CHI NG I

VECTd

1. CAC DINH NGHIA

A.

TOM TAT GIRO KHOA Vector la doan thing co huong, nghia la trong hai diem mot cua doan thing da chi ro diem nao la diem dau, diem nao la diem cu oi
4A

Vector co diem dau A va diem cuoi B dugc ki hieu la Do dai cua vector la khoang cach gift diem dau va diem cuoi cua vector do. Oo dai cua vector
HIM 17

AB.

AB dugc ki hieu la

ABI , nhu vay

IABI =AB.

Neu khong not ro diem dau va diem cuoi cua vector to con ki hieu vector la : a b ... , ,x Hai vector gqi la ding phiro'ng neu chung norm tren hai dtr mg thing song song, hodc cung norm tren mot doing thing. (h. 1.2) Nguoi to con not hai vector ding phuong neu gia cua chung song song hoac trung nhau.
A C B

a)

b)
Hinh 1.2

Chuang I. Vectd - Hai vector AB va CD la hai vector cung huong. (h 1.2a) - Hai vector EF va GH la hai vector nguoic huong. (h. 1.2b). Hai vector bang nhau neu chung cung huong va cung do dai.
it

Khi hai vector T aco:

a va b bang nhau to viet

it

a = bA a B

A = D r* A -B B C C D (do tinh chat cua hinh binh hanh ABDC).

Vector-khong la vector co diem dau va diem cuoi trung nhau, ki hieu la 0 . Nhu vay vector-khong co do dai bang 0 moi vector. Cho truorc diem A va vector AB = a. B. GIAI TOAN A va B. Hoi co bao nhieu doan thing va
GIAI
it

b Hirsh 1.3 va cung phuong, cung huong voi

a thi to dung du(yc diem

B duy nhat sao cho

[ 1 ; ] Vi du 1 : Cho hai diem phan biet bao nhieu vector khac nhau ? Mot doan thing duy nhat Hai vector khac nhau la Vi du 2 : Cho hai vector A,B,C?

AB hoc BA. AB va BA . AB va AC cung phuong. Ket Juan gi ve ba diem

GIAI

Hai vector AB va AC cung phuong va co diem A chung nen chung cung norm tren mot duang thing. Vay ba diem A,B,C thing hang. Vi du 3 : Cho tam giac trung diem cua A C. ABC can tai A. Goi M la trung diem cua BC va N la

a) Ta co AB = AC dung hay sai ?

COc Binh nghia b) Cac vector nao dung hubng viii voiBC? . AB ? Cac vector nao ngugc huong

c) Cac vector nao bang nhau ?

GIAI

a) Hai vector AB va AC khong clung phucng nen chung khong bang nhau. b) MN la doan not trung diem hai canh nen MN va AB song song nhau. Vay AB la hai vector cung huong. Ba diem B, C; M thang hang nen cac vector ngu(yc huong vii BC IA : CB , CM , MB. BC va AC NM va

c) Ta co : BM = MC vi hai vector nay cung huong va co do dai bang nhau. Ta ding c6 : CM=MB va AN=NC, CN=NA. Vi du 4: Cho hinh binh hanh
HIM 14

ABCD. Lay diem M tren doan AB va didm N

GIAI

tren doan CD sao cho AM = CN. Chixng minh AN = MC va MD = BN.

Ta co AM = CN ( theo gt) va AM // CN (vi AB//CD). Do do tir giac AMCN la hinh binh

hanh. Vay AN=MC. Ting to tir giac BMDN la hinh binh hanh. Vay MD = BN .(h.1.5)
Hinh 1.5

Vi du 5 : Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD. Goi M va N lan hr?t la trung diem cua AB va DC. AN va CM lan lugt cat BD tai E va F. Chung minh, DE= EF= FB. 7

Chrhdng I. Vectd
GI4I

Ta co AM = NC

nen AM CN la hinh

binh hanh, do do AN // MC. Suy ra MF la

duong trung binh cua A AEB va NE la duong trung binh cua A DFC, tix do to co F la trung diem cua EB va E la trung diem cua (h.1.6)
Hinh1.6

DF. Vay DE = EF = FB .

C.

