
pha trong
<CHIRISO-SU> : tng t
<SUPAISUKO-NA-> : quy gia v
II. NG PHP - MU CU
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 1:
Ng Php:
43
LL
cc TThhuunn
Noun + +
Noun + <ga> + <imasu> : c ai , c con g
Mu Cu:
<doko> + <ni> + <dare> + <ga> + <imasu ka> : u c ai vy ?
V d:
<kouen ni dare ga imasu ka>
(Trong cng vin c ai vy ?)
<kouen ni otoko no hito to onna no hito ga futari imasu>
(Trong cng vin c mt ngi n ng v mt ngi n b )
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 2:
Ng Php:
Cu hi c ci g hay ai khng ?
/ + + /
<dare / nani> + <ka> + <imasu ka / arimasu ka>
i vi lai cu hi ny, cu tr li bt buc phi l:
/
<hai, imasu / arimasu>
hoc l:
/
<iie, imasen / arimasen>
Ch :
Cc bn cn phn bit cu hi tr t <ga> v <ka> i vi ng t <imasu> v
<arimasu>
Cu hi c tr t <ga> l yu cu cu tr li phi l k ra (nu c) hoc nu khng c th phi
tr li l:
/ /
<nani / dare mo arimasen / imasen>
V d:
Tr t <ga>
<kouen ni dare ga imasu ka>
44
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 3:
Ng Php:
<shita (bn di)>
<ue ( trn)>
<mae (ng trc)>
<ushiro (ng sau>
<migi (bn phi)>
<hidari (bn tri)>
<naka (bn trong)>
<soto (bn ngoi)>
<tonari (bn cnh)>
<chikaku (ch gn y)>
<aida ( gia)>
Nhng t trn l nhng t ch v tr
+ + t xc nh v tr + + / + + /
<tokoro> + <no> + t xc nh v tr + <ni> + <dare> / <nani> + <ga> + <imasu ka / arimasu
ka> : u c ai hay vt g, con g
V d:
<sono hako no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka>
(Trong ci hp kia c ci g vy ?)
45
LL
cc TThhuunn
<anata no kokoro no naka ni dare ga imasu ka>
(Trong tri tim ca bn c ngi no khng ?)
<watashi no kokoro no naka ni dare mo imasen>
(Trong tri tim ti khng c ai c)
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 4:
Ng Php:
Mu cu <arimasu> v <imasu> khng c tr t <ga>
Ch ng (ng vt, vt) + ni chn +
+ t ch v tr +
V d:
<HANOI shi wa doko ni arimasu ka>
(Thnh ph H Ni u vy ?)
<HANOI shi wa betonamu ni arimasu>
(Thnh ph H Ni Vit Nam)
Khi vt no hay ai l ch ng th sau ni chn v trc ng t <arimasu> v
<imasu> khng cn tr t <ga>
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 5:
Ng Php:
()<ya(nado)> : Chng hn nh....
V d:
<kono kyoushitsu no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka>
(Trong phng hc ny c ci g vy ?)
Cch 1:
46
<kono kyoushitsu no naka ni tsukue to hon to enpitsu to kaban to jisho ga arimasu>
(Trong phng hc ny c bn, sch, bt ch, cp, t in.)
Cch 2:
<kono kyoushitsu no naka ni tsukue ya hon nado ga arimasu>
(Trong phng hc ny c nhiu th chng hn nh bn, sch...)
Nh vy cch dng ()<ya(nado)> dng rt ngn cu tr li, khng cn phi
lit k ht ra.
*Ng Php - Mu Cu 6:
Ng Php:
Danh t 1 + + Danh t 2 + + Danh t 3 + + + +
/
Danh t 1 + <wa> + Danh t 2 + <to> + Danh t 3 + <no> + <aida> + <ni> + <arimasu> /
<imasu>
Hoc:
Danh t 2 + + Danh t 3 + + + + Danh t 3 + +
/
Danh t 2 + <to> + Danh t 3 + <no> + <aida> + <ni> + Danh t 3 + <ga> + <arimasu> /
<imasu>
V d:
<kissaten wa honya to hanaya no aida ni arimasu>
(Qun nc th gia tim sch v tim hoa)
Hoc:
<honya to hanaya no aida ni kissaten ga arimasu>
( gia tim sch v tim bn hoa c mt qun nc)
Bi 11
I T VNG
LL
cc TThhuunn
<hitotsu> : 1 ci ( vt)
<futatsu> : 2 ci
<mittsu> : 3 ci
<yottsu> : 4 ci
<itsutsu> : 5 ci
<muttsu> : 6 ci
<nanatsu> : 7 ci
<yattsu> : 8 ci
<kokonotsu> : 9 ci
<too> : 10 ci
<ikutsu> : bao nhiu ci
<hitori> : 1 ngi
<futari> : 2 ngi
<nin> : ngi
<dai> : ci, chic (my mc)
<mai> : t, (nhng vt mng nh o, giy...)
<kai> : ln, tng lu
<ringo> : qu to
<mikan> : qut
<SANDOICHCHI> : sandwich
() <KARE(RAISU)> : (cm) c ri
<AISUKURIMU> : kem
<kitte> : tem
<hagaki> : bu thip
<fuutou> : phong b
<sokutatsu> : chuyn pht nhanh
<kakitome> :gi bo m
<EAMERU> : (gi bng) ng hng khng
<funabin> : gi bng ng tu
<ryoushin> : b m
<kyoudai> : anh em
<ani> : anh trai (ti)
<oniisan> : anh trai (bn)
<ane> : ch gi (ti)
<oneesan> : ch gi (bn)
<otouto> : em trai (ti)
<otoutosan> : em trai (bn)
<imouto> : em gi (ti)
<imoutosan> : em gi (bn)
<gaikoku> : nc ngoi
48
<jikan> : ting, gi ng h
<shuukan> : tun
<kagetsu> : thng
<nen> : nm
<gurai> : khong
<donokurai> : bao lu
<zenbude> : tt c, ton b
<minna> : mi ngi
<dake> : ch
<irashshaimase> : xin mi qy khch
() <ii (o)tenki desu ne> : tri p qu nh !
