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Li m u.............................................................................................................3
Chng I: Tng quan ti liu...............................................................................5
1.1. Nguyn liu............................................................................................5
1.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu......................................................7
1.3. Cng ngh sy nng sn.........................................................................8
1.3.1. Cc tnh cht ho l v cng ngh sy nng sn...............................8
1.3.2. Mt s ch tiu nh gi cht lng sn phm sy...........................10
1.4. Phng php sy thng hoa v ngha ca n trong cng nghip thc
phm.......................................................................................................12
1.4.1. Gii thiu v phng php sy thng hoa.........................................12
1.4.2. Cc giai on ca sy thng hoa.......................................................13
1.4.3. Tc truyn nhit...........................................................................14
1.4.4. Tc truyn khi............................................................................15
1.4.5. Thit b sy thng hoa.......................................................................16
1.4.5.1. Phn loi thit b sy thng hoa..................................................16
1.4.5.2. Nguyn tc lm vic...................................................................16
1.4.6. nh hng ca qu trnh sy thng hoa n cht lng sn phm...19
1.4.7. Nhng bin i chnh trong qu trnh sy thng hoa........................19
1.4.8. Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng sy thng hoa trong thc phm v
cc sn phm t khoai lang tm........................................................19
Chng II: i tng v phng php nghin cu...........................................24
2.1. i tng nghin cu...........................................................................24
2.1.1. Nguyn liu....................................................................................24
2.1.2. Ho cht..........................................................................................24
2.1.3. Thit b...........................................................................................24
2.1.4. Bao b bao gi sn phm............................................................26
2.2. Phng php nghin cu......................................................................26
2.2.1. Phng php vt l.........................................................................26
2.2.2. Phng php ho sinh.....................................................................26
2.2.3. Phng php ha phn tch my (xc nh hm lng cc kim loi
nng)...............................................................................................31
2.2.4. Phng php cm quan...................................................................33
2.2.5. Phng php ton hc....................................................................33
Chng III: Kt qu v tho lun.......................................................................35
SVTH: L Vit Trin
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LI M U
K thut sy ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong cng nghip v i sng.
Trong quy trnh cng ngh ca rt nhiu sn phm u c cng on sy kh bo
qun di ngy. Cng ngh ny ngy cng pht trin trong ngnh hi sn, rau qu v
cc thc phm khc.
Sy thng hoa l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt sy bng s thng hoa ca nc.
Qu trnh thng hoa l qu trnh chuyn trc tip t th rn sang th hi. iu
kin bnh thng, m trong thc phm dng lng nn thng hoa chng cn
c chuyn sang th rn bng phng php lnh ng. Chnh v vy nn cn gi l
phng php sy lnh ng (Freeze Drying hay Lyophilization). y l mt trong
nhng phng php sy cho cht lng sn phm tt nht. Sn phm sy thng hoa
lu li rt tt cc c tnh cm quan, cht dinh dng v thi gian bo qun di lu
khi c bao gi ng cch. V do gi thnh u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh cao
nn t trc n nay vic p dng cng ngh sy thng hoa vo sn xut nc ta
vn cn gp nhiu kh khn.
Theo cc chuyn gia thng mi cho rng Vit Nam c tim nng xut khu rau,
qu nhit i, v nhu cu nhp khu mt hng ny trn th gii hu nh khng hn
ch. Tuy nhin xut khu ca Vit Nam vn cn nhng yu im m in hnh l
sn xut phn tn, nng sut thp, cha gii quyt dt im c khu to ging,
thu hoch, bo qun v ch bin rau qu xut khu cng nh khu kim dch v
cng nhn ln nhau gia VN v cc th trng nhp khu. Ngoi ra, theo cc
chuyn gia, phi xy dng cc vng nguyn liu tp trung cht lng cao, pht trin
cng ngh bo qun rau qu ti, u t xy dng cc nh my ch bin cng sut
10.000 - 50.000 tn/nm i vi cc vng sn xut ln, pht trin cc nh my cng
sut 1.000 - 2.000 tn/nm vi thit b ch yu do trong nc ch to. Bn cnh ,
cn a dng ho cc sn phm ch bin nh: bt qu, nc qu c c, qu ngm
ng, sy kh, sy thng hoa, mt qu... nhm tng t l ch bin rau qu t 10%
hin nay ln 20% vo nm 2010 v 30% vo nm 2020 [24].
Nhng nm gn y, nng nghip nc ta t c nhng thnh tu to ln.
Ngoi nhu cu trong nc chng ta xut khu nng sn v ch phm ca n ng
gp khng nh vo thu nhp quc dn ca c nc. Ngun nguyn liu rau c
nc ta rt phong ph v r tin nhng c gi tr dinh dng rt cao. Khoai lang tm
l mt v d. y l mt ging khoai lang c ngun gc t Nht Bn mi c nhp
v trng nc ta v cho kt qu rt kh quan, em li thu nhp n nh cho
ngi nng dn. Trong khoai lang tm c cha anthocyanin, y l mt cht mu
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CHNG I
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Hnh 1.3: Cng thc [16] v cht mu anthocyanin t khoai lang tm [17]
ng thi do c kh nng khng oxy ha nn chng cn c dng lm bn
cht bo. Trong y hc tc dng ca anthocyanin rt a dng nn c ng dng
rng ri: do kh nng lm gim tnh thm thnh mch v thnh t bo nn c s
dng trong trng hp chy mu, hoc c nguy c chy mu, do c kh nng chng
oxy ha nn c s dng chng lo ha, hn ch s gim sc khng do s
suy gim ca h thng min dch, nh c tc dng chng tia phng x nn c th h
tr cho c th sng trong mi trng c nhng bc x in t.
Vi nhiu c th qu bu anthocyanin cn c dng chng d ng, vim
lot do nguyn nhn ni sinh hay ngoi sinh, khng nhiu loi vi khun kh tiu
dit, tng chc nng chng c ca gan, ngn nga s nhim m gan v hoi t m
gan, iu ha lng cholesterol trong mu, trnh nguy c tc nghn x va ng
mch, phc hi trng lc tim, iu ha nhp tim v huyt p, iu ha chuyn ha
canxi, lm gim au do tc dng co tht c trn, lm gim cc m xut huyt nh
trong bnh tiu ng. Ngoi ra anthocyanin cn c th c nhiu ng dng khc do
cc phn ng a dng ca chng trong cc enzyme v cc qu trnh trao i cht
khc nhau, chnh v vy vic quan tm n thc phm giu anthocyanin ngy cng
c tng cng v n c li cho sc khe con ngi [2].
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C ti
Khoai lang kh
Nc (g)
68
11
Lipit (g)
0,2
0,5
m (g)
0,8
2,2
2,6
Tng
28,5
80
2,8
ng
Tinh bt
24,5
3,6
1,4
Thnh phn
Gluxit (g)
X (g)
Khong
(mg)
Vitamin
(mg)
1,3
Ca
34
48
49,4
54
Fe
Caroten
0,3
B1
0,05
B2
0,05
PP
0,6
23
11
Bng 1.2 : Cc axt amin c trong protein ton phn (tnh theo 16g N) [12]
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Thnh phn
Hm lng
Thnh phn
Hm lng
Arginin
2,9
Methionin
1,7
Histidin
1,4
Threonin
3,8
Lysine
1,3
Leucin
4,8
Trytophan
1,8
Isoleucin
3,6
Phenylalanin
4,33
Valin
5,6
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- m ca vt sy:
Trong k thut ngi ta s dng hai khi nim m: m tng i v
m tuyt i t. m tng i l s kg m cha trong 1 kg vt liu. m tuyt
i l t s gia lng m trong vt liu v thnh phn kh ca n. T nh ngha
ta c:
Ga
Ga
.100 , %
=
Gk + Ga
G
Ga
Ga
t = G = G - G .100 , %
k
a
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trnh sy. Tuy nhin trong thc t ta xt cc ch tiu qua mt vi c trng quan
trng nht.
