TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

C S THNH PH H CH MINH






CHUYN THNG TIN QUANG:


QUN L TN SC
Phng php b tn sc bng DCF





Gio vin hng dn: Th.S Phm Quc Hp
Nhm SV thc hin : Nhm 3
Lp : 07VTA2+3





Thnh Ph H Ch Minh
Thng 6 - 2011


CHUYN THNG TIN QUANG:


QUN L TN SC
Phng php b tn sc bng DCF


Gio vin hng dn : Th.S Phm Quc Hp
Nhm SV thc hin : Nhm 3
Lp : 07VTA2+3




Danh sch thnh vin nhm 3 thc hin chuyn :




STT H v tn M s Sinh vin Lp
1 Nguyn Hong Lm 407160133 07VTA3
2 inh Tun Anh 407160111 07VTA3
3 V Trng i 407160117 07VTA3
4 Trng Nhm Thanh 407160094 07VTA2
5 Trn Quang Nht Huy 407160129 07VTA3
6 Nguyn Vn Linh 407160134 07VTA3
7 Nguyn Hu Sn 407160149 07VTA3
8 Nguyn Thanh Tm 407160151 07VTA3
9 L T Ph M 407160139 07VTA3
10 Trn Ngc Sn 407160090 07VTA2



MC LC


CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUYN ...................................................................................... 1
CHNG 2: KHI NIM TN SC, CC LOI TN SC,
NH HNG CA TN SC TRONG THNG TIN QUANG............................................... 4
2.1 Khi nim tn sc........................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Cc loi tn sc............................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Tn sc mode (Modal Dispersion)..................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Tn sc trong si n mode ............................................................................................... 9
2.2.2.1 Tn sc vn tc nhm GVD...................................................................................... 10
2.2.2.2 Tn sc vt liu .......................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2.3 Tn sc ng dn sng ................................................................................................ 13
2.2.2.4 Tn sc bc cao hn................................................................................................... 16
2.2.2.5 Tn sc phn cc mode PMD................................................................................... 17
2.3 nh hng ca tn sc trong h thng thng tin quang.................................................... 19
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP B TN SC................................................................... 22
3.1 S cn thit ca vic qun l tn sc........................................................................................ 22
3.2 K thut b tn sc trc (Precompensation).......................................................................... 24
3.3 K thut b tn sc trn ng dy (In-line)........................................................................... 25
3.3.1 B tn sc bng si quang DCF........................................................................................ 25
3.3.2 B tn sc bng b lc quang............................................................................................ 26
3.3.3 B tn sc bng tn hiu lin hp pha OPC...................................................................... 27
3.3.4 B tn sc bng cch t Bragg.......................................................................................... 27
3.4 K thut b sau (Post compensation)....................................................................................... 28
CHNG 4: PHNG PHP B TN SC BNG DCF...................................................... 30
4.1 C s ton hc........................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Cc thng s k thut ca si quang DCF............................................................................... 31
4.3 B tn sc n knh .................................................................................................................. 33
4.4 Kt qu th nghim b tn sc bng DCF............................................................................... 36
4.5 B b tn sc ca hng JDSU................................................................................................... 36
CHNG 5: KT LUN.............................................................................................................. 39
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................................... 40


Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUYN


Vin thng Vit Nam ang c nhng bc pht trin mnh m v vt bc, tr thnh
mt trong nhng ngnh kinh t k thut mi nhn, ng gp mnh m vo s pht trin
kinh t x hi ni chung ca t nc. Ngnh Vin thng cng l ngnh i tin phong v
t c nhng thnh cng ln trong vic mang chung i nh x ngi bng vic Tp
on vin thng Qun i Viettel m rng u t kinh doanh cc th trng ngoi nc
nh Lo, Campuchia, Mozambique, Haiti, Peru v sp ti l Ucraina, Argentina,
Cuba.Vai tr ca ngnh Vin Thng rt quan trng trong c vic pht trin kinh t v
m bo an ninh Quc phng.
Cuc sng cng ngy cng c nng cao, nhu cu trao i thng tin cng vic v
gii tr ca con ngi ngy cng cao, khng ch n gin l vic truyn thoi truyn thng,
nhu cu truyn d liu cng ngy cng i hi v bng thng v dung lng ng truyn.
Trong Vin thng, h thng truyn dn c hai dng l v tuyn v hu tuyn. Do h thng
v tuyn c nhng hn ch c th nn truyn dn hu tuyn vn l hnh thc truyn dn
hiu qu v quan trng nht. Trong truyn dn hu tuyn s dng cp ng v cp quang.
Cp ng khng th m trch c bng thng v dung lng ng truyn rt ln t nhu
cu ca con ngi. Truyn thng si quang ra i nh du mt bc pht trin mnh m
ca cng ngh truyn dn, vi nhng u im ni tri nh bng thng ln, tc cao, suy
hao thptruyn dn quang tr thnh cng ngh truyn dn chnh trong cc ng dng
tc cao v mng truyn dn ng trc. Truyn dn thng tin quang bng cp si quang
t khi ra di n nay tri qua nhiu thi k pht trin. Ban u l si quang a mode c
suy hao cao, vi c ly truyn dn vi km n si quang n mode c suy hao thp vi c ly
truyn dn tng ln hng chc, thm ch hng trm km. Cp quang l gii php u tin cho
h thng vin thng ng di v quc t c tc truyn dn cao v rt cao, s dng trn
t lin v vt i dng.
Tuy nhin. h thng thng tin quang dung lng ln s gp phi 3 vn ln cn
quan tm nh : Suy hao, tn sc v hiu ng phi tuyn, lm gim cht lng v c ly truyn
dn ca h thng. Vn suy hao c th c gii quyt n gin bng vic s dng cc b
khuch i quang EDFA trong mng WDM. Ngy nay, hu ht cc h thng truyn dn
quang c thit k hot ng trong bng C, vng bc sng 1530nm 1565nm, bi u
im suy hao rt thp trong vng ny. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th b qua i vi cc h
thng thng tin quang hot ng mc cng sut va phi khong vi mW vi tc bit
ln n 2,5 Gbps. Tuy nhin cc tc bit cao hn nh 10 Gbps th chng ta phi xem
xt cc nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn. Cc nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn c
th gim i khi s dng si quang c din tch li hiu dng ln. V vy vn tn sc l
vn ln nht ca cc h thng thng tin quang. Khi chng ta s dng cc b khuch i
quang EDFA b suy hao th n li gia tng s tn sc, mt b khuch i quang khng
khi phc tn hiu c khuch i thnh tn hiu gc ban u. Do tn sc c tch ly
qua cc b khuch i lm gim kh nng truyn tn hiu.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 2
Nh chng ta bit, nh hng ca tn sc n tc bit truyn ti a ca si
quang nh sau:

max
1
4
t
Br Br
D
s =
Hay
1
4 .
t
Br
d L
s suy ra
1
4
t
Br L
d
s

Vi
t
d l tn sc ca si quang. T cng thc trn ta d dng nhn thy mi quan h
nghch o gia tc bit v c ly truyn dn khi mt si quang c tn sc l
t
d .
Do tng tc bit truyn dn v tng c ly truyn dn th phi gim thng s
tn sc
t
d xung mc thp nht c th. c nhiu m hnh iu khin tn sc c
nghin cu sut thp nin 1990 hn ch tc ng ca tn sc trong h thng thng tin
quang. Trong bi chuyn ny s gii thiu v cc phng php b tn sc c
nghin cu t trc n nay. C th phn loi thnh 3 phng php b tn sc gm k thut
b trc (Precompensation), k thut b tn sc trn ng dy (In-line) v k thut b sau
(post compensation). Trong k thut b trn ng dy cn c cc loi nh : b tn sc
bng si quang DCF, bng b lc quang, cch t Bragg hay bng tn hiu quang lin hp
pha. Trong khi hai phng php b trc v b sau t ra kh hn ch khi chiu di tuyn
quang ln, i hi phi b tn sc theo tng chng th phng php b tn sc trn ng
truyn t ra rt hiu qu v c s dng kh ph bin trong thc t.
Mc d phng php dng si b tn sc (DCF) b hn ch v suy hao ghp kh ln,
cng sut trong si quang phi m bo nh cc hiu ng phi tuyn khng xy ra v
gi thnh lp t cao, tuy nhin DCF vn c s dng rng ri v di bc sng hot
ng rng hay khc phc thi gian tr nhm tt, c bit l tnh n gin ca phng php
ny. Do chuyn ca Nhm 3 quyt nh chn DCF l phng php b tn sc
nghin cu v tho lun chi tit trong chng 4 ca cun bo co. Trong k thut s dng
DCF ny, tn sc dng trong si truyn dn c b vi tn sc m ca DCF xen trn
ng truyn. DCF c thit k trong mt module kch thc nh gn v c nhiu mc
chn la tn sc. Yu cu phi c i vi DCF l suy hao xen thp, suy hao ph thuc phn
cc thp, tnh phi tuyn thp. DCF cng phi c ng knh li nh cho kch thc
module nh li bi v module DCF nn chim mt khng gian nh.
Bi bo co c chia thnh 5 chng nh sau:
- Chng 1: Gii thiu

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 3
- Chng 2: Khi nim tn sc, cc loi tn sc v nh hng ca tn
sc trong cc h thng thng tin quang
- Chng 3: Gii thiu v cc loi k thut b tn sc trc, b tn sc
sau hay b tn sc ng dy
- Chng 4: M t v phng php b tn sc s dng si quang DCF,
cc thng s k thut ca DCF v module b tn sc DCF ang c trn th
trng.
- Chng 5: Kt lun bi bo co, u v khuyt im ca phng php
s dng DCF.


















Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
4 4


CHNG 2: KHI NIM TN SC, CC LOI TN SC,
NH HNG CA TN SC TRONG THNG TIN QUANG

2.1 Khi nim tn sc:

Tn sc l hin tng tn hiu quang truyn qua si quang b gin ra. Nu xung gin
ra ln hn chu k bt s dn ti s chng lp gia cc bt k cn nhau. Kt qu l u thu
khng nhn din c bt 1 hay bt 0 c truyn i u pht, dn ti b quyt nh
trong u thu s quyt nh sai, v khi t s BER tng ln, t s S/N gim v cht lng
h thng gim. Hnh di y minh ha cho s m rng xung do tn sc.

Gi D l tn sc tng cng ca si quang, n v l giy (s). Khi D c xc
nh bi:
2 2
i o
T T D =
trong T
i
, T
0
ln lt l rng ti im mt na cng sut cc i ca xung ng
vo v ng ra ca si quang (n v l s). tn sc qua mi km si quang c tnh bng
ns/km hoc ps/km. i vi loi tn sc ph thuc vo b rng ph ca ngun quang th lc
n v c tnh l ps/km-nm.


L

o

P
o

P
o
/2
Minh ha s m rng xung do tn sc

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
5 5


Tn sc gy ra tng BER



2.2 Cc loi tn sc:

Trong Thng Tin Quang ngi ta chia ra thnh 3 loi tn sc nh sau: tn sc mode,
tn sc phn cc mode v tn sc sc th (trong tn sc sc th bao gm tn sc ng dn
sng v tn sc vt liu). Khi si truyn dn l a mode (tc loi si quang c th truyn
cng lc nhiu mode sng khc nhau trong li) th ta c tt c cc loi tn sc ni trn.
Nhng khi cng ngh ch to si pht trin th si n mode ra i v n khc phc
c tn sc mode ca si a mode. Tuy nhin, v bn cht chit sut Silica l ph thuc
vo bc sng, hn na ngun pht khng th pht ra nh sng n sc (nh sng ch c
mt bc sng) m l mt chm tia sng vi mt rng ph no . Chnh v th trong
si n mode vn cn tn ti tn sc, l tn sc phn cc mode v tn sc sc th. Ngy
nay, vi cng ngh ch to pht trin mnh m ngi ta ch to ra c cc loi si
quang mi c mc tn sc gim ng k. Nhng si ny c dng lp t trong cc
mng mi cn tc bt cao v c ly ln. Sau y ta s tm hiu khi nim c bn v cc
loi tn sc trong si quang:


Hnh sau y m t s cc loi tn sc trong si quang.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
6 6



2.2.1 Tn sc mode (Modal Dispersion):

Mt mode sng c th c xem l mt trng thi truyn n nh ca nh sng trong
si quang. Khi truyn trong si quang, nh sng i theo nhiu ng khc nhau, trng thi
n nh ca cc ng ny c gi l nhng Mode sng. C th hnh dung gn ng mt
mode sng ng vi mt tia sng.
Tn sc mode l do nng lng ca nh sng b phn tn thnh nhiu mode. Mi
mode li truyn vi vn tc nhm khc nhau, nn thi gian truyn n u thu ca cc
mode khc nhau l khc nhau gy ra tn sc.
R rng ta thy tn sc mode ch tn ti si a mode, do mun loi b tn sc
mode th ta phi s dng si n mode. V vy khi xt n tn sc mode ta ch xt si a
mode.
Nh ta bit, khu s (NA) biu din kh nng thu nh sng ca si quang.
Khu s cng ln th cng d hng nh sng vo si quang. Nh vy ta c cm gic
nh khu s cng ln th cng tt. Nhng iu ny l khng ng, c mt tr ngi khin
ta khng th tng khu s ln. hiu c iu ny ta hy xem xt cc mode trong si
quang.
S tht l nh sng ch c th truyn trong si quang nh mt tp hp ca nhng
lung sng hoc nhng tia sng ring l. Ni cch khc, nu ta c kh nng nhn vo si
Tn sc tng
Tn sc mode Tn sc phn cc
mode
Tn sc sc th
Tn sc vt liu Tn sc ng dn sng
Si n mode
Si a mode
S cc loi tn sc trong si quang.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
7 7
quang ta s thy mt tp hp nhng lung sng truyn vi gc o bin thin t 0 n
c
o nh
c minh ha hnh sau:


Nhng lung sng khc nhau c gi l nhng mode. Ta phn bit cc mode bng
gc truyn ca chng, hay nh s th t ch nhng mode ring bit. Nguyn tc l: gc
truyn ca mode cng nh th s th t ca mode cng thp. Nh vy mode truyn dc theo
tm si l mode 0 (hay cn gi l mode c bn) v mode truyn gc truyn ti hn (
c
o )
l mode c s th t ln nht c th ca si quang. Nhiu mode c th cng tn ti trong
si quang, v si quang c nhiu mode truyn c gi l si a mode.
S lng mode: s lng mode ca si quang ph thuc vo c tnh quang v hnh
hc ca si . Nu ng knh li cng ln, li cng cha c nhiu mode sng. V bc
sng nh sng cng ngn th si quang cng cha c nhiu mode sng. Nu khu s
cng ln th s lng mode sng si thu c cng nhiu. Nh vy c th kt lun l s
lng mode sng trong si quang t l thun vi ng knh si (d), khu s (NA)
v t l nghch vi bc sng nh sng s dng ( ).
Gi V l tn s chun ha, ta c:
NA
d
V

t
= vi
2
2
2
1
n n NA =
th s lng mode c tnh nh sau:
2
2
V
N = ( i vi si SI ),
4
2
V
N = (i vi si
GI)
Nh vy ta thy i vi si a mode khi lung sng pht ra t ngun quang i vo
si quang chia thnh mt tp hp mode. Trong si, cng sut quang tng cng c mang
bi nhiu mode ring l, v ti u ra nhng phn nh hp li thnh lung ra vi cng sut
ca n. Hnh sau s minh ha cho vn trn (vi 4 mode lm v d).
n
1
li
n
2
lp bc
n
2
lp bc

1
o
2
o

3
o
c
o
Cch thc cc lung sng tng ng vi cc mode i trong si quang

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
8 8

T hnh trn ta thy rng xung tn hiu sau si quang c bt u bng mode 1
v kt thc bng mode 4. Do tr v thi gian gia cc mode nn xung tn hiu b gin ra
(T
0
> T
i
).





Tn sc mode trong si SI
P
i
= P
i1
+ P
i2
+ P
i3
+ P
i4

P
i1

P
i2

P
i3

P
i4

P
o
= P
o1
+ P
o2
+ P
o3
+ P
o4

l
1

l
2

l
3

l
4

t
1

t
2

t
3

t
4

P
i

t
1

t
2

t
3

t
4

P
o1

P
o2

P
o3

P
o4




T
i

T
o
> T
i

Cch thc cng sut quang c mang bi cc mode truyn trong si
quang v gy tn sc

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
9 9


Tn sc mode trong si GI



2.2.2 Tn sc trong si n mode:

Nh ta xt phn trn, tn sc mode l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra s hn ch
tc bt trong h thng Thng Tin Quang s dng si a mode. iu ny khng c ngha
l trong si a mode ch c tn sc mode, m n cn chu nh hng ca nhiu loi tn sc
khc. Tuy nhin do tn sc mode c nh hng ln hn c nn ta ch xt tn sc mode trong
si a mode. khc phc tn sc mode ngi ta ch to ra loi si quang ch truyn
mt mode sng, si quang nh th c gi l si n mode (SMF- Single Mode Fiber).
R rng ta thy si n mode khc phc c hon ton tn sc mode.
V th tc truyn dn c ci thin ng k v tng c c ly thng tin. Tuy
nhin v si n mode vn c ch to t Silica nn n s cn chu nh hng ca cc loi
tn sc khc nh tn sc sc th v tn sc phn cc mode. Trong tn sc sc th l
nguyn nhn chnh gy hn ch tc bt.
By gi ta s i kho st hin tng tn sc sc th trong si quang. y khng
mt tnh tng qut khi ta xt tn sc sc th trong si n mode. C th ni nguyn nhn
su xa ca tn sc sc th l do b pht quang (LED, LAZER) khng pht ra nh sng n
sc (nh sng ch c mt bc sng), m n pht ra mt chm tia sng c bc sng trung
tm (ti cng sut pht cc i) v cc bc sng bin, hay cn gi l rng ph ngun
pht. Tc l ngun pht pht ra nh sng nm trong mt di tn (di bc sng). M nh ta

