H thng x l nc thi nh my ma ng

Ngun thi v lu lng nc thi.

Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut ma thng c phn thnh cc loi sau: - Nc
thi loi 1:
L nc thi t cc ct ngng t to chn khng ca cc thit b ( bc hi, nu
ng ). y l loi nc thi b nhim rt nh, thng c tr s BOD5 thp ( 20-2
5mg/l ), SS = 30-50 mg/l, COD = 50-60 mg/l Lu lng nc thi loi ny thng t
0,97-1,2m3/ tn ma
- Nc thi loi 2
L nc thi t cc ngun nc lm ngui my, thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut ca
nh my.
Theo ngun nhim bn, nc thi loi 2 bao gm nc lm ngui du ( nhim bn du
nht ), nc lm ngui ng ( nhim bn ng ) do khng trnh khi c nhng d r
nht nh, nc lam ngui my, thit b khi thi ra s b nhim bn ( du m, ng ) gi
tr BOD5 thng dao ng t 200-400mg/l.
Lu lng ca loi nc thi ny thng nh khong 0.25m3/ tn ma.
- Nc thi loi 3:gm tt c cc ngun nc thi cn li nh nc ra v sinh cc khu
vc trong nh my: nc x y ni hi, nc thi phng TN, nc r r ng ng,
nc thi lc vi, v sinh my mc thit b Nc thi loi 3 c nhim rt cao,
BOD5 = 1200-1700mg/l, COD thng thng khong 2200mg/l, PH < 5,0, SS=780-900,
ngoi ra cn c du m, mu, mi.
Lu lng nc thi loi 3 thng bng 50% tng lng nc thi trong nh my v dao
ng trong khong t 0,99-1,3m3/ tn ma.
II. La chn phng n cng ngh x l:
Phng n cng ngh x l nc thi c s dng theo nguyn tc loi dn cc cht
nhim bng cc phng php thch hp: c l ( lng tch cn ), ho l ( keo t lng ) v sinh hc t tiu chun thi theo TCVN 5945 2005 (ct B)
M t cng ngh:
1. B lng ct-tch du: lng ct v tch du trong nc thi

2. B cha-iu ho: iu ho lu lng v thnh phn nc thi

3. B trn-phn ng keo t: iu chnh pH v to bng keo t.
4. B lng bc 1: tch cc cht l lng c trong nc thi.
5. B Aeroten: Phn hu cc cht hu c ho tan c trong nc thi bng vi sinh hiu kh.
6. B lng bc 2: Tch bn hot tnh
7. B cha bn: Cha v n nh bn.
8. H sinh hc: tip tc phn hu cc cht hu c cn li trong nc thi.Nc thi loi 1
(t nhim) sau khi qua b lng ct-tch du v nc thi loi 2, 3 ( nhim nng) sau khi
qua b lng bc 2 c dn chung vo h sinh hc. ti y di tc dng ca cc loi vi
sinh vt, cc cht hu c cn li trong nc thi tip tc c phn hu v sau khi ra
khi h sinh hc, nc thi x l c th t tiu chun thi cao hn ct B ca TCVN
5945-2005

KT QU BC U TRONG NGHIN CU X L NC THI

BNG BN HOT TNH TRONG SN XUT NG MA
TS. NGUYN TH SN
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng
i hc Bch khoa H Ni

Nc ta nm trong vng kh hu nhit i, nhiu vng t ai t Bc n Nam rt thun

tin cho pht trin trng ma, nht l cc tnh ven bin min Trung v ng Nam b. V
th ngnh sn xut ng ma c tim nng rt ln.
Sau nm 1975, sn xut ng ma c khuyn khch pht trin. n nm 1994, c
nc c 150.000 ha trng ma , sn lng 6,5 triu tn ma, sn xut c 0,32 triu tn
ng quy ra ng th, trong 0,11 triu tn c sn xut 14 nh my ng [1].
Nm 1996, chng trnh quc gia trng im ma ng c ph duyt v trin khai
thc hin. T ngnh ng pht trin mt cch nhanh chng. n nm1998 c nc
c 41 nh my ng vi sn lng 0,567 triu tn.