- Hnh dng, kch thc v th tch sn phm:
Cc sn phm sy thng dng kh, dng ngm nc tr li (sau khi ngm)
hay dng nu chn u phi ng nht v hnh dng v ging nhau v kch thc.
Hnh dng ca sn phm ph thuc vo mc ch s dng. V d: c rt sy kh
dng cho cc loi sp (canh) khc nhau: sp hn hp, nc canh c th dng dng
ht, dng qun c, dng si, nhng nu dng lm gia v thng dng dng bt.
Th tch l c tnh th ba xc nh phm vi s dng ca sn phm sy. Sn
phm kh ging nhau v hnh dng, kch thc nhng c th khc nhau v th tch.
Vi hnh dng v kch thc ging nhau th th tch ca sn phm sy cn ph
thuc vo loi nguyn liu, hm lng cht kh, phng php sy (th tch sn
phm sy thng hoa khc vi sn phm sy bng phng php nhit p sut bnh
thng) v iu kin ch bin. S xut hin cc c tnh khc nhau ca sn phm
sy c th lm thay i iu kin ng gi sn phm. V d: trn u cc thnh
phn theo khi lng nhng khc nhau v th tch s dn n s thay i v mu
sc ca sn phm.
- Mu sc:
Mu sc l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca thc phm sy kh. Ring
i vi mt s sn phm th c ngha ln hn c c tnh ca v, phi tun theo
nhng nguyn tc thng mi quc t, cc loi thc phm kh ch c bn ra th
trng sau khi trng cu kin bng cc mu chun. Tnh cht v cht lng ca
sn phm khng c php khc bit so vi tnh cht v cht lng ca mu chun.
Mt trong nhng c im l mu sc. Mu m nht, mu cht, hoc c s
khc bit v mu sc dn n h hi ln cho cht lng sn phm. i vi cc sn
phm mu trng c th bin i thnh mu vng, , en, xm; i vi sn phm
mu c th b bin thnh mu vng, gch nu, i vi sn phm mu xanh c th
thnh mu vng hoc mu xanh en. Vic kim tra mu sc cn tin hnh y t
nguyn liu ban u, trong qu trnh bo qun, lm sch nguyn liu, chn lm
ngui, sy v bo qun thnh phm, cng nh trc khi em s dng.
- Nng v, cht thm v cc cht khc:
Mi v v ca sn phm kh thng c nh gi sau khi ngm nc tr li,
nu chn v lm ngui n nhit thng. Nguyn tc c bn ca ngi sn xut
cng nh ngi tiu th sn phm l: cht lng ca sn phm phi c kim
tra thng xuyn sau khi a chng v trng thi thch hp s dng.
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sut hi nc trong bung sy. Khi nhit chuyn qua lp kh, quan h gia p sut
trong bung sy v p sut trn b mt l:
Pi = Ps +
kd
( ts ti )
b.s
Trong : Pi: p sut ring phn ca hi nc b mt thng hoa, Pa; Ps: p sut
ring phn ca hi nc b mt, Pa; kd: dn nhit ca lp kh, W.m-1K-1; b:
thm ca lp kh, kg.s-1.m-1; s: n nhit thng hoa, J.kg-1; ts, ti: nhit b mt v
b mt thng hoa, 0 C. Thi gian sy c tnh bng cng thc sau:
x 2 (M 1 M 2 )s
Td =
8k d ( t s t i )
Trong : td: thi gian sy, s; x: chiu dy sn phm, m; : t trng ca cht kh,
kg.m3; M1, M2: m ban u v m cui cng. Ch rng thi gian sy t l
vi bnh phng dy sn phm, do gp i chiu dy sn phm s ko di
thi gian sy gp 4 ln.
1.4.5. Thit b sy thng hoa:
Cc thit b sy thng hoa bao gm mt bung chn khng c cha cc khay
ng sn phm v thit b un nng cp n nhit thng hoa. Cc ng xon rut
g lnh hoc cc bn dt lnh c s dng ngng t hi nc trc tip thnh
bng. Chng c gn vi thit b t ng lm tan bng gi cho b mt ca cc
dy xon rut g c trng ti a cho vic ngng t hi nc. iu ny l cn
thit bi v phn ln nng lng u vo c dung lm lnh ng cc thit b
ngng t v v th tnh kinh t ca sy thng hoa c xc nh bi hiu sut ca
thit b ngng t:
Hiu sut =
Nhitthng hoa
Nhittacnhn lamlanhthit bngng tu
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Thi Lan c cc cng ty: Cha-Liang Co., Ltd; Thiptipa Co., Ltd; Philippines:
Amley Food Co., Ltd; Taiwan: Howenia Enterprise Co., Ltd [27]. nc ta hin
nay ch c cng ty Asuzacfoods l cng ty duy nht s dng cng ngh sy thng
hoa trn mt hng rau qu [24] v cng ty Acecookvietnam vi nhng gi sp chit
xut t tht v cc loi rau c qua cng ngh sy thng hoa [25]. Cc sn phm sy
thng hoa rau qu hin nay trn th trng th gii kh phong ph. V d : khoai
lang tm, xoi, to, khoai ty, du ty, nm, bp, chui, u nnh, khoai m, b ng,
cn ty, nho, ci bp, ht d, gng, khoai s, hnh ty, ti, ht ng cc, u H Lan,
b xi, vin rau, u h, qu kiwi[30]
Khoai lang tm
FD
Qu kiwi FD
Qu o FD
Xoi FD
Bp FD
Chui FD
u h FD
Vin rau FD
To FD
Khoai ty FD
Da FD
Du ty FD
Nm FD
u H Lan FD
B xi FD
Mitchuba FD
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u nnh FD
B ng FD
To gai FD
Rau Spinage FD
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CHNG II
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I0
= .l.C
I
I0
c trng cho mc
I
pH = 4,5
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Nguyn l:
- Gluxit trc tip kh oxy c tnh cht kh Cu(OH)2 mi trng kim mnh,
lm cho c kt ta di th Cu2O mu gch. S lng Cu2O tng ng vi s
lng gluxit kh oxy.
RCHO + 2Cu(OH)2 = RCOOH + Cu2O + 2H2O
- Cu2O c tnh kh oxy, tc dng vi mui st ba (Fe 3+) lm cho mui ny
chuyn thnh mui st hai (Fe2+) trong mi trng axt.
Cu2O + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2SO4 = 2CuSO4 + H2O + 2FeSO4
- FeSO4 c tnh kh oxy c tc dng vi KMnO4 l cht oxy ha, do dng
KMnO4 chun FeSO4 mi trng axt.
10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 + KMnO4 = K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O
T s ml KMnO4 0,1N dng chun FeSO4 hnh thnh tra bng c s mg
ng glucoza, maltoza, lactoza, hoc saccaroza nhn vi h s pha long ta c
hm lng ng trong 100g thc phm.
Cch tin hnh
- Chun b dung dch phn tch: Cn khong 2g nguyn liu nghin nh cho
vo bnh nn vi nc ct v 10ml HCl m c. Tin hnh thu phn trong ni
cch thy n khi th ht tinh bt bng dung dch it (khng thy xut hin mu
xanh khi cho mt git dch thy phn tc dng vi mt git dung dch it). Lm
ngui ri trung ha axt bng NaOH m c ri NaOH 1% cho n pH = 5,5 6,0
(th bng giy qu). Lc u v lc thu ly dung dch cho vo bnh nh mc 100
ml. Tin hnh kh tp cht bng cch cho 5 ml dung dch km feroxyanua 15%, lc
u, yn 2-3 pht. Tip theo thm 5 ml km axetat 30%, lc mnh. Cho thm
nc ct va 100 ml, lc u v lc qua giy lc c dung dch phn tch.