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 10 0
bit th chit sut ca si lm t Silica l mt hm ph thuc vo bc sng (hay tn
s), nn vn tc lan truyn ca cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau l khc nhau, v n ph
thuc vo bc sng theo cng thc sau: ) ( / n c v = .
Tn sc sc th c hai nguyn nhn sinh ra n: Th nht nh ta bit l cc thnh
phn tn s khc nhau di chuyn vi vn tc khc nhau, v tn sc do nguyn nhn ny
ngi ta gi l tn sc vt liu, y l nguyn nhn ch yu ca tn sc sc th. Tuy nhin
cn c thnh phn tn sc th hai l tn sc ng dn sng, m nguyn nhn sinh ra n l do
nng lng nh sng truyn i c mt phn trong li v mt phn trong lp bc. S phn b
nng lng gia li v lp bc l mt hm ca bc sng, c th l nu bc sng di hn
th nng lng trong lp bc nhiu hn. Nh vy nu bc sng thay i, s phn b nng
lng s thay i v kt qu l h s lan truyn | cng thay i. y chnh l s gii thch
cho tn sc ng dn sng.
Bn cnh tn sc sc th v tn sc phn cc mode, trong si quang cn tn ti mt
loi tn sc khng km phn quan trng l tn sc vn tc nhm. Nh ta bit, u im
chnh ca si n mode l khng c tn sc mode bi v nng lng a vo xung ch c
chuyn ch bi mt mode n duy nht. Tuy nhin s m rng xung khng bin mt hon
ton, v vn tc nhm ca mode c bn th ph thuc vo tn s do tn sc sc th. Kt qu
l cc thnh phn ph khc nhau ca xung truyn c vn tc nhm khc nhau mt cht, v
tn sc c nguyn nhn nh trn c gi l tn sc vn tc nhm.
By gi ta i kho st nh hng ca cc loi tn sc nu trn trong si n mode.

2.2.2.1 Tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD Group Velocity Dispersion)

Xt si n mode c chiu di L. Mt thnh phn ph ring bit ti bc sng c
tn s gc l es n ng ra cui si quang sau mt tr v mt thi gian l
g
v
L
T = trong

g
v l vn tc nhm v c nh ngha l: [1]
1
) (

=
e
|
d
d
v
g
(2.4-1)
Bng cch p dng c n k n /
0
e | = = ( | l hng s lan truyn) vo phng trnh
(2.4-1) ta c th tnh c
g g
n c v / = trong
g
n l chit sut nhm v c cho bi:
(2.4-2)

) / ( e e d n d n n
g
+ =

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 11 1
S ph thuc vo tn s ca vn tc nhm dn n s m rng xung, n gin l bi
v cc thnh phn ph khc nhau ca xung b tn sc trong sut s lan truyn v khng n
ng ra ca si cng mt lc.
Nu e A l rng ph ca xung th phm vi m rng xung i vi si c chiu di L
c cho bi:

e | e
e
|
e
e
e
e
A = A = A
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A = A
2
2
2
L
d
d
L
v
L
d
d
d
dT
T
g
(2.4-3)
trong phng trnh (2.4-1) c s dng bin i. Tham s
2 2
2
/ e | | d d =
c gi l tham s tn sc vn tc nhm . N quyt nh xung quang b m rng bao nhiu
khi lan truyn trong si.
Trong mt s h thng Thng Tin Quang, s tri ra v mt tn s e A c quyt
nh bi di cc bc sng A pht bi ngun quang. Thng thng ta s dng A

thay cho e A . Bng cch s dng t e / . 2 c = v ( ) t e A = A
2
/ . 2 c . Phng trnh (2.4-
3) c th c vit li:

A = A
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A DL
v
L
d
d
T
g
(2.4-4)
trong :

2
2
. 2 1
|

c
v d
d
D
g
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (2.4-5)
D c gi l h s tn sc v c n v l ps/km-nm. [1]
nh hng ca tn sc ln tc bt B c th c c tnh bng cch s dng iu
kin 1 . < AT B . Bng cch s dng T A trong phng trnh (2.4-4) th iu kin ny tr
thnh:
1 . . < A D L B (2.4-6)
Phng trnh ny cho ta mt c tnh v tch B.L ca si quang n mode. i vi
si quang n mode chun th D tng i nh trong vng bc sng m u 3 , 1 (D xp x
1ps/km-nm) . i vi Lazer bn dn c rng ph A t 2 n 4nm th gi tr B.L c th
vt qu 100Gbps-km . Trong thc t ta c cc h thng hot ng ti bc sng m u 3 , 1 c
tc bt l 2Gbps vi khong cch trm lp t 40 n 50km. Gi tr B.L ca si n mode
c th vt qu 1Tbps-km khi Lazer bn dn n mode c s dng gim A di
1nm.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 12 2
H s tn sc D thay i ng k khi bc sng lm vic dch ra khi m u 3 , 1 . S ph
thuc vo bc sng ca D l do s ph thuc vo tn s ca chit sut mode n . T
phng trnh (2.4-5) D c th c vit li:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2 2
2
2 1 . 2
e
e
e
t
e
t
d
n d
d
n d
v d
d c
D
g
(2.4-7)
trong phng trnh (2.4-2) c s dng bin i. Ngi ta chng minh
c D c th c vit nh l tng ca hai s hng: [1] D = D
M
+ D
W
(
2.4-8)
trong D
M
l tn sc vt liu, D
W
l tn sc ng dn sng v c cho bi:
e
t
d
dn
c d
dn
D
g g
M
2 2
2
1 2
= = (2.4-9)

+
A
=
dV
Vb d
d
dn
dV
Vb Vd
n
n
D
g g
W
) ( ) ( 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
e e
t
(2.4-10)
y n
2g
l chit sut nhm ca lp bc, V l tn s chun ha, b l hng s lan
truyn chun ha, A l s chnh lch chit sut tng i gia li v lp bc. Trong cc
phng trnh t (2.4-8) n (2.4-10) th tham s A c xem l c lp vi tn s.

2..2.2.2 Tn sc vt liu (Material Dispersion)

Tn sc vt liu xy ra do chit sut ca Silica (nguyn liu c s dng ch to
si quang) thay i theo tn s quang e (tc ph thuc vo bc sng tn hiu).
Hnh sau y s cho thy s ph thuc vo bc sng ca chit sut (n) v
chit sut nhm (n
g
) trong di t 0,5 m u n 1,6 m u i vi si Silica nng chy.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 13 3

Tn sc vt liu (D
M
) c lin h vi dc ca n
g
bi cng thc (2.4-9) nh sau:
) (
1
d
dn
c
D
g
M
=
M v dn
g
/d = 0 ti bc sng 1,276 m u nn D
M
= 0 ti
ZD
=1,276 m u (
ZD
c
gi l bc sng tn sc 0). H s tn sc D
M
m khi <
ZD
v dng khi >
ZD
. Trong
di bc sng t 1,25

n 1,66 m u th D
M
c th c xp x bng cng thc [1]:
) / 1 ( 122
ZD M
D ~
(2.4-11)
Lu :
ZD
ch bng 1,276 m u i vi si Silica thun khit. Gi tr ca
ZD
c th
thay i trong di t 1,27 m u n 1,29 m u i vi si quang m li v lp bc c pha tp
cht thay i chit sut. Bc sng tn sc 0 (
ZD
) ca si quang cng ph thuc vo
bn knh li (a) v bc nhy chit sut ( A) ca si quang .

2.2.2.3 Tn sc ng dn sng (Waveguide Dispersion)

Trong si a mode, tn sc ng dn sng l mt phn nh trong tn sc tng, do
thng thy thut ng tn sc sc th v tn sc cht liu c th s dng hon chuyn cho
nhau khi xt si a mode [1]. Nhng i vi si n mode th tn sc ng dn sng li l
mt thnh phn tn sc quan trng. Tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng ph thuc ln
nhau v do ta phi xt chng cng nhau [1]. Do xp x nn ta c th b qua s ph thuc
xt ring chng.