BAI TAP REN LUYEN A va B. Cau nao sau day dung ? AB va BA ; a) Co mot doan AB hay BA ; b) Co hai vecto khac nhau c A B = B; ) BA A d) CA caua,bvacdeudung.

1.1. Cho hai diem phan bit

1.2. Cho diem A. Tim tap hop cac diem a) I AM I = 4cm ; b) AM cung phuong va i 1.3. Cho hinh binh hanh AE=BD. 1.4. Cho nira 1uc giac deu

M sao cho :

a # 0 cho truoc. D. Chung to

ABCD va E la diem doi xung cua C qua

ABCD not tip trong duong tron tam O duong kinh BC.

AD. Chi ra cac vect(y bang vOi

1.5. Cho tam giac ABC va diem M o trong tam giac.Goi A', B',C' Ian loot la trung diem cua BC, CA, AB va N, P, Q lan luot la diem doi xung cua M qua A' B' C'. a) Chung to : AQ = CN ; AM = PC ;

b) Ching to ba duong thang AN, BP, CQ Ong quy. 8

Chuang I. Vectd Tuong tir tir giac MBNC la hinh binh hanh nen CN = MB T& (1)va(3)toco: (3)

AQ CN. =

Do do t(r giac ACNQ la hinh binh hanh. Vay hai doing cheo AN va CQ giao nhau tai trung diem I.

Mat khac to giac AMCP la hinh binh hanh nen AM PC

b) Tir (2) va (4) to co QB = T C. Do do tir giac BCPQ la hinh binh hanh nen hai doing cheo nhau tai trung diem I. Vay AN, BP va CQ dong quy tai I.

(4)
BP va CQ giao

2. TONG VA HIEU CUA HAI VECTO

A. TOM TAT GIRO KHOA 1. Dinh nghia tong cua cac vector : Cho hai vector hai vector a va b. Ki hieu : AC = a + b.
it H

a va b .Tir mot diem A toy (h.1.10)

B

y ve AB = a, roi to diem B ve BC = b thi vecto AC dtrgc goi la tong cua

Hinh 1.10

Nhtr vay to co : AB + BC = AC voi A, B, C tuy y (goi la quy tic ba diem). ABCD la hinh binh hanh nen a = AB = DC va b = BC = AD. (h.1.11)

Nhu vay AB + AD = AC (g9i la quy tic hinh binh hanh). 10

Tong vd hieu coo hai vecto

Hinh 1.11

2.

Tinh chat : a) Tinh giao hoan : a + b = b + a b) Tinh ket hop : (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

c) vbi moi a to co : a + 0 = a d )1a + b -h lal <_ 3. Vector doi cua mot vector Vector doi cua vector a la vector ngugc huong voi a va co cung do dai vori Ki hieu : -a. Nhu vay a + (-a) = 0. Ta co AB = -BA. 4. Higu cua hai vector Hieu cua hai vector
it it H H H it

+ Ib l(bat gang thuc tam giac).

a.

a va b , ki hieu

a - b , la b , tuc

tong cua vector a va vector doi cua vector

IA a - b = a + (-b
Ta co AB = OB - OA (quy tort ve hieu vector) B. GIAI TOAN Vi du 1 : Cho tam giac

). Hinh 7.12
v&i moi diem 0, A, B.

ABC vuong tai A biet AB = a va AC = 2a. Tinh do

GIAI

dai cua vector tong : AB + AC va vector hieu AB - AC C.

Theo quy t&c hinh binh hanh thi AB + AC = AD voi AD la duong cheo hinh binh hanh ABDC. Ma goc A vuong nen ABDC la hinh chic nhat. Do do AD = BC. Ap dung dinh li Py-ta-go trong tam giac vuong ABC to co 11

Chrtdng I. Vectd

BC2 = AB2 + AC2

= a2 + 4a2 = 5a2 Vay AB+AC

=IADI

= AD = BC = a.,,r5-.

Theo quy tic ve hieu vectcr to co : AB-AC = CB.

