Bi 1 - M u

I. Gii thiu Ni dung mn hc Khai thc h qun tr c s d liu Visual Foxpro Tip cn vi cng vic xy dng mt h thng qun l Ti liu tham kho [1] - S dng v khai thc Microsoft Visual Foxpro 6.0 - Nguyn Ngc Minh, Nguyn nh - NXB Lao ng 2003 [2] - B Help MSDN ca Microsoft (ting anh) [3] - Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin - o Thanh Tnh - NXB Qun i 2004 [4] - Help ca Visual Foxpro II. H qun tr csdl H qun tr c s d liu (Database Management System) l mt h thng phn mm my tnh c thit k chuyn bit cho bi ton qun l. M hnh d liu ca cc h qun tr csdl l m hnh quan h. H qun tr csdl cung cp 2 tnh nng chnh sau: 1- Lu tr, qun l d liu 2- Cng c truy cp, khai thc d liu Cc H qun tr csdl thng dng hin nay: 1- SQL Server: Pht trin bi Microsoft; l h CSDL dng cho cc t chc, doanh nghip ln; Kh nng p ng trn mng cao; m bo tnh an ton, bo mt. 2- Oracle: Pht trin bi Oracle; l h CSDL dng cho cc t chc, doanh nghip ln; Kh nng p ng trn mng cao; m bo tnh an ton, bo mt. (c nh gi l mnh hn SQL verver v thc t gi phn mn ny cng t hn SQL Server) 3- Foxpro, Access: Pht trin bi Microsoft; l h CSDL dng cho cc t chc, doanh nghip va v nh; c kh nng trin khai trn mng; tnh bo mt, an ton l khng cao. 4- MySQL: H CSDL m ngun m, c s dng ch yu cho cc ng dng Web. III. M hnh d liu quan h

Trong m hnh ny ngi ta m t cc [i tng] (nh con ngi, hng ha, mn hc ...) thng qua cc bng (Table), mi bng li c m t qua cc trng d liu. Bng (Table): M t qua cc ct - trng (Field) v cc dng - Bn ghi (Record) (v d) (Mi bng c th hiu nh mt [quan h]) Trng (Field): M t 1 thuc tnh no ca i tng thng qua tn trng (Field name), kiu (Type) v ng rng (Width) (v d). Bn ghi (Record): Tp cc gi tr c th ca cc trng ca cng 1 i tng (v d). Quan h gia cc bng (Relationship): L cch thc m t mt i tng ln hn t nhng i tng nh (v d). IV. bi ton qun l Bi ton qun l c hu ht mi n v, t chc, thm ch vi c mt s c nhn. Nhng bi ton qun l c th k n nh: o Qun l nhn s o Qun l hng ha o Qun l k ton o Qun l lng o Qun l sinh vin, im o Qun l sch o .... c im chung ca nhng bi ton ny: o Khng cn s dng nhng thut ton phc tp m yu cu ch yu l: Thng k, tm kim, lc thng tin. o Khi lng d liu thng l rt ln. c im ny thc s l mt thch thc ln nu chng ta phi qun l th cng (vic tm kim, thng k, lc -> mt rt nhiu thi gian v khng chnh xc) Bi tp mn hc - Xy dng h qun l im A. M t bi ton Bi ton Qun l im (i vi cc trng i hc, Cao ng): Cng tc qun l im (hay kt qu hc tp) ca sinh vin ng vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi hot