Bc sng ( m u )
C
h
i

t

s
u

t

S thay i ca chit sut n v chit sut nhm n
g

theo bc sng ca Silica nng chy.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 14 4
Tn sc ng dn sng xut hin l do nh sng c truyn bi cu trc l si quang.
C ch gy ra tn sc ng dn sng trong si n mode nh sau: Sau khi i vo si quang,
mt xung nh sng mang thng tin s c phn b gia li v lp bc nh c minh ha
hnh sau:

Hai thnh phn nh sng trong li v lp bc truyn vi vn tc khc nhau (do li v
lp bc c chit sut khc nhau), nn n cui si quang vo cc thi im khc nhau gy
ra tn sc.
T hnh trn ta thy tn sc ng dn sng ph thuc vo s phn b trng mode
gia li v lp bc, tc ph thuc vo ng knh ca trng mode (MFD Mode Field
Diameter) m MFD li ph thuc vo bc sng, do tn sc ng dn sng l ph thuc
vo bc sng.
Tn sc ng dn sng (D
W
) c tnh nh trong phng trnh (2.4-10) v ph thuc
vo tham s V ( tn s chun ha ) ca si.

+
A
=
dV
Vb d
d
dn
dV
Vb Vd
n
n
D
g g
W
) ( ) ( 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
e e
t

Hnh sau cho thy s thay i ca dV Vb d / ) ( v
2 2
/ ) ( dV Vb Vd theo V
C
o
r
e

D
i
a
m
e
t
e
r

M
F
D

n
2

n
1

( ) % 4 , 0 /
2 1
< = A n n n
typical

S phn b cng nh sng trong si n mode. MFD l ng knh trng
mode.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 15 5

T hnh ta thy c dV Vb d / ) ( v
2 2
/ ) ( dV Vb Vd u dng nn theo cng thc (2.4-
10) th D
W
m trong ton b di bc sng t 0 n 1,6 m u .
Hnh sau y s cho thy D
M
, D
W
v tng ca chng D = D
M
+ D
W
ca mt si
quang n mode thng thng.


T

n

s

c

[

p
s
/
(
k
m
-
n
m
)
]

Bc sng ( m u )
Tn sc tng cng D v s phn b tng i ca tn sc
cht liu ( D
M
) v tn sc ng dn sng ( D
W
) ca si n mode
thng. Bc sng tn sc 0 (
ZD
) dch n gi tr cao hn nh s
phn b ng dn sng

C

n
g

(

M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

)

Tn s chun ha V
S thay i ca b ( tn s lan truyn chun ha ) v o hm ca n
d(Vb)/dV v V[d
2
(Vb)/dV
2
] theo tham s V

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 16 6
Ta thy tn sc ng dn sng (D
W
) lm cho bc sng tn sc 0 (
ZD
) dch khong
30 n 40nm tn sc tng (D) bng 0 gn bc sng 1,31 m u . Ngoi ra, tn sc ng
dn sng cn lm gim tn sc tng t gi tr tn sc vt liu (D
M
) trong di bc sng t
1,3 m u n 1,6 m u . Gi tr tiu biu ca D l t 15 n 18ps/(km-nm) gn bc sng
1,55 m u . Khi D ln s hn ch hot ng ca h thng ti bc sng 1,55 m u .
V D
W
ph thuc vo tham s si nh bn knh li a v s chnh lch chit sut A
nn ta c th thit k si bc sng tn sc 0 dch n ln cn gi tr 1,55 m u . Si nh
th gi l si dch tn sc. Ta cn c th ghp s phn b ng dn sng D tng i nh
qua mt di bc sng t 1,3 m u n 1,6 m u , si loi ny gi l si san bng tn sc.
Hnh sau y cho thy cc v d tiu biu v s ph thuc bc sng ca D i vi
si chun (si thng), si dch tn sc v si san bng tn sc.


2.2.2.4 Tn sc bc cao hn (Higher-Order Dispersion)

T phng trnh (2.4-6) ta thy gi tr B.L ca si n mode c th tng ln n v
cng khi hot ng ti bc sng tn sc 0 (
ZD
) v D=0. Tuy nhin cc nh hng tn sc
khng bin mt hon ton ti bc sng tn sc 0. Cc xung quang vn b tri rng do nh
hng ca tn sc bc cao hn. Tn sc tng (D) khng th bng 0 ti tt c cc bc sng
trong di ph ca mt xung tp trung ti bc sng tn sc 0. R rng l s ph thuc vo
bc sng ca D s ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s m rng xung. Cc nh hng
Bc sng ( m u )
T

n

s

c

[
p
s
/
(
k
m
-
n
m
)
]

S ph thuc vo bc sng ca h s tn sc D i vi si
chun, si dch tn sc v si san bng tn sc.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 17 7
ca tn sc bc cao hn b chi phi bi dc tn sc d dD S / = , tham s S cn c gi
l tham s tn sc vi phn.
Gi tr ca dc tn sc (S) ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k cc h
thng WDM hin nay. V S > 0 i vi hu ht cc loi si, cc knh khc nhau c gi tr
GVD hi khc nhau. iu ny gy kh khn cho vic b tn sc tt c cc knh cng mt
lc. gii quyt vn ny, cc loi si quang mi c pht trin, chng c S khng
nhng nh ( dc tn sc gim) m cn m (si tn sc ngc). Bng sau cho ta danh sch
cc c tnh ca cc loi si hin c trn th trng.
c tnh ca mt s loi si quang c tnh thng mi trn th trng:


T phng trnh (2.4-6) ta thy gii hn tc bt ca knh hot ng ti bc sng
tn sc 0 (
ZD
) l v cng ln. Tuy nhin khng ng nh th, v S s tr thnh nhn t gii
hn trong trng hp ny. Chng ta c th c tnh tc bt gii hn bng vic ch l
i vi ngun c rng ph A gi tr hiu dng ca h s tn sc tr thnh A = . S D [1]
v phng trnh (2.4-6) tr thnh :
1 ) .( . .
2
< A S L B (2.4-12)
i vi Lazer bn dn a mode c A = 2nm v mt si quang dch tn sc c
S=0,05ps/(km-nm
2
) ti bc sng 1,55 m u th B.L t 5Tbps-km (gi tr ny s c ci
thin nu dng Lazer bn dn n mode).

2.2.2.5 Tn sc phn cc mode (Polarization Mode Dispersion)

Ngun gc ca s m rng xung trong trng hp ny c lin quan n s khc x
hai ln (Birefringence) ca si (B
m
=
y x
n n ;
y x
n n , ln lt l chit sut mode ca cc
mode phn cc trc giao). S khng i xng trn ca li to ra s phn x hai ln do chit
sut mode ng vi cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao ca mode c bn l khc nhau. Nu
xung ng vo kch c hai thnh phn phn cc th n tr nn rng hn do hai thnh phn

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 18 8
tn sc dc theo si c vn tc nhm khc nhau. Hin tng ny gi l tn sc phn cc
mode (PMD).
Trong nhng si c B
m
l hng s (v d si duy tr phn cc) s m rng xung c
tnh t tr v mt thi gian gia hai trng thi phn cc trong sut qu trnh lan truyn
xung l T A . i vi si c chiu di L th T A c cho bi:
) (
1 1 1
| | | A = = = A L L
v
L
v
L
T
y x
gy gx
(2.4-13)
trong x, y dng ch hai mode phn cc trc giao;
1
| A c lin h vi chnh lch
vn tc nhm ca hai trng thi phn cc. Phng trnh (2.4-1) c s dng c s lin
h gia v
g
vi hng s lan truyn | , v L T / A l i lng nh gi PMD. i vi si
duy tr phn cc th L T / A ln (khong 1ns/km) khi hai thnh phn c kch bng nhau ti
ng vo ca si, nhng c th gim n 0 nh a nh sng dc mt trc chnh .
i vi si thng th hi khc v Birefringence thay i dc theo chiu di si mt
cch ngu nhin. i vi mt xung quang, trng thi phn cc cn khc i vi cc thnh
phn ph khc nhau ca xung. Trng thi phn cc cui cng khng l s quan tm i vi
hu ht cc h thng Thng Tin Quang v Photodetector dng trong b thu khng nhy vi
trng thi phn cc tr khi s dng tch sng Coherent. Vn nh hng n cc h thng
nh th ny khng phi l trng thi phn cc ngu nhin nhng xung li b m rng do s
thay i ngu nhin ca Birefringence.
Mt xung quang khng c phn cc dc theo hai trng thi chnh chia lm hai
phn lan truyn vi tc khc nhau. tr nhm vi sai T A ln nht i vi hai trng thi
phn cc chnh.