C

Vay : AB-ACCB=BC =aj. Fi Vi du 2 : Cho bon diem bat ki a) AC+BD = AD+BC; b) AB+CD=AD+CB; c) A -C = C D B D A -B .
GIAI

Hirsh 1.13

A, B, C, D. Chung minh cac d ing thtirc sau :

a) Theo quy tac ba diem to co : AC= + C AD D va BD BC+ . = CD

Dodo: AC+BD=AD+DC+BC+CD=AD+BC.(vi DC+CD=O). b) Theo quy tac ba diem to co : AB+CD = (AD+DB)+(CB+BD) = AD+CB (vi DB + BD = 0). c) Theo quy tac ve hieu vecto to cd : CD=AD-AC. D odo: +C A = D + C A -B . B A = C D Vi du 3 : Cho sau diem A, B, C, D, E, F thy AC+BD+EF = AF+BC+ED . 12 A -C = B D C (A -A ) B D A -(A -A )= B D Hirsh 1.74

y. Chung minh rang :

T6ng va hi u cuo hoi vecto

GIAI

Theo quy tic ba diem to co : AC AF+ = FC BD=BC+CD EF = ED + DF Cong theo ve 3 ding thuc tren to dugc : ED (viFC+CD=FD va FD+DF=O). Vi du 4 : Cho tam giac rang : GA+GB+GC=0.
GIAI

AC + BD + EF = AF + BC +

ABC va G la trong tam cua tam giac. Chung minh

Ve hinh binh hanh

BGCD, M la trung diem cua

BC. Theo quy tic hinh binh

hanh to co : GB + GC = GD
ma GD = 2GM (tinh chat duang cheo) va GA = 2GM (tinh chat trong tam) nen GD = GA. Do do GA = -GD. Vay : GA+GB+GC=O. (h.1.15)
Hinh 7.15

Vi du 5 : Cho hai luc

F, , F2

deu co do

cuing do la 50 N, co diem dat tai 0 va hop vbi nhau mot goc 60. Tinh cuong lvc tong hop cua hai luc nay.
GIAI

Theo quy tic hinh binh hanh thi : F,+F 2 =OR

F2

Hinh 1.16

ma OF1 = OF2 = 50(N) nen OF1 RF2 la hinh thoi co goc 0 bang 60 va hai duong cheo OR va F1F2 vuong goc vori nhau tai trung diem H. 13

Chrldng I. Vectd

Ta co OH = 50 3 (duong cao tam giac deu canh bang 50). Vay F, + F2 OR=OR=2OH= 50,13 N.

Vi du 6: Cho hinh binh hanh a) BD-BA=OC-OB ;

GIAI

ABCD tam O. Chung minh rang : b) BC-BD+BA=O.

a) Theo quy tac ve hieu vector to co : BD - BA = AD va OC - OB = BC

ma AD = BC (vi ABCD la hinh binh

hanh) nen BD - BA = OC - OB.
Hinh 1.17

b) Ta co : BC - BD = DC Vay: BC-BD+BA=-0.Q Vi du 7: Cho tam giac deu

. H

ma DC = -BA.

ABC canh a. Tinh do dai cac vector :

AB+BC va CA-CB.
GIAI

Theo quy tic ba diem to co :

AB + BC = AC.

Vay JAB

+ B CI

=IACI =AC=a.

Theo quy tic ve hieu vecto r to co : CA - CB = BA . V y ICA-CB=BA=AB=a. a 14

Tong va hi(>,u cua hai vector C. BAI TAP REN LUYEN 1.6. Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD tam O va MIA diem tuy a) AB+OA=OB ; 1.7. Cho tam giac

y. Chiang minh :

b) MA+MC=MB+MD.

ABC vuong tai A bit AB = a va goc B = 60 0. Tinh d6 dai cac

vector : AB+AC va AB-AC. 1.8. Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD. Goi M va N In luat la trung diem cua va BC. Chirng minh rang : AD

a) AD+MB+NA=O
1.9. Cho cac vector

b) CD-CA+CB=O.

a va b khac 0.
ti

a) Khi nao thi to co : b) Khi nao thi taco :

la + la

La b
+

+ - bl . bl
= l a b B C )A -A ; c B A . )A + C AB + AC norm tren duOng phan giac

1.10. Cho tam giac deu ABC canh a, duong cao AN. Tinh d6 dai cac vector : a B B ; )A + H 1.11. Cho tam giac

ABC. Neu vector tong

trong cua BAC thi tam giac ABC la tam giac gi ? 1.12. Cho hinh vuong ABCD canh a. Tinh d6 dai cac vector : a) AC-AB ; 1.13. Cho hai ltrc F, b) AB+ AD ; c) AB+ BC

, FZ lan lugt co cuang d6 80 N va 60 N, co diem dat tai 0

va vuong goc vai nhau. Tinh cuo-ng d61uc tong hop cua chung.