- Xc nh hm lng ng: Cho vo bnh nn 250ml 10ml dung dch Feling
A, 10ml dung dch Feling B, 10ml mu dch chun b. un si hn hp trong 3
pht, sau khi si dung dch phi c mu xanh bic. lng yn, lc tch phn dch
lng mu xanh sao cho lng kt ta Cu2O cn li phn ln nm trong bnh nn.
Cho nc si vo bnh nn v tip tc gn lc vo phu cho n khi nc trong
bnh ht mu xanh. Trong qu trnh gn lc ch trnh ng kt ta ri vo
phu v lun gi mt lp nc un si trn mt kt ta trong bnh nn v trn
phu. Ho tan Cu2O trong bnh nn v trong phu bng st (III) sunfat trong mi
trng H2SO4. Lc v ra ht kt ta bm trn giy lc thu c dung dch. Chun
dung dch thu c bng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N cho ti khi xut hin mu hng
nht bn vng trong 15 giy. c s ml KMnO4 0,1N dng v em tra bng 3 [tr
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trong dng xung vi phn t l thun vi nng cc kim loi quan tm trong dung
dch.
Cch tin hnh:
- Ph mu: c c mu dung dch phn tch chng ti ly 1g khoai lang tm
ti nghin nh cho vo bnh tam gic, thm vo 5 ml dung dch H2SO4 m
c v 5 ml dung dch HNO3 m c. t bnh tam gic ln bp in un si. Qu
trnh ph mu c tin hnh trong t ht kh c cho n khi dung dch tr nn
trong th ngng un, ngui hn ri ly ra lm dung dch phn tch.
- Phn tch mu trng:
Ly 40 ml dung dch nc ct vo bnh in phn.
Thm vo :
- 0,1 ml dung dch Hg2+
- 0,1 ml dung dch HCl
- 0,1 ml dung dch KCl bo ho
Tin hnh in phn iu kin sau:
- Phng php: xung vi phn (DDP)
- Th ban u (U1): -1,1V
- Th cui (U2): 0,2V
- Th in phn (Ustriping): -1,1V
- Thi gian in phn: 120s
- Thi gian ngh (Urest): 10s
Cc thng s khc c mc nh (khng nn thay i).
Ph thu c khng c cc pic l (tr pic thu ngn ti th ~ 0,1-0,2V), c th bt
u php phn tch mu thc. Nu c, cn tr ng nn khi tnh ton kt qu o.
- Phn tch mu thc:
a. in phn:
- i vi phn tch ch, ng, cadimi:
- Thay nc ct bng mu thc cn phn tch, tin hnh cc bc nh vi mu
trng.
- Ring thi gian in phn, c th thay i t 120-300s tu thuc vo nng
mu (vi mu c nng cht cn phn tch thp, cn tng thi gian in phn).
- Th nh pic:
+ ng: -0,3V 0,05V
+ Ch: -0,4V 0,05V
+ Cadimi: -0,6V 0,05V
+ Km: -0,90V 0,05V
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Ngoi cc bc in phn nh trn, trong dung dch phn tch cn cho thm 0,1 ml
CH3COONH4 12M. Nng mu c xc nh bng phng php thm chun.
Cc bc thm chun c tin hnh nh sau:
b. Thm chun:
- nh bng in cc bng giy lc.
- Thm trc tip 0,1 ml mi dung dch chun kim loi cn phn tch vo dung
dch va in phn.
- Ghi ph theo cc bc nh in phn mu.
Kt qu c trnh by phn kt qu v tho lun.
2.2.4. Phng php cm quan: nh gi mu sc, kh dn, mi v ca sn
phm sy.
Mu sc, hnh dng sn phm l mt trong nhng ch tiu hng u i vi sn
phm sy v n nh hng ln n gi tr cm quan, th hiu ca ngi tiu dng.
tin hnh nh gi cm quan dng php th th hiu cho im theo thang
cng v y l php th cho ta nh gi c mc a thch ca ngi tiu
dng v sn phm khch quan nht.
2.2.5. Phng php ton hc:
- Tin hnh cc th nghim theo phng n quy hoch trc giao cp I TYT 2 3
nghin cu nh hng ca ba yu t: nhit lnh ng v nhit sy, thi
gian sy n cht lng sn phm vi 2 hm mc tiu: hm lng anthocyanin v
m sn phm.
- Ti u ha thc nghim.
Cc bc tin hnh ca phng php TYT 2k:
- Chn yu t nh hng.
- Chn mc cc yu t.
- Xy dng 2k th nghim cn thit.
- Tin hnh lm th nghim theo ma trn.
- Chn dng phng trnh hi quy.
- Kim tra ngha h s b.
- Kim tra tng thch gia phng trnh hi quy v thc nghim.
- Vit phng trnh hi quy.
Quy hoch phng n ti u:
- Dng cng c Tools - Solver (chc nng m rng ca Exel) tm gi tr ti u
cho tng hm mc tiu.
- Dng phng php thot ly khi vng cm (gii vi ngn ng lp trnh Pascal)
tm iu kin cng ngh ti u ca hm chp a mc tiu m v hm lng
anthocyanin.
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CHNG III
KT QU V THO LUN
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Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
m, %
67,85
68,05
67,68
67,86
Mt quang
(Abs)
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5 (nm)
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pH = 1
max
700nm
pH = 4,5
max
700nm
Hm lng
anthocyanin,
%
Ln 1
0,202
-0,017
0,192
0,002
0,058
Ln 2
0,278
-0,031
0,180
0,001
0,06
Ln3
0,354
-0,045
0,168
0,003
0,062
Trung bnh
0,06
0,0014 ( N - n)
.100
P
trong :
N: s ml H2SO4 0,1N cho vo bnh nn trc kt hp vi NH3.
n: s ml NaOH 0,1N dng chun H2SO4 tha.
P: trng lng mu th tnh bng g.
Mun tnh ra protit nhn kt qu nit ton phn vi 6,25.
Kt qu c th hin bng 3.3.
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Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
N, ml
10
10
10
10
n, ml
9,75
9,9
9,84
9,83
P, g
0,5132
0,4654
0,4375
0,4720
Ni t ton phn, %
0,068
0,03
0,0512
0,0497
Protein, %
0,425
0,188
0,32
0,311
G1.100
. pha long
G.1000
trong :
G1: trng lng ng nghch chuyn hoc ng glucose (mg) tng ng vi
s ml KMnO4 0,1N c bng 3 [tr 225, 9].
G: trng lng nguyn liu cn lc u, tnh bng g.
1000: chuyn t mg sang g.
Lng tinh bt = lng glucose x 0,9.
Kt qu c th hin bng 3.4.
Bng 3.4: Kt qu xc nh gluxit tng, ng t do v tinh bt
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
G, g
2,0033
2,0611
2,0038
2,0227
V KMnO4, ml
17,9
17,1
18,5
17,83
G1, mg
60,67
57,67
63
60,45
Gluxit tng, %
29,19
28,78
29,36
29,11
ng t do, %
2,92
3,04
2,86
2,94
Tinh bt, %
26,27
25,74
26,5
26,17
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M1 - M 2
.100 , %
m
Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
m, g
4,5862
4,3904
4,6883
4,55496
M1, g
56,9904
65,0795
60,7294
60,9331
M2, g
57,0023
66,0684
62,0575
61,7094
X, %
0,26
0,24
0,28
0,26
3.1.6. Xc nh hm lng x:
Tnh kt qu:
Cch tin hnh nh mc 2.2.2 chng 2, xc nh 3 ln sau ly kt qu trung
bnh tnh hm lng x c trong nguyn liu. Lng x c trong mu tnh theo
cng thc:
m - m 2 - m3
.100 , %
X= 1
m
trong : m1: khi lng b sau khi sy, g
m2: khi lng tro v chn nung sau khi nung, g
m3: khi lng chn nung, g
m: khi lng mu, g
Kt qu c th hin bng 3.6.