Minh ha tn sc phn cc mode


Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
1 19 9
2.3 nh hng ca tn sc trong h thng thng tin quang:

Khi s dng EDFA trn tuyn th vn suy hao c gii quyt, c ly truyn
dn c nng ln r rt, nhng tng tn sc cng tng ln. Do , li yu cu phi gii
quyt vn tn sc, nu khng, khng th thc hin c vic truyn thng tin tc cao
v truyn dn c ly di. By gi, nh hng ca hiu ng tn sc si quang li l mt yu
t hn ch ch yu, nht l i vi h thng tc cao li cng th hin r rt. V d, si
quang G. 652 tn sc tc 2,5 Gbit/s c ly b hn ch khong 928 km, nu tc tng
ln 10 Gbit/s th c ly truyn dn b hn ch ch cn 58 km. Bng 2.4 ni v c ly b hn
ch bi tn sc khi khng c trm lp.
Bn cht ca tn sc l s gin rng xung tn hiu khi truyn dn trn si quang. Tn
sc nh hng n cc si n mode bao gm: tn sc vn tc nhm, tn sc phn cc
mode, tn sc bc cao v tn sc dn sng.
C ly b hn ch bi tn sc khi khng c trm lp (tr s l thuyt).
Tc 1550 nm
(G.652)
1550 nm
(G.655)
1310 nm
(G.652)

2,5Gbit/s
928 km 4528 km 6400 km
10
Gbit/s
58 km 283 km 400 km
20
Gbit/s
14,5 km 70 km 100 km
40
Gbit/s
3,6 km 18 km 25 km
Ngun: Cng ngh ghp knh quang WDM-Phng Vn Lng
Phng php xc nh nh hng ca tn sc n h thng thng tin quang thng
qua tnh ton qu cng sut h thng P
B
bng vic thit k di tuyn c thit lp theo
Cng thc (2.12).

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 20 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
B t s M P D C C S S
P P t P G NF P P P N l N l dB = + (2.12)
Trong : P
t
(t): cng sut tn hiu pht c tnh c nh hng chirp phi tuyn.
G: khuch i ca cc b EDFA.
P
M
: cng sut d phng ca h thng.
P
D
: cng sut tn tht do tn sc, y chnh l cng sut tng ng do nng lng
ph ca xung tn hiu b dn ra ngoi khe thi gian nh sinh ra.
P
P
: cng sut n b lng cng sut mt mt.
P
S
(G,NF): nhy thu c tnh c nh hng ca b khuch i v nhiu ca EDFA.
N
S
v N
C
l s mi hn v s mi ni quang.
Hnh sau y l kt qu tnh ton tm thy s mt mt cng sut ca h thng do tn
sc gy ra i vi h thng 1 Gbit/s v 2,5 Gbit/s. Kt qu cho thy h thng 2,5 Gbit/s b
tn tht cng sut h thng nhiu hn so vi h thng 1 Gbit/s vi cng mt gi tr tn sc.
i vi tc bt 2,5 Gbit/s, cng sut b mt mt l khng ng k khi tn sc nh
hn 100ps/nm. Tuy nhin, mt mt cng sut tng dn dn trong khong t 100ps/nm n
200ps/nm. Khi tn sc vt qu 200ps/nm, lng cng sut quang b tn tht rt nhanh.
gi tr 300ps/nm th cng sut mt mt ln ti 4dB. Trong khi tc 1 Gbit/s, s
mt mt cng sut trong trng hp ny gn bng 0 khi tn sc nh hn 100ps/nm, ti gi
tr 760ps/nm thi cng sut mt mt l 4 dB. Nh vy, r rng rng tn sc lm gii hn
ng k tc truyn dn ca h thng thng tin quang.



Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 21 1

Hnh 3 l kt qu tnh ton xc nh lng cng sut tn hiu b mt mt cho cc h
thng thng tin quang 2,5Gbit/s vi cc Laser c ph rng 0,1 nm, 0,2 nm, v 0,3 nm. T
kt qu thu c c th thy rng nhn chung, lng cng sut b tn tht s tng nhanh khi
c ly truyn dn tng.


Nh vy, mc d cc h thng cng b mt cng sut khi c ly truyn dn tng. Tuy
nhin, cc ngun pht khc nhau s gy ra s mt tn hiu cng khc nhau. Khi rng ph
ngun pht l 0,1 nm, mt mt cng sut xy ra l 4,5 dB khi c ly truyn dn di 52 km.
i vi cc h thng c ph ngun pht pht rng 0,2 nm v 0,3 nm, cng sut b tn tht
tng ng l 4,5 dB ti 26 km v 6,2 dB ti c ly ch cn 18 km. Khi tng c ly vt qu
cc gi tr trn, tn hiu b mt qu ln v khng th thit k c h thng thc tin k c
c s dng khuch i quang si. y l cc h thng s dng si G.652 c h tn sc
D=18ps/km.nm. Nh vy, trong h thng thng tin quang, ngoi suy hao quang, c nhiu
tham s tng tc ti tn sc si gy nh hng ti h thng v lm mt i ng k lng
cng sut tn hiu. l cc tham s: C ly truyn dn, tham s tn sc, tc bt ca h
thng v ph ngun pht.




Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 22 2
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP B TN SC TRONG
THNG TIN QUANG

3.1 S cn thit ca vic qun l tn sc:
Nh chng ta xem xt Chng 2 nh hng ca tn sc c tc ng rt ln n
cht lng h thng thng tin quang ni chung v h thng thng tin quang tc cao
WDM ni ring. Tn sc gy ra hin tng dn rng xung, gy mo tn hiu, lm tng cc
li bit xy ra, nh hng ln n tc truyn dn ca h thng. C th gim thiu nh
hng ca tn sc vn tc nhm ( GVD ) nu s dng cc laser ph hp v khi cng gn vi
bc sng tn sc zero
ZD
ca si quang. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng kt hp gia
bc sng hot ng vi
ZD
. C th ly v d v cc h thng trn mt t thuc th h
th ba hot ng gn bc sng = 1,55 m v s dng cc thit b pht quang laze hi
tip phn tn ( DFB ). Nhng h thng nh vy nhn chung u s dng mng li cp
quang c xy dng trong nhng nm 1980 bao gm hn 50 triu km chiu di ca si
n mode tiu chun vi
ZD
1,31 m. Do tham s tn sc D 16 ps/(km.nm) trong
di bc sng 1,55 m ca si n mode, do GVD s hn ch tnh nng khi tc bit
vt qu 2Gb/s. iu bin trc tip laze DFB, chng ta c th s dng phng trnh:
B.L.|D|.

< 1/4 ( vi

l rng ph ngun RMS trong ca ngun ) c tnh khong

cch truyn dn ti a nh sau:
L < (4B|D|s

)
1
( 3.1 )
Trong , s

l rng RMS ca ph xung c dn rng ng k bi dch tn

s. Khi s dng D = 16 ps/(km.nm) v s

= 0,15 nm trong phng trnh 3.1, cc h thng

sng nh sng hot ng tc 2,5 Gb/s u b gii hn mc L 42 km. Thc t,
nhng h thng nh th thng s dng cc thit b ti to in t nm cch nhau 40 km,
v khng tn dng c tnh kh dng ca cc b khuch i quang. Ngoi ra, tc bit
ca chng cng khng th vt qu 2,5 Gb/s v l do c ly ca thit b ti to l qu nh
c th m bo kh thi v mt kinh t.
Tnh nng ca h thng c th c ci thin ng k bng cch s dng thit b iu
ch ngoi, nh vy c th trnh c hin tng dn rng ph do dch tn s. Cch ny
c ng dng cc loi my pht laze DFB thng mi vi mt b iu ch tch hp gn
lin. Vi s

= 0 hn ch c hn ch khi my pht s dng loi si tiu chun. Khong

cch truyn gii hn khi s c tnh nh sau:

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 23 3
0
6 2
3
3
3
2
2
2
=
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
t
A
t
A i
z
A | |
L < (16|
2
|B
2
)
1
( 3.2 )
Trong
2
l h s GVD lin quan ti D. Nu thay gi tr
2
= -20 ps
2
/km, ti bc
sng 1,55 m, th L < 500 km v t tc 2,5 Gb/s. Mc d c ci thin ng k so
vi laze DFB iu ch trc tip, nhng gii hn tn sc ny vn ng c lu tm khi cc
thit b khuch i ng truyn c s dng b suy hao. Hn na, nu tc bit t
10 Gb/s, khong cch truyn gii hn GVD s gim xung ch cn 30 km, y l mc qu
thp cc thit b khuch i quang c th c s dng trong vic thit k cc h thng
bc sng nh sng nh vy. T phng trnh 3.2 ta c th thy rng gi tr GVD tng i
ln ca si n mode tiu chun s lm hn ch tnh nng ca cc h thng 1,55 m c
thit k s dng trong mng li vin thng hin c khi tc bit t 10 Gb/s hoc cao
hn na.
c mt s m hnh qun l tn sc c a ra gii quyt vn mang tnh
thc tin ny. Nn tng ca nhng m hnh l kh n gin v c th hiu c da trn
phng trnh lan truyn c vit nh sau:

( 3.3 )

Trong A l bin bao xung. Nhng nh hng ca tn sc bc ba c k hiu
l
3
. Trong thc t, k hiu ny c th s khng c s dng nu |
2
| ln hn 0,1 ps
2
/km.
Gii phng trnh (3.3) s c kt qu nh sau :

Xt khi
3
= 0, ta c kt qu nh sau:

=
t 2
1
) , ( t z A (0,) exp e e e | d t i z
i
)
2
(
2
2
( 3. 5 )
Trong , (0, ) l khai trin Fourier ca A (0, t).
S suy bin gy ra tn sc ca tn hiu quang l do h s pha t gi tr exp(i
2
z/2)
bi cc thnh phn ph ca xung trong qu trnh lan truyn trong si. Tt c cc m hnh
qun l tn sc u c gng loi b h s pha ny nhm phc hi li cc tn hiu u vo,
c p dng trong my pht, my thu hoc dc theo ng truyn si quang.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 24 4

3.2 K thut b tn sc trc (Precompensation):

K thut ny da trn nguyn l chung l sa c tnh xung ng vo ca b pht
trc khi a vo si, l thay i bin ph ca xung ng vo ( ) e , 0
~
A nh sau:
( ) ( ) |
.
|

\
|

2
2
. .
2
exp . , 0
~
, 0
~
e | e e L
i
A A (3.2-1)
trong L l chiu di si. Khi tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD) s c b chnh
xc v xung vn gi nguyn dng ti ng ra.
K thut ny gm c k thut Prechirp, k thut m ha Novel v k thut Prechirp
phi tuyn.
iu ch FM v AM tn hiu quang cng mt lc th khng cn thit i vi vic b
tn sc, nn ngi ta dng kha dch tn (FSK) cho vic truyn tn hiu. Tn hiu FSK c
thc hin bng vic chuyn mch bc sng ca Lazer lch nhau mt lng l A gia bt
0 v bt 1. Hai bc sng s lan truyn trong si vi tc hi khc nhau.
Thi gian tr gia bt 1 v bt 0 ph thuc vo vic dch bc sng A v c tnh
theo cng thc: A = A . .L D T v ta chn A sao cho B T / 1 = A .
S tr ny to ra tn hiu quang ba mc ti u thu. Hnh sau y cho ta thy s tr
hon mt bt to ra tn hiu quang ba mc nh th no. Do tn sc ca si nn tn hiu FSK
s chuyn sang tn hiu c bin c iu ch. V tn hiu ny c th c gii m u
thu nh s dng b tch phn in kt hp vi mch quyt nh bt.





B tn sc dng m ha FSK: a) Tn s quang v cng sut tn hiu pht; b) Tn s
v cng sut tn hiu thu v d liu in c gii m.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 25 5


Mt phng php khc l m ha cp nh phn c th lm gim bng thng ca tn
hiu cn 50%. Trong phng php m ha ny, hai bt k tip nhau trong chui nh phn
gp li hnh thnh mt m cp nh phn ba mc tc bt ch bng mt na. V tn sc
vn tc nhm (GVD) ph thuc vo rng bng ca tn hiu, nn khong cch truyn c
th tng nh gim bng tn ca tn hiu.
Tc bt 10Gbps s dng m ha cp nh phn th c ly truyn dn c th tng
thm 30 n 40km so vi m ha nh phn.
M ha cp nh phn c th kt hp vi k thut lch tn trc.
Trong thc t truyn c tn hiu tc bt 10Gbps qua c ly 160km si thng
nh kt hp m ha cp nh phn vi b iu ch ngoi c C > 0.

3.3 K thut b tn sc trn ng dy (In-line) :
3.3.1 B tn sc bng si quang DCF:

Cc k thut b tn sc trc c th tng khong cch ln gp i nhng n
khng thch hp cho cc h thng c c ly ln, trong tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD) phi
c b dc theo ng dy truyn dn theo chu k. Cc k thut b trn cc h thng nh
th ny phi m bo ch ton quang, t trn si (ch khng phi t trn b pht hay
b thu). V mt loi si c bit n l si b tn sc.
Trong thc t nng cp cc h thng thng tin quang s dng si chun hin c,
ngi ta thm vo mt on si b tn sc (vi chiu di t 6 n 8km) i vi cc b
khuch i quang t cch nhau 60 n 80km. Si b tn sc s b tn sc vn tc nhm
(GVD), trong khi b khuch i s m ng nhim v b suy hao cho si.
Ngi ta thng s dng si DCF kt hp vi cc b khuch i OA (thng s
dng b EDFA) b tn sc trn tuyn quang, v ty vo v tr t DCF m c cc kiu b
nh sau:

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 26 6

S dng si DCF trn tuyn quang
Chi tit v si DCF s c ni r chng sau.

3.3.2 B tn sc bng b lc quang:
Nguyn l ca phng php ny nh sau: gi s hm truyn t ca b lc quang l
H(e) th nh hng ca n i vi pha ca xung tn hiu c th hin bi cng thc
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
, 0,
2
j L t
A L t A H e d
e e
e e e
t

=


Bng cch trin khai pha ca H(e) theo chui Taylor v gi s hng bc hai s c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 1 2
1
exp exp
2
H H i H i e e o e e o o e o e
| |
= ~ + +
|
\ .

y
m
m m
d
d
o
o
e
= , m = 0, 1,... c c lng ti tn s sng mang quang e
0
. Pha
hng s o
0
v tr thi gian o
1
s khng nh hng n dng xung v c th b qua. Pha ph
do si sinh ra c b bng cch chn b lc quang sao cho c
2 2
L o | = khi xung c
th c phc hi hon ton
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, , exp
2
A L T H A L i T d e e e e
t

C nhiu loi b lc quang c hm truyn t ph hp vi yu cu ny v c th
c s dng lm cc b b tn sc trong c bit ni bt l cc loi b lc cu trc
bung cng hng Fabry Perot v b lc giao thoa k Mach Zehnder.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 27 7
3.3.3 B tn sc bng tn hiu quang lin hp pha OPC:

K thut OPC (Optical phase conjugation) lin hp pha quang i hi 1 phn t
quang phi tuyn m c th to ra tn hiu pha lin hp. Thng thng ngi ta dng
phng php trn 4 bc sng (FWM- Four wave mixing) trong vng phi tuyn, v bn
thn si quang t n l mt mi trng phi tuyn, (cch n gin l dng mt si quang di
vi km c thit k mt cch c bit ti a hiu ng FWM).
Tim nng ca k thut OPC c chng minh mt th nghim 1999 vi 1 b
kt hp c bn FWM c s dng b tn sc vn tc nhm GVD tc 40 Gb/s trn
chiu di 140 km si quang tiu chun.
Hu ht cc cuc th nghim v b tn sc c nghin cu trn khong cch truyn
l vi trm km. i vi ng truyn di hn n t ra vn k thut OPC c th b tn
sc vn tc nhm GVD cho chiu di ln n hng ngn km si quang m c dng cc
b khuch i b suy hao c hay khng. Trong 1 th nghim m phng, tn hiu tc
10 Gb/s c th truyn trn 6000 km trong khi ch s dng cng sut trung b?nh di mc
3mW gim hiu ng phi tuyn si quang. Trong 1 nghin cu khc cho thy b khuch
i ng 1 vai tr quan trng. Vi khong cch truyn trn 9000 km c th thc hin c
bng cch gi cc b khuch i cho mi on 40 km. S la chn bc sng hot ng,
c bit l bc sng tn sc khng c ngha then cht. Trong vng tn sc d thng,
Cng sut ca tn hiu bin i tun hon dc chiu di si quang . iu ny c thdn ti
vic to ra cc (di bin) sideband do hin tng bt n iu ch
Tnh khng n nh ny c th c trnh nu thng s tn sc tng i ln
(D>10 ps/(km-nm)). y l trng hp i vi si quang chun bc sng gn 1.55m .
Hin nhin rng khong cch truyn ti a lun l vn quan trng i vi nhiu hang sn
xut, nh k thut trn 4 bc sng FWM, khong cch dng b khuch i c th gim
xung di 3000 km.