<odekake desu ka> : i ra ngoi y h ?
<chotto made> : nmt cht
<itteirashshai> : (anh) i nh (lch s hn)
<itterashshai> : (anh) i nh
<itte mairimasu> : (ti) i y (lch s hn)
<itte kimasu> : (ti) i y
<sorekara> : sau
<OSUTORARIA> : nc c
II NG PHP - MU CU
Mu Cu - Ng Php 1:
* Ng Php:
V tr ca s lng trong cu : ng sau tr t <ga>, <wo>
* Mu Cu:
Danh t + + / / / / ... + /
Danh t + <ga> + <tsu / nin / dai / mai / kai...> + arimasu / imasu
* V d:
<ima, kouen no naka ni otoko no hito ga hitori imasu>
(By gi trong cng vin c mt ngi n ng.)
<watashi wa SHATSU ga ni mai arimasu>
(Ti c hai ci o s mi.)
49
LL
cc TThhuunn
Mu Cu - Ng Php 2:
* Ng Php:
Yu cu ai a cho mnh ci g : <wo> + <kudasai>
* Mu Cu:
Danh t + <wo> + s lng + <kudasai>
* V d:
<kami wo ni mai kudasai>
(a cho ti hai t giy, lm n)
Mu Cu - Ng Php 3:
* Ng Php:
Trong khong thi gian lm c vic g : tr t <ni>
* Mu Cu:
Khong thi gian + <ni> + V <V masu>
* V d:
<ish shuukan ni san kai nihon go wo benkyoushi masu>
(Ti hc ting Nht mt tun ba ln.)
Mu Cu - Ng Php 4:
* Ng Php:
<dono kurai> c s dng hi khong thi gian lm ci g .
<gurai> t sau s lng c ngha l khong bao nhiu .
* Mu Cu:
<dono kurai> + danh t + <wo> + V <V masu>
danh t + <ga> + s lng + <gurai> + / <arimasu / imasu>
* V d:
Long
<Long san wa dono kurai nihon go wo benkyoushi mashita ka>
50
Bi 12
II NG PHP
* Ng php 1:
Gii thiu v cch s dng Tnh t <i>, Tnh t <na>
( Xin xem li BI 8 )
* Ng php 2:
C php ca cu so snh hn:
Noun 1 + + Noun 2 + + Adj +
Noun 1 + <wa> + Noun 2 + <yori> + Adj + <desu>
* V d:
<BETONAMU ryouri wa nihon ryouri yori yasui desu>
(Thc n ca Vit Nam th r hn thc n Nht Bn)
51
LL
cc TThhuunn
<gokazoku de dare ga ichiban sega takai desu ka>
(Trong gia nh bn th ai l ngi cao nht?)
52
<kazoku de chichi ga ichiban sega takai desu>
(Trong gia nh th cha ti l ngi cao nht)
Bi 13
II NG PHP
* Ng php 1:
+ + + + ()
<Mono> ( vt) + <ga> + <hoshii> + <desu> + <(ka)>
Cch dng: Dng biu th mun c mt ci g .
V d:
<ima, anata wa nani ga hoshii desu ka>
(By gi bn mun ci g ?)
<watashi wa PAN ga hoshii desu>
(Ti mun c mt bnh m.)
* Ng php 2:
+ (, ) + V + + ()
<Nani> + <ga(wo, e)> + V<tai> + <desu> + <(ka)>
ng t trng ng php ny c ui l <tai>, cch i nh sau:
b <masu> thm <tai>
<tabe masu> --------------> <tabe> ---------------> <tabe tai> : mun n
<ne masu> --------------> <ne> ---------------> <ne tai> : mun ng
Cch dng: Ni ln c mun c lm g .
V d:
<ashita, anata wa nani wo shitai desu ka>
(Bn mun lm g vo ngy mai ?)
<ashita, watashi wa inaka e kaeri tai desu>
(Ngy mai ti mun tr v qu.)
A
<A san wa nani wo tabe tai desu ka>
(Anh A mun n mn g vy ?)
53
LL
cc TThhuunn
(watashi wa tempura wo tabe tai desu>
(Ti mun n mn tempura)
Ch : Khi m cu hi l <hoshii> th cu tr li phi l <hoshii>. Cn cu hi l
<tai> th cu tr li cng phi l <tai>
* Trng hp ph nh ca tnh t <hoshii> v V <tai> (y l ng t nhng ph
nh nh tnh t)
- V y l tnh t <i> nn ph nh ca n s l:
b <i> thm <kunai>
<hoshii> ---------> <hoshi> ------------------> <hoshi kunai> (khng
mun)
V <tai> ---------> V <ta> ------------------> V <takunai> (khng mun lm)
V d:
<watashi wa tomodachi ga hoshi kunai desu>
(Ti khng mun c bn.) (C n )
<watashi wa PAN ga tabe takunai desu>
(Ti khng mun n bnh m.)
* Ng php 3:
Noun (ni chn) + <e> +Noun (V khng <masu> + <ni> + <iki masu> /
<ki masu> / <kaeri masu>
Cch dng: Dng khi mun biu th rng : i n u lm g .
V d:
* ng t
<watashi wa nihon e nihongo wo benkyoushi ni iki tai desu>
(Ti mun n Nht Bn hc ting Nht.)
* Danh t
<ashita, watashi wa kyouto no omatsuri ni iki masu>
(Ngy mai ti i n l hi Tokyo)
Bi 14
54
II NG PHP
Ng php bi ny rt l kh, v y l mt trong nhng ng php thng xuyn dng trong ting
Nht, nu khng nm k phn ny, cc bn s khng th no bc ln tip uc.
