K thut s dng

Bt ng thc
C-Si
H Ni 16 - 6 - 2006
2
1. NH NG QUY T C CHUNG TRONG CH NG MINH B T NG TH C S
D NG B T NG TH C C SI
Quy t c song hnh: h u h t cc BT u c tnh i x ng do vi c s d ng cc ch ng minh m t cch song
hnh, tu n t s gip ta hnh dung ra c k t qu nhanh chng v nh h ng cch gi nhanh h n.
Quy t c d u b ng: d u b ng = trong BT l r t quan tr ng. N gip ta ki m tra tnh ng n c a ch ng
minh. N nh h ng cho ta ph ng php gi i, d a vo i m r i c a BT. Chnh v v y m khi d y cho h c sinh ta
rn luy n cho h c sinh c thi quen tm i u ki n x y ra d u b ng m c d trong cc k thi h c sinh c th khng trnh
by ph n ny. Ta th y c u i m c a d u b ng c bi t trong ph ng php i m r i v ph ng php tch nghch
o trong k thu t s d ng BT C Si.
Quy t c v tnh ng th i c a d u b ng: khng ch h c sinh m ngay c m t s gio vin khi m i nghin
c u v ch ng minh BT c ng th ng r t hay m c sai l m ny. p d ng lin ti p ho c song hnh cc BT nh ng
khng ch n i m r i c a d u b ng. M t nguyn t c khi p d ng song hnh cc BT l i m r i ph i c ng
th i x y ra, ngha l cc d u = ph i c cng c th a mn v i cng m t i u ki n c a bi n.
Quy t c bin: C s c a quy t c bin ny l cc bi ton quy ho ch tuy n tnh, cc bi ton t i u, cc bi
ton c c tr c i u ki n rng bu c, gi tr l n nh t nh nh t c a hm nhi u bi n trn m t mi n ng. Ta bi t r ng cc
gi tr l n nh t, nh nh t th ng x y ra cc v tr bin v cc nh n m trn bin.
Quy t c i x ng: cc BT th ng c tnh i x ng v y th vai tr c a cc bi n trong BT l nh nhau do
d u = th ng x y ra t i v tr cc bi n b ng nhau. N u bi ton c g n h i u ki n i x ng th ta c th ch
ra d u = x y ra khi cc bi n b ng nhau v mang m t gi tr c th .
Chi u c a BT : , c ng s gip ta nh h ng c cch ch ng minh: nh gi t TBC sang TBN v ng c
l i
Trn l 5 quy t c s gip ta c nh h ng ch ng minh BT, h c sinh s th c s hi u c cc quy t c trn qua cc
v d v bnh lu n ph n sau.
2. B T NG TH C C SI
(CAUCHY)
1. D ng t ng qut (n s ): x
1
, x
2
, x
3
..x
n
0 ta c:
D ng 1:
1 2
1 2
......
...........
n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
+ +
>
D ng 2:
1 2 1 2
...... ...........
n
n
n
x x x n x x x + + >
D ng 3:
1 2
1 2
...........
......
n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
| |
|
\ .
+ +
>
D u = x y ra khi v ch khi:
1 2
............
n
x x x = = =
H qu 1:
N u:
1 2
........
n
x x x S const + + + = = th:

1 2
P ........ ....
n
n
S
Max
n
x x x
| |
=
|
\ .
=
khi
1 2
............
n
S
n
x x x = = = =
H qu 2:
N u:
1 2
.................
n
x x x P const = = th:

1 2 2
.........
n
Min S n P x x x = + + =
khi
1 2
............
n
n
x x x P = = = =
2. D ng c th ( 2 s , 3 s ):
n = 2: x, y 0 khi : n = 3: x, y, z 0 khi :
2.1
2
x y
xy
+
>
3
3
x y z
xyz
+ +
>
2.2 2 x y xy + >
3
3 x y z xyz + + >
2.3
2
2
x y
xy
| |
|
\ .
+
>
3
3
x y z
xyz
| |
|
\ .
+ +
>
3
2.4
2
4 x y xy + >
3
27 x y z xyz + + >
2.5
1 1 4
x y x y
+ >
+
1 1 1 9
x y z x y z
+ + >
+ +
2.6

2
1 4
xy
x y
>
+
3
1 4
xyz
x y z
>
+ +
Bnh lu n:
h c sinh d nh , ta ni: Trung bnh c ng (TBC) Trung bnh nhn (TBN).
D ng 2 v d ng 3 khi t c nh nhau c v t m th ng nh ng l i gip ta nh n d ng khi s d ng BT C Si: (3)
nh gi t TBN sang TBC khi khng c c cn th c.
3. CC K THU T S D NG
3.1 nh gi t trung bnh c ng sang trung bnh nhn.
nh gi t TBC sang TBN l nh gi BT theo chi u . nh gi t t ng sang tch.
Bi 1: Ch ng minh r ng:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , 8 a b c a b b c c a a b c + + + >
Gi i
Sai l m th ng g p:
S d ng: x, y th x
2
- 2xy + y
2
= ( x- y)
2
0 x
2
+ y
2
2xy. Do :
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
a b ab
b c bc
c a ca

+ >
+ >
+ >


2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 , , a b b c c a a b c a b c + + + > (Sai)
V d :
2 2
3 5
4 3

>
>
>
24 = 2.3.4 (-2)(-5).3 = 30 ( Sai )
L i gi i ng:
S d ng BT C Si: x
2
+ y
2
2
2 2
x y = 2|xy| ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
0
0
2
2
2
a b ab
b c bc
c a ca

>

>

>

+ >
+ >
+ >


2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
| 8| 8 , , a b b c c a a b c a b c a b c = + + + > (ng)
Bnh lu n:
Ch nhn cc v c a BT cng chi u ( k t qu c BT cng chi u) khi v ch khi cc v cng khng m.
C n ch r ng: x
2
+ y
2
2
2 2
x y = 2|xy| v x, y khng bi t m hay d ng.
Ni chung ta t g p bi ton s d ng ngay BT C Si nh bi ton ni trn m ph i qua m t v php bi n i
n tnh hu ng thch h p r i m i s d ng BT C Si.
Trong bi ton trn d u nh gi t TBC sang TBN. 8 = 2.2.2 g i n vi c s d ng b t ng th c
Csi cho 2 s , 3 c p s .
Bi 2 : Ch ng minh r ng:

8
2
64 ( ) a b ab a b + > + a,b 0
Gi i


4
4
8 2 4 Si
2
4 2
. 2 2 2 2 2 . .
C
a b a b a b ab a b ab ab a b



= = + = =




+ + + > + +
2
64 ( ) ab a b = +
Bi 3: Ch ng minh r ng: (1 + a + b)(a + b + ab) 9ab a, b 0.
4
Gi i
Ta c: (1 + a + b)(a + b + ab)
3 3
3 1. . . 3. . . 9 ab ab ab ab =
Bnh lu n:
9 = 3.3 g i s d ng Csi cho ba s , 2 c p. M i bi n a, b c xu t hi n ba l n, v y khi s d ng C Si cho ba s
s kh c cn th c cho cc bi n .
Bi 4: Ch ng minh r ng: 3a
3
+ 7b
3
9ab
2
a, b 0
Gi i
Ta c: 3a
3
+ 7b
3
3a
3
+ 6b
3
= 3a
3
+ 3b
3
+ 3b
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
Csi
a b > = 9ab
2
Bnh lu n:
9ab
2
= 9.a.b.b g i n vi c tch h ng t 7b
3
thnh hai h ng t ch a b
3
khi p d ng BT Csi ta c b
2
.
Khi c nh h ng nh trn th vi c tch cc h s khng c g kh khn.
Bi 5: Cho:
, , , 0
1
:
1 1 1 1
81 3
1 1 1 1
a b c d
CMR abcd
a b c d

>
s
+ + + >
+ + + +
Gi i
T gi thi t suy ra:

si
3
3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= -
C
b c d bcd
a b c d b c d b c d
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
> + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + + +
V y:





3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
0
1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 1
1 d
81
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 1
bcd
a b c d
cda
b c d a
abc
a b c d a b c d
dca
c d c a
abc
d a b c

> >
+ + + +
> >
+ + + +
>
+ + + + + + + +
> >
+ + + +
> >
+ + + +

1
81
abcd s
Bi ton t ng qut 1:
Cho:

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,.............,
1
0
1
: ...........
1 1 1 1
......... 1
1 1 1 1
n
n
n
n
n
x x x x
CMR x x x x
n
x x x x

>
s
+ + + + >
+ + + +
Bnh lu n:
i v i nh ng bi ton c i u ki n l cc bi u th c i x ng c a bi n th vi c bi n i i u ki n mang tnh i
x ng s gip ta x l cc bi ton ch ng minh BT d dng h n
Bi 6: Cho
, , 0
1 1 1
: 1 1 1 8
1
a b c
CMR
a b c a b c

| || || |

| | |
\ .\ .\ .

>
>
+ + =
(1)
Gi i
si
1 1 1
(1) . .
2 2 2
. . . . 8
C
a b c
VT
a b c
b c c a a b bc ca ab
a b c a b c

=
+ + +
= = > (pcm)
5
Bi ton t ng qut 2:
Cho:
n
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , ,...............,
........ 1
........ 1
0
1 1 1 1
: 1 1 1 1
n
n n
n
x x x x
CMR
x x x x x x x x
| | | || | | |

| | | |
| | | |
+ + + + =
\ . \ .\ .\ .
>
>
Bi 7: CMR:


1 2 3
3
3
3
1 1 1 1 1 8 , , 0
3
a b c
a b c abc abc a b c
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ . | |
|
|
\ .
+ +
+ > + + + > + > >
Gi i
Ta c:


si
3
3
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
C a b c
a b c
a b c
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
+ + +
=
+ +
+ +
+ > + + + (1)
Ta c:

1 1 1 1 a b c ab bc ca a b c abc



= + + + + + + + + + +

2 2 2
3
si
3 3 3
3 1 1 3
C
a b c abc abc abc + + = + > + (2)
Ta c:

3
3
3 3
si
2 1. 8 1
C
abc abc abc
| |
|
\ .
= + > (3)
D u = (1) x y ra 1+a = 1+b = 1+c a = b = c
D u = (2) x y ra ab = bc = ca v a = b = c a = b= c
D u = (3) x y ra
3
abc =1 abc = 1
Bi ton t ng qut 3:
Cho x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,., x
n
0. CMR:

1 2 3
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
....
...... ..... 2 ...... 1 1 1 1 1
n
n n n
n
n
n
n
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
n
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ . | |
|
|
\ .
+ + +
+ > + + + > + > Bnh
lu n:
Bi ton t ng qut trn th ng c s d ng cho 3 s , p d ng cho cc bi ton v BT l ng gic trong tam
gic sau ny.
Trong cc bi ton c i u ki n rng bu c vi c x l cc i u ki n mang tnh ng b v i x ng l r t quan
tr ng, gip ta nh h ng c h ng ch ng minh BT ng hay sai.
Trong vi c nh gi t TBC sang TBN c m t k thu t nh hay c s d ng. l k thu t tch nghch o.
3.2 K thu t tch nghch o.
Bi 1: CMR: 2 . 0
a b
ab
b a
+ > >
Gi i
Ta c: 2 2
Csi
a b a b
b a b a
+ > =
Bi 2: CMR:
2
2
2
2
1
a
a R
a
+
> e
+
Gi i
Ta c:

2
2 2
2 2 2 2
si
2
2 2
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
C a
a
a a
a a a a
= = > =
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
D u = x y ra
2 2
2
1
1 1 1 0
1
a a a
a
= + + = =
+
Bi 3: CMR:

1
3 0 a a b
b a b
+ > > >

6
Gi i
Ta c nh n xt: b + a b = a khng ph thu c vo bi n b o h ng t u a s c phn tch nh sau:





3
si
.
1 1 1
3 . 3 0
C
a b a b b a b a b
b a b b a b b a b
+ = + + > = > >

D u = x y ra


1
b a b
b a b
= =

a = 2 v b = 1.
Bi 4: CMR:

2
4
3 0
1
a a b
a b b
+ > > >
+
(1)
Gi i
V h ng t u ch c a c n ph i thm b t tch thnh cc h ng t sau khi s d ng BT s rt g n cho cc
th a s d i m u. Tuy nhin bi u th c d i m u c d ng

2
1 a b b + (th a s th nh t l m t a th c b c nh t b,
th a s 2 l m t th c b c hai c a b) do ta ph i phn tch v thnh tch c a cc a th c b c nh t i v i b, khi ta
c th tch h ng t a thnh t ng cc h ng t l cc th a s c a m u.
V y ta c:

2
1 a b b + = (a - b)( b + 1)( b + 1) ta phn tch a theo 2 cch sau:
2a +2 = 2(a - b) + ( b + 1) + ( b + 1) ho c a +1 =

1 1
2 2
b b
a b +
+ +
+
T ta c (1) t ng ng :
VT + 1 =



2
4 1 1 4
1
2 2
1 1
1
b b
a a b
a b b b
a b b
= + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+


4
si
. . . .
1 1 4
4 4
2 2
1 1
C
b b
a b
a b b b
+ +
> =
+ +
PCM
Bi 5: CMR :
3
1
2a 1
2
3
4 ( )
1
a
b a b a
b

>
+
>

>
Gi i
Nh n xt: D i m u s b(a-b) ta nh n th y b + ( a b ) = a. Chuy n i t t c bi u th c sang bi n a l 1 i u
mong mu n v vi c s l v i 1 bi n s n gi n h n. Bi n tch thnh t ng th y l m t m t m nh c a BT Csi. Do
:
Ta c nh gi v m u s nh sau:


2
2
4. 4. 4.
2 4
b a b
a
b a b a
| |
|
|
|
\ .
+
s = =
V y:
3 3 3
si
3
2 2
3
si
3 3
2a 1 2 1 1 1 1
. .
4 ( )
C C
a a a
a a a a
b a b a a a a
+
= = =
+ + +
> + + >