3.3.4 B tn sc bng cch t Bragg:

Nguyn l ch to si cch t b tn sc da trn iu kin phn x Bragg:

2n A =
Trong :
n = 1, 2, 3, ...
: bc ca cch t
: bc sng nh sng

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 28 8

Nguyn l phng php b tn sc bng cch t si Bragg
Si cch t Bragg c ch to bng cch dng tia t ngoi chiu qua mt mt n
nh sng vo si quang n mode chun to ra cc vng c chit sut khc nhau phn b
dc theo chiu di Z ca si. b li tn sc vn tc nhm GVD, chu k quang ca cch
t c ch to sao cho nA gim dc theo di ca n cho ra GVD chun (|
2
>0).
Trong si quang n mode tiu chun, cc thnh phn tn s cao ca xung s lan truyn
nhanh hn cc thnh phn tn s thp. V bc sng Bragg gim dc theo di cch t
cho nn cc thnh phn tn s cao s di chuyn thm vo cch t trc khi c phn x v
phi chu tr nhiu hn cc thnh phn tn s thp. Nh vy tr tng i c xut hin
do cch t s b li GVD do si v b c tn sc si. Tham s tn sc D
g
ca cch t c
di L
g
c xc nh bng mi lin h sau:

R g g
T D L = A
Trong T
R
l thi gian i vng bn trong cch t v A l s sai khc v cc
bc sng Bragg ti hai u ca cch t. V
2
g
g
L
T
c
t
= cho nn tn sc cch t c cho
bi biu thc sau :

2
R
g
g
T n
D
L c
= =
A A

Vic s dng si cch t Bragg b tn sc c rt nhiu u im, do n c s
dng rng ri trn thc t. u im u tin phi k n l kch thc ca n kh khim tn
trong khi b c lng tn sc ln, d dng trong vic ghp ni vi si quang v suy hao
xen nh. Tuy nhin n cng c mt nhc im l cn s n nh v nhit cao do ch
mt thay i nh v chiu di si cch t cng c th lm thay i hon ton c tnh b
tn sc ca n.

3.4 K thut b sau (post compensation):


Cc k thut trong min in c th c dng b tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD)
trong my thu. Ta d dng cn bng nh hng ca tn sc bng k thut in nu si
quang hot ng nh mt h thng tuyn tnh.
Cch t Bragg
Tn hiu
quang vo

Tn hiu quang ra

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
2 29 9
Vic b s d dng hn nu b thu Heterodyne c s dng tch tn hiu: b thu
ny u tin chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu vi ba ti tn s trung tn
IF
e v vn gi
thng tin v bin v pha. Mt b lc thng di hot ng tn s vi ba vi p ng
xung c hm truyn t l:
( ) ( )

=
2
. exp
2
2
L
i H
IF
| e e e
trong L l chiu di si. B lc ny s khi phc li dng tn hiu ban u ca tn
hiu nhn c. K thut ny thc t nht i vi h thng Coherent.
Nhng ta bit l b thu Coherent thng khng thc t (v mt s l do) so vi b
tch sng trc tip, v mch in tuyn tnh khng th b GVD trong trng hp ny. Vn
l do thng tin v pha b mt khi tch sng trc tip do b tch sng ch p ng bin
quang. Khi mt k thut cn bng khng tuyn tnh c th c s dng.
Mt phng php khc na l vic quyt nh mt bt c thc hin sau khi xem
xt dng sng (dng tng t) qua mt khong nhiu bt xung quanh bt ta cn quyt nh.
Kh khn ca k thut ny l i hi mch in logich hot ng ti tc bt ca tn hiu
v tnh phc tp ca n tng theo hm m ca s lng bt qua n (s lng bt m mt
xung quang b tri rng ra do GVD).
K thut cn bng v mt in thng b gii hn do tc bt t c thp v
khong cch truyn ngn.
Mt k thut cn bng quang in da trn mt b lc ngang (transversal filter)
c a ra. Trong k thut ny b chia cng sut ti my thu chia tn hiu quang nhn
c thnh nhiu nhnh, cc nhnh c tr khc nhau. Tn hiu quang trn mi nhnh
c chuyn sang dng in nh s dng cc photodetector c nhy c th thay i, v
tng dng in quang c s dng cho mch quyt nh bt. K thut ny c th tng
khong cch truyn dn ln gp ba ln i vi h thng hot ng tc 5Gbps.










Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 30 0

CHNG 4: PHNG PHP B TN SC BNG SI DCF


4.1 C s ton hc:

Ta xem xt trng hp mi xung quang c truyn qua hai phn si: phn th nht
l qua si n mode , phn th hai l si b tn sc.
Phng trnh truyn sng trong si quang:
( ) ( ) ( )

+ = e e | | e e
t
d t i L L
i
A t L A
2 22 1 21
2
2
exp , 0
~
2
1
, (3.1)
trong ) , 0 ( e l bin i Fourier ca bin xung,L=L
1
+L
2
v
j 2
| l h s GVD
i vi phn c chiu di si L
j
(j=1,2)
L
1
: chiu di si quang n mode.
L
2
: chiu di si DCF.
Nu si b tn sc c chn sao cho s hng v pha c cha
2
e bin mt th xung
s c khi phc thnh hnh dng ban u ti cui si b tn sc. Vy iu kin b tn
sc hon ton l: 0
2 22 1 21
= + L L | | hay
0
2 2 1 1
= + L D L D (3.2)
Vy t phng trnh trn ta thy l si b tn sc phi c tn sc vn tc nhm
(GVD) ti bc sng 1,55m l D
2
phi nh hn 0 v D
1
i vi si chun ln hn 0. V
chiu di si b tn sc phi tha:
1
2
1
2
L
D
D
L = (3.3)
L
2
phi cng nh cng tt nn suy ra D
2
gi tr tuyt i cng ln cng tt.


S dng si DCF b tn sc

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 31 1

4.2 Cc thng s k thut ca si quang DCF:

K thut b bng cch s dng cc b b tn sc quang in t c th tng khong
cch truyn ln 2 ln, tuy nhin n li khng ph hp vi cc h thng ng di, h thng
ny yu cu GVD phi c b lin tc theo chu k dc theo ng truyn. c bit trong
cc h thng ton quang vic s dng cc b b tn sc quang in t l khng ph hp. V
th ngi ta ngh ra mt si quang c bit gi l si quang b tn sc (DCF :
Dispersion Compensating Fiber). Vic s dng si DCF cho cc h thng ton quang c th
b GVD mt cch ng k nu cng sut quang trung b?nh c gi nh th cc hiu
ng phi tuyn bn trong si l khng ng k.
Vic s dng si DCF b tn sc ht sc n gin l ch cn t si DCF xen vo
gia, do c im ca si DCF l c tn sc m, ngha l khi tn hiu xung nh sng i
qua si ny th xung nh sng s co li dn, hin tng ny ngc vi si SMF xung
nh sng b gin ra do tn sc, do vic xung nh sng b gin ra gii quyt c.


Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 32 2
Si quang DCF phi c h s tn sc GVD(Group-Velocity Dispersion ) 1,55m
l D
2
<0 cn trong si quang thng thng D
1
>0. Hn na chiu di si quang cng c
la chn tha iu kin :
L
2
= - (D
1
/D
2
) L
1

Trong thc t ngi ta c gng chn L
2
nh nht nu c th, trng hp ny xy
khi si DCF c gi tr m D
2
rt nh (hay |D
2
| rt ln).
H s tn sc D c gi tr -420ps /(nm.km) bc sng 1550nm v thay i nhiu
cc bc sng khc. y l mt c tnh quan trng cho php b tn sc bng rng. Ni
mt cch tng qut si DCF c thit k D tng theo bc sng. S ph thuc vo
bc sng ca h s tn sc D l mt c tnh quan trng DCF c th hot ng trong
cc h thng WDM

Ph tn sc ca si DCF
y l phng php n gin nht qun l tn sc trong cc h thng WDM dung
lng cao vi s lng knh ln ngha ca ng bao tn sc c hiu t iu kin :
D
1
L
1
+D
2
L
2
= 0
Nhng ch p dng cho mt knh, khi c nhiu knh tha mn cho tt c cc knh
th cn iu kin :
D
1
(
n
)L
1
+D
2
(
n
)L
2
=0
Trong :
n
l bc sng ca knh th n

D1 tng vi bc sng tng cho c hai si chun v si dch tn sc, kt qu l tn
sc tch ly D1L1 l khc nhau cho mi knh. Nu cng mt DCF phi lm vic cho tt c
cc knh, ng bao tn sc ca n nn m v c gi tr tha mn cho tt c cc knh.
ng bao tn sc ca DCF:



Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 33 3

Trong : S l ng bao tn sc (ps/(nm
2
km)
T s S/D l ng bao tn sc quan h (1/nm)
Vi si chun D ~16ps/nm.km v S~0.05ps/nm.km, t s ny khong 0.003nm
-1
.V
th, cho DCF vi D~- 100ps/nm.km th ng bao tn sc khong -0.3 ps/nm
2
km.



Bng tham s ca si DCF v SMF :

b tn sc cho mt khong cch 90 Km cho si G.652 ta cn phi s dng xp x
9 Km DCF. Thng s suy hao in hnh ca DCF thng thng gp ti trn 3 ln so vi si
quang chun, h s tn sc phn cc mode PMD cng gp i, do din tch hiu dng
ca DCF l v cng nh.