* Ng php 1:
<te kei>(TH TE)
Trc gi chc hn cc bn khi hc ng t u ch hc qua ch khng h l ng t trong
ting Nht c chia lm 3 nhm. Trc khi vo th <Te>, cc bn cn phi nm vng v bit
cch phn bit ng t no nhm no.
A CC NHM NG T
1) NG T NHM I
ng t nhm I l nhng ng t c ui l ct <i>(trc <masu> tc l nhng ch sau
y:
<i>, <shi>, <chi>, <ri>, <hi>, <gi>, <ki>, <ni>...
V d:
<asobi masu> : i chi
<yobi masu> : gi
<nomi masu> : ung
...........
Tuy nhin cng c mt s ng t c gi l c bit. Nhng ng t tuy c ui l ct
<i> nhng c th n nm trong nhm II, hoc nhm III. Tuy nhin nhng ng t nh th khng
nhiu.
V d:
<abi masu> : tm (thuc nhm II)
<kari masu> : mn (thuc nhm II)
<ki masu> : n (thuc nhm III)
2) NG T NHM II
ng t nhm II l nhng ng t c ui l ct <e>(trc <masu> tc l nhng ch sau
y:
<e>, <se>, <ke>, <ne>, <te>, <be>.....
V d:
<tabe masu> : n
<ake masu> : m
..........
ng t nhm ny th hu nh khng c ngoi l (t ra l ti thi im Hira ang hc) .
LL
55
cc TThhuunn
3) NG T NHM III
ng t nhm III c gi l DANH - NG T. Tc l nhng ng t c ui l ch
<shi>, v khi b <masu> v <shi> ra th ci phn trc n s tr thnh danh t.
V d: b <masu>
<benkyoushi masu>: hc ---------------><benkyou> : vic hc
: hc ---------------> : vic hc
<kaimonoshi masu>: mua sm --------------><kaimono> : s mua sm
: mua sm --------------> : s mua sm
.......
Tuy nhin cng c mt vi ng t cng c ui l <shi> nhng khng phi l danh ng t.
V d:
<hanashi masu> : ni chuyn.
.............
B TH TE
Vy th Te l g ? Th Te l mt dng khc ca ng t. Trc gi cc bn hc qua ng t
nhng th <masu>, v nhng ng t c ui l <masu>. V by gi th Te chnh
l t th masu chuyn thnh da vo mt s quy tc. y l quy tc c bn:
1) NG T NHM I
Cc bn bit th no l ng t nhm I, v y cng l nhm c cch chia rc ri nht.
* Nhng ng t c ui l <ki>, cc bn s i thnh <i te>.
V d:
b <masu>, i <ki> thnh <i te>
<kaki masu> : vit --------------------------------><kaite>
: vit -------------------------------->
<kikimasu> : nghe-------------------------------><kiite>
: nghe------------------------------->
<aruki masu> : i b-------------------------------><aruite>
: i b ------------------------------->
* Nhng ng t c ui l <gi> cc bn s i thnh <i de>.
V d:
56
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cc TThhuunn
: i--------------------------------->
2) NG T NHM II
- Cc bn bit th no l ng t nhm II, v y l nhm c cch chia n gin nht.
* i vi ng t nhm II, cc bn ch cn b <masu> thm <te>.
V d:
b <masu> thm <te>
<tabe masu> : n -------------------------------><tabete>
: n ------------------------------->
<ake masu> : m -------------------------------><akete>
: m ------------------------------->
<hajime masu> : bt u----------------------------><hajimete>
:bt u --------------------------->
* Mt s ng t sau y l ng t c bit thuc nhm II, cch chia nh sau:
b <masu> thm <te>
<abi masu> : tm----------------------------><abite>
: tm---------------------------->
<deki masu> : c th-------------------------><dekite>
: c th--------------------->
<i masu> : c------------------------------><ite>
: c------------------------------>
<oki masu> : thc dy----------------------><okite>
: thc dy---------------------->
<ori masu> : xung (xe)------------------><orite>
58
: xung (xe)------------------>
<kari masu> : mn-------------------------><karite>
: mn------------------------->
3)ng t nhm III
- Cc bn bit th no l ng t nhm III. V nhm ny cch chia cng v cng n gin.
V d:
b <masu> thm <te>
<shi masu> : lm, v ---------------------------><shi te>
: lm, v --------------------------->
<sanposhi masu>: i do ---------------------------><sanposhite>
: i do --------------------------->
<benkyoushi masu>:hc ----------------------------><benkyoushite>
: hc --------------------------->
y l ng t c bit nhm III:
<ki masu> : i --------------------><kite>
: i -------------------->
* Ng php 2:
- Yu cu ai lm g : ng t trong mu cu ny c chia th <te>, th cc bn va mi
hc.
V <te> + <kudasai> : Yu cu ai lm g .
V d:
<koko ni namae to juusho wo kaite kudasai>
(Lm n vit tn v a ch ca bn vo ch ny)
<watashi no machi wo kite kudasai>
(Hy n thnh ph ca ti)
* Ng php 3:
- Din t hnh ng ang lm ( tng t nh th hin ti tip din trong ting Anh y m)
V <te> + <imasu> : khng nh
V <te> + <imasen> : ph nh
V d:
*
59
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cc TThhuunn
* Ng php 3:
- Hi ngi khc rng mnh c th lm iu g cho h khng ?
V <masu> + <mashou> +<ka>
V d:
<kasa wo kashi mashou ka>
(Ti cho bn mn mt cy d nh ?)
<sumimasen. onegaishi masu>
(Vng, lm n.)
Bi 15
II NG PHP
Ng php bi ny vn thuc th <te>. V th <te> th xin cc bn xem li bi 14.
* Ng php 1:
- Hi mt ngi no rng mnh c th lm mt iu g khng ? Hay bo mt ai rng h c th
lm iu g .