D u = x y ra
2
1
1 1
2
b a b a
a b
a





= =

= =
Bnh lu n:
Trong vi c x l m u s ta s d ng 1 k thu t l nh gi t TBN sang TBC nh m lm tri t tiu bi n b.
i v i phn th c th vi c nh gi m u s , ho c t s t TBN sang TBC hay ng c l i ph i ph thu c vo d u
c a BT.
Bi 6: Bi ton t ng qut 1.
7
Cho:
1 2 3
............., 0 1
n
x x x x v k Z > > > > s e . CMR:


1
1 2
1
1 2 2 3 1
1 2
1
...............
k k k
n k
n k
n n
n
n k
a
a a a a a a a
k
| |
| | |
\ . |
\ .
+

+
+

>
Gi i
VT =


1 2 2 3 1
1 2 2 3 1
.....
1
......
n n
k k k n
n n
n
a a a a a a
a a a a a a a
a

+ + + + +



1 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 3 1
.. ...
.
1
..
.
n
n n n n
k k k
n n n
k k
a a a a a a a a
a
k k k k
a a a a a a a

+ + + + + +

= + +




1 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 3 1
1 2 .. .. ..
.
.
1
1 2 .
.
n
n n n n
k k k
n n n
n k
k k
a a a a a a a a
n k a
k k k k
a a a a a a a
| |
|
|
\ .

+


+

>


1 2
1
1 2
n k
n k
n k
k
| |
| | |
\ . |
\ .
+

+
=
Tm l i: Trong k thu t tch nghch o k thu t c n tch ph n nguyn theo m u s khi chuy n sang TBN th cc
ph n ch a bi n s b tri t tiu ch cn l i h ng s .
Tuy nhin trong k thu t tch nghch o i v i bi ton c i u ki n rng bu c c a n th vi c tch nghch o
h c sinh th ng b m c sai l m. M t k thu t th ng c s d ng trong k thu t tch nghch o, nh gi t TBN
sang TBC l k thu t ch n i m r i.
3.3 K thu t ch n i m r i
Trong k thu t ch n i m r i, vi c s d ng d u = trong BT Csi v cc quy t c v tnh ng th i c a d u
= , quy t c bin v quy t c i x ng s c s d ng tm i m r i c a bi n.
Bi 1: Cho a 2 . Tm gi tr nh nh t (GTNN) c a
1
S a
a
= +
Gi i
Sai l m th ng g p c a h c sinh:
1
S a
a
= + 2
1
a
a
=2
D u = x y ra
1
a
a
= a = 1 v l v gi thi t l a 2.
Cch lm ng:
Ta ch n i m r i: ta ph i tch h ng t a ho c h ng t
1
a
sao cho khi p d ng BT Csi d u = x y ra khi a = 2.
C cc hnh th c tch sau:
1 1
; (1)
1
; (2)
1
,
1
; (3)
; (4)
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

| |
|
\ .

| |

|
| | \ .

|

| | \ .

|
\ .

| |

\ .

V y ta c:
5
1
4 4 2
1 3 1 3 3.2
2
4 4 4
a a a a
S
a a
+ + > + = = + > . D u = x y ra a = 2.
Bnh lu n:
Ch ng h n ta ch n s i m r i (1):
(s i m r i (2), (3), (4) h c sinh t lm)
1 2
1 1
2
a
a

=
=

2 1
2
= o = 4.
8
Ta s d ng i u ki n d u = v i m r i l a = 2 d a trn quy tc bin tm ra o = 4.
y ta th y tnh ng th i c a d u = trong vi c p d ng BT Csi cho 2 s ,
4
1 a
a
v
3
4
a
t gi tr l n
nh t khi a = 2, t c l chng c cng i m r i l a = 2.
Bi 2: Cho a 2. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
2
1
S a
a
= +
Gi i
S ch n i m r i: a = 2
2
2
1 1
4
a
a

=
=

2 1
4
= o = 8.
Sai l m th ng g p:
2 2 2
.
1 1 7 1 7 2 7 2 7.2 2 7 9
2
8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4
8 8.2
a a a a a
S a
a a a
a
| |
|
\ .
= + + + = + > = + > + = + = MinS =
9
4
Nguyn nhn sai l m:
M c d ch n i m r i a = 2 v MinS =
9
4
l p s ng nh ng cch gi i trn m c sai l m trong vi c nh gi m u
s : N u a 2 th
2 2 2
4
8 8.2 a
= > l nh gi sai.
th c hi n l i gi i ng ta c n ph i k t h p v i k thu t tch nghch o, ph i bi n i S sao cho sau khi s d ng
BT Csi s kh h t bi n s a m u s .
L i gi i ng:
3
2 2 2
si
. .
1 1 6 1 6 3 6 3 6.2 9
3
8 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 4 8 4
C
a a a a a a a
S a
a a a
| |
|
\ .
= + + + + = + > = + > + =
V i a = 2 th Min S =
9
4
Bi 3: Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a
1 1 1
S a b c
a b c
= + + + + +
Gi i
Sai l m th ng g p:
6
. .
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 . . . 6 S a b c abc
a b c a b c
> = = + + + + + Min S = 6
Nguyn nhn sai l m :
Min S = 6
3
1
2
1 1 1
3 a b c a b c
a c b
= = = = = = + + = > tri v i gi i thi t.
Phn tch v tm ti l i gi i:
Do S l m t bi u th c i x ng v i a, b, c nn d on MinS t t i i m r i
1
2
a b c = = =
S i m r i:
1
2
a b c = = =
1
2
1 1 1 2
a b c
a b c

= = =
= = =

2
4
1
2
= =
Ho c ta c s im r i sau:
9
1
2
a b c = = =
2
2 4
2 1 1 1
2
a b c
a b c

=
= = =
= = =
=
2
4
1
2

= =
V y ta c cch gi i theo s 2 nh sau:

6
. .
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 3 6 4 .4 .4 . 3 S a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| |
|
\ .
> = + + + + + + + + +
3 15
12 3.
2 2
> = . V i
1
2
a b c = = = th MinS =
15
2
Bi 4: Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm GTNN c a
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
S a b c
b c a
= + + + + +
Gi i
Sai l m th ng g p:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
6 . . . .
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 a b c a b c
b c a b c a
S
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
> = + + + + + +
2 2 2 6
2 2 2
6 . . . . .
1 1 1
3 2 2 2 3 8 3 2 a b c
b c a
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= = > MinS = 3 2 .
Nguyn nhn sai l m:
MinS = 3 2
3
1
2
1 1 1
3 a b c a b c
a c b
= = = = = = + + = > tri v i gi thi t.
Phn tch v tm ti l i gi i
Do S l m t bi u th c i x ng v i a, b, c nn d on MinS t t i
1
2
a b c = = =
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
1 4 4
16
4 4 1 1 1
a b c
a b c