Bng 3.6: Kt qu xc nh x
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Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
m, g
2,0033
2,0611
2,0038
2,0227
m1, g
0,8390
0,8547
0,8482
0,8473
m2, g
18,5342
21,6915
21,1105
20,4454
m3, g
17,7285
20,8751
20,8876
19,8304
X, %
1,42
1,4
1,44
1,42
n v
Thit b th
Kt qu
Zn
mg/kg
Cc ph CPA-HH3
8,637
Cd
mg/kg
Cc ph CPA-HH3
0,012
Pb
mg/kg
Cc ph CPA-HH3
0,482
Cu
mg/kg
Cc ph CPA-HH3
1,420
Theo kt qu kho st cho thy hm lng mt s cc kim loi nng (Zn, Pb, Cu,
Cd) trong khoai lang tm nm di mc gii hn ti a cho php theo quyt nh s
867/ 1998/ Q-BYT ca B Y t (ph lc 2).
Thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu c tng hp li bng 3.8.
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Thnh phn ho hc
Hm lng
n v
Nc
67,86
Anthocyanin
0,06
Protein
0,311
Glucid
29,11
Lipit
0,26
1,42
Zn
0,8637
mg
Cd
0,0012
mg
Pb
0,0482
mg
Cu
0,1420
mg
0,978
100
Nhn xt: Theo kt qu kho st cho thy trong khoai lang tm c cha nhiu thnh
phn dinh dng. Trong , hm lng anthocyanin xc nh c l kh cao khi
so snh vi cc loi khoai lang khc (0,06%). Ngoi ra, hm lng cc kim loi
nng cng nm di mc gii hn ti a cho php theo quyt nh s 867/ 1998/
Q-BYT ca B Y t.
3.2. Nghin cu sn xut khoai lang tm sy bng phng php sy thng hoa:
3.2.1. Nghin cu la chn qui trnh x l nguyn liu trc khi sy thng hoa:
Trong qu trnh x l nguyn liu trc khi sy thng c cc khu nh: chn
hp, x l ha cht. y l nhng nhn t chnh nh hng n hiu qu sy.
Qu trnh chn hp em li nhng bin i ha l c li cho s thot m trong
nguyn liu. Di tc dng nhit trng thi keo bin i, m thc vt mm ra, t
bo trng n, khng kh thot ra, cht nguyn sinh ng t tch ra khi mng t
bo, lm thm ht ca t bo tng ln. Do vy khi sy nc thot ra d dng. i
vi rau qu giu gluxit qu trnh chn hp lm tng xp, i vi rau qu c lp
sp mng lm mt lp sp to ra vt nt nh trn b mt. Ngoi ra qu trnh chn
hp cn c tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt, v hot cc enzym.
Nhng ha cht thng s dng trong x l nguyn liu l: axit xitric, axit
sunfur, mui sunfit, cht to nh tng (monostearat, glyxerin, albumin), CaCl2.
Axit xitric c tc dng lm km hm s bin mu phi enzym. Axit sunfur, mui
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Ra sch
ro
Ct thnh khi hnh ch nht
10x10x30mm
Chn
Thuyt minh qui trnh:
- Khoai lang tm phi t nhng tiu chun nh phn 2.1.1 chng 2.
- Ra sch: nhng c khoai lang tm t tiu chun s c loi b ht t ct
bm trn v c.
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- Tip theo dng dao ct thnh khi hnh ch nht c kch thc 10x10x30mm.
Qu trnh ny yu cu phi tin hnh nhanh trnh s tc dng ca cc enzyme oxy
ha lm bin mu sn phm. Trong cng nghip qu trnh ny c thc hin bng
my ct.
- Chn: trn c s tham kho cc ti liu [13], [14] chng ti tin hnh cc th
nghim kho st c th trn nguyn liu khoai lang tm. Sau khi chn xong tin
hnh xc nh mt s ch tiu ca bn thnh phm nh: m, hm lng
anthocyanin v nh gi cm quan. Kt qu th hin bng 3.9.
Bng 3.9: Kt qu xc nh m, hm lng anthocyanin v nh gi cm quan
sau chn
Nhit nc
chn, 0C
Thi gian
chn, pht
m,
%
Hm lng
anthocyanin, %
nh gi cm quan
B mt ngoi kh,
chn khng u.
B mt ngoi kh,
90
5
67,70
0,226
chn u, mu m.
B mt kh, mu
90
7
67,74
0,220
nht, qu chn.
Sau khi tin hnh x l nguyn liu theo quy trnh 1 chng ti nhn thy cht mu
anthocyanin tht thot vo nc chn kh nhiu. Do vy chng ti tip tc chuyn
sang kho st theo qui trnh 2.
3.2.1.2. Qui trnh 2:
S qui trnh:
Khoai lang tm
90
67,65
0,223
Ra sch
ro
Ct thnh khi hnh ch nht
10x10x30mm
Hp
Thuyt minh qui trnh:
- Khoai lang tm lm nguyn liu cng loi vi quy trnh 1.
- Ra sch: ging quy trnh 1.
- Ct thnh khi hnh ch nht: ging quy trnh 1.
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- Hp: khoai lang tm sau khi c ct thnh dng khi hnh ch nht s c
hp nhng thi gian kho st khc nhau. Sau khi hp xong chng ti tin hnh xc
nh mt s ch tiu ca bn thnh phm nh: m, hm lng anthocyanin v
nh gi cm quan. Kt qu th hin bng 3.10.
Bng 3.10: Kt qu xc nh m, hm lng anthocyanin v nh gi cm quan
sau hp
Nhit hi
nc, 0C
Thi gian
hp, pht
m,
%
Hm lng
anthocyanin, %
100
67,85
0,228
100
67,76
0,23
100
67,80
0,225
nh gi cm quan
Mu cha chn, cng,
b mt cn m.
Mu chn, khng qu
mm, b mt t.
Mu qu chn, mm,
mt vi mu b b.
Hnh 3.2:Hnh
Mu3.3:
khoai
lang
tm lang
sau chn
Mu
khoai
tm sau hp
T cc kt qu kho st theo trn chng ti a ra qui trnh x l nguyn liu tt
nht nh sau:
Khoai lang tm
Ra sch
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ro
Ct thnh khi hnh ch nht
10x10x30mm
Hp
T = 4 pht
t = 100 0C
Nhn xt:
- Hm lng anthocyanin trong bn thnh phm sau x l xc nh c l 0,23 %
tng ln vt tri hn so vi trong nguyn liu ti l 0,06 %. Nh vy qu trnh x
l khng nhng v hot c cc enzym oxy ha, lm chn nguyn liu, tng hiu
qu cho qu trnh sy m cn lm tng anthocyanin tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn
phm. S d nh vy l do trong qu trnh x l nhit tinh bt b h ha, cc t bo
b ph v to iu kin gii phng anthocyanin.
3.2.2. Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy thng hoa khoai lang
tm:
Vi mc ch l nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t cng ngh n qu trnh
sy thng hoa khoai lang tm chng ti tin hnh ti u ho cc thng s k thut
ca cng ngh sy thng hoa bng cc th nghim. tin hnh cc th nghim kho
st cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca khoai lang tm sy ti s dng phng
php ton hc v y l cng c gip chng ti gim bt s th nghim m vn c
th xc nh c iu kin cng ngh thch hp.