V p 1999 - 2000 t 1,014 triu tn gp 3 ln nm 1995. n nay c nc c 45 nh

my ng c cng sut p t 300 - 8.000 tn ma/ngy[1].
Nm 2001 - 2002 vo v p, c nc c 44 nh my ang hot ng thc hin mc
tiu 1 triu tn ng.
Pht trin sn xut ng ma l mt nh hng ng n, quan trng. Tuy nhin, sn
xut ng s dng mt lng ln nc v cng thi ra mt lng khng nh nc thi
giu cht hu c d chuyn ha, gy nhim mi trng c bit l mi trng nc.
c mt vi nghin cu v x l nc thi v ti s dng cc cht thi ca sn xut
ng. Song vic ng dng v trin khai rng ri mt cch c hiu qu cn nhiu hn
ch. c bit vic x l nc thi cn nhiu bt cp. Nhiu h thng x l c xy
dng vi vn u t ln nhng hot ng khng hiu qu hoc khng hot ng c
gy tn km v lm nn lng cc nh sn xut. Trong tnh hnh , vic u t nghin
cu k tha v la chn quy trnh cng ngh x l kh thi l rt cn thit.
I. CNG NGH SN XUT NG NC TA V CC CHT THI.
1. Nhng c trng trong cng ngh sn xut ng ma Vit Nam.
Cng ngh sn xut ng thng thng tri qua 3 cng on chnh: p, lm sch nc
ma v kt tinh.
Trong chng trnh ma ng, mt s cng ngh mi c p dng gp phn lm
cho ngnh ng pht trin mnh v ngy cng hon thin hn.
- p ma l phng php tch nc ma c s dng ph bin nc ta ch yu do chi
ph u t thit b thp, vn hnh n gin v linh hot khi phi chy di ti.
Nc sau p cha 13 - 15% cht tan trong c 12 - 12,5 % l ng sacaro.
Hin Vit Nam ch c 2/45 nh my dng phng php khuych tn l Nh my ng
Cam Ranh v Bourbon Ty Ninh.
- Trn 50% nh my ng dng phng php Sunfit tinh ch ng. Ngoi ra cn c
phng php vi ha v cacbonat ha.
- Cng ngh sunfit ha trung tnh c s dng mang li hiu sut thu hi v cht lng
sn phm cao hn, gim tn tht ng.
- Cng ngh lng ni c hiu sut lm sch v ty mu cao, c bit trong sn xut ng
trng bng phng php sunfit [2].
- Ci tin cng ngh sn xut ng tinh luyn bng cch kt hp vi sn xut ng th

trong cng mt nh my gim c 30-40% vn u t v gim 30% gi thnh sn

phm [2].
2. Cc cht thi trong sn xut ng ma.
Qu trnh sn xut ng ma thi ra lng ln cht thi di c 3 dng: Kh thi, nc
thi v cht thi rn (xem s 1).

- Kh thi: Cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh ca qu trnh sn xut ng

khng ln. Kh thi pht sinh ch yu t l hi dng b ma lm nhin liu, t qu trnh
x l nc ma bng CO2 hoc SO2 ca cng on bo xung.
Cc nh my u ch trnh r r SO2. Kh thi l hi c tch bi bng h thng
cyclon tch bi m hoc cyclon thy lc c hiu qu tch cao .
- Cht thi rn trong sn xut ng gm b ma, tro l hi, bn lc,... [3]
+ Mt r: l sn phm ph ca sn xut ng. Lng mt thng chim khong 5%
lng ma p, mt r s dng sn xut cn, sn xut m chnh, nm men...
+ B: chim 26,8 - 32% lng ma p, vi hm m khong 50%. Phn cht kh cha
khong 46% Zenluloza v 24,6% Hemizenluloze [3].
Cc nh my ng s dng b ma lm nhin liu t l hi v chy my pht in. B
ma cn c s dng lm nhin liu sn xut giy, vn p,....
+ Tro l hi: chim 1,2% lng b ma. Thnh phn chnh ca tro l SiO2, chim 71 72%. Ngoi ra cn cc khong khc nh Fe2O3, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, CaO,
MnO.... Cng vi bn, tro c dng sn xut phn hu c.
+ Bn lc: l cn thi ca cng on lm trong nc ma th. Bn c m 75 - 77%,
chim 3,82 - 5,07% lng ma p (Xem bng 1).
Bng 1 . Thnh phn ha hc ca cht thi rn t sn xut ng [4]
% Khi lng
Mt r
Bn lc
B ma
Nc
26
Nc

75
Nc
50,0
ng
51
Sp, cht bo
3,5
Zenlulo
22,5
Cht kh
3
X
7,5
Pentoza
16,0
Hp cht nit
4,5
ng
4,0
Lignin
9,0
A xit hu c
5,6
Protein
3,0
Sp, Protein
1,5
Tro
10,6
Tro
7,0
Tro
1,0
Cht mu
0,5