=
= = =
= =
=
=
L i gi i
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
16 16 16
..... ..... .....
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16 16 16
S a b c
b b c c a a
+ + + + + + = + + + + +

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
16 16 16
17 17 17
17 . ..... 17 . ..... 17 . .....
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16 16 16
a b c
b b c c a a
> + +

2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17
16 32 16 32 16 32 8 16 8 16 8 16
17 17 17 17
16 16 16 16 16 16
a b c a b c
b c a b c a
| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
= + +

3 17 17 17 17
8 16 8 16 8 16 8 5 5 5
5
17
. . 3. 17
.
3 17
17 3
16 16 16 16
2 2 2 2
a b c a
b c a a b c
a b c

= =


>
10
15
17
2 2 2
.
3
3 17 3 17
2
2
a b c
> >
| | + +
|
\ .
. D u = x y ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = Min S =
3 17
2
Bnh lu n:
Vi c ch n i m r i cho bi ton trn gi i quy t m t cch ng n v m t ton h c nh ng cch lm trn t ng
i c ng k nh. N u chng ta p d ng vi c ch n i m r i cho BT Bunhiacpski th bi ton s nhanh g n h n
p h n.
Trong bi ton trn chng ta dng m t k thu t nh gi t TBN sang TBC, chi u c a d u c a BT khng ch
ph thu c vo chi u nh gi m n cn ph thu c vo bi u th c nh gi n m m u s hay t s
Bi 5: Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
a b c d b c d c d a a b d a b c
S
b c d c d a a b d a b c a b c d
+ + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Gi i
Sai l m 1 th ng g p:
.
.
.
.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
a b c d a b c d
b c d a b c d a
b c d a b c d a
c d a b c d a b
c a b d c a b d
a b d c a b d c
d a b c d a b c
a b c d a b c d

+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
S 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8
Sai l m 2 th ng g p:
S d ng BT Csi cho 8 s :
8
. . . . . . . 8 8
a b c d b c d c d a a b d a b c
S
b c d c d a a b d a b c a b c d
+ + + + + + + +
> =
+ + + + + + + +
Nguyn nhn sai l m:
Min S = 8
a b c d
b c d a
c d a b
d a b c

= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
a + b + c + d = 3(a + b + c + d) 1 = 3 V l.
Phn tch v tm ti l i gi i
tm Min S ta c n ch S l m t bi u th c i x ng v i a, b, c, d do Min S n u c th ng t t i i m r i t
do l : a = b = c = d > 0.(ni l i m r i t do v a, b, c, d khng mang m t gi tr c th ). V y ta cho tr c a = b = c
= d d on
4 40
12
3 3
Min S = + = . T suy ra cc nh gi c a cc BT b ph n ph i c i u ki n d u b ng
x y ra l t p con c a i u ki n d on: a = b = c = d > 0.
Ta c s i m r i: Cho a = b = c = d > 0 ta c:
1
1 3
3
9
3 3
a b c d
b c d c d a a b d a b c
b c d c d a a b d a b c
a b c d

= = = =
+ + + + + + + +
= =
+ + + + + + + +
= = = =
Cch 1: S d ng BT Csi ta c:
11
8
, , , , , ,
. . . . . . .
8
.
9 9 9
8
9 9 9 9
a b c d a b c d
a b c d b c d
b c d a a
a b c d b c d c d a a b d a b c
b c d c d a a b d a b c a b c d
S
| |
|
\ .
+ + + +
+ + >
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
>
+ + + + + + + +
=

8
9
b c c d a b a b
a a b b c c d d
d a d c
a b c d
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
12 .12. . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
3
8 8 8 40
12
9 3 9 3
b c d c d a a b d a b c
a a a b b b c c c d d d
| |
= =
|
\ .
> + +
V i a = b = c = d > 0 th Min S = 40/3.
3.4 K thu t nh gi t trung bnh nhn (TBN) sang trung bnh c ng (TBC)
N u nh nh gi t TBC sang TBN l nh gi v i d u , nh gi t t ng sang tch, hi u nm na l thay d u
+ b ng d u . th ng c l i nh gi t TBN sang trung bnh c ng l thay d u . b ng d u + . V c ng c n
ph i ch lm sao khi bi n tch thnh t ng, th t ng c ng ph i tri t tiu h t bi n, ch cn l i h ng s .
Bi 1 : CMR

, , , 0 ab cd a c b d a b c d + s + + > (1)
Gi i
(1)

1
ab cd
a c b d a c b d + + + +
+ s Theo BT Csi ta c:

1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a b c b a c b d
VT
a c b c a c b d a c b c
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
s + + + = + = + =
+ + + + + +
(pcm)
Bnh lu n:
N u gi nguyn v tri th khi bi n tch thnh t ng ta khng th tri t tiu n s ta c php bi n i t ng
ng (1) sau bi n tch thnh t ng ta s c cc phn th c c cng m u s .
D u g i cho ta n u s d ng BT Csi th ta ph i nh gi t TBN sang TBC
Bi 2: CMR

0
0
a c
c a c c b c ab
b c

> >
+ s
> >
(1)
Gi i
Ta c (1) t ng ng v i :

1
c b c c a c
ab ab

+ s
Theo BT Csi ta c:
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
c b c b c c a c a c
c c a b
ab ab b a a b a b
| |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
\ .

+ + = + = + s + (pcm)
Bi 3: CMR

3
3
1 1 1 1 , , 0 abc a b c a b c s + + + + > (1)
Gi i
Ta c bi n i sau, (1) t ng ng:


3 3
3
3 3
1.1.1
1.1.1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc
abc a b c
a b c a b c
+ s + + + + s
+ + + + + +
Theo
BT Csi ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.3 1
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
a b c a b c
VT
a b c a b c a b c



+ + +
s + + + + + = + + = =
+ + + + + + + + +
D u = x y ra a = b = c > 0.
12
Ta c bi ton t ng qut 1:
CMR:

1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
....... ....... ........ , 0 1,
n n n
n n n n i i
a a a bb b a b a b a b a b i n + s + + + > =
Bi 4 : Ch ng minh r ng:
2 4
16 ( ) ( ) , 0 ab a b a b a b s + >
Gi i
Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2 4
2 2
4 ( ) ( )
16 ( ) 4.(4 )( ) 4 4 ( )
ab a b a b
ab a b ab a b a b

s


+ +
= = = +
Bi 5: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Ch ng minh r ng

8
729
abc a b b c c a + + + s
Gi i
S i m r i:
Ta nh n th y bi u th c c tnh i x ng do d u = c a BT s x y ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = . Nh ng th c t ta ch
c n quan tm l sau khi s d ng BT Csi ta c n suy ra c i u ki n x y ra d u = l: a = b = c. Do ta c l i
gi i sau:


3
3 3 3
si
1 2 8
3 3 3 3 729
C a b b c c a
a b c
abc a b b c c a

| | | |

| |

\ . \ .