3.2.2.1. Chn yu t nh hng v hm mc tiu:
Trong cng ngh sy thng hoa cht lng sn phm chu tc ng ca nhiu yu
t nhng y chng ti chn 3 yu t:
- Z1: nhit lnh ng, 0C
- Z2: nhit sy, 0C
- Z3: thi gian sy, gi
i vi sn phm sy th c rt nhiu ch s nh gi cht lng ca n nhng
trong ti ny chng ti chn m v hm lng anthocyanin lm hm mc tiu:
- Y1: hm mc m ca sn phm, %
- Y2: hm mc tiu hm lng anthocyanin ca sn phm, %
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Mc trn (+1)
Z1, C
-30
Cc yu t nh hng
Z2, 0C
45
Z3, h
10
Mc c s (0)
-45
40
Mc di (-1)
-60
35
15
Cc mc
Bin thc
Bin m
y1
y2
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Z1, 0C
Z2, 0C
Z3, h
x1
x2
x3
-30
45
10
4,48
0,168
-60
45
10
3,8
0,158
-30
35
10
5,69
0,19
-60
35
10
4,64
0,186
-30
45
5,58
0,215
-60
45
3,84
0,195
-30
35
7,95
0,233
-60
35
4,98
0,200
-45
40
4,78
0,203
10
-45
40
4,97
0,197
11
-45
40
4,68
0,194
Trong :
- x1: nhit lnh ng, 0C.
- x2: nhit sy, 0C.
- x3: thi gian sy, gi.
- y1: m ca sn phm, %.
- y2: hm lng anthocyanin ca sn phm, %.
Xy dng m t ton hc cho hm mc tiu m ca sn phm:
- Chn phng trnh hi quy:
Phng trnh hi quy c dng:
y = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b12x1x2 + b13x1x3 + b23x2x3 + b123x1x2x3 (3.1)
trong : b0: h s hi quy.
b1, b2, b3: h s tuyn tnh.
b12, b13, b23: h s tng tc i.
b123: h s tng tc ba.
- Tnh h s b:
V phng n c chn l quy hoch trc giao cp I, theo [1] cc h s b trong
phng trnh hi quy (3.1) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
1
bj =
N
( x
u =1
ju
yu )
vi: j = (1, k)
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bij =
N
bijk =
( x
1
N
iu
u =1
47
x ju ) yu
( x
iu
u =1
i j = (1, k)
x ju xku ) yu
(3.2)
i j k = (1, k)
T s liu thc nghim bng 3.12, p dng cng thc (3.2) ta tnh c cc h s b:
b0 = 5,12
b12 = - 0,2
b1 = 0,805
b13 = - 0,3725
b2 = - 0,695
b23 = 0,1825
b3 = - 0,4675
b123 = 0,1075
bj
(3.3)
Sb j
- So snh tj vi tp(f).
trong : tp(f) l chun Student tra bng ng vi xc sut tin cy p v bc t do f,
f = n0 1
bj: h s trong phng trnh hi quy chn.
Sbj: lch ca cc h s bj
Nu tj > tp(f) th h s bj c ngha.
Nu tj < tp(f) th h s bj b loi khi phng trnh.
- Xc nh Sbj:
S bj =
S th2
N
(3.4)
trong : S
2
th
( y
u =1
0
u
- y0 )2
(3.5)
f: s bc t do, f = m -1 = 2.
m: s th nghim ti tm, m = 3.
xc nh phng sai ti hin ti dng 3 th nghim ti tm:
3
0
1
y = 4,78
; y2 = 4,97
0
3
; y = 4,68
vi
y0 =
y
u =1
0
u
= 4,81
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S 2th = 0,0217;
48
S 2bj =
0,002713; S bj = 0,052082
kim nh theo chun Student (t) ta thay h s bj, Sbj vo cng thc (3.3) ta c
cc gi tr tj:
t0 = 98,30652
t12 = 3,840098
t1 = 15,4564
t13 = 7,152183
t2 = 13,34434
t23 = 3,50409
t3 = 8,97623
t123 = 2,064053
(3.6)
(Y
u =1
)2
-Y
u
(3.7)
f d
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49
L +45
;
15
x2 =
S - 40
;
5
x3 =
T -8
2
L +45
S - 40
T -8
L +45
- 0,695.
- 0,4675.
- 0,3725.
.
15
5
2
15
T -8
2
= 5,12 + 0,805.
L +45
T -8
L +45 T - 8
- 0,4675.
- 0,3725.
.
15
2
15
2
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b13 = 0,004875
b2 = - 0,009125
b23 = -0,003375
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51
b3 = - 0,017625
b123 = 0,002375
- Kim tra mc ngha ca cc h s b trong phng trnh hi quy:
Cc bc kim tra tng t nh i vi cc h s b trong phng trnh hi quy
hm mc tiu m.
Kt qu tnh cc tj:
t0 = 119,1994
t12 = 0,540062
t1 = 5,169163
t13 = 1,465882
t2 = 5,632073
t23 = 2,083095
t3 = 10,87839
t123 = 1,465882
Sau khi kim tra mc ngha ca cc h s b ta c: t12, t13, t23, t123 < tp(fth) = t0,05(2) =
4,3 nn cc h s b12, b13, b23, b123 u b loi ra khi phng trnh.
Vy phng trnh hi quy ca hm lng anthocyanin trong sn phm c dng:
2 = 0,193125 + 0,008375x1 - 0,009125x2 - 0,017625x3 ( **)
y
- Kim nh s ph hp ca phng trnh hi quy vi thc nghim:
Cc bc kim tra cng tng t nh i vi hm mc tiu l m.
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc (3.4), (3.5), (3.6), (3.7) ta c: S 2th =0,000021;
S 2bj = 0,000002625 ; S bj = 0.001620185; S d2 = 0,000111 ; F = 5,277778
Tra bng 4 [1] ta c F1-p(f1, f2) = F0,95(3,2) = 19,2 vi f1= N 1 = 3, f2 = m-1 =2
Ta c F < F1-p. Vy m hnh ton hc chn ph hp vi thc nghim.
Phn tnh ton xem mc 3.2 phn ph lc 3.
Phng trnh hi quy trn c dng tuyn tnh, c 3 yu t l nhit lnh ng,
nhit sy, thi gian sy u nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm m trc tip
l hm lng anthocyanin. Trong cc khong ca cc yu t chn khi tng nhit
lnh ng, gim nhit sy, gim thi gian sy th hm lng anthocyanin s
tng. S d nh vy l v: khi lnh ng mc cng thp th cc tinh th hnh
thnh trong bn thnh phm cng t khng gy bin dng, rch t bo do trong
qu trnh thng hoa anthocyanin trong t bo khng b cun theo hi m ra ngoi.
Mt khc, anthocyanin l mt hp cht d b ph hy bi nhit v nh sng do
vy khi sy trong iu kin nhit thp v thi gian ngn s tn tht
anthocyanin hn.
- Biu din cc yu t tng tc i vi hm lng anthocyanin
Tng t nh cch biu din cc yu t tng tc i vi m ca sn phm ta
cng biu din c s nh hng ca cc yu t nhit lnh ng, nhit sy,
thi gian sy n hm lng anthocyanin ca sn phm trn th khng gian 3
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Bin thc
Bin m
Z1, 0C
Z2, 0C
Z3, h
x1
x2
x3
-60
45
10
y1min, %
3,525
Bin m
Z1, C
Z2, C
Z3, h
x1
x2
x3
-30
35
y2max, %
0,228
T bng 3.14 chng ti nhn thy kt qu ti u bng Solver cho iu kin cng
ngh trng th nghim th 7 vi iu kin cng ngh tng ng l: nhit lnh
ng -600C, nhit sy 350C, thi gian sy 6 gi v hm lng anthocyanin t
gi tr cao nht tm c l 0,228 %, Ti iu kin cng ngh ny chng ti xc
nh c m ca sn phm theo hm y1 l 7,46 %, sn phm cha t m
nh nht.