- Nc thi: Cng ngh sn xut ng ma s dng khi lng nc rt ln cho cc

mc ch khc nhau. Kt qu kho st 11 nh my ng cho thy: nh mc tiu hao

nc bin ng t 13 - 15 m3 tn ma p. Trong nc Baromet chim ti 76 - 77%.
Trong nc ra nh sn, nc lm mt trc p, v sinh thit b v nc git bng ti
tch bn c hm lng cht hu c cao cn x l chim 6 - 10% tng lng nc thi.
Kt qu kho st cht lng nc thi cng chung ca 9 nh my ng cho thy hu ht
u vt qu TCVN 5945 - 1995 loi B (Xem bng 2).
Bng2. Thnh phn nc thi cng chung ca 9 nh my ng

Cc ch tiu
n v
Gi tr o
TCVN 5945/1995
(Tiu chun loi B)
PH
5,22 - 6,9
5-9
COD
Mg/l
124,6 - 1265
100
BOD5
Mg/l
75 - 667
50
SS
Mg/l
46 - 285
100
N
Mg/l
5,65 - 23,34
60

P
Mg/l
0,21 - 1,96
6

II. HIN TRNG S DNG CHT THI RN V X L NC THI CA MT

S NH MY NG
1. S dng cc cht thi rn
V p 2000 - 2001 vi cng sut thc p 7,2 triu tn 40 nh my ng tng lng
mt r thu c khong 324.000 tn.
- Sn xut cn t mt r
Mt r hin c s dng cho sn xut m chnh v sn xut cn. Tiu hao mt r cho sn
xut cn l 3,4 - 4 kg/1 lt cn.
Theo bo co tng kt v ma ng 2000 - 2001, cc nh my ng c sn xut cn
s dng ht cng sut 11 triu lt/nm. iu ny c ngha l sn xut cn c li. V 2001
- 2002 vi cc d n c quyt nh u t, tng cng sut cn ln n 46,05 triu
lt/nm. Nh vy lng mt r c s dng trong ngnh ln ti 156,57 - 184,2 ngn tn,
chim 56,85% tng lng mt r.
- Sn xut phn hu c vi sinh:
Phn hu c c sn xut t ph liu ca sn xut ng gm b thi trong tinh ch
nc ma, tro b ma sau t l hi. nhng c s c h thng x l sinh hc nc thi,
bn hot tnh d l ngun nguyn liu qu cho sn xut phn bn.
Hin c nc c 32 nh my ng tn dng bn v tro sn xut phn bn vi sinh,
trong 17 nh my xy dng c nh xng, cc nh my khc sn xut ngoi tri.
Cng ngh ch yu cn th cng. V 2000 - 2001 sn xut c 100.000
tn/140.000tn cng sut thit k v mi ch p ng c 25% nhu cu cho vng
nguyn liu[1]. Tuy nhin sn phm ca nhiu nh my gi thnh cn cao, cha hp dn
ngi trng ma.
- Sn xut vn p
Sn xut vn p t b ma l mt nh hng kinh t v l mt phng n kh thi, nht l
i vi cc nh my ng c cng sut p t 2.000 tn ma/ngy tr ln , k c khi nh
my dng b cho ni hi v sn xut in.

Vn p t b ma c ngi tiu dng a chung v cht lng sn phm tt, gi thnh

thp. Hin ch c nh my ng Hip Ha sn xut c 7.500 m3/nm (v 2000 2001) [5] . Vn tiu th tt, c li. Th trng c nhu cu ln. Hin c thm nh my
ng Bnh nh v Cn Th c ph duyt d n trin khai sn xut.

Ngoi cc sn phm ph trn, mt s nh my ng cn sn xut cc sn phm sau

ng nh bnh ko... Tuy nhin cc sn phm ny cha c sc cnh tranh cao.
nhiu nc trn th gii r ng cn c s dng sn xut men n bnh m, lm
thc n gia sc, sn xut axit xitric, axit lactic... B ru t r ng c dng sn xut
thc n gia sc, nm men giu m...
2. X l nc thi mt s nh my ng v kt qu bc u nghin cu x l nc
thi ng ma bng bn hot tnh.
- Hin trng x l nc thi cc nh my ng
Kt qu kho st ti 9 nh my v qua 7 bn bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng khc
cho thy hin c trn 50% s nh my c kho st c h thng x l nc thi vi
cc cng ngh khc nhau: Bng b UASB (Nh my ng Bnh Dng, Cam Ranh );
kt hp ym - hiu kh ( Vit Tr, Ninh Ha ); UASB - hiu kh - lc sinh hc (Nng
Cng); h sinh hc (Lam Sn, An Kh, Kontum...); x l hiu kh (Nh my ng Bnh
nh).
Tuy nhin, ngoi h thng x l nc thi ca Nh my ng Bnh nh ang c
chy th bn giao (nc sau x l t tiu chun loi B) v Nh my ng Ty Ninh,
cc h thng cn li u hot ng khng hiu qu hoc khng hot ng c. Trong
c nhng h thng t khi xy dng n nay vn cha vn hnh c.
Bng 3. Kt qu phn tch dch hm ca 2 cng ty
STT
Ch tiu
n v
Cty ng
Hip Ha
Cty ng
Vit Tr
PH
-