ng ca cc trng H v C. Trong khong 10 nm tr li y cng tc qun l im ( mt s trng trong c HVKTQS) dn c tin hc ha nhm em li hiu qu cao hn, tin cy hn. Bi ton Qun l im t ra cc vn c bn nh sau: Th hin c m hnh t chc qun l sinh vin theo kha, theo lp, cc loi hnh o to; Qun l cc mn hc ca cc lp theo hc k v kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin i vi cc mn hc . H thng cn phi cho php to ra cc bo co t kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin nhm phc v cng tc iu hnh hun luyn nh: Tng kt kt qu hc tp theo k, theo nm, theo kha; In Danh sch thi li; In Bng im hc k; In Bng im cc nhn Ngoi cc chc nng chnh nh trn, h thng ny cn cn thm mt s chc nng khc nh: cp nht cc loi danh mc d liu (danh mc lp, danh mc loi hnh o to, danh mc ngnh hc ); cc chc nng sao chp/copy d liu; chuyn i tch lp; cc chc nng tr gip C th m t s lc cc cng vic chnh (i vi 1 kha hc) trong h thng qun l im nh sau: 1. Vi mi kha hc mi -> cn phi c m t cho kha mi ny. 2. M t danh mc cc lp cho kha mi. 3. Vi mi lp c cp nht danh sch sinh vin ca lp 4. Vi mi hc k cn cp nht danh sch mn hc/lp 5. Khi c kt qu cc mn hc -> Cp nht im mn hc/lp 6. Tng kt kt qu hc tp hc k, nm hc, kha hc .. 7. In Danh sch thi li 8. In Bng im hc k 9. In Bng im cc nhn. B. Yu cu Xy dng h thng Qun l im phc v cng tc qun l im ca cc trng H v C vi cc yu cu sau: 1. Cp nht t in Cp nht danh mc kho Cp nht danh mc lp Cp nht danh mc ngnh hc

 Cp nht danh mc loi hnh o to Cp nht danh mc gio vin 2. Cp nht d liu Cp nht h s sinh vin Cp nht mn hc/lp/hc k Cp nht im thi kt thc mn 3. Bo co/ thng k In danh sch lp In Danh sch thi In phiu im In tng kt kt qu hc k In tng kt kt qu nm hc In tng kt kt qu ton kha hc In bng im hc k In bng im c nhn C. Mt s gi Cc bng d liu trong h thng qun l im c th bao gm cc bng sau: 1. Danh mc kho DMKHOA.DBF Tn Kiu rng Ghi ch trng Ma C 10 M kho (Kho chnh) Ten C 30 Tn kho Nienkhoa C 11 Nin kho (Ghi 2004 2005, hoc 2005 2006 ) Ghichu C 200 Ghi ch 2. Danh mc lp DMLOP.DBF Tn trng Ma Ten NgayKG NgayBG Manganh MaLHDT Makhoa Kiu C C D D C C C rng 10 30 8 8 10 10 10 Ghi ch M lp (kho chnh) Tn lp Ngy khai ging Ngy b ging M ngnh (kho ngoi dng t lin kt n bng DMNGANH) M loi hnh o to (kho ngoi dng t lin kt n bng DMLHDT) Ma kho (kho ngoi dng t quan h n

bng DMKHOA) Ghichu C 200 Ghi ch 3. Danh mc ngnh hc DMNGANH.DBF

Tn

Kiu

rng

Ghi ch

trng Ma C 10 M ngnh (kho chnh) Ten C 30 Tn ngnh Ghichu C 200 Ghi ch 4. Danh mc loi hnh o to DMLHDT.DBF Tn Kiu rng Ghi ch trng Ma C 10 M loi hnh o to (kho chnh) Ten C 30 Tn loi hnh Ghichu C 200 Ghi ch 5. H s sinh vin HOSOSV.DBF Tn trng Ma Kiu C rng 10 Ghi ch M sinh vin (Kho chnh) M sinh vin c dng XXXXYYYYYY, trong XXXX c dng l nm sinh vin trng tuyn vo trng, YYYYYY l s th t ca sinh vin nhp hc nm XXXX (V d: m 2004000012 l m ca sinh vin th HoTen Ngaysinh Gioi Hokhau Diachi Malop C D L C C C 30 8 1 200 200 10 12 trng tuyn nm 2004.) H tn sinh vin Ngy sinh Logic, .T. Nam, .F. N H khu trng tr a ch M lp (kho ngoi dng lin kt n bng DMLOP) Ghi ch Ghi ch M mn (Kho chnh) Tn mn S tit S n v hc trnh Hc k (ghi 1 Hc k 1, ghi 2 Hc k 2) Nm hc (Ghi nm hc u trong ) Ngy thi M lp (kho ngoi dng lin kt n bng DMLOP) M gio vin (Kho ngoi dng lin kt n bng GIAOVIEN) Ghi ch