Qua cc kt qu ti u trn cho thy iu kin cng ngh m hm lng
anthocyanin t max th m khng th t min v iu kin cng ngh lm cho
m nh nht ta li khng th c hm lng anthocyanin ca sn phm ln nht.
Nh vy khng th tm c iu kin ti u tha mn mt lc hai mc tiu nghin
cu bng phng php ny. Do vy, chng ti tin hnh ti u ha hm a mc tiu
bng phng php thot ly khi vng cm tm ra mt nghim tha hip.
3.2.3.2. Ti u ha hm a mc tiu bng phng php thot ly khi vng
cm:
Qu trnh sy thng hoa khoai lang tm c c trng bi hai phng trnh (*)
v (**) mc 3.2.2.2. Hai phng trnh ny th hin s tc ng ca cc yu t cng
ngh n m v hm lng anthocyanin ca sn phm khoai lang tm sy. Khi c
s thay i ca b ba s liu (x1, x2, x3) trong bng 3.12 th cho cc gi tr thc
nghim y1, y2 khc nhau v y1min, y2max cng khc nhau.
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y2max
ykt
A
T
y1min
y1
1 ( y1 ) = 1 y1kt
0
y1(x) <
y1(x) >
y2(x) > 2
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y2 2
y (x) <
2 ( y 2 ) = y2k t 2
Hm mc tiu t hp chp R(x) tnh theo cng thc:
0 R(x) = (x). (x)
2
max
Bi ton c gii theo phng php lun phin tng bin ca (Gauss Seidel) vi
ngn ng lp trnh Pascal.
ngha: R(x)
max, tc l cc i ha khong cch (thot cng xa min cm th
cng gn im khng tng).
Dng bi ton: Tm nghim ti u xopt sao cho Ropt(x) = R(xopt) = max R(x), x
x.
Sau khi chy chng trnh vi 200 vng lp nh phn ph lc 6 chng ti thu c
kt qu bng 3.15.
Bng 3.15: Kt qu sau khi chy chng trnh tng hp t ph lc 6
1
X1 ti u, 0C
X2 ti u, 0C
X3 ti u, h
y1 ti u, %
y2 ti u, %
-60
44,95
3,7219
0,2005
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Ln 2
Ln 3
Trung bnh
m, %
3,72
3,78
3,75
3,75
Anthocyanin, %
0,198
0,202
0,203
0,201
Nhn xt:
T kt qu thc nghim ti iu kin ti u chng ti nhn c sn phm c
m l 3,75 % v hm lng anthocyanin l 0,201 %. Kt qu ny cho thy chng ta
khng th tm c mt iu kin cng ngh m ti cho ta sn phm c m
bng y1min = 3,525% v hm lng anthocyanin t gi tr ca y2max = 0,228 %. Tuy
nhin, cc gi tr tm c cng gn tha mn gi tr ca y1ti u, y2ti u. Do vy, c
th kt lun rng tin cy ca phng php ti u l kh cao v iu kin tt nht
sy thng hoa khoai lang tm l: nhit lnh ng -60 0C, nhit sy 45 0C,
thi gian sy 6 gi. Cui cng, kim tra cht lng sn phm khch quan hn
chng ti t chc mt cuc th nghim nh gi cm quan i vi mu kim chng.
3.2.5. nh gi cm quan:
y l mt sn phm mi, bit c mc a thch ca ngi tiu dng
chng ti t chc ra mt hi ng nh gi cm quan th hiu 60 ngi bao gm cc
bn lp 02H2A, 03SH, 05MT trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng. Th nghim
c t chc ti phng th nghim nh gi cm quan ca b mn Cng ngh thc
phm thuc Khoa Ha, chia lm 3 lt th: 2 lt mi lt 28 ngi v 1 lt cho
4 ngi cn li. Trong , sn phm s c nh gi mc a thch v mu sc,
kh dn, v v mc a thch chung trn thang 9 im theo phiu hng dn
mc 7.1 ph lc 7.
Kt qu c tng hp bng 3.17.
im trung
im mc
a thch v mu
sc
8,01
im mc
a thch v
kh dn
6,71
im mc
a thch v v
im mc
a thch chung
6,23
6,5
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bnh
Nhn xt: Theo kt qu nhn c i chiu vi thang o ca phiu hng dn th
nghim mc 7.1 ph lc 7 ta thy:
- Sn phm ny c ngi tiu dng kh thch.
- Ngi tiu dng rt thch mu sc ca khoai lang tm sy. iu cho thy
khoai lang tm sy theo phng php ny bo tn gn nh nguyn vn anthocyanin.
- V kh dn v v ca sn phm cng c ngi tiu dng tng i thch.
- V y l sn phm hon ton t nhin trong qu trnh ch bin hon ton
khng b sung mt gia v v ph gia no nn cha c ngi tiu dng nh gi
cao. Nhng sn phm ny s rt tt cho nhng ngi n king v hn ch ti a cc
cht bo v rt c li cho sc khe v hn ch c cc ha cht c hi cng nh
cung cp cho con ngi mt lng anthocyanin qu gi cng vi cc cht dinh
dng c sn trong khoai lang tm.
3.2.6. xut qui trnh sn xut khoai lang tm sy bng phng php sy
thng hoa quy m pilot:
Da trn nguyn tc lm vic ca qu trnh sy thng hoa v kt qu nghin cu
chng ti xut qui trnh cng ngh sy thng hoa khoai lang tm nh sau:
Qui trnh sn xut khoai lang tm sy thng hoa quy m pilot:
Khoai lang tm
Ra sch
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n tt nghip
59
KT LUN
Sau qu trnh thc hin ti ny chng ti rt ra c nhng kt lun
nh sau:
SVTH: L Vit Trin
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61
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3. Hong Th Kim Cc, Phm Chu Hunh, Nguyn Th Lan, Trn Khi Uyn
(2004), Xc nh hm lng anthocyanin trong mt s nguyn liu rau qu
bng phng php pH vi sai, Tp ch khoa hc v cng ngh, i hc
Nng, 3(7), 47-54.
4. Trn Bch Lam, Tn N Minh Nguyt, inh Trn Nht Thu (2004), Th nghim
ha sinh thc phm, NXB i hc quc gia TP. HCM.
5. Nguyn Th Lan (2006), Bi ging quy hoch thc nghim, i hc Bch Khoa
Nng.
6. ng Minh Nht (2006), Gio n k thut sy nng sn thc phm, i hc
Bch Khoa Nng.
7. Trn Vn Ph, L Nguyn Dng (1991), K thut sy nng sn, NXB Khoa
hc v k thut.
8. Nguyn Xun Phng (2003), K thut lnh thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v k
thut.
9. Phm Vn S, Bi Th Nh Thun, Bi Minh c (1975), Kim nghim lng
thc thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v k thut.
10. L Ngc T (2000), Ha sinh thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v k thut.
11. H Duyn T (1991), K thut phn tch cm quan, Tng cc tiu chun o
lng cht lng.
12. Vin dc liu (2004), Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam-tpII, NXB
Khoa hc v k thut.
13. Yeu-Pyng Lin, Jen-Horng Tsen, V. An-Erl King (2004), Effect of far-infrared
radiation on the freeze-drying of sweet potato, Journal of Food Engineering,
68, 249-255.
14. M. K. Krokida, V. T. Karathanos v Z. B. Maroulis (1998), Effect of Freezedrying Conditions on Shrinkage and Porosity of Dehydrated Agricultural
Products, Journal of Food Engineering, 35, 369-380.
15. Luanda G. Marques, Maria C. Ferreisa, Jos T. Freice (2006), Freeze-drying of
acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), Chemical Engineering and Processing, 46, 451457.