V <te> + <mo ii desu> + <ka>
V d:
<shashin wo totte mo ii desu>
(Bn c th chp hnh)
<tabako wo sutte mo ii desu ka>
60
<sensei, koko de asonde mo ii desu ka>
(Tha ngi, chng con c th chi y c khng ?)
*
<hai, ii desu>
(c ch.)
*
<iie, ikemasen>
(Khng, cc con khng c php)
Lu : i vi cu hi m c cu trc V <te> + <wa> + <ikemasen> th nu
bn tr li l:
* <hai> th i sau n phi l <ii desu> : c php
* <iie> th i sau n phi l <ikemasen> : khng c php
Lu : i vi ng t <shitte imasu> c ngha l bit th khi chuyn sang ph nh l <shiri
masen>
V d:
<watashi no denwa bango wo shitte imasu ka>
(Bn c bit s in thoi ca ti khng ?)
*
<hai, shitte imasu>
(Bit ch)
*
<iie, shirimasen>
(Khng, mnh khng bit)
61
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Bi 16
I/Ng php+ Mu cu 1
Ng php:Cch ghp cc cu n thnh cu ghp bng cch dng th
Mu cu:V1 V2 V
Vidu:
C ta va p va tt bng.
Bi 17
I\ Mu cu yu cu ai khng lm g y.
*Cu trc : V
-Cch chia sang th
_Cc ng t thuc nhm I: Tn cng ca ng t l
th tng ng khi chuyn sang th se l
62
~V d:
(Khng ht ...)
( Khng i ...)
_Cc ng t thuc nhm II: Tn cng ca ng t thng l
tuy nhin cng c nhng ngoi l l nhng ng t tuy tn cng khng phi vn
vn thuc nhm II. Trong khi hc cc bn nn nh nhm ca ng t . Cc ng t nhm II
khi chuyn sang th th ch vic thay bng .
~V d: -> ( Khng n...)
-> ( Khng cho vo...)
_Cc ng t thuc nhm III: l nhng ng t tn cng thng l khi chuyn sang th
th b thm ~V d: -> ( ng lo lng...)
** -> Khng n..)
~V d cho phn ng php:
Xin ng ht thuc
b thay bng
~V d:
Ti phi lm bi tp
Bi 18
II NG PHP
Bi ny, chng ta s c hc mt th mi (theo gio trnh Minna) nhng qu quen vi mt
s gio trnh khc. l th :
63
LL
cc TThhuunn
----------->
kaku ----------->kake
------------>
matsu------------> mate
Nhn th cc bn cng bit cch no d chia hn phi khng.
Th nhng chng ta qu quen vi cch chia th nht nn chng ta s khng thay i. Cn
cch chia th hai th l ca trng Sakura s dng (V Hira hc song song hai bn nn bit)
A TH NGUYN MU
INHM I
i vi ng t nhm I cc bn b <masu> v chuyn ui t ct (i) sang ct (u)
V d:
b <masu> i ct (i) thnh ct (u)
------------------------>------------------------------> : vit
kakimasu kaki kaku
------------------------>------------------------------> : mua
kaimasu kai kau
64
------------------------>------------------------------> : ci ra
nugimasu nugi nugu
------------------------->-----------------------------> : a, trao, np
dashimasu dashi dasu
------------------------>------------------------------> : ng
tachimasu tachi tatsu
----------------------->-------------------------------> : gi
yobimasu yobi yobu
----------------------->-------------------------------> : c
yomimasu yomi yomu
------------------------>------------------------------- > : chp (hnh)
torimasu tori toru
IINHM II
i vi ng t nhm II th rt l n gin. Cc bn ch vic b <masu>, thm <ru>
V d:
b <masu> thm <ru>
-------------------------------------> :n
tabemasu taberu
-----------------------------------> : nh
oboemasu oboeru
---------------------------------> : suy ngh
kangaemasu kangaeru
-------------------------------------> : tm (ng t c bit)
abimasu abiru
-------------------------------------> : c th (dng t c bit)
dekimasu dekiru
IINHM II
65
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cc TThhuunn
<shiken no maeni, benkyoushita bunpou wo fukushuushi nakerebanarimasen>
(Trc k thi, phi n li nhng vn phm hc)
DamSen
DamSen
<3 nen maeni, DamSen kouen e kimashita>
(Cch y 3 nm ti n cng vin m Sen)
IIINg php 3:
+ S thch l g
+ Chia ng t (nu c) th nguyn mu cng vi <kotodesu>
C php:
Noun + V() + +
Noun + V(jishokei) + koto + desu
V d:
Q : A
A
A san, goshumi wa nan desu ka
(A san, s thch ca bn l g vy)
A :
67
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cc TThhuunn
Bi 19
II NG PHP
ATH <TA>
Ng php bi ny cng s thuc v mt th mi m khng mi. l th <ta>. V sao khng
mi, l v cch chia ca th ny cng y chang nh cch chia ca th <te>. Cc bn ch vic
chia nh th <te> v thay <te> thnh <ta>
V d:
-------------------->--------> : vit (nhm I)
kakimasu kaite kaita
-------------------->-------- > : c (nhm I)
yomimasu yonde yonda
-------------------->--------> : n (nhm II)
tabemasu tabete tabeta
--------->--------> : hc (nhm III)
benkyoushimasu benkyoushite benkyoushita
B NG PHP
INg php 1:
+ tng lm vic g cha ?
+ Chia ng t th <ta> cng vi <koto ga arimasu>
C php:
Noun + + V() +
Noun + wo + V(ta) + koto ga ari masu
V d:
<watashi wa okinawa e itta koto ga arimasu>
(Ti tng i n okinawa)
68
<watashi wa sushi wo tabeta koto ga arimasu>
(Ti tng n sushi)
IINg php 2:
+ Lit k nhng vic lm mt cch tng trng.