+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + s = =
Trong k thu t nh gi t TBN sang TBC ta th y th ng nhn thm cc h ng s sao cho sau bi n tch thnh t ng
cc t ng tri t tiu cc bi n. c bi t l i v i nh ng bi ton c thm i u ki n rng bu c c a n s th vi c nhn
thm h ng s cc em h c sinh d m c sai l m. Sau y ta l i nghin c u thm 2 ph ng php n a l ph ng php
nhn thm h ng s , v ch n i m r i trong vi c nh gi t TBN sang TBC. Do trnh by ph ng php i m r i
trn nn trong m c ny ta trnh by g p c 2 ph n .
13
3.5 K thu t nhn thm h ng s trong nh gi t TBN sang TBC
Bi 1: Ch ng minh r ng:

1 1 , 1 a b b a ab a b + s >
Gi i
Bi ny chng ta hon ton c th chia c 2 v cho ab sau p d ng ph ng php nh gi t TBN sang TBC nh
ph n tr c trnh by, tuy nhin y ta p d ng m t ph ng php m i: ph ng php nhn thm h ng s
Ta c :




si
si
.
.
1 1
1 1 1
2
1 1
1 1 1 .
2
2
2
C
C
b
ab
a b a b a
a
ab
b a b a b

s
+
=
+
=
s

1 1 +
2 2
ab ab
a b b a ab + s =
D u = x y ra
1 1 2
1 1 2
b b
a a





= =

= =
Bnh lu n:
Ta th y vi c nhn thm h ng s 1 vo bi u th c khng hon ton t nhin, t i sao l i nhn thm 1 m khng ph i
l 2. Th c ch t c a v n l chng ta ch n i m r i c a BT theo quy t c bin l a = b = 1/2.
N u khng nh n th c c r v n trn h c sinh s m c sai l m nh trong VD sau.
Bi 2: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Tm gi tr l n nh t: S a b b c c a = + + + + +
Gi i
Sai l m th ng g p:






si
si
si
2
2
2
1
.1
1
.1
1
.1
C
C
C
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a

+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s

2 3
5
2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + s =
Nguyn nhn sai l m
D u = x y ra a + b = b + c = c + a = 1 a + b + c = 2 tri v i gi thi t.
Phn tch v tm ti l i gi i:
Do vai tr c a a, b, c trong cc bi u th c l nh nhau do i m r i c a BT s l
1
3
a b c = = = t ta d on
Max S = 6 . a + b = b + c = c + a =
2
3
h ng s c n nhn thm l
2
3
. V y l i gi i ng l:






si
si
si
. .
. .
. .
2
3 2 3
3
.
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
.
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
.
2 3 2 2
C
C
C
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a

+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s
14

.
2
2 3.
3 3
3
.2 6
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + s = =
Bi ton trn n u cho u bi theo yu c u sau th h c sinh s c nh h ng t t h n: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Ch ng
minh r ng: 6 S a b b c c a = + + + + + s . Tuy nhin n u n m c k thu t i m r i th vi c vi t u bi
theo h ng no c ng c th gi i quy t c.
Bi 3: Cho
0 3
0 4
x
y

s s
s s
Tm Max A = (3 x )(12 3y)(2x + 3y)
Gi i
A =


3
si 6 2x 12 3 2x+3y
1
6 2 12 3 2 3 36
6 3
C y
x y x y




+ +
+ s =
D u = x y ra 6 -2x = 12 - 3y = 2x + 3y = 6
0
2
x
y

=
=
Bnh lu n:
Vi c ch n i m r i trong bi ton ny i v i h c sinh th ng b lng tng. Tuy nhin c n c vo yu c u khi
nh gi t TBN sang TBC c n ph i tri t tiu h t bi n cho nn cn c vo cc h s c a tch ta nhn thm 2 vo
th a s th nh t l m t i u h p l.
Bi 4: Cho x, y > 0. Tm Min f(x, y) =

3
2
x y
xy
+
Gi i
Ta c:

2
3 3
3 1 1 4x+2y+2y 1 4 4
4x 2 2
16 16 3 16 3 27
xy y y x y x y
| |
|
\ .
= s = + = +
f(x,y) =


3 3
2
3
4 4
f( , )
4
27 27
27
=
x y x y
Min x y
xy
x y
> =
+ +

+
D u = x y ra 4x = 2y = 2y y = 2x > 0. l t p h p t t c cc i m thu c ng th ng y = 2x v i x d ng.
Th c ra vi c h s nh trn c th ty c mi n l sao cho khi sau khi p d ng BT Csi ta bi n tch thnh t ng
c a x + y. ( C th nhn thm h s nh sau: 2x.y.y).
Bnh lu n:
Trong bi ton trn yu c u l tm Min nn ta c th s d ng k thu t nh gi t TBN sang TBC cho ph n
d i m u s v nh gi t TNB sang TBC l nh gi v i d u nn nghch o c a n s l .
Ta c ng c th nh gi t s t TBC sang TBN c chi u
Bi ton t ng qut 1:
Cho

2 3
1 2 3 ...
1 2 3
2 3 1 2 3 4
1
...........
, , ........... 0.
. . ...........
n
n
n
n
x x x x
x x x x Tm Min f
x x x x
+ + + +
+ + +
> =
Bi 5: Ch ng minh r ng:
2
1 (1) ( 1)
n
n n N n
n
< + e >
Gi i
V i n = 1, 2 ta nh n th y (1) ng.
V i n 3 ta c:
15

2
2
1 1....... 1
2 2
2 2
.1.1......1 1
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n n
n n n
n n n n

=
+ + + +
+
+
= < = s +

Bi ton t ng qut 2:
Ch ng minh r ng:
1 1
1 1
m n
m n N
m n
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ < + < e (1)
Gi i
Ta bi n i (1) v b t ng th c t ng ng sau:
1
1
1
1
m
n
n m
| |
+
|
\ .
+ <
Ta c: . ....... .
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1.1.........1
n m
m
m
n
n
m m m m

| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
+ + + +

si
.......
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 ......... 1 1
1
1
m
n m
C
m n m
m m m m
n n n

| | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
=
+ + + + + + + + +
= + <

Bnh lu n
C n ph i bnh lu n v d u = : trong bi ton trn ta coi 1/m = a th th khi d u b ng trong BT Csi x y ra
khi v ch khi 1+ a = 1 a = 0. Nh ng th c t th i u trn t ng ng v i m ti n t i + , khi m l h u h n th
d u < l hon ton ng. Chng ta c ng nh n th y n u m ti n ra + th hai v c a BT cng d n t i cng m t
gi tr l e (c s t nhin c a hm logarit). Ta hi u l trong qu trnh ny th VP ti n nhanh h n VT nh ng sau
ny khi tung ra th t c d n b ng nhau v kho ng cch ngy thu h p.(M c ny xin ch bnh lu n cng v i cc
b n ng nghi p)
Tm l i : s d ng BT Csi t TBN sang TBC ta c n ch : Ch s cn th c l bao nhiu th s cc s h ng trong
cn l b y nhi u. n u s cc s h ng nh h n ch s cn th ph i nhn thm h ng s s cc s h ng b ng ch s cn
Bi 6: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Tm Max
3 3 3
S a b b c c a = + + + + +
Gi i
Sai l m th ng g p:






3
3
3
3
3
3
1 1
.1.1
3
1 1
.1.1
3
1 1
.1.1
3
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
=
=
=
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
s
s
s

3 3 3
2 6
8
3 3
a b c
S a b b c c a
+ + +
= + + + + + s = Max S =
8
3
Nguyn nhn sai l m:
Max S =
8
3


1
1 2 3 2 3
1
a b
b c a b c V l
c a

+ =
+ = + + = =
+ =
Phn tch v tm ti l i gi i:
16
Do S lm t bi u th c i x ng v i a, b, c nn Max S th ng x y ra t i i u ki n:
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =

1
3
a b c = = =
2
3
2
3
2
3
a b
b c
c a

+ =
+ =
+ =
V y h ng s c n nhn thm l
2
3
.
2
3
Ta c l i gi i:






3
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3
9
.
4
9
.
4
9
.
4
2 2
3 3
. .
3
2 2
3 3
. .
3
2 2
3 3
. .
3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
=
=
=
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
s
s
s

3 3 3 3
3 3
9 9
. .
4 4
2 4
6
18
3 3
a b c
S a b b c c a =
+ + +
= + + + + + s =
V y Max S =
3
18 . D u = x y ra
2
3
2
3
2
3
a b
b c
c a

+ =
+ =
+ =

1
3
a b c = = =
3.6 K thu t ghp i x ng
Trong k thu t ghp i x ng chng ta c n n m c m t s ki u thao tc sau:
Php c ng:

2
2 2 2
x y z x y y z z x
x y y z z x
x y z

+ + = + + + + +
+ + +
+ + = + +
Php nhn:

2 2 2
x ; xyz= xy x x, y, z 0 x y z xy yz z yz z = >
Bi 1: Ch ng minh r ng: , , 0
bc ca ab
a b c a b c
a b c
+ + > + + >
Gi i
p d ng BT Csi ta c:
.
.
.
1
2
1
2
1
2
bc ca bc ca
c
a b a b
ca ab ca ab
a
b c b c
bc ab bc ab
c
a c a c

| |

|
\ .

| |

|
\ .

| |

\ .

+ =
+ =
+ =
>
>
>

bc ca ab
a b c
a b c
+ + > + + . D u = x y ra a = b = c.
Bi 2: Ch ng minh r ng:
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
a b c b c a
abc
b c a a b c
+ + > + + =
Gi i
17
p d ng BT Csi ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
.
.
.
1
2
1
2
1
2
a b a b a a
c c c c b b
b c b c b b
c a c a a a
a c a c c c
a a b b b b

| |

\ .

| |

|
\ .

| |

\ .

= >
= >
= >
+ >
+ >
+ >

2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c b c a b c a
c a a c a c b b b
> + + > + + + +
Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC, a,b,c l s o ba c nh c a tam gic. CMR:
a)

1
8
p a p b p c abc s ; b)
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p c a c p b b
| |
|
|
\ .
+ + > + +

Gi i
a) p d ng BT Csi ta c:







2
1
2 8
2
2
2
2
p a p b
p a p b
p b p c
p b p c p a p b p c abc
p a p c
p a p c
c
a
b

s =

s = s

s =
b) p d ng BT Csi ta c:






1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
p a p b c p a p b
p a p b
p b p c a p b p c
p b p c
p a p c b p a p c
p a p c

| |

|
+
\ .

| |

|
+
\ .

| |

+
\ .

+ > > =


+ > > =


+ > > =

1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p c a c p b b
| |
|
|
\ .
+ + > + +

D u = x y ra cho c a) v b) khi vo ch khi ABC u: a = b = c
( p l n a chu vi c a tam gic ABC:
2
a b c
p
+ +
= )
Bi 4: Cho ABC, a, b, c l s o ba c nh c a tam gic. Ch ng minh r ng:

b c a c a b a b c abc + + + s
Gi i
p d ng BT Csi ta c:
18






2
2
2
0
0
0
b c a c a b
b c a c a b c
c a b a b c
c a b a b c a
b c a a b c
b c a a b c b

+
+
+
+ +
s + + s =
+ +
s + + s
+ +
s + + s =
=

0 b c a c a b a b c abc s + + + s
D u = x y ra ABC u: a = b = c.
19
3.7 K thu t ghp c p nghch o cho 3 s , n s
N i dung c n n m ccc thao tc sau:
1.

1 1 1
9 , , 0 x y z x y z
x y z
| |
|
|
\ .
+ + + + > >
2.
1 2
2
1 2
1 2
, ,........, 0
1 1 1
........ .........
n n
n
x x x n x x x
x x x
| |
|
|
\ .
> + + + + + + >
Bi 1: Ch ng minh r ng : 6 , , 0
b c c a a b
a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ + > > (1)
Gi i
Ta bi n i (1) t ng ng: 1 1 1 9
b c c a a b
a b c
| | | |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
+
+ + +
+ + + + >
9
a b c b c a c a b
a b c
+ + + + + +
+ + >

1 1 1
9 a b c
a b c
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + > (pcm )
Bi 2: Ch ng minh r ng:
2 2 2 9
, , 0 a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + > >
+ + + + +
Gi i
Ta bi n i t ng ng BT nh sau:

1 1 1
2 9 a b c
a b b c c a
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + >
+ + +

1 1 1
9 a b b c a c
a b b c c a
| |

+ +
|

\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +
(pcm )
Bi 3: Ch ng minh r ng:
3
2
c a b
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
, , 0 a b c > (BT Nesbit)
Gi i
Ta c bi n i t ng ng sau: 3
3 9
1 1 1
2 2
c a b
a b b c c a
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
+ = + + + + + >
+ + +

9
2
a b c a b c a b c
a b b c c a
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + + + +
+ + >
+ + +

2
1 1 1 9
a b c
a b b c c a
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + >
+ + +

1 1 1
9 a b b c a c
a b b c c a
| |

+ +
|

\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +
(pcm)
Bi 4: Ch ng minh r ng:
2 2 2
, , 0
2
c a b a b c
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + > >
+ + +
Gi i
Ta bi n i BT nh sau:

2 2 2
3
2
a b c
c a b
c a b
a b b c c a
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
+ + + + + >
+ + +

3
1 1 1
2
a b c
c a b
c a b
a b b c c a
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
+ +
+ + + + + >
+ + +

3
2
a b c
c a b
a b c
a b b c c a



+ +
+ + + + >
+ + +
20

3
2
c a b
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +

9
1 1 1
2
c a b
a b b c c a
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +

1 1 1
9 a b b c a c
a b b c c a
| |

+ +
|

\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +
3.8 K thu t i bi n s
C nh ng bi ton v m t bi u th c ton h c t ng i cng k nh ho c kh gi i, kh nh n bi t c ph ng h ng
gi i,ta c th chuy n bi ton t tnh th kh bi n i v tr ng thi d bi n i h n. Ph ng php trn g i l ph ng
php i bi n.
Bi 1: Ch ng minh r ng:
3
2
c a b
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
, , 0 a b c > (BT Nesbit)
Gi i
t:
0
0 ; ;
2 2 2
0
b c x
y z x z x y x y z
c a y a b c
a b z