16. Ikuo SUDA, Tomoyuki OKI, Mami MASUDA, Mio KOBAYASHI, Yoichi
NISHIBA, Shu FURUTA (2003), Physiological Funtionality of PurlpleFleshed Sweet Potatoes Containing Anthocyanin and Their Utilization in
Foods, JARQ - (Vol. 37 No. 3 ).
17. Http://www.tradekey.com/index.html?
action=feedback_post&uid=269387&return_url=/sellofer_view/id/133435.htm.
SVTH: L Vit Trin
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18. Http://www.rpi.ed/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/DOWNSTREAM/fig2.htm.
19. Http://www.vinamit.com.
20. Http://www.niroinc.com.
21. Http://xinmeixang.en.alibaba.com/group/50034177/Freeze_Dried_Vegetables.ht
ml
22. Http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/chuyennganh/soyte/133481_
946/#top#top.
23. Http://www.asuzacfoods.com.vn/sp.html
24. Http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn
25. Http://www.acecookvietnam.vn/index.php?
option=com_content&task=blogsection&jd=12&Itemid=175&lang=vi.
26. Http://www.sggp.org.vn/phongsudieutra/thang12/nam2004/30473images/image
s37654_29B.jpg.
27. Http://www.alibaba.com/manufacture/229c3pthf/Frozen_Dried_Fruit.html.
28. Http://www.dhdlvanlang.edu.vn/news/tintucsukien.aspx?id=265.
29. Http://www.doste.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/tintuc/news_detail.asp?
period_id=1&cat_id=344&news_id=1117.
30. Http://jd-trade.en.alibaba.com/group/50160209/Frozen_Dried_Food.html.
PH LC 1
(Xc nh anthocyanin trong khoai lang tm)
1.1. Pha dung dch m pH = 1:
+ Ly 25 ml dung dch gc HCl 0,2M.
+ Ly 67 ml dung dch KCl 0,2M (14,9g/l).
+ nh mc thnh 100 ml.
SVTH: L Vit Trin
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TN NGUYN T V C T
Asen (As)
0.2
Ch (Pb)
0.5 1.0
0.005
ng (Cu)
5.0
Cadimi (Cd)
0.02
Km (Zn)
10.0
Bo (B)
1.8
Thic (Sn)
1.00
Antimon
0.05
10
Patulin (c t)
0.005
11
Aflattoxin (c t)
150
PH LC 3
(Tnh ton cc phng trnh hi quy)
3.1. Tnh ton phng trnh hi quy ca hm mc tiu m sn phm:
3.1.1. Tnh cc h s b:
1
8
1
b1 =
8
1
b2 =
8
1
b3 =
8
b0 =
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1
(4,48 - 3,8 - 5,69 + 4,64
8
1
b13 =
(4,48 - 3,8 + 5,69 - 4,64
8
1
b23 =
(4,48 + 3,8 - 5,69 - 4,64
8
1
b123 =
(4,48 - 3,8 - 5,69 +4,64
8
b12 =
y
u =1
y0 =
0
u
3
n
Sth2 =
( y
u =1
0
u
- y0 )2
f
2
th
S
=
N
Sbj =
b0
t0 = S =
b
j
b2
t2 = S
b
b12
t12 = S
b
= 0,052082.
= 98,30652;
0,695
0,052082
= 13,34434;
b 23
t23 = S
b
0,0217
8
5,12
0,052082
=
=
1
( 4,78 4,81) 2 + (4,97 4,81) 2 + (4,68 4,81) 2 = 0,0217.
2
b1
t1 = S =
b
j
0,2
0,052082
= 3,840098;
0,1825
0,052082
= 3,50409;
b3
t3 = S
b
b13
t13 = S
b
0,805
0,052082
= 15,4565
0,4675
0,052082
= 8,97623
0,3725
0,052082
b123
t 123 = S
b
= 7,152183
0,1075
0,052082
2,064053
3.1.3. Tnh gi tr chun Fisher:
= 5,12 + 0,805 - 0,695 - 0,4675 - 0,3725 = 4,39
Y
1
= 5,12 + 0,805 - 0,695 - 0,4675 - 0,3725 = 3,525
Y
2
Y
6
Y
7
Y
8
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1
((3,8 3,525)2 + (4,48 4,39)2 + (4,64 4,915)2 + (5,69 5,78)2 + (3,84
3
Sd2 =
2
Sd
0,2263
= 0,0217 = 10,42857.
2
Sth
b0 =
+ 0,233+ 0,2) =
0,193125.
1
(0,169 -0,158 + 0,19 -0,186 + 0,215- 0,195 + 0,233- 0,2) = 0,008375.
8
1
b2 =
(0,169 +0,158 - 0,19 -0,186 + 0,215+ 0,195 - 0,233- 0,2) = -0,009125.
8
1
b3 = (0,169 +0,158 + 0,19 +0,186 - 0,215- 0,195 - 0,233- 0,2) = -0,017625.
8
1
b12 = (0,169 -0,158 - 0,19 +0,186 + 0,215- 0,195 - 0,233+ 0,2) = 0,000875.
8
1
b13 = (0,169 -0,158 + 0,19 -0,186 - 0,215+ 0,195 - 0,233+ 0,2) = 0,004875
8
1
b23 = (0,169 +0,158 - 0,19 -0,186 - 0,215- 0,195 + 0,233+ 0,2) = -0,003375.
8
1
b123 = (0,169 -0,158 - 0,19 +0,186 - 0,215+0,195 + 0,233- 0,2) = 0,002375.
8
b1 =
y =
0
y
u =1
0
u
3
n
(y
Sth =
2
u =1
0
u
- y0 )2
1
(0,203 0,198 ) 2 + (0,197 0,198 ) 2 + (0,194 0,198 ) 2
2
= 0,000021.
S th2
=
N
Sbj =
b0
t0 = S =
b
j
0,000021
8
0,193125
0,00162
= 0,00162.
b1
= 119,199351;
t1 = S =
b
j
0,008375
0,052082
= 5,169162
Lp: 02H2A
n tt nghip
b2
t2 = S
b
67
0,009125
0,00162
= 5,632072;
t3 = S
b
0,017625
0,00162
0,004875
0,00162
0,002375
0,00162
10,878387
b12
t12 = S
b
0,000875
0,00162
= 0,540061;
0,003375
0,00162
= 2,083095;
b13
t 13 = S
b
3,009259
b 23
t23 = S
b
b123
t 123 = S
b
1,465881.
3.2.3. Tnh gi tr chun Fisher :
= 0,193125 + 0,008375 - 0,009125 - 0,017625 = 0,17475
Y
1
= 0,193125 - 0,008375 - 0,009125 - 0,017625 = 0,158
Y
2
= 0,193125 + 0,008375 + 0,009125 - 0,017625 = 0,193
Y
3
= 0,193125 - 0,008375 + 0,009125 - 0,017625 = 0,17625
Y
4
Y
7
Y
8
Sd2 =
1
((0,158 0,158)2 + (0,168 17475)2 + (0,186 0,17625)2 + (0,19
3
2
Sd
0,000111
= 0,000021
2
Sth
= 5,277778.