+ Trc kia cc bn hc cch lit k nhng vic lm bng cch chia th <te> ca ng t,
nhng nu dng cch th phi k ht tt c nhng vic mnh lm ra. Cn ng php ny th
cc bn ch lit k mt s vic lm tng trng thi.
+ Chia th <ta> ca ng t, cng vi <ri>. ng t cui l <shimasu> v dch l
"no l....,no l......"
C php:
V1() + , + V2() + , + V3() + +.........+
V1(ta) + <ri> , + V2(ta) + <ri> , + V3(ta) + <ri> +........ + <shimasu> : no l...,no l......
V d:
A
A
<A san, maiban nani wo shimasu ka>
(A san, mi bui ti bn thng lm g vy ?)
<Maiban, watashi wa hon wo yonda ri, TEREBI wo mita ri shimasu>
(Ti th, mi bui ti no l c sch, no l xem ti vi....>
IIINg php 3:
+ Tr nn nh th no .
C php:
Danh t + <ni> + <narimasu>
Tnh t (i) (b i) + <ku> + <narimasu>
Tnh t (na) + <ni> + <narimasu>
V d:
<TERESA chan wa, se ga taka ku narimashita>
<B TERESA tr nn cao hn ri>
69
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cc TThhuunn
HOCHIMINH
HOCHIMINH
<Ima, HOCHIMINH shi wa kirei ni narimashita>
(By gi, thnh ph H Ch Minh tr nn sch s hn ri>
<kotoshi, watashi wa 17 sai ni narimashita>
(Nm nay, ti ln 17 tui ri)
Bi 20
II - NG PHP
Ng php bi ny l mt ng php cc k cc k quan trng m nu khng hiu n, cc bn s rt
kh khn khi hc ln cao v lng tng trong vic giao tip vi ngi Nht.
Xin gii thiu:
<mijikaikatachi> (Sakura)
C hai cch gi m trng ng Du v Sakura s dng u ch ni v TH NGN. Nhng m
cch ging v mt s ch trong bi hc th hi khc nhau. y Hira s ghi theo kinh nghim
ca mnh.
A - Gii thiu:
Th ngn l th chuyn dng trong vn ni, trong vn vit khng nn dng.
Ngi Nht dng n :
- Giao tip vi ngi thn ca mnh, ngi trong gia nh mnh
- Giao tip vi ngi nh hn mnh, chc v nh hn mnh (cp di trong cng ty)
v dng rt thng xuyn trong cuc sng.
Hn cc bn hc gio trnh Minna s thc mc ti sao khi ngi Nht dy ting Nht cho chng
ta li dy bng th di (th <masu> m cc bn ang hc) ? n gin l v lch s.
Th ngn khng c dng cho :
- Ngi mi quen ln u, ngi khng thn thit.
- Cp trn ca mnh
Do vy bt buc h phi dng th di dy chng ta.
Th th ngn c kh khng. Xin tha khng, t nht l vi ng t . V nu cc bn hc k bi v
cc th ca ng t t bi 1-19 th coi nh hon tt 3/4 ng php ca bi ny. Phn cn li ch
70
----------------->
<hanashimasu> ---------------- > <hanasu> : ni
------------------>
----------------- >
----------------- >
----------------->
<benkyoushimasu> ----------------> <benkyousuru> : hc
Ph nh hin ti:
V()
----------> V()
V<masen> -----------> V<nai>
V d:
----------------->
---------------->
<hanashimasen> ----------------> <hanasanai> : khng ni
----------------->
--------------- >
<tabemasen> ----------------- > <tabenai> : khng n
-------------------->
-------------------->
<benkyoushinai> -------------------> <benkyoushinai> : khng hc
71
LL
cc TThhuunn
Khng nh qu kh:
V()
-----------------> V()
V<mashita> ----------------> V<ta>
V d:
----------------->
----------------->
<hanashimashita> ---------------> <hanashita> : ni
------------------>
----------------->
----------------->
----------------->
<benkyoushimashita> --------------> <benkyoushita> : hc
Ph nh qu kh:
V()
-------->
V()
V<masendeshita>------> V<nakatta>
V d:
------------->
-------------->
--------------->
--------------->
<tabemasendeshita> -------------> <tabenakatta> : khng n
--------------->
------------->
<benkyoushimasendeshita> -------- > <benkyoushinakatta> : khng hc
Cc bn hiu cha no? Nu nhn xt k th cc bn s thy:
- Cc th ca ng t m cc bn tng hc trong cc bi trc theo cc th u th hin c
trng ca th .
(VD: ng php trong bi th <nai> u ni v ph nh, th <ta> th v qu kh...)
- Cc ng t b <masu> + <tai> (mun) hoc ang th <nai> th uc coi nh l mt tnh t
<i> v chia theo tnh t <i>
VD:
<tabemasu> (ng t) ----------> <tabenai> (tnh t <i> ---------> <tabenakatta>
72
------------------------->
------------------------->
Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja arimasen> ------------- > Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja nai>
V d:
-------------------->
------------------->
<ame ja arimasen> --------------------> <ame ja nai> : khng ma
------------------->
------------------->
---------------------->
---------------------- >
LL
cc TThhuunn
Ph nh qu kh:
Danh t (tnh t <na> + ( ------> Danh t (tnh t <na> + (
Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja arimasendeshita> -> Danh t (tnh t <na> + <ja nakatta>
V d:
----------------->
---------------->
---------------->
---------------->
- -------------->
<hanashimasu> --------------> <hanasu> : ni
74
Bi 21
I/Mu cu: Ti ngh l.....
* Nu cm tng, cm ngh , kin v s phng on ca mnh v 1 vn no .
-Cu trc:
V (Th thng thng)+
A
A
N
-V d:
~
)
Hm nay, ti ngh rng thy INOUE s khng ti.
~
Ti ngh rng bi kim tra tun sau s kh.
~
Ti ngh rng ngi Nht th thn thin
~
Ti ngh rng Nht th giao thng tin li.