Ghichu C 200 6. Mn hc MONHOC.DBF Tn trng Ma Tenmon Sotiet SoDVHT Hocky Namhoc NgayThi Malop MaGV Kiu C C N N N N D C C rng 10 50 3 3,1 1 4 8 10 10

Ghichu C 200 7. Bng GIAOVIEN.DBF

Tn

Kiu

rng

Ghi ch M gio vin H tn gio vin Hc hm (GV, GVC, GS, PGS) Hc v (CN, KS, ThS, TS, TSHK) Ghi ch Ghi ch M mn M sinh vin im thi ln 1 im thi ln 2 im thi ln 3 Ghi ch

trng Ma C 10 Hoten C 30 Hocham C 10 Hocvi C 10 Ghichu C 200 8. Bng im DIEM.DBF Tn trng Mamon MaSV Diem1 Diem2 Diem3 Ghichu Kiu C C N N N C rng 10 10 5,2 5,2 5,2 200

Cc chc nng ca chng trnh c th thit k nh sau: o Cp nht danh mc kho Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Danh sch kho (S dng GRID) Khi chn 1 dng (1 kho) thng tin v kho c chn s hin th trong A2 A2 Chi tit kho c chn A3 Cc chc nng : Thm, sa, xo (1 kho) o Cp nht danh mc lp A1 Chn kho : (s dng combox) Chc nng [OK] Khi chn OK, danh sch cc lp ca kho c chn s hin th trong A2 A2 Danh sch lp ca kho c chn Cc chc nng: Thm, sa, Xo (1 lp) (S dng GRID) Khi chn 1 dng (1 lp) thng tin chi tit v lp ny s hin th trong A3 o Cp nht danh mc ngnh Tng t cp nht danh mc kho o Cp nht danh mc loi hnh o to Tng t cp nht danh mc kho o Cp nht danh mc gio vin Tng t cp nht danh mc kho A3 Chi tit v lp c chn

o Cp nht h s sinh vin Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: .. (S dng Combox) Chn lp: (S dng Combox) Chc nng [OK] Khi chn [OK] danh sch sinh vin ca lp/kho chn s hin th trong A2 A2 Danh sch sinh vin ca lp/kho Cc chc nng: Thm, Sa, Xo (1 chn (s dng GRID) Khi chn 1 dng (1 sinh vin) th thng tin chi tit v sinh vin ny s hin th trong A3 o Cp nht mn hc/lp/hc k Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn hc k: . Nm hc: Chc nng [OK] Khi chn [OK] danh sch mn hc ca lp/kho/hc k-nm hc chn s hin th trong A2 A2 Danh dng GRID) Khi chn 1 dng (1 mn hc) th thng tin chi tit v mn hc ny s hin th trong A3 o Cp nht im thi kt thc mn Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn hc k: . Nm hc: Chn mn hc: .(s dng Combox) sch mn hc ca Cc chc nng: Thm, Sa, Xo (1 A3 Chi tit v mn hc c chn sinh vin) A3 - Chi tit v sinh vin c chn

lp/kho/hc k-nm hc chn (s mn hc)

Thi ln: ..(1 thi ln u, 2 thi li ln 1, 3 thi li ln 2) Chc nng [OK] Khi chn [OK] danh sch lp-mn hc chn s hin th trong A2 A2 Danh sch lp-mn hc chn (S dng GRID) (nu l thi ln 1 cho php nhp vo ct im 1, ln 2 cho php nhp vo ct im 2, ln 3 cho php nhp vo ct im 3) Lu : Danh sch lp-mn hc do chng trnh t ng sinh ra, cn lu khi thit k trnh sinh ra nhiu ln. o In danh sch lp Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report danh sch lp trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report danh sch lp ra my in) Report danh sch lp c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to