HUONG DAN - DAP sO

1.6. a) Theo quy tac ba diem to co : OA+AB=OB. b) Ta co MA = MB + BA 15

Chuang I. Vectd va M M DC. C= D+ Vay MA+MC=MB+MD

vi BA + DC = 0 (hai vector doi nhau).

1.7. Tam giac ABC vuong tai A co goc B = 600 IA nira tam giac deu co BC = 2AB = 2a. a) Ve hinh binh hanh ABDC to co : AB + AC = AD va AD = 2AM. Vay AB + AC-1 = ADl =AD = 2AM = 2a.

b) Ta co :

A -A C = B = 2 B C B C a.

Hinh 1.19

1.8. a) Ta co NA + AD = ND. Tir giac MBND la hinh binh hanh nen : M = N -N . B D = D Vay AD+ B+ M NA= O. b) Ta co CD - CA = AD Vay 1.9.
it

ma AD = -CB.
y H

CD - CA + CB = 0. (h.1.20)

a) Tir diem A ke AB = a va BC = b thi to co :

AB

AC

a + b = AC Do do
hay AC = AB + BC.
H

la + b = a +
H

Dieu nay xay ra khi

bl

HC A
A, B, C thang hang theo thur to

nay. Vay hai vector

a va b clung hubng.
1

b) Tir diem A ke AB = a va AD = b khi do ABCD la hinh binh hanh.

Theo quy tac hinh binh hanh to co : Theo quy t&c ve hieu vecto to co : Dodo a + b = AC a - b = DB .
H H

la +

ab

A D h yA = D C Ba C B .

16

Tone vd hiku cua hai vector Dieu nay xay ra khi ABCD la hinh chi nhat. Vay AC vuong goc vori BD

hay hai gia cua hai vector 1.10. a) Ta co AB + BH = AH.

a va b vuong goc vdi nhau.

Tamiac ABC deu cnh a nen doingag cao AH = aF 2 Vay do dai (AB + BH) bang AH =
a

2 b) Ta co AB-AC = CB. Vay do dai (AB - AC) bang BC = a.

Hinh 1.27

c) Ve hinh binh hanh ABDC thi to co AB + AC = TD.

Ma AD=2AH= 13- . (h. 1.21)

Vay do dai (AB + AC) bang AD = 1.11. Tam giac ABC can tai A. 1.12. a) Ta co AC - AB = BC.

Vay do dai (AC - AB) bang BC = a. b) Taco AB + AD = AC C. Vay do dai (AB + AD) bang AC = a c) Ta co AB + BC = AC. Vay do dai (AB + BC) bang AC = a 1.13. Vector hop lirc la tong cua hai vector F, , FZ . (h. 1.22)

Hinh 7.22

F, vuong goc vii F2 nen vector tong la doing cheo cua hinh chi nhat O R . F1 F2 T co a F FO. ,+ = R

2.GT&CHTNHH 10 - A 17

Chtldng I. Vectd

Ma OR=F1F2=/602+802 =10
Vay cuong do

10.

I= tong hop OR bang 1 0 10 N .

3. TICH CUA MOT VECTOR VOI MOT SO

A. TOM TAT GIAO KHOA 1. Dinh nghia : Tich cua vector
H

a # 0 vori so thixc k 0 la mot vector, ki hieu la

it

Ny

k a , cling huO'ng vori bang l kl.l a

A
0 -

a neu k > 0, ngugc hubng vo'i

a neu k < 0 va co do dai

B )Q D
0

CD=2AB -2 EF = -CD 3

C
of

E
Hinh 1.24

Ta quy ubc 0. a = 0 va k 0 = 0 . 2. Tinh chat : Voi moi vector a-, b va moi so thirc k, l to cb :

it

Hy

a) k(a+b)=ka+kb b)(k+l). a=ka+la

c) k(la)=(k.1 a d) la=a; 3. Di

; k(a-b)= ka-kb

(-1) a=- a;ka=0

t::, k=0hoac

a = 0.