II/Mu cu s dng khi hi ai ngh v 1 vn no nh th no
-Cu trc:
~N~
V N th bn ngh nh th no.
-V d:
Trc ba n th ni l [itadakimasu]
B-Truyn li dn gin tip. Ai ni rng l g ..
LL
75
cc TThhuunn
-Cu trc:
-V d
Bi 22
**Mnh quan h**
I/Cu trc: N1 Mnh b ngha cho N2
-Xt v d sau:V d 1.
+ y l tm nh.
+ Anh ti chp.
Ni 2 cu n trn bng mnh quan h
---> y l bc nh anh
ti chp.
-Phn tch cu trn s thy
=N1
Mnh b ngha cho N2
N2
V d 2.
y l ci bnh do ba ti lm.
V d 3
y l tin ti nhn c t m.
76
Ti n ci bnh do b ti lm
-Mt s v d khc
+
LL
cc TThhuunn
Bi 23
I/Mu cu vi danh t ph thuc ),dng ch thi gian ai lm mt vic g hay
trong mt trng thi no .
-Cu trc:
V ,....
A
A
N
-V d:
,....
,....
,....
Khi qua ng th ch xe t.
+
Khi c bo th eo knh.
+
Khi yn tnh ti c sch.
+
Khi c bi kim tra th ti b m.
***Ch : Khi V1(V2 th V2 y phi xy ra trc V1
V d 1:
+
Khi v nh th mua sch ( y hnh ng mua sch phi xy ra trc hnh ng v nh v nu
bn v nh ri th sao m mua c sch ng khng?
V d 2:
+
Vn ci nt ny ri th ting s to ln.
Bi 24
I/Mu cu + Cu truc
1/-Mu cu: Mnh nhn t ai mt ci g .
-Cu trc:
S N
-V d:
+
--->
2/-Mu cu: Khi ai lm n hoc lm h mnh mt ci g
-Cu trc :
S N V(Th
-V d:
+
M ti mua cho ti ci o len
+
Yamada v gip ti ci bn .
** y cng c th lc b trong mu cu trn m ngha vn khng b thy i
--->
II/Mu cu + Cu trc
1/-Mu cu:Khi mnh tng hoc cho ai ci g
-Cu trc:
S
-V d
+ Thao
Thao
Ti tng bn Tho quyn sch
+ Thanh
Thanh
Ti tng bn Thanh hoa
2/-Mu cu: Khi mnh lm cho ai mt ci g
-Cu trc
S N V(Th )
-V d:
+ Quyen Hanoi
Quyen Hanoi
Ti hng dn cho bn Quyn v Ha Ni
+ Ha
Ha
Ti gip bn H chuyn nh
III/Mu cu+Ng php
1/-Mu cu: Mnh nhn c t ai mt ci g
-Cu trc:
S N
-V d:
80
Ti nhn c sch t anh Tanaka
+
Bi 25
I/ Mu cu + Cu trc
-Mu cu: V 1(iu kin) V 2( kt qu).
**Nu iu kin v 1 xy ra th s c kt qu v 2.
-Cu trc
V(-qu kh thng) V 2
A -qu kh thng) V 2
A -qu kh thng) V 2
N(-qu kh thng) V 2
-V d:
+V d vi ng t.
~
Nu i b n nh ga th mt khong 30 pht.
~
LL
cc TThhuunn
(Khi)Nu c thi gian rnh th hy hc bi .
+V d vi danh t
~
V 1 V 2
** D cho .... th vn. c tc dng nhn mnh thm ca cu vn nhng nu khng c th
ngha ca cu vn c th hiu c.
-Cu trc:
V(-Th V 2.
A (A )
V 2.
A (A ) V 2.
N (N )
V 2.
-V d:
+Vi ng t:
~
Bi 26
-Cu trc:
V(-Th thng thng)+
A (-Th thng thng)+
A (-Th thng thng)+
82
Bn i leo ni .
+
tng s c la cho ai y
+
Bn chp bc nh ny u vy?
3. thanh minh , gii thch l do v li ni hay hnh ng ca mnh.
+
Ti v hm qua ti au u sut.
+
Ti v nh by gi trt
4.Mu cu V1 V2(Th )
Ngi ni mun lm V1, v nh ngi nghe lm V2 gip mnh (V2 l hng gii quyt V1)
Bt u ch ca cu chuyn ri tip n l a ra li yu cu,xin php, hi kin.
+
83
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cc TThhuunn
Ti mun vit th bng ting Nht,bn c th dy ti mt cht c khng?
+
Bi 27
I - Th kh nng
1.Cch chuyn t th sang th kh nng
a.Vi cc ng t nhm I: Chuyn t ct sang ct
V d:
-
C th chi c( nhc c)
- C th bi c
- C th sa c
...
b. Vi cc ng t nhm II: Cc bn ch vic b nhng ng t nhm ny ri thm
V d
- C th n c
- C th xy c
c. Vi cc ng t nhm III:
- C th n c
-~~~~~~
C th hc c
C th thnh cng c
II. Ng php
1. bi 27 ny l cch ni biu th kh nng c th lm c ci g y hay khng ca mnh
hoc ca ngi khc bng cch s dng th kh nng trn.
**Lu rng tr t ca th kh nng lun lun l
V d:
84
Ti c th n c 10 bt Ramen (M)
2. Mu cu:
~~~ V
Ch c mi~~~
Mu cu ny c ngha tng ng vi
-V d:
+
Ti c th nhn r nhng vt nh
+
T nh ca ti c th nhn thy ni
*Vi
85
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cc TThhuunn
Mt ca ti khng nhn thy c (Ti b m)
4.2 C th nghe c
* Cng ging vi l nhng m thanh nghe c y l do ngoi cnh,
do t nhin, l nhng m thanh t lt vo tai nh tieng chim ht chng hn.Khc vi
l do ch quan ca ngi nghe mun nghe c.