PH LC 4
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68
h2 = figure(2)
[L T] = meshgrid(l,t);
ys = 5.12 + 0.05367*(L+45) - 0.23375*(T-8)- 0.0124*(L+45)*(T-8);
Mesh(L,T,ys);
Xlabel('Nhiet do lanh dong, Do C','Fontsize',10,'Fontname','Times
New Roman','Rotation',-5);
Ylabel('Thoi gian say, gio','Fontsize',10,'Fontname','Times New
Roman','Rotation',25);
Zlabel('Do am, %','Fontsize',10,'Fontname','Times New Roman');
h3 = figure(3)
[L S] = meshgrid(l,s);
yt = 5.12 + 0.05367*(L+45) - 0.139*(S-40);
Mesh(L,S,yt);
Xlabel('Nhiet do lanh dong, Do C','Fontsize',10,'Fontname','Times
New Roman','Rotation',-20);
Ylabel('Nhiet do say, Do C','Fontsize',10,'Fontname','Times New
Roman','Rotation',20);
Zlabel('Do am, %','Fontsize',10,'Fontname','Times New Roman');
PH LC 5
SVTH: L Vit Trin
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PH LC 6
(Chng trnh ti u ha hm a mc tiu)
program TOI_UU_HOA_DA_MUC_TIEU;
Uses crt;
Const
Lamda=0.001;
Type
Solieu=record
a,b:array[0..3,0..3] of real;
End;
Var
f1:Text;
i,j,k:integer;
Tam:Solieu;
x:array[0..3] of real;
Rmax,X1,X2,X3:real;
Y1,Ybig1,Y2,Ybig2:real;
Ykt1,Ykt2,alpha1,alpha2,Ro1,Ro2,R:real;
f:file of Solieu;
vong:integer;
chon:byte;
Procedure nhap;
Begin
.........................................................
END;
Procedure Tinh;
Begin
.......................................................
End;
End;
Procedure Ketqua;
Begin
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ClrScr;
Write(' Nhap Ykt1: '); Readln(Ykt1);
Write(' Nhap Ykt2: '); Readln(Ykt2);
Write(' Nhap alpha1: '); Readln(alpha1);
Write(' Nhap alpha2: '); Readln(alpha2);
...................................................
Writeln(f1,'
Writeln(f1,'
Writeln(f1,'
Writeln(f1,'
Nhap
Nhap
Nhap
Nhap
Writeln(f1,' ');
Writeln(f1,'
KET QUA THU DUOC SAU GHAY CHUONG TRINH');
Writeln(f1,' ');
Writeln(f1,' Y1 toi uu = ',Ybig1:6:4);
Writeln(f1,' Y2 toi uu = ',Ybig2:6:4);
Writeln(f1,' X1 toi uu = ',X1:6:3);
Writeln(f1,' X2 toi uu = ',X2:6:3);
Writeln(f1,' X3 toi uu = ',X3:6:3);;
Writeln(f1,' Rmax = ',Rmax:6:4);
Readln;
End;
{------------------------}
BEGIN
k:=12; Assign(f1,'C:\TRIN 02 H2A\BIN\Ketqua.pas'); Rewrite(f1);
Writeln(f1,' CHAY CHUONG TRINH TOI UU HOA HAM DA MUC TIEU ');
Writeln(f1,'
Voi cac so lieu cua bai toan toi uu ');
Writeln(f1,' ');
Writeln(f1,' Lamda = ',Lamda:5:4);
Repeat
ClrScr;
Writeln('
---- Menu ----');
Writeln(' [1] Nhap so lieu');
Writeln(' [2] Tinh & Ket qua');
Writeln(' [3] Ra khoi chuong trinh');
Write('
CHON CONG VIEC:
');
Readln(Chon);
Case Chon of
1:Nhap;
2:Begin
assign(f,'Solieu.dat'); reset(f);
If k=9 then
Begin
Write('Phai nhap so lieu truoc khi tinh');
Readln;
Halt;
End;
Read(f,tam);
Close(f);
Ketqua;
End;
End;
Until chon=3;
Close(f1);
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END.
CHAY CHUONG TRINH TOI UU HOA HAM DA MUC TIEU
Voi cac so lieu cua bai toan toi uu
Lamda = 0.010
x1max=1
x1min=-1
x2max=1
x2min=-1
x3max=1
x3min=-1
nhap cac he so a,b...,
a[0,0]=5.12
a[0,1]=0.805
a[0,2]=-0.695
a[0,3]=-0.4675
a[1,1]=0.0
a[1,2]=0.0
a[1,3]=-0.3725
a[2,2]=0.0
a[2,3]=0.0
a[3,3]=0.0
b[0,0]=0.193125
b[0,1]= 0.008375
b[0,2]=-0.009125
b[0,3]=-0.017625
b[1,1]=0.000
b[1,2]=0.000
b[1,3]=0.000
b[2,2]=0.000
b[2,3]=0.000
b[3,3]=0.000
Nhap Ykt1: 3.525
Nhap Ykt2: 0.228
Nhap alpha1: 4
Nhap alpha2: 0.15
dang tinh vong thu:1
dang tinh vong thu:2
dang tinh vong thu:3
dang tinh vong thu:4
dang tinh vong thu:5
dang tinh vong thu 6
dang tinh vong thu 7
dang tinh vong thu 8
dang tinh vong thu 9
dang tinh vong thu 10
dang tinh vong thu 11
dang tinh vong thu 12
dang tinh vong thu 13
dang tinh vong thu 14
dang tinh vong thu 15
..........................
..........................
dang tinh vong thu 190
dang tinh vong thu 191
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PH LC 7
(nh gi cm quan-th hiu)
7.1. Phiu hng dn nh gi cm quan-th hiu:
PHIU HNG DN NH GI CM QUAN- TH HIU
Trnh t th mu
Anh/Ch c nhn 1 mu Khoai lang tm sy v nh gi mc a thch v
kh dn, mc a thch v v, mc a thch v mu sc v mc a
thch chung ca sn phm Khoai lang tm sy bng cch nh du X vo tng
ng v mc a thch. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
Bc 0:
- Bn nhn c t PHIU HNG DN, PHIU NH GI CM
QUAN v c k.
- Nu cha hiu r, bn hi li ngi iu khin th nghim ri mi bt u
tin hnh th nghim.
Bc 1:
- Bn tin hnh th 1 ming Khoai lang tm mu do ngi chun b th nghim
a.
- Sau bn thanh v bng nc.
Bc 2:
- Bn tin hnh nh gi mu c a ra ln lt theo mc a thch v
kh dn, mc a thch v v, mc a thch v mu sc v mc
a thch chung ca sn phm.
- V d sau khi bn tin hnh xong bc 1, bn tin hnh nh gi nh sau:
SVTH: L Vit Trin
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Lp: 02H2A
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Phiu
s 1
Mc a thch v kh dn
1
Phiu
s 2
Mc a thch v v
1
Phiu
s 3
Mc a thch v mu sc
1
Lp: 02H2A
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Phiu
s 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
im
V
Mu sc
5
8
7
9
6
9
5
7
7
9
6
8
6
8
5
8
5
8
6
9
5
8
6
7
5
9
6
7
7
6
6
8
5
7
7
9
7
8
6
8
6
7
8
8
7
8
kh dn
8
9
8
8
7
6
7
6
6
4
5
8
6
5
4
7
8
8
6
8
6
7
8
Chung
6
8
7
7
6
8
7
6
6
5
5
5
5
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
5
7
8
Lp: 02H2A
n tt nghip
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Tng im
Trung
bnh
77
5
7
4
6
7
6
4
5
6
7
7
7
9
9
5
9
8
4
5
9
7
8
7
8
6
5
7
8
7
9
8
6
7
7
4
7
8
403
5
5
7
6
7
5
7
7
5
6
6
5
8
7
5
9
7
6
6
8
5
6
5
6
8
6
6
9
9
8
7
5
7
6
5
5
5
374
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
7
9
8
8
9
7
8
9
8
8
8
7
7
8
8
8
8
7
9
9
8
8
8
8
9
9
481
5
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
5
9
8
4
5
8
5
7
7
7
8
5
6
8
8
9
8
6
6
6
6
7
7
390
6,71
6,23
8,01
6,5
Lp: 02H2A
n tt nghip
78
Lp: 02H2A