Danh sch lp
Lp: , Kho: STT M SV H tn Ngy sinh H khu Ghi ch

o In danh sch thi Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn hc k: . Nm hc: Chn mn hc: .(s dng Combox) Thi ln: ..(1 thi ln u, 2 thi li ln 1, 3 thi li ln 2)

Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report danh sch thi trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report danh sch thi ra my in) Report Danh sch thi c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to

Danh sch thi

Lp: .., kho: Mn hc: .Hc k: .... nm hc: STT M SV Gio vin: .., ngy thi:.. H tn Ngy sinh s K nhn Ghi ch Gio vin coi thi (K v ghi r h tn)

o In phiu im Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn hc k: . Nm hc: Chn mn hc: .(s dng Combox) Thi ln: ..(1 thi ln u, 2 thi li ln 1, 3 thi li ln 2) Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report phiu im trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report phiu im ra my in) Report phiu im c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to

Phiu im
Lp: .., kho: Mn hc: .Hc k: .... nm hc: STT M SV Gio vin: .., ngy thi:.. H tn Ngy sinh s im Ghi ch Gio vin chm thi (K v ghi r h tn)

o In tng kt kt qu hc k Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn hc k: . Nm hc: Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report Tng kt hc k trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report Tng kt hc k ra my in) Report Tng kt hc k c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to

Tng kt kt qu hc k
Hc k: .... nm hc: Lp: .., kho: STT M SV H tn Ngy sinh im TBC Xp loi theo im trung bnh chung c tnh nh sau: Xp loi Ghi ch

im TBC>=9 -> Xut sc; im TBC>=8 -> Gii; im TBC>=7 -> Kh; im TBC>=6 -> Trung bnh kh; im TBC>=5 -> Trung bnh; im TBC<9 o In tng kt kt qu nm hc Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn Nm hc: Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report Tng kt nm hc trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report Tng kt nm hc ra my in) Report Tng kt nm hc c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to -> Khng t

Tng kt kt qu nm hc
Nm hc: Lp: .., kho: STT M SV H tn Ngy sinh im TBC Xp loi theo im trung bnh chung c tnh nh sau: Xp loi Ghi ch

im TBC>=9 -> Xut sc; im TBC>=8 -> Gii; im TBC>=7 -> Kh; im TBC>=6 -> Trung bnh kh; im TBC>=5 -> Trung bnh; im TBC<9 o In tng kt kt qu ton kho Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report Tng kt kho hc trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report Tng kt kho hc ra my in) Report Tng kt nm hc c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to -> Khng t

Tng kt kt qu kho hc
Lp: .., kho: STT M SV H tn Ngy sinh im TBC Xp loi Xp loi theo im trung bnh chung c tnh nh sau: -> Trung bnh kh; im TBC>=5 -> Trung bnh; im TBC<9 o In bng im hc k Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn hc k: . Nm hc: Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot Ghi ch

im TBC>=9 -> Xut sc; im TBC>=8 -> Gii; im TBC>=7 -> Kh; im TBC>=6 -> Khng t

(chc nng Xem cho php xem report Bng im hc k trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report Bng im hc k ra my in) Report Bng im hc k c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to

Bng im hc k
Hc k: .... nm hc: STT M SV Lp: .., kho: H tn Mn 1 Mn 2 TBC

o In bng im c nhn Giao din ny c dng nh sau: A1 Chn kho: . (s dng Combox) Chn lp: . (S dng Combox) Chn sinh vin: (s dng Combox) Chc nng: Xem, In, Thot (chc nng Xem cho php xem report Bng im c nhn trn mn hnh chc nng In cho php a report Bng im c nhn ra my in) Report Bng im c nhn c dng nh sau: Hc vin KTQS Phng o to