eu kign cue hai vecto' clung phtro'ng Dieu kin can va du de hai vector thuckde a=kb
it H

a va b (b # 0) sung phuong la co mot

H H

so

18

2.GT&CHTNHH 10 - B

Tich cuo m6t vecta v6i m6t so"

4. Dieu kign de ba diem thing hang Dieu kign can va di de ba diem A, B, C thing hang la co so thtrc k # 0 sao

cho AB = kAC.
5. Bi eu thi (phan tich) mot vector then hai vector khong cung phtroong Cho hai vecto a va b khong cung phuang. Neu R thi to not vecta c bieu thi dugc qua hai vecta dirgc phan tich theo hai vecta B. GIAI TOAN Vi du I : Goi I la trung diem c6 a doan to luon co : MA + MB = 2M1.
GIAI

c = ma + nb

voi m, n E

a va b ; hay vecta c

a va b .

AB. Chung minh rang vii moi diem

Theo quy tic ba diem taco :

va

MA = MI + IA MB=MI+IB.

Dodo: MA+MB=2MI+IA+IB. Ma IA + IB = 0 vi I la trung diem cua Vay MA + MB = 2MI. (h.1.25) ABC co trung tam AB.
A I

V du 2 i

: Cho tam giac

Hinh 1.25

MA + MB + MC = 3MG voi moi diem M tuy y.

GIAI

G. Chung minh

rang

Theo quy tic ba diem thi vbi moi diem M taco: M M GA A= G+ ;

M M GB; B= G+ MC=MG+GC. Vay MA+MB+MC=3MG+GA+GB+GC=3MG B I

Hinh 1.26
19

(vi theo vi du 4.2 to co GA + GB + GC = 6). (h.1.26)

Chuang I. Vectd Vi du 3 : Cho tam giac ABC. Lan hrgt lay cac diem 3 M, N, P tren cac doan

AB, BC va CA sao cho AM= Chung minh : Taco:

-AB; BN = -BC; CP = 3 CA. 3

AN + BP + CM = 0 .
GIAI

BN=-BC AN-AB=-BC 3
CP=3CA a BP-BC=3CA AM=1AB gCM-CA=1AB

(1) (2)

(3)
Hinh 7.27

Cong theo ve (1), (2), (3) to duoic : AN+BP+CM-(AB+BC+CA) = 3 (AB+BC+CA) . Ma AB+BC+CA=O. Vay AN+BP+CM =O .
it it H ti

1 0 . Vi du 4 : Cho ba vector
it H

a, b, c thoa man
y

+ c= b+ 0
H y

H ti

(1) (2)

2 -b 4 0 a + c=

Chung minh a va b ding phuong vcri c .

GIAI

Cong theo ve hai ding thirc tren to dugc :

3a + 5c = 50 < > a= -3c.

Tir (1) suy ra :

Vay a cungphuongv ri c. Vay b ding phuong vai c .

-.

,5- 2. b=-a- c=3c-c=3c.

Vi du 5 : Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD. Goi I la trung diem ciua CD. Lay diem M tren doan BI sao cho BM = 2MI. Chung minh ba diem A,M, C thing hang..

20

Tich cuo mot vecto vd! mot so GIAI

Theo gia thiet to co : BM = 2MI. Do do, theo quy tac hieu vectc to co : A -A = (A M M B 2 I-A ). Suy ra 3AM = 2AI + AB. Hinh 7.28,

I la trung diem cua CD nen theo vi du 1. to co : 271 = AC + AD. Vay 3AM=AC+AD+AB=2AC. A, M, C thong hang. (h. 1.28) va H la trLrc

He thuc nay chung to

* Vi du 6. Cho tam giac ABC not tip trong diromng tron tam 0 tam. Goi D la diem doi xung cua A qua O. a) Chung minh to giac BHCD la hinh binh hanh. Suy ra :