-v d vi
+
y ang xy ci g vy?
-
86
trng ca ti th c c gio vin ngui M
-
Bi 28
I/ Mu cu:V1(b V2
-Ng php: Va lm V1 va lm V2,V1 lun lun l hnh ng ph so vi V2.
-V d:
+
Ti va c sch hng dn va nu n
II/Mu cu:~~V
-Ng php: ng t chia th dng ni v mt hnh ng xy ra thng xuyn,
theo thi quen
-V d:
+
LL
cc TThhuunn
Bi 29
I/Mu cu + Ng php
-Mu cu: N / (ng t chia th )
-Ng php: Din t trng thi trng thy trc mt, trng thi l kt qu ca hnh ng no
88
Ca s ang m
+
Ci ti ny rch
+
Chuyn xe in lc 8 ri th ng
II/ Mu cu + Ng php
-Mu cu V( ng t chia th
-Ng php: Din t vic g c hon tt, hon thnh xong. N cng c ng ngi ni
hi tic v vic mnh lm, ly lm ng tic v iu ,hoc ph bnh hnh ng ca ai .
-V d:
+
Ti c ht quyn tp ch ny ri.
+
Ti ln nhm xe but mt ri
+
Ti lm ri v u mt ri.
***Ty thuc vo ng cnh m cu trc trn c hiu theo ngha hon tt ca mt hnh ng
hay s nui tic ph bnh***
Bi 30
I/Mu cu+ Ng php
-Mu cu: N1 N2
-Ng php: Din t chi tit hn mt vt hin hu trng thi nh th no
-V d:
+
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D nh ca thng ny c ghi trn lch.
+
Vng, thng bo ri
III/Mu cu + Ng php
-Mu cu: V ng t chia th
-Ng php:Lm trc hay lm sn ci g tin cho vic v sau.
-V d:
+
Bi 31
** Th hng - **
A/Cch chia ng t , t th sang th hng
1.Vi ng t nhm I
-Cch chuyn:Chuyn t ct ca ng t th sang ct
-V d:
+ :Mua
+ :i b
+ :khn trng
+ : i
2.Vi ng t nhm II
-Cch chuyn: Vi nhng ng t nhm ny ch vic b ri thm vo.
-V d:
+ : n
+ : Nhn
+ : Nh
3. Vi ng t nhm III
-Cch chia: Cng ging nhm II, ch vic b thm vo sau.
-V d:
+ : C mt
+: i cng tc
**Vi ng t s thnh th hng.
B/ Ng php bi 31
I/ Cu trc + NG php
-Cu trc: V(-Th hng)
-Ng php:
- Dng khi mun r r hoc yu cu ngi nghe ng vi mnh chuyn g .
-V d:
+
Hy i chi no!
+
NGh mt cht no
+
i mua no.
-S dng khi c thoi.
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Ti d nh l s tm vic ti Nht Bn
+
Ti d nh l s hc tp ti nc ngoi.
III/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc: V(-Th )
-NG php: Vn cha lm ci g y
-V d:
+
Vn cha np bo co
+
-Ng php: Ch hng r rt, mt quyt nh chc chn hoc mt k hoch c th do ngi ni
ra.
-V d:
+
.
27 tui ti d nh s kt hn.
+ Hanoi
Hanoi
Ti quyt nh s sng sut H Ni
+
Ti quyt nh s khng tr v nc
V/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc: V(-Th t in)
N
Bi 32
I/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc: V(-Th qu kh)+
V
-Ng php: Dng khi mun a ra li khuyn i vi ngi nghe, lm g th tt hn hoc khng
lm g th tt hn.
-V d:
+
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-Ng php: Dng phng on da trn nhng yu t khch quan, tnh hung hin ti, da vo
kinh nghim, s hiu bit hoc t mt kt qu phn tch no .Thng c dng trn TV,
Radio trong nhng bn tin d bo thi tit.
-V d:
+
Ti nay c l s lnh
+
Trng em nay c l s p.
+
-Cu trc:
V(-Th thng thng) +
V
C ta c th s khng n cng ty
+
Bi 33
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+Nhm III:
~~
+Nhm II:
+Nhm III:
Ng php
*Dng ra lnh hoc cm on ai lm vic g. V n l th mnh lnh,cm on nghe c sc
thi cng v chua cht nn ch dng khi ngi c a v cao hn vi ngi c a v thp hn.
Thng c gii hn s dng trong gii nam.
-Dng trong trng hp ngi trn ni vi ngi di, cha ni vi con
-
Hc bi i
-
C ln
-
Chy i
-Dng trong nhng trng hp khn cp, li ni cn ngn gn v c hiu qu nhanh nh trong
c quan nh my.
-
Tt ngun in i
-
Khng c lm ri
-Dng trong hiu lnh hng dn giao thng,
-
Hy dng li
-
Khng c vo
I/Cu trc+Ng php
-Cu trc: A B
-Ng php: A c ngha l B
-V d:
+
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Bi 34
I/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc:
+V(+ V2
+V(+ V2
+N
V2
-Ng php:
Dng khi a ra ch th i vi ngi nghe,mun ngi nghe lm theo mt chun mc hay mt
quy tc no .
+Khi hnh ng mu c thc hin th s dng cu trc:
V1 V2
+V d:
Hy th nu n theo nh hc ca m i.
+Khi hnh ng mu cha c thc hin, thng i km vi cc ph t nh
th s dng cu trc:
+V(+ V2
+V d:
T by gi hy vit theo nh li ti ni
Hy lm theo nh ti lm.
+Vi danh t th s dng cu trc:
+N
+V d:
V2
Hy bm nt theo s.
Hy i theo nh hnh mi tn
II/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc:
V1 () V2
N V2
Ng php: Sau khi lm V1 hoc N th lm V2
98
+V d:
(Ti) cm ri i ra ngoi
Bi 35
A-Th iu kin_
I/Cch chia ng t , t th sang th iu kin (_
*Vi ng t nhm I:Chuyn t ct sang ct , b v thm vo.