Bng im c nhn
H tn: .., Ngy sinh Loi hnh o to: , Ngnh:., Kho hc: .. STT M mn Tn S im im im Ghi ch mn VHT 1 2 3

im trung bnh chung ton kho: . Xp loi: . Trong cu lnh Foxpro bn lm th ny: COPY TO FILE_EXCEL.XLS TYPE EX5 Nu bn mun a mt s ct th COPY TO FILE_EXCEL.XLS FIELDS SOHOADON, SOTIEN TYPE EX5

copy to file.xls xls for tien>0 fiel stt, hoten, tien file.xls xls ==> chuyn sang nh dng Excel (.xls xls) for tien>0 ==> iu kin ct tin ln hn 0 fiel stt, hoten, tien ==> cc ct cn ly sang Excel (stt, hoten, tien) l hiu ca ti set defa to ? << tro duong dan den thu muc chua file>> - use <ten file> << Enter >> - copy to <tenfile.xls> < for dk> type XL5 <<Enter>> VD: copy to tenKH.xls type XL5 <<de copy toan bo du lieu ra Excel>> Vit mt th tc v ch cn dng 1 lnh copy x.dbf to y.xls type xls Gi s bn c 1 form trong c 1 combobox tn cboDSMayIn Bn copy on code sau vo phn init ca form. **************** tSoMayIn=APRINTERS(lcgaPrinters) tMayInHienTai=SET("Printer",3) IF tSoMayIn > 0 this.cboDSMayIn.RowSourceType= 1 FOR i=1 TO tSoMayIn IF LEFT(lcgaPrinters(i,1),2)="\\" this.cboDSMayIn.AddItem("\\"+lcgaPrinters(i,1)) ELSE this.cboDSMayIn.AddItem(lcgaPrinters(i,1)) ENDIF IF UPPER(ALLTRIM(this.cboDSMayIn.ListItem(i)))==UPPER (ALLTRIM(tMayInHienTai)) this.cboDSMayIn.Value=this.cboDSMayIn.ListItem(i) ENDIF ENDFOR ELSE this.cboDSMayIn.Enabled= .F. ENDIF **************** Tao thu muc moi *: LcDIR= "c:\tung\tung1\tung2" && Gi s th mc cn tm v to, nu ko ch r tn a th fox s hiu l ang trn th mc hin hnh. =MKDIR(LcDIR) * :---------------------------------------------------------------------* : Func : MKDIR * : Purpose : Tm kim v To th mc mi * : Syntax : =MKDIR(<LcDIR>) * :---------------------------------------------------------------------FUNC MKDIR PARA LcDIR LOCAL lnNext, llOk, lnPos, lcWork, lcCommand -

lnNext = 1 && bat dau tim kiem (Handle >= 0) llOk = .T. DO WHIL llOk lnPos = AT([\], LcDIR, lnNext) lcWork = IIF(lnPos <> 0, LEFT(LcDIR, lnPos-1), LcDIR) IF !EMPTY(lcWork) Isdir = Isdir(lcWork) && kiem tra thu muc da ton tai? IF NOT Isdir && neu chua co ,tao MD &lcWork llOk = Isdir(lcWork) && Ok? ENDI (NOT Isdir) && neu chua co ,tao) ENDI !EMPT(lcWork) IF lnPos = LEN(LcDIR) && ket thuc cong viec lnPos = 0 ENDI (lnPos = LEN(LcDIR) && ket thuc cong viec) IF lnPos = 0 OR !llOk EXIT ELSE lnNext = lnNext + 1 ENDI (lnPos = 0 OR !llOk) ENDD RETU llOk * :---------------------------------------------------------------------* : Func : ISDIR * : Purpose : Xem thu muc da ton tai ? * : Syntax : =Isdir(<Path>) * :---------------------------------------------------------------------FUNC Isdir LPARA TcDIR TcDIR = TcDIR + IIF(RIGHT(TcDIR, 1) = "\", "", "\") RETU DIRECTORY(TcDIR)

file HOSONHANSU.DPF l HOSONHANSU.DBF? C nhiu cch nhp t XLS vo DBF: dng code c tng dng, dng lnh Appen From, dng ODBC,.... V d 1/ Dng Appen **************** tcFile=GETFILE("xls") IF EMPTY(tcFile) RETURN ENDIF IMPORT from [&tcFile] TYPE xls ***************** 2/Dng ODBC ****************************