4.3 B tn sc n knh:

Mt gii php cho vic nng cp cc h thng quang hin ti bng cch s dng cc
si chun cng thm cc b DCF (~10km) v cc b khuch i quang t cch nhau 50

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 34 4
60km. DCF b tn sc vn tc nhm trong khi khuch i b suy hao. y c xem nh
k thut qun l tn sc chu k. Ng ca k thut ny l s trn ln gia GVD m v
dng trong mt chu k sau cho tn sc tng cng trn chu k ny gn bng 0. Mch n
gin nht l s dng 2 si c tn sc i nghch v chiu di tn sc trung bnh.
D = (D
1
L
1
+ D
2
L
2
) / L
m

Trong D
1
l h s tn sc ca si SMF
D
2
l h s tn sc ca si DCF
L
1
l chiu di si SMF
L
2
l chiu di si DCF
L
m
= L
1
+ L
2
l chu k b tn sc
Nu D gn bng khng, tn sc c b hon ton trn chu k. Chiu di L
m
thng
c chn l khong cch ca khuch i. Chiu di DCF c chn tha iu kin L
2
=-
D
1
L
1
/D2 vic b tn sc l hon ton (D=0).
Trong thc t nng cp cc h thng thng tin quang s dng si chun hin c,
ngi ta thm vo mt on si b tn sc (vi chiu di t 6 n 8km si b tn sc) i
vi cc b khuch i quang t cch nhau 60 n 80km. Si b tn sc b tn sc vn tc
nhm (GVD), trong khi b khuch i s m ng nhim v b suy hao cho si. K
thut ny rt hay nhng n c hai vn cn quan tm l: th nht, suy hao xen ca mt
on si b tn sc thng qu 5dB (6 n 8km si b tn sc). Suy hao xen ny c th b
nh vic tng li b khuch i, nhng ta phi tr gi bng vic tng nhiu t pht c
khuch i (ASE); th hai l ng knh mode ca si b tn sc tng i nh, din tch
mode hiu dng ch khong 20 m
2
. Khi cng quang trong si b tn sc ln th? cc
hiu ng phi tuyn tng ng k.

Nhng vn gp phi nh trn i vi si b tn sc ta c th gii quyt bng cch
dng si hai mode c thit k vi gi tr V cao hn 2,5. Cc si ny c suy hao ging
nh si n mode nhng h s tn sc D i vi mode bc cao hn c gi tr m ln hn,
D= -770ps/(km-nm) o c i vi cc si c li ellip. Mt km si b tn sc ny c
th b tn sc vn tc nhm (GVD) qua 40km si truyn dn, v suy hao thm tnh cho
ton tuyn nh (n gin v chiu di ca si b tn sc cn nh hn).
Vic s dng si b tn sc c hai mode th cn phi c thit b chuyn i mode,
thit b ny c kh nng chuyn nng lng t mode c bn sang mode bc cao hn. Nhiu
thit b nh th c pht trin v n c tnh tng hp vi mng. Hn na n li c suy
hao xen vo nh. Mt yu cu i vi b chuyn i mode l n phi khng c nhy vi
s phn cc v phi hot ng vi bng thng rng.

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 35 5
Hu ht cc thit b chuyn i mode trong thc t l n dng si c hai mode cng
vi mt cch t si, cch t ny dng ghp gia hai mode. Chu k cch t c chn
tng ng vi s khc nhau gia v ch s mode gia hai mode l nh sau: .
Cch t ny cn c gi l cch t si chu k di.
Ngi ta thng s dng si DCF kt hp vi cc b khuch i OA (thng s
dng b EDFA) b tn sc trn tuyn quang, v ty vo v tr t DCF m c cc kiu b
nh sau:
a)B trc:

b) B sau:











c) B i xng




n . / o = A

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 36 6
c) B i xng


4.4 Cc kt qu th nghim b tn sc bng DCF:

Nhiu cuc th nghim trong sut nhng nm 90 nhm thc hin vic s dng li
ch ca si b tn sc i vi h thng WDM. Nm 1995 mt th nghim i vi h thng
gm 8 knh vi khong cch mi knh l 1,6nm, mi knh hot ng ti tc bt l
20Gb/s truyn qua c c li l 232km si chun bng cch s dng nhiu si b tn
sc. Tn sc cn li i vi mi knh tng i nh (khong 100ps/nm i vi ton khong
lp) bi v tt c cc knh c b ng thi bi cc si b tn sc. Trong mt th nghim
vo nm 2001, si b tn sc bng rng c s dng truyn tn hiu WDM 1Tb/s (gm
101 knh, mi knh hot ng ti tc 10Gb/s) qua c li 9000km. Dung lng cao nht l
11Tb/s c thc hin nh s dng si tn sc ngc trong mt th nghim, n truyn
273 knh, mi knh hot ng ti tc 40Gb/s qua bng tn C, L v S mt cch ng thi
( rng bng ton b hn 100nm).


4.5 B b tn sc ca hng JDSU:

Module b tn sc ca hng JDSU: WRDCM-20/30/40/50/60

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 37 7

Module b tn sc ca hng JDSU: WRDCM-20/30/40/50/60
Chc nng chnh :
- B tn sc vi si quang n mode chun (G.652)
- Tng thch vi bng C ca knh quang DWDM
- Suy hao xen thp
- C th b tn sc vi cc khong cch khc nhau
- C th s dng b trc v b sau
- C th s dng b cho n knh hoc a knh
Cc WRDCM cung cp b tn sc m cho h thng truyn dn DWDM v c th s
dng b tn sc vi si n mode chun trn ton b bng C. Khi kt hp vi cc b
chuyn i bc sng v b khuch i th WRDCM s cung cp mt gii php vn chuyn
n gin, tin cy v chi ph thp. Cc WRDCM-20/30/40/50/60 c s dng cho b tn
sc v c th t trc hoc sau b khuch i. Cc WRDCM c th h tr n knh hoc
a knh cho tc 2,5Gb/s v 10Gb/s.

Cc thng s k thut:

Sn phm WRDCM-20 WRDCM-30 WRDCM-40 WRDCM-50 WRDCM-60
c tnh quang
hc

Suy hao xen
(dB) (1530-
2.7 3.3 4.0 4.3 5.4

Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 38 8
1565nm)
Tn sc 2%
(ps/nm)
1550nm
-325 -487 -650 -812 -974
PMD (ps) 0.29 0.36 0.42 0.45 0.51
Kt ni quang v
cc loi si

LC/PC vch ngn
c im mi
trng
Min Max
Nhit mi
trng xung
quanh
-5
0
C 55
o
C
Nhit bo
qun

-40
o
C 85
o
C
m tng i 5% 95%



Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
3 39 9
CHNG 5: KT LUN

Chuyn Thng Tin Quang ca nhm 3 trnh by tng qut v cc khi nim tn
sc, cc loi tn sc, nh hng ca tn sc trong h thng thng tin quang. Chuyn cng
gii thiu hu ht cc phng php b tn sc nh b trc, b sau hay b ng dy v
tp trung nghin cu v k thut b tn sc bng si DCF.
Cc phng php b tn sc trc v b tn sc sau c nhng hn ch khi chiu di
tuyn quang ln, chnh v vy phng php b tn sc ng dy c s dng ph bin
nht v hiu qu nht trong thc t, ni bt nht l hai phng php s dng DCF v s
dng cch t Bragg.
Vi vic b tn sc cho tuyn quang s dng si DCF c mt vi khuyt im, do
ng knh trng mode ca si DCF nh, do mt cng sut trong si ln l nguyn
nhn ca hiu ng phi tuyn, ng thi suy hao ca DCF cng kh ln v vic s dng kt
hp vi cc OA truyn trn tuyn quang ng di s lm tng nhiu ASE v nhc im
ca DCF l khi cn b mt lng tn sc ln th phi cn chiu di si t l thun vi
lng tn sc , dn n cng knh v kh khn cho vic thi cng, lp t.
Khi phng php dng si b tn sc (DCF) b hn ch v suy hao ghp kh ln,
cng sut trong si quang phi m bo nh cc hiu ng phi tuyn khng xy ra v
gi thnh lp t cao, th phng php dng cch t Bragg t ra kh hiu qu khi n
khc phc c nhng nhc im ca phng php dng si DCF.
Hin ti k thut b tn sc bng cch t Bragg ang l ch nghin cu hp dn v
nhiu tnh u vit ca n nh: kch thc nh gn (nm hon ton trong mt si quang),
ph hp cho h thng quang a knh, c kh nng iu chnh b tn sc mt cch linh
ng. Tuy nhin phng php DCF vn s dng ph bin v tnh n gin ca n.

















Nhm 3 B tn sc bng DCF Page
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TI LIU THAM KHO:


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