4,1
4,2
COD
Mg/l
95 600
24 552
BOD5
Mg/l
22 500
5 500
TS
Mg/l
11 252
3 382
SS
Mg/l
1 068
580
N
Mg/l
4 413
491,05
P
Mg/l
50,7
26,5
mu
Mg/l
1 6 510
3 698

A xit bay hi
Mg/l
242,4
114
A xit tng
Mg/l
10 143
2 012
ng kh
Mg/l
51 150
1244

Kt qu kho st cng cho thy nc thi cng chung ca cc nh my u vt qu tiu

chun cho php. Ti lng nhim trong nc thi ca cc nh my c sn xut cn rt
cao. Kt qu phn tch dch hm ca hai nh my in hnh cho thy vic x l nc thi
ca cc nh my ng ni chung v cc nh my ng c sn xut cn ni ring l rt
bc xc.
C th ni, sn xut ng to ra mt lng ln cht thi, c bit l nc thi. Vi nh
mc 13-15m3 nc s dng khi p 1 tn ma, v ma 2000-2001 p 7,2 triu tn ma
(thu 645.593 tn ng), ngnh sn xut ng cng nghip thi vo mi trng
khong 100triu m3 nc thi, trong c 25-30% nc thi cn x l.
Kt qu kho st hin trng mi trng nc thi 8 nh my ng in hnh c 3 min
Bc, Trung, Nam cho thy, bnh qun ti lng nhim dng ra c COD = 569,76mg/l,
BOD5 = 270,25mg/l v SS = 110,67mg/l. Vi nh mc 122m3 nc thi c nhim
cao cho 100tn ma thc p, v 2000-2001 thi vo mi trng 8,84 triu m3 nc
thi c cha 4.823 tn COD; 2.307 tn BOD5.
Thc t kho st cng cho thy, vic x l nc thi nhiu nh my cn nhiu bt cp
gy lng ph tin ca v khng m bo cc tiu chun mi trng pht trin bn
vng.
Nghin cu p dng quy m Pilt cng nh bc u trin khai cng ngh x l ti
Nh my ng Bnh nh, chng ti thu c cc kt qu khi s dng cng ngh x
l hiu kh bng bn hot tnh vi ti lng nhim trung bnh 0,667kg BOD5/m3 v lu
lng nc thi t 1.300 - 1.500 m3/ngy. Bn tuyn chn t nc thi ca nh my
c hot ha c ti trng ring 0,37 - 0,4 kg BOD5/kgMLSS. Ngy. T l F/M c s

dng trong h thng x l l 0,3 - 0,4 vi SVI=130 - 150ml/g, thi gian lu: 8-10 gi,
qu trnh x l hon ton khng x dng ha cht. Hin ti h thng x l ang trong
giai on chy n nh bn giao. Nc thi sau x l t tiu chun dng thi loi TCVN 5945-1995.
KT LUN
Chng trnh quc gia v sn xut ma ng l mt nh hng pht trin kinh t x hi
ng n v rt quan trng. Chng trnh c thc hin v s gp phn chuyn i
c cu sn xut nng nghip, tng ng k hiu sut s dng t nng nghip gp phn
xa i gim ngho v to thm nhiu mt hng xut khu.
Tuy nhin, sn xut ng ma cng l ngnh to ra cht thi gy nhim mi trng,
c bit l nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut. Vic nghin cu tm ra mt gii php cng
ngh kh thi, hiu qu x l nc thi ca ngnh sn xut ng ma l rt cn thit.
Nhng nghin cu v kt qu kh quan ban u trong p dng cng ngh x l him kh
bng bn hot tnh ti Nh my ng Bnh nh hy vng s gp phn gim thiu
nhim mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut ma ng, thc y s pht trin ca mt
ngnh kinh t trin vng nc ta
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn - Bo co tng kt sn xut ma ng v
2000-2001. H Ni thng 8/2001.
2. Nguyn Ng, i hc Bch khoa H Ni. Hiu qu khoa hc t chng trnh ma
ng. Tin ma ng s 8/2000, trang 6-8.
3. Hagol, E. And Jeukuis, QH. Handbook of cansugar engineering. Elsevier Publ. Co.
1972.
4. Tng hp bo co khoa hc chng trnh nc sch v mi trng nng thn. H Ni,
thng 1/1998.
5. Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng Nh my ng Hip Ha. Long An, 1996.