CLOSE TABLES ALL lcXLS = Getfile('XLS') lcConn = "Driver={Microsoft Excel Driver (*.xls)};"+; "DriverId=790;Dbq="+m.lcXLS+; ";DefaultDir="+Justpath(m.lcXLS)+";" lnHandle = Sqlstringconnect(m.lcConn) SQLTables(m.lnHandle,"", "Cur_ListOfSheet") * Chi xet nhung Sheet thuc su la Sheet ! SET FILTER TO ALLTRIM(Table_type)=[SYSTEM TABLE] * Chi nhap 1 sheet GO TOP lcTableName = Trim(Cur_ListOfSheet.Table_Name) lcOutput = Chrtran(m.lcTableName,'$','') SQLExec(lnHandle,'select * from ['+m.lcTableName+']',m.lcOutput ) IF SQLDisconnect(m.lnHandle)=1 m.lnHandle=0 ENDIF BROWSE * Save to ...... -----------------------------SELECT 0 To danh sch cc m khch hng c ri CREATE CURSOR curListKH (Ma_KH C(7)) INDEX ON Ma_KH TAG Ma_KH APPEND FROM D:\VisualFoxpro9\KiemTraNhapTrungKhoaChinh\KH_Code.DBF on m 2 IF USED("curListKH") Xa danh sch trc khi kt thc USE IN curListKH ENDIF on m 3 IF "Save"$ This.Caption V nt lnh Add v Save s dng chung IF SEEK(ThisForm.MA_KH1.Value, "curListKH") =MESSAGEBOX("Ma KH co roi!",0+16) ThisForm.MA_KH1.SetFocus Ma_KH1 l text box nhn d liu cho Ma_KH RETURN ENDIF SELECT curListKH APPEND BLANK Thm m khch hng vo danh sch tra cu REPLACE Ma_KH WITH ThisForm.MA_KH1.Value SELECT KH_Code ENDIF =DODEFAULT() Thc thi m lnh mc nh ca nt lnh on m 4 SELECT curListKH SEEK ThisForm.MA_KH1.Value DELETE Xa m khch hng khi danh sch tra cu SELECT KH_Code =DODEFAULT() Thc thi m lnh mc nh ca nt lnh

rong VFP, khi thit k form, ta dng mt Image control hin th mt tp tin hnh nh thng qua thuc tnh Picture (l tn tp tin), hoc mt OLEBound control hin th ni dung mt field kiu

General (c th cha mt hnh nh) thng qua thuc tnh Control Source (l tn field). Cn khi lp trnh, bn c th dng hm GETPIC() nhn tn tp tin hnh nh do ngi dng chn. V d: lnh cTenHinh = GETPIC(.JPG) s hin th hp thoi ngi dng chn mt tp tin hnh nh kiu .JPG, tn tp tin c gn cho bin cTenHinh. Mun by li, bn c th dng lnh ON ERROR <lnh> v cc hm ERROR( ), MESSAGE( ), MESSAGE(1), PROGRAM( ) thng bo cc vn lin quan n li. V d: ON ERROR DO XuLyLoi WITH ERROR( ), MESSAGE( ), MESSAGE(1), PROGRAM( ) *** T dng sau y tr i c kim sot li *** USE HoSoNV ON ERROR && Tr li quyn kim sot li cho VFP PROCEDURE XuLyLoi PARAMETER cError, cMess, cMess1, cProg CLEAR ? M li: + LTRIM(STR(cError)) ? Thng bo li: + cMess ? Dng lnh gy ra li: + cMess1 ? Tn chng trnh, th tc gy ra li: + cProg Nu mun gii thch thng bo li bng ting Vit, bn phi tra cu phn tr gip (Help) ca VFP mc: Reference\Error Messages\Error Messages by Number, ri to mt tp tin DBF cha t nht 2 field: mt cha m li v mt cha thng tin gii thch. C mi ln c li pht sinh, dng lnh SEEK tm thng tin gii thch.