HA+HB+HC=2HO ; b) Chung minh OA + OB + OC = OH c) Chung minh ba diem 0, ABC. G, H thong hang vai G la trong tam cua tam
GIAI

giac

a) Taco : BH I AC (vi H la tnrc tam) DC I AC (vi AD la dtrong kinh). Do do BH//DC ( vi cung vuong goc vt1i AC) Tuong to CH // BD (vi ding vuong goc voi Vay tir giac BHCD la hinh binh hanh. Theo quy tac hinh binh hanh to co : HB+HC=HD. BC va HD la hai duong cheo cua hinh binh hanh nen giao nhau tai trung diem M. Trong tam giac AHD, 0 la trung diem cua AD nen to co : HA+HD=2HO. Vay HA+HB+HC =HA+HD =2HO. 21
Hinh 7.29

AB).

Childng I. Vectd b) Theo quy tic ba diem to co :

OA=OH+HA; OB=OH+HB ; OC=OH+HC. Vay OA+OB+OC=30H+2HO=OH

(1)

c) G la trong tam cua tam giac ABC nen to co : OA + OB + OC = 30G (2) So sanh (1) va (2) to co : OH = 30G.

Vay ba diem 0, G, H thing hang (Duong thing di qua tam du6ng trbn ngoai tiep, truc tam, trong tam cua tam giac disc goi la duong thing 0-le). 0 *Vi du 7 : Cho tam giac ABC va I la trung diem cua BC. Tim tap hop cac

diem M thoa man : I2MAI = I MB + MC

GI A

I la trung diem cua BC nen to co : MB + MC = 2MI.

Do d6 I2MAI = I)WB- + MC-1 r*

2MA 2MI <--> MA = MI. Vay tap hop cac diem M la dung trung truc cua Al. (h. 1.30) * Vi du 8: Tim diem C tren down Cho diem AB sao cho : CA - 2CB = 6.

Hinh 1.30

M bat ki trong m phang va goi at ang

M la vector dinh bci N

MN = MA - 2MB . Ching to duong th

MN qua mot diem co dinh.

GIAI

Ta co CA = 2CB p CB + BA = 2CB p BA = CB. diem cua AC.

Do d6 B la trung

Taco : MN=MA-2MB q MN = MC + CA - 2(MC + CB) = -MC vi CA - 2CB = 0 . MN qua diem co dinh C.

Vay M, N, C thing hang. Suy ra dubng thing

22

Tich cuo mot vector v6i mot so

*VI du 9 : Cho tam giac

ABC. Goi D la diem dinh b&i

2 BD = 3-BC va I la

trung diem cua AD. Goi M la diem thoa man AM = xAC voi x la so thuc. a) Tinh BI theo BA va BC b) Tinh BM theo BA va BC c) Tinh x de ba diem B, I, M thing hang.
GIAI

a) I la trung diem cua AD nen to co : BI = (BA+BD) = 1 (BA+ BC) = 1 BA+ -BC. 2 2 3, 21 3? b) Ta co : AM = xAC q BM - BA -- x(BC - BA). Do do : BM = (1- x)BA + xBC. c) Ba diem B, I, M thing hang khi co mot so BM = kBI (1-x)BA+xBC = k BA+ k # 0 sao cho :
Hinh 1.37

kBC .

Do do : 2(1 - x) = 3x. Vay x = 2 C. BAI TAP REN LUYEN

1.14. Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD tam 0 va goi G la trong tam tam giac ABC.
a) Chung minh rang : b) Cho MIA diem tuy AB + AC = 3 AG va AB + AC + AD = 4AO

y, Chung minh : MA + MB + MC + MD = 4MO.

1.15. Cho tir giac ABCD. Goi M va N lan lugt la trung diem cua AC va BD. Chung minh rang : AB + CD = 2MN. 1.16. Goi G va G' lan luort la tro:.g tam cua hai tam giac ABC va A B'C'.