V d:
+
+
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+
+
+
*Vi ng t nhm II: B v thay bng
V d:
+
+
*Vi ng t nhm III:
B-Ng php
I/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc:
V(
A (
N(
-Ng php: Nu V th..... , din t mi quan h tt yu, ch iu kin cn thit mt s vic
c hnh thnh.
-V d:
+
Nu m quyn sch ny r th ti mua
+
Nu l ngi xinh p th ti s ci
+
Nu m tri ma th ng git .
II/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc:
V(V)
A A
A A
Bi 36
I/Cu trc + Ng php
-Cu trc:
V1V2
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V1 V2
-Ng php:Mu cu c ngha " lm c V1(hoc khng lm V1) th lm V2" V1 ch mc
ch , V2 ch hnh ng c ch thc hin mc ch V1.
V d:
c th n c nhanh th gi ha tc.
Ti c th g my tnh nhanh.
III/Cu trc + Mu cu
-Cu trc:
V
-Ng php: Mu cu ny mang ngha ngc vi mu cu II,ch s bin i t c th sang khng
th.
V d:
Ti khng th c c ch nh
Bi 37
Th b ng
*Cch chia t th sang th b ng.
Nhm I: Chuyn t ct sang ct ri cng thm
V d:
Nhm III:
Vi ng t
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V d:
III/Cu trc+ Ng php
-Cu trc:
N1 N2 (ng t b ng)
-Ng php:N1 c lm hay c sng ch bi N2
-V d
Truyn truyn thuyt Genji c vit bi Murasaki sikibu
in thoi c pht minh bi Graham.Bell.
Bi 38
I/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc: V A
Ng php:Khi ng t th t in cng vi s bin thnh danh t hay cn gi l danh t
ha ng t. Dng din t cm tng, nh gi i vi ch th ca cu vn v c tc dng
nhn mnh vn mun ni.
V d
Ti v tranh th km
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Ti i b th nhanh
Ti n th chm
III/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc;V /
Ng php: Khi mun ni l bn qun mt lm mt vic g y hay hi ai c bit thng tin g
y khng th chng ta dng tr t
V d:
Ti qun mt vic tt in
Bi 39
106
2.Ng php:
Mu cu dng nu l do, nguyn nhn nhm biu l cm xc, cm tng.Cc t ch cm xc
thng c s dng nh l:
-->Ngc nhin
--> Tht vng
--> Yn tm
--> Kh khn
--->vui sng
-->bun b
----> ng tic
V d:
-
3.V d:
Bi 40
I/Cu trc + Ng php
(T hi) + V(-Th thng thng) +
Khng bit l c nh th no hay khng?
-V d;
-
Ti khng bit l khi no th cuc hp kt thc.
-
Hy ni cho ti bit l c bao nhiu lon bia.
-
Hy tm hiu xem trong hp c g hay khng?
II/Cu trc + Ng php
Khi khng c t hi th cu trc l :V(-Th thng thng) +
-V d;
-
Hy kim tra xem l c b thng hay khng?
-
Hy xc nhn li xem l hng ha n hay cha?
-
Khng bit l cu chuyn y c tht hay khng?
III/Cu trc + Ng php
Cu trc; V ng t th +
Ng php; Th lm mt hnh ng V
V d;
-
i th i giy mi
108
-
Th c gng thm mt ln na
-
Th gii thch bng ting Nht
Bi 41
cc bi trc cc bn c bit n biu hin cho v nhn l :
bi ny cc bn s c bit thm
Nhng biu hin ny c dng ty theo mi quan h ca ngi cho v ngi nhn
I/Cu trc + Ng php vi
A./A N
Nhn t A vt N, y A c a v cao hn ngi ni. L khim nhng ng ca
V d:
-
Ti nhn c qu t gim c.
-(
Ci tem qu him gh ha
v c n i )
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cc TThhuunn
Bi 42
gi, bc
si luc
trn ,pha ln
tnh ton
dy
mng
lut s
nh son nhc
bn tr con
2 ngi ,1 i
gio dc
lch s
vn ho
x hi
lut php
chin tranh
110
ho bnh
mc ch
an ton
lut ,l thuyt
mi quan h
s pha trn
m un nc
ci nt chai
ci m chai
thc n ng hp
o khoc ngoi
bn tnh
nhit k
nguyn vt liu
kim t thp
d liu
tp tin
c gng
ti sao
lin hp quc
th gi Elize
beethoven
phn lan
NG PHP
I> V
N()
, cho,v (1)
v sc kho ca mnh,ti chy b mi sng.
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ti s xy cho gia nh ti mt ci nh
ch : bn hc bi 36 cng din tmt mc ch nhng khng s dng vi
ng t th ch.vi mu cu 1 c th i cng ng tth ch.
*
ti tit kim tin c th c c mt ca hng ring(*)
II> V
cho,dng , N
Ci ko ny dng ct hoa
III>
s lng
khi nhc n s lng,mo t ch s lng nh nht cn thit.
Vd :
nht bn,bn cn t nht 2 triu yn t chc m ci
s lng
Khi nhc n s lng,mo t din t suy ngh ca ngi ni cho rng s lng c ni n
l nhiu
Vd
Bi 43
I/Mu cu biu hin trng thi , suy on ca ngi ni v mt s vic trong tng lai hay
v trng thi hin ti ca ai , ca ci g .
112
Cu trc:
ng t b
Tnh t ui b +
Tnh t ui b +
-V d
Tri c v sp ma by gi.
c v sp ri t trn gi xung.
Mn n ny c v ngon.
RI c v ang rnh.
C ta c v thng minh.
II/Mu cu lm g ri quay tr li
Cu trc:
V
V d:
i gi in mt cht ri quay v
Ti a xe t vo bi u xe ri quay li nn hy ch y nh.
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