+ = >
+ + +
+ = > = = =
+ = >
.
Khi b t ng th c cho t ng ng v i b t ng th c sau:
6
2 2 2
y z x z x y x y z y x z x y z
x y z x y x z z y
| | | |
| |
+ + + + + + +
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
+ + +
> >
B t ng th c trn hi n nhin ng, Th t v y p d ng BT Csi ta c:
VT . . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 6
y x z x y z
x y x z z y
+ + = + + =
D u = x y ra x = y = z a = b = c
Bi 2: Cho ABC. Ch ng minh r ng:
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + > + +
+ + +
Gi i
t:
0
0 ; ;
2 2 2
0
b c a x
y z z x x y
c a b y a b c
a b c z

+ = >
+ + +
+ = > = = =
+ = >
.
Khi b t ng th c cho t ng ng v i b t ng th c sau:

2 2 2
4 4 4
y z z x x y
x y z
x y z
+ + +
+ + > + + (2)
Ta c: VT (2)
1 1 1
2 2 2
yz zx xy yz zx zx xy yz xy
x y z x y y z x z
| | | |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
+ + > + + + + +
si
. . .
C
yz zx zx xy yz xy
x y z
x y y z x z
+ + = + + >
Bi 3:Cho ABC. CMR : ( b + c a ).( c + a b ).( a + b c ) abc (1)
Gi i
t:
0
0 ; ;
2 2 2
0
b c a x
y z z x x y
c a b y a b c
a b c z

+ = >
+ + +
+ = > = = =
+ = >
.
Khi ta c BT (1) t ng ng v i b t ng th c sau: . .
2 2 2
x y y z z x
xyz
+ + +
s
21
p d ng BT Csi ta c: . . . . x
2 2 2
x y y z z x
xy yz z xyz
+ + +
> = (pcm)
Bi 4: Cho ABC. CMR:

2 2 2
1 1 1 p
p a p b p c p a p c p b
+ + > (1)
Gi i
t:
0
0
0
p a x
p b y
p c z

= >
= >
= >
th (1)
2 2 2
1 1 1 x y z
xyz x y z
+ +
+ + > (2)
Ta c:
VT (2) =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. . .
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x y y z x z x y y z x z
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + >
1 1 1
x
x y z
xy yz z xyz
+ +
= + + =
D u = x y ra x = y = z a = b = c ABC u.
Bi 5: Ch ng minh r ng n u a, b, c > 0 va abc = 1 th :
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 a b c
+ + s
+ + +
Gi i
B t ng th c cho t ng ng v i:
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 a b c
> + +
+ + +
1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
> + +
+ + +
t ; ; ;
x y z
a b c
y z x
= = = th a i u ki n . . 1 . .
x y z
abc
y z x
= = . B t ng th c cho t ng ng v i:
1
2 2 2
x y z
x y y z z x
> + +
+ + +
p d ng b t ng th c Bunhiacopski ta c:



2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
x x y y y z z z x x y z
x y y z z x
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + + + + > + +
+ + +

2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x y z
x y z
x y y z z x
x x y y y z z z x x y z
| |
= =
|
\ .
+ + + +
+ + >
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
3.9. M T S BI T P V N D NG
K thu t ch n i m r i v nh gi t TBC sang TBN:
3.9.1 Cho a 6. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a bi u th c
2
18
S a
a
= +
3.9.2 Cho 0 < a
1
2
. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a bi u th c
2
1
2 S a
a
= +
3.9.3 Cho
, 0
1
a b
a b

>
+ s
. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a
1
S ab
ab
= +
3.9.4 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a
1
S abc
abc
= +
3.9.5 Cho a, b > 0. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a bi u th c
a b ab
S
a b
ab
+
= +
+
22
3.9.6 Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a
1 1 1
S a b c
a b c
= + + + + +
3.9.7 Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a
2 2 2
1 1 1
S a b c
a b c
= + + + + +
3.9.8 Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Tm gi tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
3.9.9
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
a b c d
S
b c d a
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
= + + + +
3.9.10 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
Ch ng minh r ng:
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
81 S
a b c ab bc ca
= + + + + + >
3.9.11 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
Ch ng minh r ng:
2 2 2
1 1 1
28
a b c
S
b c a a b c
= + + + + + >
K thu t ch n i m r i v nh gi t TBN sang TBC:
3.9.12


2 2
1
1 1
R: -
2 2
1 1
a b ab
CM
a b
+
s s
+ +
3.9.13 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Ch ng minh r ng
8
27
ab bc ca abc + + s
3.9.14 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Ch ng minh r ng 16abc a b s +
K thu t ch n i m r i v nhn thm h ng s trong nh gi t TBN sang TBC
3.9.15 Cho
3
4
2
2 3 4
2 2
a
b Tm Max S
c
ab c bc a ca b

>
> =
>
+ +
3.9.16 Cho x, y, z >0. Tm Min f(x, y, z) =

6
2 3
x y z
xy z
+ +
3.9.17 Ch ng minh r ng:
1
1 (1) 1
n
n n N
n
< + s e
3.9.18 Ch ng minh r ng:
3
...........
2 1 3 1 1
1 1
2 3
n
n
S n
n
+ + + +
+ + +
= < +
3.9.19 ( G i y: CMR
2
1 1
1
n
n
n k
+
< + )
3.9.20 Cho
, , , 0
1
a b c d
a b c d

>
+ + + =
Tm Max a b c b c d c d a d a b S + = + + + + + + + + + +
3.9.21 Cho
, , , 0
1
a b c d
a b c d

>
+ + + =
Tm Max
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 S a b b c c d d a = + + + + + + +
3.9.22 Cho a 2, b 6; c 12. Tm Min
3 4
2 6 12 bc a ca b ab c
abc
S
+ +
=
K thu t ghp c p nghch o cho 3 s , n s
23
3.9.23 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
CMR :
1 1 1 9
2 a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
3.9.24 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
CMR:
2 2 2
1 1 1
9
2 2 2 a bc b ca c ab
+ + >
+ + +
3.9.25 Cho tam gic ABC, M thu c mi n trong tam gic. G i MA, MB, MC th t giao v i BC, AC, AB t i
D, E, F. Ch ng minh:
a) 1
MD ME MF
DA EB FC
+ + = ; b) 2
MA MB MC
DA EB FC
+ + = ; c) 6
D
MA MB MC
M ME MF
+ + > ;
d) . . 8
D
MA MB MC
M ME MF
> e ) 9/ 2
DA EB FC
MA MB MC
+ + > ; f)
D
3/ 2
M ME MF
MA MB MC
+ + >
5. M T S NG D NG KHC C A B T NG TH C
p d ng BT gi i ph ng trnh v h ph ng trnh
Bi 1: Gi i ph ng trnh
1
1 2 ( )
2
x y z x y z + + = + +
Gi i
i u ki n : x > 0, y > 1, z > 2. p d ng b t ng th c Csi cho hai s khng m ta c:

1
.1
2
( 1) 1
1 ( 1).1
2
( 2) 1 1
2 2 .1
2 2
x
x x
y
y y
z z
z z
+
= s
+
= s
+
= s =
Suy ra :

1
1 2
2
x y z x y z + + s + +
D u = x y ra khi v ch khi

=
=
=

=
=
=
3
2
1
1 2
1 1
1
z
y
x
z
y
x
.
V y ph ng trnh c nghi m (x, y, z) = (1; 2; 3)
Bi 2: Gi i ph ng trnh:
4 4 4 2 2
1 1 1 x x x + + + + = 3
Gi i
i u ki n: -1 x 1. p d ng b t ng th c C-si ta c:
2 4
4
4
1 1
1 1 . 1 (1)
2
1 1
1 1 .1 (2)
2
1 1
1 1 .1 (3)
2
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
+ +
= + s
+
= s
+ +
+ = + s
C ng (1), (2), (3) ta c:
4 2 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x + + + s + + +
M t khc, l i theo b t ng th c Csi ta c:
(1 ) 1 2
1 (1 ).1
2 2
(1 ) 1 2
1 (1 ).1
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x

+
= s =
+ + +
+ = + s =

2 2
1 1 1 1 3
2 2
x x
x x
+
+ + + s + + =
24
T (4) v (5) suy ra:
4 4 4 2
1 1 1 3 x x x + + + + s
D u = x y ra khi v ch khi:
1 1
1 1 0
1 1
x x
x x
x

= +
= =
+ =
V y ph ng trnh c nghi m duy nh t x = 0
Bi3: Gi i ph ng trnh:
2 2 2
1 1 2 x x x x x x + + + = + (1)
Gi i
p d ng b t ng th c C-si, ta c:
2 2
2
2 2
2
( 1) 1
1
2 2
( 1) 1 2
1
2 2
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x

+ + +
+ s =
+ + +
+ s =

2 2
1 1 1 x x x x x + + + s + (2)
K t h p (1) v (2) ta c: . 1 0 ) 1 ( 1 2
2 2
= s + s + x x x x x
Th l i ta c x = 1 l nghi m duy nh t c a ph ng trnh
Bi 4: Gi i h ph ng trnh:
( 1) ( 1) 2
1 1
x y y x xy
x y y x xy

+ =
+ =
Gi i
i u ki n: x > 1, y > 1. p d ng b t ng th c C-si, ta c:
1 ( 1)
1 1.( 1) 1
2 2 2
x x xy
x x y x
+
= s = s (1)
T ng t : -1 1
2 2
y xy
y x y s s (2)
C ng (1), (2) ta c 1 1 x y y x xy + s .
D u = x y ra khi v ch khi
1 1
2
1 1
x
x y
y

=
= =
=
.
Th l i th y: x = y = 2 c ng th a mn ph ng trnh th nh t c a h
V y h c nghi m duy nh t (2;2)
Bi 5: Cho s nguyn n >1. Gi i h ph ng trnh:
1 2
2
2 3
3
1
1
1 1
2
1 1
2
............................
1 1
2
n
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x

| |

|
|

\ .

| |

\ .

| |

|
|
\ .

= +
= +
= +
Gi i
T h cho suy ra x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
l cng d u. Gi s x
i
> 0 v i m i i. p d ng b t ng th c C-si, ta c:
1 2
2
1 1
1
2
x x
x
| |
|
|
\ .
= + > .T ng t : x
i
> 1 v i m i i.
C ng n ph ng trnh c a h theo t ng v ta c:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
... ...
n
n
x x x
x x x
+ + + = + + +
25
V x
i
> 1 nn
i
i
x
x
1
> v i m i i, suy ra:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
... ...
n
n
x x x
x x x
+ + + > + + +
D u = x y ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
= = x
n
= 1
Bi 6: Gi i h ph ng trnh:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
y
x
y
z
y
z
x
z

=
+
=
+
=
+
Gi i
R rng h c nghi m x = y = z = 0. V i x,y,z = 0, t h cho suy ra x>0, y>0, z>0. p d ng b t ng th c C-si, ta
c:
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
x x
x x y x
x x
+ > = s =
+
T ng t :
2 2
2 2
2 2
x .
1 1
y z
z y v z
y z
= s = s
+ +
V y : y x z y, suy ra x = y = z.
Thay y = x vo ph ng trnh th nh t ta c:
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 ( v x 0)
1
x
x x x x
x
= = + = >
+
V y h c hai nghi m (x, y, z) = {(0; 0; 0) ; (1; 1; 1)}
Bi 7: Tm s nguyn d ng n v cc s d ng a
1
= a
2
= = a
n
th a cc i u ki n
n 1 2
n 1 2
a a ..... a 2 (1)
1 1 1
.... 2 (2)
a a a

+ + + =
+ + + =
Gi i:
L y (1) c ng (2) v theo v , ta c:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
.. 4
n
n
a a a
a a a
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + + + + =
p d ng b t ng th c C-si, ta c:
1
2
i
i
a
a
+ > v i i = 1, 2, , n
Suy ra 4 > 2n hay n 2:
V i n = 1: h
1
1
2
1
2
a
a

=
=
v nghi m; V i n = 2: h
2 1
1 2
2
1 1
2
a a
a a

+ =
+ =
c nghi m a
1
= a
2
= 1
V y: n = 2 v a
1
= a
2
= 1
Sau y s l m t s bi t p t ng t gip h c sinh n luy n ki n th c
BI T P H C SINH V N D NG
1. Gi i cc ph ng trnh sau:
2 2 2
) ( 1)( 2)( 8) 32 ( , , 0) a x y z xyz x y z + + + = >
2 2
) x 2-x 4 4 3 b y y + = + +
16 4 1225
) 82 3 1 665
x-3 1 665
c x y z
y z
+ + =

26
3
2
3
4( 1) 1 4 x 1
) 10
x
( 1)
y y
d
y
+ +
+ =

2. Gi i ph ng trnh:
2
) -1 3 2( 3) 2 2. a x x x x + = +
3
) .
2 2 2 4
x y z
b
x y z y z x z x y
+ + =
+ + + + + +
3. Gi i h ph ng trnh:
2
2
3
2 4
4
2 4 6
2
1
3
1
4
1
x
y
x
y
z
y y
z
x
z z z

=
+
=
+ +
=
+ + +
4. Xc nh s nguyn d ng n v cc s d ng x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
th a:
n 1 2
n 1 2
x x ... x 9
1 1 1
... 1
x x x

+ + + =
+ + + =
5. Gi i h ph ng trnh:
4 4 4
1 x y z
x y z xyz

+ + =
+ + =
6. Gi i h ph ng trnh:
1 2
1 2
1 1 .... 1
1 1 .... 1
n
n
n k
x x x n
n
n k
x x x n
n

+
+ + + + + + =

+ + + =