Chung minh : AA' + BB' + CC' = 3GG'. 23

Chuang I. Vectd 1.17. Cho tam giac ABC trong tam G. Goi I la trung diem cilia AG. Chirng minh : AB + AC + 6GI = 6. *1.18. Cho tam giac cilia goc A. Tinh AD theo AB va AC. *1.19. Cho tam giac ABC not tip trong dLrang tron tam O va diem OA+OB+OC=OH. Chimg minh rang H la truc tam cilia tam giac ABC. (Huohng dan : Chung minh 1.20. Cho tam giac AH = 20M v(yi Mla trung diem cua AB theo GB va GC. BC). H dinh boi : ABC co AB = 3 va AC = 4. Goi AD la phan giac trong

ABC trong tam G. Tinh

1.21. Cho tam giac ABC trong tam G va I la trung diem cilia AG. Lay diem K tren doan AC. Tinh AK theo AC de ba diem B, I, K thang hang. *1.22. Cho tam giac ABC. a) Xac dinh diem D thoa man DA + 3DB = 0 ; b) Tim tap hgp cac diem Mthoa man *1.23. Cho tam giac diem co dinh. MA+3MB =8. Cho M la

ABC. Xac dinh diem D thoa man DB -3DC = 0 . Chung minh dLrong thang

diem bat ki va MN = MB - 3MC.

MN di qua

HUONG DAN - DAP $6

1.14. a) Goi E la trung diem cilia BC to co : AB + AC = 2AE

ma AE = AG vay AB + AC = 3AG. 2 Theo quy tac hinh binh hanh to co : AB+ AD= AC. Do do AB+AD+AC = 2AC = 4AO. 24 (h.1.32)
Hinh 7.32

Tich cuo mot vecto vdi mot so

1.15. N la trung diem cua BD nen to co : AB + AD = 2AN. MIA trung diem cua AC nen to co : AC= 2AM . D do A AD o B+ -AC= 2(AN M -A ).
C

AB+CD=2MN. (h.1.33) 1.16 Theo quy tac ve hieu vecto to co :

Hirsh 1.33

AA' = A A'=GA'-GA ; BB' = BB'=GB'-GB ; CC'=GC'-GC.

Do do : AA' + BB' + CC' = GA' + GB' + GC'- (GA + GB + GC).

Ma G la trong tam tam giac ABC nen GA + GB + GC = 0 va G' la trong

tam tam giac A 'B 'C' nen theo vi du 2. to co : GA' + GB' + GC' = 3GG'. Vay AA' + BB' + CC' = 3GG'. 1.17. Ta co AB + AC = 2AM = 3AG (M la trung diem cua BC). I la trung diem cua AG nen AG = -2GI . (h.1.34)
Hinh 1.34

Vay AB + AC + 6GI = 0.

*1.18. Theo tinh chat dLr6ng phan giac trong cua goc A trong tam giac ABC to co : DB AB DC AC h.rong nen to co : 3DC = -4DB t 3(AC - AD) = -4(AB - AD) a 7AD=4AB+3AC p AD=-AB+-AC.(h.1.35) 25
Hinh 1.35

3 4 ma hai vector DB, DC ngugc

Do do 3DC = 4DB

Chu ing I. Vectd

*1.19. Xem vi du 6 trong phan giai town. 1.20. G la trong tam tam giac ABC nen to co :

GA+GB+GC=O a GB+GC=-GA.
V ay AB= B-G G G G 2G G G A= B+ B+ C= B+ C. 1.21. I la trung diem cua AG nen BA.+ BG = 2Bl

(BA+BC) 3 2- 1-- a BI =-BA+-BC.

2BI=BA+

Dat AK = xAC

thi to co :

Hinh 1.36

BK-BA=x(BC-BA) t* BK=(1-x)BA+xBC. Vay B, I, K thang hang khi co mot so p 3(1-x) =6x a 15x=3 <:* x= 5. *1.22. a) Ta co : DA+ 3DB = 0 a DA = -3DB . Vay D chia doan b) Ta co : IMA + 3MB=8 AB theo ti so -3. qMD+DA+3(MD+DB) 4MD= 8 DM = 2. 2. k 0 sao cho BK = kBI

=8

V y t p hop cac diem M la du6-ng tr6n tam D ban kinh bang a a

*1.23.Tac6: DB=3DC.

DB-3DC=0

Vay diem D chia doan BC theo ti so 3. Taco: M = B M a M = D D N M -3 C N M + B 3 D D ) (M + C aM = M . N -2 D Vay duong thang MN di qua diem D co dinh.

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